Trimester II Exam Review
Vocabulary Items and Key Concepts
The following vocabulary items can be found in your textbook, powerpoints, and class handouts. Pages corresponding to
information in the Barron's review book are also indicated within each unit. Keep in mind, there will be some terms in the
Barron's book that we have not yet discussed, so do not pay particular attention to them at this time. Note: these
identifications and concepts do not necessarily constitute all that will be covered on the exam.
Trimester I
Unit 1: A Eurocentric World
(Barron's Ch 2; 87-94)
1st Agricultural Revolution; plant/animal domestication
Geographic luck - east-west axis (Eurasia) vs. north-south axis
(Americas, Africa); diffusion of agriculture from Fertile Crescent to
Europe
Roots of Exploration – developments, mercantilism
Why Portugal? (5 Themes of Geography)
Explorers - Diaz, da Gama, Columbus, Vespucci
Columbian Exchange
Conquistadors – Cortez, Pizarro
Reformation - origins, Luther, Calvin
Why Germany? (5 themes)
Scientific Revolution - Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo (victim of
geography), Descartes, Bacon, Newton
Unit 2: From Absolutism to Democracy
(and Back Again) (Barron's Ch 5; 180-82)
Nation-state (nation & state), nationalism, sovereignty
Louis XIV – absolutism, legacy
Enlightenment - Hobbes, Locke, Diderot, Montesquieu, Voltaire,
Rousseau, Smith
Mercantilism (gold) + Enlightenment (goods)= Capitalism…
Mercantilism vs. Capitalism
Diffusion - Expansion (contagious, hierarchical & stimulus)
diffusion, relocation diffusion (& migrant)
French Revolution - Old Regime (3 estates), National Convention
(Jacobins (Robespierre), sans-culottes, moderates, Girondists),
Reign of Terror
Napoleon Bonaparte - coup d'etat, Napoleonic (Civil) Code,
Continental System, nationalism
End of Napoleon - Peninsular War, Grand Army, scorched-earth
policy, Hundred Days
Congress of Vienna - security, legitimacy, compensation,
Metternich, reactionaries
Unit 3: Revolutions:Reloaded
Latin American Independence – Napoleonic Wars
Revolutionaries – L’ouverture, Iturbide, Bolívar, San Martín
Failure of Latin American unity (& stability)
Revolutions of 1830 - Greece, Serbia, Poland, Kingdom of the
Netherlands (devolution (break-up) north vs. south)
Revolutions of 1848 - France, Austria, Italian states, German
states, Ireland (Great Hunger)
Language and Religion
Language (Barron's Ch 4; 150-56)
Modern language mosaic (literacy, technology (Gutenberg's printing
press), political organization (nation-states)); diffusion of IndoEuropean language branch (agriculture & conquest theories)
Creolization - lingua franca ("Frankish language" - past; English example of today, pidgin, creole)
Language & culture - monolingual states, bilingual Canada
(Quebec), Belgium, Nigeria, United States (Hispanicization)
Religion (Barron's Ch 4; 156-61)
Terms - universalizing (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism), ethnic
(Hinduism, Judaism, Shintoism,...),…
Current religious locations & landscapes - Hinduism, Buddhism,
Christianity, Islam
Five Themes of Geography
Location - absolute (site), relative (situation, centrality)
Human/Environmental Interaction - environmental
determinism (geographic luck), possiblism
Region - formal, functional, perceptual (vernacular)
Place - cultural landscape, transculturation, acculturation,
assimilation
Movement - expansion diffusion (& contagious, hierarchical,
stimulus); relocation diffusion (& migrant)
Unit 4: The Food Network (Barron's Ch 7; 237-48)
2nd Agricultural Revolution; global temperatures; improved
methods - enclosure movement, crop rotation (Townshend), seed
drill (Tull), cotton gin (Whitney – U.S. slavery), McCormack reaper,
steel plow (Deere), barbed wire (Glidden)
Isolated State - von Thunen model; rings; assumptions; apply to the
real world
Global patterns of commercial agriculture - cash & luxury crops (&
locations); non-tropical agriculture (tend to follow a Thunian
pattern); Mediterranean
3rd Agricultural Revolution; mechanization, biotechnology,
agribusiness
Communal agriculture, organic agriculture
Trimester II
Unit 5: Rise of the Machines
Why Britain? (factors of production – land, labor & capital; 5
themes)
st
Textiles – 1 to mechanize, domestic system, water, Slater – (1st
factory in U.S.)
Steam engine (Watt, Bessemer), steamboat (Fulton), locomotive
(Stephenson), telegraph (Morse)
Factory system – wage system, living conditions
Physiocrats - Smith (supply & demand, competition, invisible hand,
free enterprise, Wealth of Nations - 1776); Malthus (food – linear
growth, people – geometric growth); Ricardo (iron law of wages); all
supported laissez-faire
Humanitarians – Bentham (utilitarianism), Mill (laissez-faire + some
gov’t intervention)
Reforms – wages, hours, strikes, unions, collective bargaining
Socialism – utopian (More, Count Simon, Owen) vs. scientific, Marx
& Engels (Communist Manifesto, inequality, property, bourgeoisie
vs. proletariat, dictatorship of the proletariat, pure communism)
Latter Phase
Volta (battery); Bell (telephone); Edison (incandescent light bulb,
kinetoscope, phonograph,…); Marconi (radio); Wright Bros
(powered airplane)
Mass production = division of labor + interchangeable parts
(Whitney’s musket) + assembly line (e.g. Ford’s automobiles)
Businesses – corporation, monopoly, cartel
Business cycle – recession, depression (not always), recovery,
prosperity (not always)
Vertical & horizontal integration
Darwin – natural selection; social Darwinism
Population (Barron's Ch 3; 112-19, 129-29)
Industrial advancements - germ theory (bacteria & pasteurization);
antiseptics (Lister), vaccination (Jenner)
Population theories – Malthus, Marx, Boserup, Cornucopia theory
Dimensions – doubling time; age-sex (population)pyramids;
demographic transition (model)
Generations - cohort, Baby boom, baby bust, Generations X & Y
Unit 6: A Tale of [a Few] Cities (Barron's Ch 8; 261-76)
Economic Activities - primary, secondary, tertiary
Ancient cities - walled; lack of sewage (dirty, disease-ridden);
relatively small populations
Greece & Rome - grid pattern; public spaces (agora, forum);
entertainment (theater, coliseum); transportation networks
Medieval optimum & "Little Ice Age" - impact on Europe
Primate city
Urban Banana - interior; focus of urbanization
Mercantile city - based on Atlantic trade; ports
Manufacturing city - near coal deposits; back to interior (of Europe)
Modern cities
Urban Models - Concentric Zone, Sector, Multiple Nuclei, Urban
Realms (connect to modernization, transportation, and economic
diversification ( modern cities today are less specialized today than
in the past)
Edge cities
Rank size rule vs. primate cities
Basic (secondary activities) & non-basic (tertiary activities);
multiplier effect
Central Place theory - assumptions, essentials
Megalopolises (i.e., Bosnywash) vs. Megacities (i.e., Lagos)
World city models - Ibero-American, Southeast Asian, African (look
for commonalities - e.g., quality of homes degrade with distance
from CBD,...)
Unit 7: National Treasure (Ch 5; 187, 194)
France - 1848 (Louis Philippe); Louis Napoleon – similarities to
uncle; Franco-Prussian War (loses land); Dreyfus Affair; Zionist
movement strengthened
Germany - Zollverein, Bismarck (“iron & blood”, realpolitik); Danish
War; Seven Weeks War (Northern German Confederation &
Holstein); Franco-Prussian War (Ems Dispatch, final piece –
southern states); Kaiser William I; German industry; “Majority of
Three”; Kulturkampf; “steal the socialists’ thunder”
Kaiser William II - Bismarck resigns, policies reversed
Italy - Risorgimento, Mazzini (Young Italy Movement), Sardinia
(independent after 1848), Cavour, Garibaldi (Red Shirts), Victor
Emmanuel II, Rome (final piece – 1870); problems with
reunification (centripetal & centrifugal forces)
Austria-Hungary - 1848 (industrialization); Dual Monarchy (1867)
– Austria vs. Hungary; expands into Balkans (Ottoman territory)
Ottoman Empire - Multi-national; revolts; “Sick Man of Europe)
Russia - Absolutism; Alexander II - Emancipation Edict, improved
industry, social reforms, assassinated (People’s Will); Nicholas II –
pogroms, intensifies Russiafication, Revolution of 1905 (RussoJapanese War (1904), “Bloody Sunday”, October Manifesto Duma)
Unit 8: Land of the Lost
Roots of Imperialism; success of the West; forms of imperial rule
Core-Periphery Model; Brandt Line
Scramble for the colonies; Berlin Conference (1885)
African resistance; Ethiopia vs. Italy
Decline of the Muslim world (imperialism, nationalism,
modernization westernization)
Confucian society (SPAM)
"Why we don't speak Chinese" (Little Ice Age, focus inward,
Confucian society)
Qing Dynasty (Manchu, Opium War (1839-42), Sino-Japanese War
(1894-95), Boxer Rebellion (1899), spheres of influence, fall of the
Qing)
Tokugawa shogunate (rebellion, Great Peace, isolation, Confucian
society)
Meiji Restoration (Commodore Perry, rebellion, democracy (Diet),
capitalism, nationalism,...)
Japanese imperialism - Korea
British in India (Sepoy Rebellion (1857-59), unequal partnership,
positives of British imperialism)
Latin America (dependency (may be applied to ALL colonized
nations), US influence (Monroe Doctrine (1823), Roosevelt
Corollary (1904), Panama Canal)
Industrial location ("preindustrial", economic model assumptions,
friction of distance, distance decay)
Industrial Location (Barron's Ch 6; 211-20)
Least Cost Theory (1909, minimize costs, weight-gaining & weightlosing scenarios)
Hotelling Beach (locational interdependence)
Losch's Model (zone of profitability)
Ullman's Conceptual Frame
Factors of industrial location (raw materials, labor, transportation,
energy, infrastructure, others,...)
Core investment (backward linkages, forward linkages, ancillary
industries)
Models of development (liberal (modernization model), structuralist
(dependency theory, core-periphery))
GDP, GNI PPP, HDI, alternative measurements,...
Unit 9: The Perfect Storm
Chapter 11
Causes of WWI (14.1, 2)
MAIN factors, international anarchy, Pan-Slavism (Russia &
Serbia), Archduke Ferdinand assassinated by Gavrilo Princip
(Black Hand), A-H sends an ultimatum to Serbia, alliance systems
lead to WWI, Allied Powers vs. Central Powers
Innovations
Mechanization (Ind. Rev.), machine gun, poison gas, flamethrower, tanks, airplanes, submarines (U-boats), trench warfare,
conscription, propaganda
Battles & Tactics (14.2, 3, 4)
Schlieffen Plan (Battle of the Marne), two-front war, war of attrition,
Battle of Tannenberg (eastern front), Gallipoli (Turks hold, Allies fail
to get Russia badly needed aid), stalemate (by 1916), massive
losses on both sides at Verdun & Somme (trench warfare), British
naval blockade (total war – target enemy troops & civilians)
Bolshevik Revolution (14.4, 15.1)
February Revolution (1917, Soviets revolt (Mensheviks,
Bolsheviks), Lenin), Nicholas II abdicates (family killed w/in a year),
Provincial government (democratic), Bolshevik “October”
Revolution, Communists win, USSR withdraws from WWI (land &
indemnity to Germany)
America’s Entry (14.4)
Lusitania (1915, restricted submarine warfare), 1917 – British
propaganda, Zimmerman Note, February Revolution (democracies
vs. non-democracies), German resumption of unrestricted
submarine warfare, Woodrow Wilson sends war message to
Congress
End of WWI (11.4, 5)
Fourteen Points, Central Powers break apart (US entry spelled
doom due to fresh troops, not superior tactics), Armistice Day
(11/11/18 @ 11:00am), Influenza Pandemic (20-40 million dead,
1918-1919)
Paris Peace Conference (14.5)
Big Four (US, Britain, France, Italy), defeated not invited (e.g.
Germany, Austria, Turks,…) & Russia not invited (Bolshevik
Revolution), Versailles Treaty (devastates Germany – reduced
armed forces, gave up colonies, war guilt clause, gave territory to
France & Poland (especially), huge reparations (resulting in trillion
% inflation), U.S. doesn’t join League of Nations, “Peace” is never
truly attained
That's all folks :)