APPENDIX 2
Experimental Data
2A Thermodynamic Data at 25°C
Inorganic Substances
Substance
Enthalpy
Free energy
Molar heat
Molar mass, of formation,
of formation,
capacity,
M, gmol1 Hf°, kJmol1 Gf°, kJmol1 CP,m, JK1mol1
Aluminum
Al(s)
Al3(aq)
Al2O3(s)
Al(OH)3(s)
AlCl3(s)
26.98
26.98
101.96
78.00
133.33
Antimony
Sb(s)
SbH3(g)
SbCl3(g)
SbCl5(g)
121.76
124.78
228.11
299.01
0
145.11
313.8
394.34
Arsenic
As(s), gray
As2S3(s)
AsO43(aq)
74.92
246.05
138.92
Barium
Ba(s)
Ba2(aq)
BaO(s)
BaCO3(s)
BaCO3(aq)
24.35
—
79.04
—
91.84
28.33
321.7
50.92
—
110.67
0
147.75
301.2
334.29
25.23
41.05
76.69
121.13
45.69
232.78
337.80
401.94
0
169.0
888.14
0
168.6
648.41
24.64
116.3
—
137.33
137.33
153.33
197.34
197.34
0
537.64
553.5
1216.3
1214.78
0
560.77
525.1
1137.6
1088.59
28.07
—
47.78
85.35
—
62.8
9.6
70.42
112.1
47.3
Boron
B(s)
B2O3(s)
BF3(g)
10.81
69.62
67.81
0
1272.8
1137.0
0
1193.7
1120.3
11.09
62.93
50.46
5.86
53.97
254.12
Bromine
Br2(l)
Br2(g)
Br(g)
Br(aq)
HBr(g)
159.80
159.80
79.90
79.90
80.91
0
30.91
111.88
121.55
36.40
0
3.11
82.40
103.96
53.45
75.69
36.02
20.79
—
29.14
152.23
245.46
175.02
82.4
198.70
40.08
40.08
40.08
56.08
74.10
74.10
0
178.2
542.83
635.09
986.09
1002.82
0
144.3
553.58
604.03
898.49
868.07
25.31
20.79
—
42.80
87.49
—
41.42
154.88
53.1
39.75
83.39
74.5
Calcium
Ca(s)
Ca(g)
Ca2(aq)
CaO(s)
Ca(OH)2(s)
Ca(OH)2(aq)
0
524.7
1675.7
1276
704.2
0
481.2
1582.3
—
628.8
Molar entropy,*
Sm°, JK1mol1
35.1
163.6
162.8
(continued)
A13
Appendix 2
A14
Inorganic Substances (continued)
Substance
CaCO3(s), calcite
CaCO3(s), aragonite
CaCO3(aq)
CaF2(s)
CaF2(aq)
CaCl2(s)
CaCl2(aq)
CaBr2(s)
CaC2(s)
CaSO4(s)
CaSO4(aq)
Enthalpy
Free energy
Molar heat
Molar mass, of formation,
of formation,
capacity,
M, gmol1 Hf°, kJmol1 Gf°, kJmol1 CP,m, JK1mol1
100.09
100.09
100.09
78.08
78.08
110.98
110.98
199.88
64.10
136.15
136.15
1206.9
1207.1
1219.97
1219.6
1208.09
795.8
877.1
682.8
59.8
1434.11
1452.10
1128.8
1127.8
1081.39
1167.3
1111.15
748.1
816.0
663.6
64.9
1321.79
1298.10
81.88
81.25
—
67.03
—
72.59
—
72.59
62.72
99.66
—
Molar entropy,*
Sm°, JK1mol1
92.9
88.7
110.0
68.87
80.8
104.6
59.8
130
69.96
106.7
33.1
Carbon (for organic compounds, see the next table)
C(s), graphite
12.01
0
C(s), diamond
12.01
1.895
C(g)
12.01
716.68
CO(g)
28.01
110.53
CO2(g)
44.01
393.51
CO32(aq)
60.01
677.14
CCl4(l)
153.81
135.44
CS2(l)
76.15
89.70
HCN(g)
27.03
135.1
HCN(l)
27.03
108.87
HCN(aq)
27.03
107.1
0
2.900
671.26
137.17
394.36
527.81
65.21
65.27
124.7
124.97
119.7
Cerium
Ce(s)
Ce3(aq)
Ce4(aq)
140.12
140.12
140.12
0
696.2
537.2
0
672.0
503.8
26.94
—
—
Chlorine
Cl2(g)
Cl(g)
Cl(aq)
HCl(g)
HCl(aq)
70.90
35.45
35.45
36.46
36.46
0
121.68
167.16
92.31
167.16
0
105.68
131.23
95.30
131.23
33.91
21.84
—
29.12
—
223.07
165.20
56.5
186.91
56.5
63.55
63.55
63.55
143.09
79.55
159.61
249.69
0
71.67
64.77
168.6
157.3
771.36
2279.7
0
49.98
65.49
146.0
129.7
661.8
1879.7
24.44
—
—
63.64
42.30
100.0
280
33.15
40.6
99.6
93.14
42.63
109
300.4
0
249.20
294.60
0
234.54
243.44
29.20
34.27
34.27
144.96
198.34
75.94
Copper
Cu(s)
Cu(aq)
Cu2(aq)
Cu2O(s)
CuO(s)
CuSO4(s)
CuSO45H2O(s)
Deuterium
D2(g)
D2O(g)
D2O(l)
4.028
20.028
20.028
8.53
6.11
20.84
29.14
37.11
—
131.75
75.7
35.86
70.63
—
5.740
2.377
158.10
197.67
213.74
56.9
216.40
151.34
201.78
112.84
124.7
72.0
205
301
Experimental Data
Substance
Fluorine
F2(g)
F(aq)
HF(g)
HF(aq)
Enthalpy
Free energy
Molar heat
Molar mass, of formation,
of formation,
capacity,
M, gmol1 Hf°, kJmol1 Gf°, kJmol1 CP,m, JK1mol1
38.00
19.00
20.01
20.01
Hydrogen (see also Deuterium)
H2(g)
2.0158
H(g)
1.0079
H(aq)
1.0079
H2O(l)
18.02
H2O(g)
18.02
H2O2(l)
34.02
H2O2(aq)
34.02
H3O(aq)
19.02
A15
Molar entropy,*
Sm°, JK1mol1
0
332.63
271.1
330.08
0
278.79
273.2
296.82
31.30
—
29.13
—
202.78
13.8
173.78
88.7
0
217.97
0
285.83
241.82
187.78
191.17
285.83
0
203.25
0
237.13
228.57
120.35
134.03
237.13
28.82
20.78
0
75.29
33.58
89.1
—
75.29
130.68
114.71
0
69.91
188.83
109.6
143.9
69.91
0
62.44
55.19
26.48
0
19.33
51.57
1.70
54.44
36.90
—
29.16
116.14
260.69
111.3
206.59
0
78.90
4.7
1015.4
742.2
100.4
6.9
166.9
25.10
—
—
143.43
103.85
50.54
—
62.17
27.28
137.7
315.9
146.4
87.40
60.29
—
52.93
Iodine
I2(s)
I2(g)
I(aq)
HI(g)
253.80
253.80
126.90
127.91
Iron
Fe(s)
Fe2(aq)
Fe3(aq)
Fe3O4(s), magnetite
Fe2O3(s), hematite
FeS(s, )
FeS(aq)
FeS2(s)
55.85
55.85
55.85
231.55
159.70
87.92
87.92
119.99
Lead
Pb(s)
Pb2(aq)
PbO2(s)
PbSO4(s)
PbBr2(s)
PbBr2(aq)
207.2
207.2
239.2
303.3
367.0
367.0
0
1.7
277.4
919.94
278.7
244.8
0
24.43
217.33
813.14
261.92
232.34
26.44
—
64.64
103.21
80.12
—
64.81
10.5
68.6
148.57
161.5
175.3
Magnesium
Mg(s)
Mg(g)
Mg2(aq)
MgO(s)
MgCO3(s)
MgBr2(s)
24.31
24.31
24.31
40.31
84.32
184.11
0
147.70
466.85
601.70
1095.8
524.3
0
113.10
454.8
569.43
1012.1
503.8
24.89
20.79
—
37.15
75.52
—
32.68
148.65
138.1
26.94
65.7
117.2
0
89.1
48.5
1118.4
824.2
100.0
—
178.2
(continued)
Appendix 2
A16
Inorganic Substances (continued)
Substance
Enthalpy
Free energy
Molar heat
Molar mass, of formation,
of formation,
capacity,
M, gmol1 Hf°, kJmol1 Gf°, kJmol1 CP,m, JK1mol1
Molar entropy,*
Sm°, JK1mol1
Mercury
Hg(l)
Hg(g)
HgO(s)
Hg2Cl2(s)
200.59
200.59
216.59
472.08
0
61.32
90.83
265.22
0
31.82
58.54
210.75
27.98
20.79
44.06
102
76.02
174.96
70.29
192.5
Nitrogen
N2(g)
NO(g)
N2O(g)
NO2(g)
N2O4(g)
HNO3(l)
HNO3(aq)
NO3(aq)
NH3(g)
NH3(aq)
NH4(aq)
NH2OH(s)
HN3(g)
N2H4(l)
NH4NO3(s)
NH4Cl(s)
NH4ClO4(s)
28.02
30.01
44.02
46.01
92.02
63.02
63.02
62.02
17.03
17.03
18.04
33.03
43.04
32.05
80.05
53.49
117.49
0
90.25
82.05
33.18
9.16
174.10
207.36
205.0
46.11
80.29
132.51
114.2
294.1
50.63
365.56
314.43
295.31
0
86.55
104.20
51.31
97.89
80.71
111.25
108.74
16.45
26.50
79.31
—
328.1
149.34
183.87
202.87
88.75
29.12
29.84
38.45
37.20
77.28
109.87
—
—
35.06
—
—
—
98.87
139.3
84.1
—
—
191.61
210.76
219.85
240.06
304.29
155.60
146.4
146.4
192.45
111.3
113.4
—
238.97
121.21
151.08
94.6
186.2
32.00
48.00
17.01
0
142.7
229.99
0
163.2
157.24
29.36
39.29
—
205.14
238.93
10.75
30.97
123.88
33.99
283.88
81.99
97.99
97.99
137.32
137.32
208.22
208.22
0
58.91
5.4
2984.0
964.8
1266.9
1288.34
319.7
287.0
374.9
443.5
0
24.44
13.4
2697.0
—
—
1142.54
272.3
267.8
305.0
—
23.84
67.15
37.11
—
—
—
—
—
71.84
112.8
—
41.09
279.98
210.23
228.86
—
—
158.2
217.18
311.78
364.6
—
39.10
39.10
39.10
56.11
0
89.24
252.38
424.76
0
60.59
283.27
379.08
29.58
20.79
—
64.9
64.18
160.34
102.5
78.9
Oxygen
O2(g)
O3(g)
OH(aq)
Phosphorus
P(s), white
P4(g)
PH3(g)
P4O10(s)
H3PO3(aq)
H3PO4(l)
H3PO4(aq)
PCl3(l)
PCl3(g)
PCl5(g)
PCl5(s)
Potassium
K(s)
K(g)
K(aq)
KOH(s)
Experimental Data
Substance
Enthalpy
Free energy
Molar heat
Molar mass, of formation,
of formation,
capacity,
M, gmol1 Hf°, kJmol1 Gf°, kJmol1 CP,m, JK1mol1
A17
Molar entropy,*
Sm°, JK1mol1
KOH(aq)
KF(s)
KCl(s)
KBr(s)
KI(s)
KClO3(s)
KClO4(s)
K2S(s)
K2S(aq)
56.11
58.10
74.55
119.00
166.00
122.55
138.55
110.27
110.27
482.37
567.27
436.75
393.80
327.90
397.73
432.75
380.7
471.5
440.50
537.75
409.14
380.66
324.89
296.25
303.09
364.0
480.7
—
49.04
51.30
52.30
52.93
100.25
112.38
—
—
91.6
66.57
82.59
95.90
106.32
143.1
151.0
105
190.4
Silicon
Si(s)
SiO2(s, )
28.09
60.09
0
910.94
0
856.64
20.00
44.43
18.83
41.84
Silver
Ag(s)
Ag(aq)
Ag2O(s)
AgBr(s)
AgBr(aq)
AgCl(s)
AgCl(aq)
AgI(s)
AgI(aq)
AgNO3(s)
107.87
107.87
231.74
187.77
187.77
143.32
143.32
234.77
234.77
169.88
0
105.58
31.05
100.37
15.98
127.07
61.58
61.84
50.38
124.39
0
77.11
11.20
96.90
26.86
109.79
54.12
66.19
25.52
33.41
25.35
—
65.86
52.38
—
50.79
—
56.82
—
93.05
42.55
72.68
121.3
107.1
155.2
96.2
129.3
115.5
184.1
140.92
Sodium
Na(s)
Na(g)
Na(aq)
NaOH(s)
NaOH(aq)
NaCl(s)
NaBr(s)
NaI(s)
22.99
22.99
22.99
40.00
40.00
58.44
102.89
149.89
0
107.32
240.12
425.61
470.11
411.15
361.06
287.78
0
76.76
261.91
379.49
419.15
384.14
348.98
286.06
28.24
20.79
—
59.54
—
50.50
51.38
52.09
51.21
153.71
59.0
64.46
48.1
72.13
86.82
98.53
Sulfur
S(s), rhombic
S(s), monoclinic
S2(aq)
SO2(g)
SO3(g)
H2SO4(l)
SO42(aq)
HSO4(aq)
H2S(g)
H2S(aq)
SF6(g)
32.07
32.07
32.07
64.07
80.07
98.09
96.07
97.08
34.09
34.09
146.07
0
0.33
33.1
296.83
395.72
813.99
909.27
887.34
20.63
39.7
1209
0
0.1
85.8
300.19
371.06
690.00
744.53
755.91
33.56
27.83
1105.3
22.64
23.6
—
39.87
50.67
138.9
—
—
34.23
—
97.28
31.80
32.6
14.6
248.22
256.76
156.90
20.1
131.8
205.79
121
291.82
(continued)
Appendix 2
A18
Inorganic Substances (continued)
Substance
Enthalpy
Free energy
Molar heat
Molar mass, of formation,
of formation,
capacity,
M, gmol1 Hf°, kJmol1 Gf°, kJmol1 CP,m, JK1mol1
Tin
Sn(s), white
Sn(s), gray
SnO(s)
SnO2(s)
Zinc
Zn(s)
Zn2(aq)
ZnO(s)
Molar entropy,*
Sm°, JK1mol1
118.71
118.71
134.71
150.71
0
2.09
285.8
580.7
0
0.13
256.9
519.6
26.99
25.77
44.31
52.59
51.55
44.14
56.5
52.3
65.39
65.39
81.39
0
153.89
348.28
0
147.06
318.30
25.40
—
40.25
41.63
112.1
43.64
*The entropies of individual ions in solution are determined by setting the entropy of H
in water equal to 0 and then defining the entropies of all other ions relative to this value;
hence a negative entropy is one that is lower than the entropy of H in water. All absolute
entropies are positive, and no sign need be given; all entropies of ions are relative to that of
H, and are listed here with a sign (either or ).
Organic Compounds
Substance
Hydrocarbons
CH4(g), methane
C2H2(g), ethyne
(acetylene)
C2H4(g), ethene
(ethylene)
C2H6(g), ethane
C3H6(g), propene
(propylene)
C3H6(g), cyclopropane
C3H8(g), propane
C4H10(g), butane
C5H12(g), pentane
C6H6(l), benzene
C6H6(g)
Molar
mass,
M, gmol1
Enthalpy
of
combustion,
Hc°,
kJmol1
Enthalpy
of
formation,
Hf°,
kJmol1
Free
energy of
formation,
Gf°,
kJmol1
Molar
heat
capacity,
CP,m,
JK1mol1
Molar
entropy,
S°,
JK1mol1
16.04
890
74.81
50.72
35.31
186.26
26.04
1300
226.73
209.20
43.93
200.94
28.05
30.07
1411
1560
52.26
84.68
68.15
32.82
43.56
52.63
219.56
229.60
42.08
42.08
44.09
58.12
72.14
78.11
78.11
2058
2091
2220
2878
3537
3268
3302
20.42
53.30
103.85
126.15
146.44
49.0
82.9
62.78
104.45
23.49
17.03
8.20
124.3
129.72
63.89
55.94
73.5
97.45
120.2
136.1
81.67
266.6
237.4
270.2
310.1
349
173.3
269.31
Experimental Data
A19
Organic Compounds (continued)
Substance
Molar
mass,
M, gmol1
Enthalpy
of
combustion,
Hc°,
kJmol1
Enthalpy
of
formation,
Hf°,
kJmol1
Free
energy of
formation,
Gf°,
kJmol1
Molar
heat
capacity,
CP,m,
JK1mol1
Molar
entropy,
S°,
JK1mol1
C7H8(l), toluene
C7H8(g)
C6H12(l), cyclohexane
C6H12(g)
C8H18(l), octane
92.13
92.13
84.15
84.15
114.22
3910
3953
3920
3953
5471
12.0
50.0
156.4
—
249.9
113.8
122.0
26.7
—
6.4
—
103.6
156.5
—
—
221.0
320.7
204.4
—
358
Alcohols and phenols
CH3OH(l), methanol
CH3OH(g)
C2H5OH(l), ethanol
C2H5OH(g)
C6H5OH(s), phenol
32.04
32.04
46.07
46.07
94.11
726
764
1368
1409
3054
238.86
200.66
277.69
235.10
164.6
166.27
161.96
174.78
168.49
50.42
81.6
43.89
111.46
65.44
—
126.8
239.81
160.7
282.70
144.0
46.02
255
424.72
361.35
99.04
128.95
60.05
60.05
875
—
484.5
485.76
389.9
396.46
124.3
—
159.8
86.6
90.04
254
827.2
697.9
117
120
122.12
3227
385.1
245.3
146.8
167.6
30.03
571
108.57
102.53
35.40
218.77
44.05
44.05
1166
1192
192.30
166.19
128.12
128.86
—
57.3
160.2
250.3
58.08
1790
248.1
155.4
124.7
200
180.15
180.15
180.15
342.29
2808
—
2810
5645
—
—
—
—
212
—
—
360
60.06
93.13
632
3393
333.51
31.6
197.33
149.1
93.14
—
104.60
191.3
75.07
969
532.9
373.4
99.2
103.51
31.06
1085
53.1
243.41
Carboxylic acids
HCOOH(l),
formic acid
CH3COOH(l),
acetic acid
CH3COOH(aq)
(COOH)2(s),
oxalic acid
C6H5COOH(s),
benzoic acid
Aldehydes and ketones
HCHO(g), methanal
(formaldehyde)
CH3CHO(l), ethanal
(acetaldehyde)
CH3CHO(g)
CH3COCH3(l),
propanone (acetone)
Sugars
C6H12O6(s), glucose
C6H12O6(aq)
C6H12O6(s), fructose
C12H22O11(s), sucrose
Nitrogen compounds
CO(NH2)2(s), urea
C6H5NH2(l), aniline
NH2CH2COOH(s),
glycine
CH3NH2(g),
methylamine
1268
—
1266
2222
22.97
910
917
—
1545
32.16