Challenge
Volume 16
Issue 1 Spring 2010
Article 2
2010
Differences in Types of Intimate Partner Violence:
Implications for Public Policy
Anne Carroll Baird
Morehouse College
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/challenge
Part of the Domestic and Intimate Partner Violence Commons
Recommended Citation
Baird, Anne Carroll (2010) "Differences in Types of Intimate Partner Violence: Implications for Public Policy," Challenge: Vol. 16 : Iss.
1 , Article 2.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/challenge/vol16/iss1/2
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Morehouse College at DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University
Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Challenge by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University
Center. For more information, please contact [email protected].
Baird
Baird: Differences in Types of Intimate Partner Violence
1
'LIIHUHQFHVLQ7\SHVRI,QWLPDWH3DUWQHU9LROHQFH
,PSOLFDWLRQVIRU3XEOLF3ROLF\
$QQH&DUUROO%DLUG
0RUHKRXVH&ROOHJH
$EVWUDFW
,QWLPDWHSDUWQHUYLROHQFHKDVEHHQUHFRJQL]HGDVDVHULRXVVRFLDOSUREOHPLQWKH8QLWHG
6WDWHVVLQFHWKHVZKHQWKHOHDGHUVLQWKH:RPHQ·V0RYHPHQWEHFDPHDODUPHGDW
YLFWLPL]DWLRQRIZRPHQLQWKHLURZQKRPHVE\WKHLUKXVEDQGVRUER\IULHQGV'REDVK
DQG'REDVK:RPHQVWLOOPDNHXSSHUFHQWRIDOOLQWLPDWHSDUWQHUKRPLFLGHV
DQGDUHWZLFHDVOLNHO\WREHNLOOHGE\DQLQWLPDWHSDUWQHUDVPHQDUH&DWDODQR6PLWK
6Q\GHUDQG5DQG7KH$QWL9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ$FWVRIDQGVXEVH
TXHQW \HDUV KDYH OHG WR PRUH XQLIRUP VWDWH SROLFLHV RQ GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH DQG RWKHU
YLROHQFH DJDLQVW ZRPHQ EXW KDYH EHHQ XVHG WR MXVWLI\ LQWUXVLRQ LQWR SULYDWH KRPHV
SDUWLFXODUO\ZLWKPDQGDWRU\DUUHVWODZV'DYLV2·6XOOLYDQ)DUROHDQG5HPSOH
7KHODZKDVQRWEHHQVXFFHVVIXODWVSHFLÀFGHWHUUHQFH3HWHUVRQEXWLWKDVEHHQ
PRUH HIIHFWLYH DW SXQLVKPHQW 'L[RQ 7UHDWLQJ DOO GRPHVWLF YLROHQFH FDVHV DV
WKRXJKWKH\ZHUHWKHVDPHDOVRKDVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWUHDWPHQWSURJUDPV3HWHUVRQ
6DXQGHUV,QWKLVDUWLFOH,FRQVLGHUWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIPDNLQJGLVWLQFWLRQVDPRQJ
W\SHVRILQWLPDWHSDUWQHUYLROHQFHWKHHIIHFWVRIIDLOXUHWRGRVRDORQJZLWKLPSOLFDWLRQV
IRUUHVHDUFKDGYRFDF\DQGWUHDWPHQW
3HUFHSWLRQYHUVXV5HDOLW\
7KHPRGHORILQWLPDWHSDUWQHUYLROHQFHWKDWSUHYDLOVLQWKHPHGLDDQGSXEOLF
SHUFHSWLRQLVWKDWRIWKHFRQWUROOLQJPDOHZKRLQÁLFWVLQFUHDVLQJO\KDUVKSK\VLFDOHPR
WLRQDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOKDUPRQKLVSDUWQHUXQWLOHLWKHUVKHVXFFHVVIXOO\OHDYHVRUKH
NLOOVKHU-RKQVRQ7KLVSURWRW\SHDOVRVHHVZRPHQDVHTXDOO\DWULVNUHJDUGOHVV
RIVRFLDOFODVVUDFHHWKQLFLW\ZKHUHWKH\OLYHRURWKHUVWUXFWXUDODQGFXOWXUDOIDFWRUV
1L[RQ5LFKLH5HFRQFLOLDWLRQWRVDYHWKHPDUULDJHRUUHODWLRQVKLSLVYLHZHG
DVDQXQVDIHDQGIRROLVKRSWLRQ%DNHU/HKUQHUDQG$OOHQ7KHUHVHDUFKOLW
HUDWXUHLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKLVPRGHODSSOLHVWRVPDOOEXWH[WUHPHO\GDQJHURXVSURSRUWLRQ
RISDUWQHUYLROHQFHEXWLWFRQWLQXHVWREHJHQHUDOL]HGWRWKHZKROH-RKQVRQDQG)HUUDUR
&RQWUDU\WRWKHSUHYDLOLQJYLHZUHVHDUFKUHYHDOVWKDWZKLOHPHQSUHGRPLQDWHLQ
LQÁLFWLQJVHULRXVLQMXULHVDQGXVLQJFRHUFLYHWDFWLFVERWKPHQDQGZRPHQDUHSHUSHWUD
WRUVDQGERWKPHQDQGZRPHQDUHYLFWLPVRISDUWQHUYLROHQFH$UFKHU)HOVRQDQG
&DUHV/DXULWVHQDQG+HLPHU6WUDXV*HOOHVDQG6WHLQPHW]7MDGHQDQG
7KRHQQHV0RUHRYHUSDUWQHUYLROHQFHLVQRWOLPLWHGWRKHWHURVH[XDOUHODWLRQVKLSV
EXW LV H[SHULHQFHG LQ ERWK PDOH DQG IHPDOH VDPH VH[ UHODWLRQVKLSV 5HQ]HWWL 3DUWQHUYLROHQFHRIWHQLQFOXGHVUDSHDQGVH[XDODVVDXOW$OWKRXJKPHQSULPDULO\FRPPLW
WKHVHDFWVZRPHQDOVRFRPPLWWKHPDJDLQVWPHQ/DUXLWVHQDQG+HLPHU(YHQ
WKRXJKSDUWQHUYLROHQFHGRHVRFFXUDFURVVFDWHJRULHVRIUDFHFODVVDQGHWKQLFLW\ERWK
YLFWLPVDQGSHUSHWUDWRUVFRPHGLVSURSRUWLRQDWHO\IURPWKHXQHPSOR\HGPLQRULW\DQG
RWKHUPDUJLQDOL]HGJURXSV&RNHU'L[RQ5LFKLH6RNRORIIDQG3UDWW
3OHDVHDGGUHVVDOOFRUUHVSRQGHQFHWRDEDLUG#PRUHKRXVHHGX
Published by DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2010
1
2
Challenge, Vol. 16 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 2
Challenge
'LIIHUHQW7\SHVRI3DUWQHU9LROHQFH
.XFKVFKQLWWDQGFROOHDJXHVREVHUYHWKDWUHFHQWUHVHDUFKLVÀQGLQJ
WKDWPDOHSHUSHWUDWRUVRIYLROHQFHDJDLQVWWKHLUSDUWQHUVDUHKHWHURJHQHRXVDQGWKDWWKHLU
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV VXSSRUW WKHRUHWLFDO H[SODQDWLRQV 7KH GHOLQHDWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI
PDOHSHUSHWUDWRUVFDQEHFRPSDUHGZLWKQRQYLROHQWPHQWRIXUWKHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH
WUDMHFWRULHV OHDGLQJ WR SDUWQHU YLROHQFH .XFKVFKQLWW 0F/DXJKOLQ DQG 3HWULH 5HVHDUFKHUVQHHGWRPHDVXUHVSHFLÀFEHKDYLRULQFOXGLQJKLWWLQJVKRYLQJRUGHPHDQ
LQJ3URGXFWLYHW\SRORJLHVVKRXOGFKDUDFWHUL]HWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHYLROHQFHZKLFKLVWKH
LQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHVSRXVHVDQGWKHQDWXUHRIWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLS0LFKDOVNL
-RKQVRQGHYHORSHGDW\SRORJ\EDVHGRQWKHDWWHPSWWRH[HUWFRQ
WURORYHURQH·VSDUWQHUDQGWKHXVHRIYLROHQFH+LVW\SHVDUHFRHUFLYHFRQWUROOLQJYLR
OHQFHYLROHQWUHVLVWDQFHVLWXDWLRQDOFRXSOHYLROHQFHDQGDIRXUWKW\SHZKLFKLQYROYHV
PXWXDOFRHUFLRQ7KHÀUVWWZRW\SHVDUHPRVWUHDGLO\DGDSWDEOHIRUFDWHJRUL]LQJPRWLYH
UHODWLRQVKLSDQGEHKDYLRU
&RHUFLYHFRQWUROOLQJYLROHQFHZKLFKKHDOVRFDOOVLQWLPDWHWHUURULVPUHIHUVWR
WKHW\SHRIYLROHQFHWKDWPRVWÀWVWKHSUHYDLOLQJVWHUHRW\SHRIWKHYLROHQWFRQWUROOLQJ
PDOH,QWLPDWHWHUURULVPDLPVDWFRPSOHWHSK\VLFDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOGRPLQDWLRQDQG
FRQWURORIRQH·VSDUWQHU$PDQXVXDOO\FRPPLWVWKLVW\SHRIYLROHQFHDQGWKLVW\SHRI
YLFWLPL]DWLRQLVKLJKO\SUHYDOHQWDPRQJZRPHQOLYLQJLQVKHOWHUV,QWLPDWHWHUURULVPLV
DOVRWKHSURWRW\SHIRUWKHPRELOL]DWLRQRIWKH$QWLYLROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ0RYHPHQW
,QWKLVW\SHRIYLROHQFHWKHSDUWQHULQÁLFWVVXFKHPRWLRQDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDOKDUPWKDW
DZRPDQZRXOGSUHIHUWKHSK\VLFDOYLROHQFHWRWKHVKDPHDQGDEXVH:KHQDZRPDQ
NLOOVKHUFRHUFLYHFRQWUROOLQJSDUWQHULWLVPRUHOLNHO\WREHLQDGLUHFWÀJKWIRUKHUOLIH
UDWKHUWKDQO\LQJLQZDLWRUNLOOLQJKLPLQKLVVOHHS6WDUN
7KH W\SH RI SDUWQHU YLROHQFH WKDW LV PRVW FRPPRQ LV VLWXDWLRQDO FRXSOH YLR
OHQFHZKLFKLVPXWXDOYLROHQFH,QWKLVW\SHRIYLROHQFHGLVDJUHHPHQWVHVFDODWHDQG
FRQÁLFWVDGYDQFHWRYLROHQFH,WXVXDOO\GRHVQRWHVFDODWHRYHUWLPHLQWKHPDUULDJHRU
UHODWLRQVKLSEXWLVPRUHOLNHO\WREHRQHWLPHRURFFDVLRQDOHYHQW$PDQPD\EHFRPH
YLROHQWRQO\RQHWLPHEHUHPRUVHIXODQGQHYHUUHSHDWWKHYLROHQFH7KLVW\SHRIYLR
OHQFHFDQKDYHSDLQIXOHIIHFWVRQWKHFRXSOHDQGDQ\FKLOGUHQSUHVHQWEXWLWLVHQWLUHO\
GLIIHUHQWIURPFRHUFLYHFRQWUROOLQJYLROHQFH-RKQVRQVWUHVVHVKRZHYHUWKDWVLWXDWLRQDO
FRXSOHYLROHQFHFDQDOVREHGHDGO\+HFDXWLRQVWKDWDOWKRXJKHDFKRIWKHW\SHVRI
SDUWQHUYLROHQFHFDQYDU\LQIUHTXHQF\DQGVHYHULW\´«IURPUHODWLYHO\PLQRUDFWVRI
YLROHQFHWRKRPLFLGDODVVDXOWVLQWLPDWHWHUURULVPLVWKHW\SHPRVWOLNHO\WREHIUHTXHQW
DQGEUXWDO-RKQVRQ
7KH8WLOLW\RI7\SRORJLHV
'LVWLQJXLVKLQJ EHWZHHQ FRHUFLYH FRQWUROOLQJ YLROHQFH DQG VLWXDWLRQDO FRXSOH
YLROHQFH FDQ EH D YLWDO WRRO LQ DGYLVLQJ SHRSOH VHHNLQJ KHOS LQ D UHODWLRQVKLS ,I D
ZRPDQLVDYLFWLPRILQWLPDWHWHUURULVPDGYLVLQJKHUWRVHHNFRXSOHVFRXQVHOLQJFRXOG
SXWKHUDWHYHQJUHDWHUULVNDQGZRXOGRQO\JLYHKHUFRHUFLYHFRQWUROOLQJSDUWQHUDQRWKHU
RSSRUWXQLW\WRIUDPHWKHSUREOHPDVEHLQJKHUIDXOWRUDVUHVLGLQJLQWKHYLFWLP6WDUN
6KHOWHUVDQGDJHQFLHVDUHGHVLJQHGWRKHOSZRPHQJHWRXWRIGDQJHURXVFRHU
FLYHFRQWUROOLQJUHODWLRQVKLSVZKHUHWKH\KDYHDKLJKSUREDELOLW\RIEHLQJNLOOHG:KDW
LVEHLQJGRQHKRZHYHULVWKDWLQRUGHUWRWU\WRSUHYHQWWKHGHDWKVRIYLFWLPVLQWKHVH
http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/challenge/vol16/iss1/2
2
Baird
Baird: Differences in Types of Intimate Partner Violence
3
FRHUFLYHFRQWUROOLQJUHODWLRQVKLSVYLFWLPVRISDUWQHUYLROHQFHLQJHQHUDODUHXUJHGWRJHW
RXWRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLS0LOOV
0RVWYLFWLPVVHHNLQJKHOSIDOOLQWKHFDWHJRU\RIVLWXDWLRQDOFRXSOHV·YLROHQFH
7KH\ PD\ ZDQW WR VWD\ LQ WKHLU UHODWLRQVKLS DQG FRXOG EH HQFRXUDJHG WR VHHN HLWKHU
FRXSOHV FRXQVHOLQJ RU VRPH RWKHU W\SH RI LQWHUYHQWLRQ 1RW RQO\ VKHOWHUV DQG VRFLDO
VHUYLFHDJHQFLHVHQFRXUDJHZRPHQWROHDYHWKHUHODWLRQVKLS7KLVH[WHQGVWRWKHRIÀFHV
RIVRPHSURVHFXWRUVDQGFRXUWVHUYLFHVZKHUHLWPD\EHFRQVLGHUHGDYLFWRU\ZKHQD
ZRPDQOHDYHVKHUSDUWQHUUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHFRQWH[WKHUQHHGVDQGZDQWVRUWKHÀWZLWK
KHUOLYHGH[SHULHQFH)RUG%RWK)RUGDQG%DNHUDUJXHWKDWYLFWLPV
DUHGHQLHGDJHQF\ZKHQWKH\DUHSUHVHQWHGRQO\WKHRSWLRQRIHQGLQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLS
RIWHQXQGHUWKUHDWRIORVLQJFXVWRG\RIWKHLUFKLOGUHQ $QXPEHURIW\SRORJLHVRILQWLPDWHSDUWQHUYLROHQFHDUHEHLQJGHYHORSHG7KH
H[WHQWWRZKLFKWKH\OHDGWREHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJWUHDWPHQWDQGSUHYHQWLRQZLOOGHSHQG
RQKRZZHOOWKH\UHSUHVHQWWKHUHDOLWLHVRISHRSOHDQGWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSV7\SRORJLHV
FDQEHPRVWXVHIXODVWRROVIRUFRPSDULVRQEXWWKH\DUHEHVWXVHGDVJXLGHVQRWDVULJLG
FDWHJRULHVZKLFKZRXOGGHIHDWWKHSXUSRVHRIUHFRJQL]LQJGLIIHUHQFHV:LWKDEHWWHU
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIPRWLYDWLRQVDQGUHODWLRQVKLSVYLFWLPVFDQPDNHGHFLVLRQVRQWKHPRVW
DSSURSULDWHDFWLRQLQWKHLUVLWXDWLRQ
5HVHDUFK9LROHQFH3HUFHSWLRQVDQG6RFLDO0RYHPHQWV
7KHYLROHQWFRQWUROOLQJPDOHSHUSHWUDWRULVFRQVLVWHQWZLWKPHGLDUHSUHVHQWD
WLRQVDQGSXEOLFSHUFHSWLRQEXWWKLVSURWRW\SHLVDOVRHQJUDLQHGLQWKHRUHWLFDOSDUDGLJPV
DQGUHVHDUFKLQSXEOLFSROLF\SDUWLFXODUO\LQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVOHJDODQGFULPLQDOMXVWLFH
V\VWHPV3HWHUVRQ'DYLVHWDO0LOOV8QWLOUHFHQWO\SDUWQHUYLROHQFH
DVDVLQJOHW\SHZDVSUHGRPLQDQWLQERWKWKHRUHWLFDODSSURDFKHVDQGHPSLULFDOUHVHDUFK
)HOVRQDQG&DUHV6RNRORIIDQG3UDWW7KLVVWHPVLQSDUWIURPWKHIDFWWKDW
HDUO\SDUWQHUYLROHQFHUHVHDUFKKDGURRWVLQWKH:RPHQ·V0RYHPHQWDQGHVWDEOLVKHG
UDGLFDOIHPLQLVPDVWKHOHDGLQJWKHRUHWLFDOIUDPHZRUN)HOVRQDQG&DUHV&HQ
WHUHGLQWKHRSHUDWLRQDQGHIIHFWVRIPDOHSDWULDUFK\DQGVRFLDOFKDQJHUDGLFDOIHPLQLVP
H[SODLQV SDUWQHU YLROHQFH DV DQ DWWHPSW E\ PDOHV WR PDLQWDLQ GRPLQDQFH DQG FRQWURO
RYHUZRPHQZLWKLQDQHVWDEOLVKHGV\VWHPRIPDOHSULYLOHJH'REDVKDQG'REDVK
,QWKLVSHUVSHFWLYHEHFDXVHRQO\PHQDUHPRWLYDWHGWRGRPLQDWHDQGFRQWURORQO\PHQ
DUHSHUSHWUDWRUVRISDUWQHUYLROHQFH)URPWKHVWDQGSRLQWRIUDGLFDOIHPLQLVPPHQDUH
SHUSHWUDWRUVRIYLROHQFHDQGFRQWURODQGZRPHQDUHYLFWLPVKHQFHWKHLUUHOXFWDQFHWR
FRQVLGHUGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRISDUWQHUYLROHQFHLQWHUPVRIPRWLYHUHODWLRQVKLSVHYHULW\RI
YLROHQFHDQGFRQWH[W
7KH$QWLYLROHQFH0RYHPHQWDQG6DPHQHVV
2QHRIWKHLVVXHVWKDWGHOD\HGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRISDUWQHUYLROHQFHVXEFDWHJR
ULHVZDVWKHRSSRVLWLRQRIVRPHDFWLYLVWVFKRODUVDQGDJHQFLHV&DYDQDXJKDQG*HOOHV
IHDULQJWKDWIRFXVLQJRQGLIIHUHQFHVZRXOGHLWKHUGLOXWHWKHDQWLYLROHQFHPRYH
PHQWRUEODPHWKHYLFWLPLIZRPHQZHUHLQFOXGHGLQW\SRORJLHV1L[RQDQG+XPSKUH\V
7KHDVVHUWLRQWKDWSDUWQHUYLROHQFHFRXOGKDSSHQWRDQ\RQHZDVLPSRUWDQWWRWKH
PRYHPHQW 1L[RQ DQG +XPSKUH\V VWDWH WKDW VDPHQHVV LV RQH RI WKH NH\ PRELOL]LQJ
WRROVRIVRFLDOPRYHPHQWV,QRUGHUIRUDPRYHPHQWWRUHFUXLWQHZPHPEHUVDQGWKULYH
Published by DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2010
3
4
Challenge, Vol. 16 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 2
Challenge
LWPXVWKDYHDFRPPRQDSSHDOWKDWVXSSRUWHUVVKDUH7KHUHPXVWEHFRPPRQYDOXHV
JRDOVRUSUREOHPVDERXWZKLFKPHPEHUVIHHOVWURQJO\,QWKHFDVHRIWKHDQWLYLROHQFH
DJDLQVWZRPHQPRYHPHQWWKLVPHDQVWKDWQHZUHFUXLWVDQGÀQDQFLDOVXSSRUWHUVPXVWEH
DEOHWRLGHQWLI\ZLWKWKHYLFWLP1L[RQDQG+XPSKUH\V)RUWKLVWRKDSSHQWKH
YLFWLPPXVWDSSHDUWREHOLNHWKHP7KLVLVHYLGHQFHGLQSXEOLFDWLRQVDQGZHEVLWHVRI
DQWLYLROHQFHDGYRFDF\RUJDQL]DWLRQV0RUHRYHUWKHDQWLYLROHQFHPRYHPHQW·VLGHRORJ\
RIFKDQJHSURPRWHVWKHWKHPHWKDWSDUWQHUYLROHQFHFRXOGKDSSHQWRDQ\ZRPDQUHJDUG
OHVVRIZKRWKH\DUHZKHUHWKH\OLYHWKHLULQFRPHHGXFDWLRQUDFHHWKQLFLW\RUVWDWLRQ
LQOLIH%ODFNIHPLQLVWVFRQWHQGKRZHYHUWKDWLQGLYLGXDOVH[SHULHQFHHDFKRIWKHVWDWXV
IDFWRUVGLIIHUHQWO\DQGLQGLIIHUHQWFRPELQDWLRQV)DLOXUHWRFRQVLGHUWKLVZDVDPDLQ
IDFWRUIRUIHPLQLVWVZKROREELHGIRUWKH9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ$FWDQGDFFHSWHGLWV
LQFRUSRUDWLRQLQWRWKHFULPHDFW'DO\7KH\ZHUHQRWFRQVFLRXVRIGLIIHUHQFHVRU
RIKRZWKHVHGLIIHUHQFHVFRXOGLQWHUDFWLQWKHOLYHVRIYLFWLPVRISDUWQHUYLROHQFH5LFKLH
6FKRODUDFWLYLVWV ZDQWHG FKDQJH WKHLU UHVHDUFK WKHLU FRPPXQLW\ DGYRFDF\
DQG WKH WUHDWPHQW SURJUDPV WKH\ VSRQVRUHG LQ ZRPHQ·V VKHOWHUV UHÁHFWHG WKLV JRDO
7KHVHSURJUDPVLQLWLDOO\IRFXVHGRQWKHQHHGIRUPHQWRUHFRJQL]HPDOHGRPLQDQFHDV
WKHFDXVHRIWKHLUYLROHQFH7KHVHDFWLYLVWVVRXJKWWRFKDQJHLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGFDUHIXOO\
JXDUGHGWKHSXEOLFLPSUHVVLRQRI´EDWWHUHGZRPHQµLQWKHLUVFKRODUVKLSDQGFRPPXQLW\
DGYRFDF\5DGLFDOIHPLQLVWVYLHZVRFLHW\DVDV\VWHPLQZKLFKPHQQRWZRPHQDUHWKH
SHUSHWUDWRUVRIYLROHQFHEHFDXVHPHQKDYHWKHSRZHUDQGZDQWWRPDLQWDLQLW6RPHDF
WLYLVWVFKRODUVFDXWLRQHGWKDWLIZRPHQZHUHVHHQDVSHUSHWUDWRUVRIYLROHQFHWKH\FRXOG
WKHQEHEODPHGIRUWKHLURZQYLFWLPL]DWLRQVXIIHUHGDWWKHKDQGVRIWKHLUPDOHSDUWQHUV
0F&ORVNH\7KHUHIRUHZRUNIRUFKDQJHPDLQWDLQHGDVLQJOHIRFXVZKLFKZDV
QRWWRWKHDGYDQWDJHRIPRVWYLFWLPVRISDUWQHUYLROHQFHRUIRUGHYHORSPHQWRIWUHDWPHQW
SURJUDPVIRUWKHLUDEXVHUV6WURORYLWFK7KH\ZHUHOHVVFRQFHUQHGDERXWGHWHU
PLQLQJWKHYLFWLP·VUHODWLRQVKLSDQGWKHPHDQLQJRIYLROHQFHWRKHUOLIHWKDQDERXWLQL
WLDWLQJVRFLDOFKDQJHWKDWZRXOGSURWHFWZRPHQIURPEDWWHU\%DNHU'DO\
$QWLYLROHQFHDJHQFLHVDQGVFKRODUDFWLYLVWVZHUHLQFOLQHGWRDFFRXQWIRUDQ\ZRPHQ·V
YLROHQFHLQWKHLUUHVHDUFKÀQGLQJVHQWLUHO\DVDIRUPRIUHVLVWDQFHWRYLROHQFHFRPPLWWHG
DJDLQVWWKHP7KXVWKH\ZRXOGDJUHHZLWK-RKQVRQWKDWZRPHQVRPHWLPHVXVHG
YLROHQWUHVLVWDQFHEXWXQOLNH-RKQVRQWKH\LQWHUSUHWHGDQ\YLROHQFHE\ZRPHQDVDZD\
RIUHVLVWLQJDYLROHQWFRQWUROOLQJPDOHSDUWQHU
,QWHUVHFWLRQDOLW\
&ROOLQVKDVSRLQWHGWRWKHQHHGIRUFRQVLGHULQJKRZYDULRXVVWUXFWXUDO
IDFWRUVVXFKDVUDFHHWKQLFLW\FODVVDQGJHQGHUMRLQWO\SURGXFHLQHTXDOLWLHVDQGKRZ
WKHVHLQWHUORFNLQJLQWHUVHFWLRQVDIIHFWLQWLPDWHSDUWQHUYLROHQFH&ROOLQVDOVRHPSKDVL]
HVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIUHFRJQL]LQJWKHOLYHGH[SHULHQFHVRISHRSOHLIZHDUHWRXQGHUVWDQG
WKHLUEHKDYLRU7KLVZRXOGFRXQWHUDFWWKHWHQGHQF\WRIRFXVRQDVLQJOHW\SHRISDUWQHU
YLROHQFH7UHDWLQJDOOW\SHVRISDUWQHUYLROHQFHDVWKHVDPHKDVOHGWRWKHVLPLODUWUHDW
PHQWRIPHQDQGLQFUHDVLQJO\RIZRPHQZKRHQJDJHLW+LUVFKHO%X]DZD3DWDYLQD
DQG)DJJLDQW7KLVKROGVUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSWKHFRQWH[WRUWKHZLVKHV
RIWKHSHRSOHLQYROYHG0RUHRYHULWKDVHQFRXUDJHGWKHWUHDWLQJRIDOOSDUWQHUYLROHQFH
DVÀWWLQJWKHSDWWHUQRIWKHYLROHQWFRHUFLYHFRQWUROOLQJPDOH8VLQJWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQ
http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/challenge/vol16/iss1/2
4
Baird
Baird: Differences in Types of Intimate Partner Violence
5
DOLW\ SDUDGLJP FRXOG EH HVSHFLDOO\ XVHIXO LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ ZKDW DSSURDFK WR WUHDWPHQW
ZRXOGZRUNEHVWIRUDJLYHQLQGLYLGXDO
-RKQVRQDWWHPSWVWRUHVROYHWKHTXHVWLRQRIZKHWKHUZRPHQFDQEHYLR
OHQWE\GLVWLQJXLVKLQJFRQWH[W5HVHDUFKHUVXVLQJGDWDIURPVKHOWHUVDQGDJHQFLHVDUH
VDPSOLQJIURPDSRSXODWLRQRIYLFWLPVRIFRHUFLYHFRQWUROOLQJYLROHQWPHQ)RUPRVWRI
WKHVHZRPHQLQWLPDWHWHUURULVPLVDUHDOLW\LQWKHLUHYHU\GD\OLIH,WLVXQFHUWDLQZKDW
SURSRUWLRQRISHUSHWUDWRUVÀWLQWKLVFDWHJRU\EXWWKHUHDUHHVWLPDWHVRIWRSHUFHQW
-RKQVRQ$UFKHU'DWDIURPVXUYH\VVXFKDV1DWLRQDO&ULPH9LFWLPL]DWLRQ
6XUYH\DQGWKH1DWLRQDO9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ6XUYH\ÀQGDVPDOOHUSURSRUWLRQRI
FRHUFLYHFRQWUROOLQJPHQVLQFHWKHLUVDPSOHVGUDZQIURPWKHSRSXODWLRQDVDZKROH
UDWKHUWKDQIURPVKHOWHUVDQGKRVSLWDOHPHUJHQF\URRPV
7KH&RQVHTXHQFHVRI1RW'LIIHUHQWLDWLQJ$PRQJ7\SHV
'LVWLQFWLRQVDPRQJW\SHVDQGFRQWH[WVRISDUWQHUYLROHQFHKDYHIDUUHDFKLQJ
LPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHRU\DQGUHVHDUFKSXEOLFSROLF\DQGSUHYHQWLRQDVZHOODVIRUWUHDW
PHQWRIYLFWLPVDQGRIIHQGHUV&UDPHU'L[RQ1L[RQDQG+XPSKUH\V
6DXQGHUV6LPLODUO\IDLOXUHWRPDNHWKHVHGLVWLQFWLRQVDPRQJW\SHVRILQWLPDWH
SDUWQHUYLROHQFHKDVPXOWLSOHFRQVHTXHQFHVERWKLQWHQGHGDQGXQLQWHQGHG7KHSUR
WRW\SHRIWKHYLROHQWFRHUFLYHPDOHKDVEHHQXVHGWRMXVWLI\ZDUUDQWOHVVDUUHVWODZVIRU
SUREDEOHFDXVHLQFDVHVRISDUWQHUYLROHQFH6XFKODZVQRZH[LVWLQDOOVWDWHVYDU\LQJ
E\VWDWHRQZKHWKHUZDUUDQWOHVVDUUHVWLVPDQGDWRU\SUHIHUUHGRUDOORZHG%X]DZDDQG
%X]DZD7UHDWLQJDOOLQWLPDWHSDUWQHUYLROHQFHFDOOVWRSROLFHWKHVDPHLQWKHGH
FLVLRQWRDUUHVWFRQWULEXWHVWRDQLQFUHDVHLQIHPDOHDQGGXDODUUHVWVDQGLQWKHQXPEHURI
SHRSOHZKRKDYHFULPLQDOUHFRUGV+LUVFKHOHWDO6LQFH\RXQJ$IULFDQ$PHULFDQ
PHQKDYHKLJKUDWHVRISUHYLRXVDUUHVWDQGLQFDUFHUDWLRQWKHVHODZVGLVSURSRUWLRQDWHO\
DIIHFWWKHP0RUHRYHU\RXQJ$IULFDQ$PHULFDQZRPHQZKRKDYHEHHQLQFDUFHUDWHG
IRUPLQRUGUXJRIIHQVHVDUHDIUDLGWRFDOOWKHSROLFHLIWKH\DUHEHLQJDVVDXOWHGEHFDXVH
WKH\NQRZWKDWWKH\KDYHDKLJKOLNHOLKRRGRIEHLQJDUUHVWHG5LFKLH6RPH
VWDWHVDQGSROLFHGLVWULFWVLQFOXGHSUHIHUUHGDUUHVWLQFDVHVRIYLROHQFHIRURWKHUSHRSOH
ZKROLYHLQWKHKRXVHKROGUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHLUUHODWLRQVKLSWRWKHSHUSHWUDWRU7KHÀUVW
9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ$FWZDVSDVVHGLQDVDSDUWRIWKH9LROHQW&ULPH&RQWURO
DQG/DZ(QIRUFHPHQW$FW7KURXJKWKLVDFW&RQJUHVVKDVSURYLGHGIXQGLQJIRUSUR
JUDPVIRUWKHFULPLQDOMXVWLFHV\VWHPDQGHQFRXUDJHGQHZSROLFLHVVXFKDVSUHVXPSWLYH
DUUHVWIRUGRPHVWLFYLROHQFH7KXVWKHQHWFRQWLQXHVWRZLGHQVXFKWKDWSULYDWHEHKDYLRU
LVLQFUHDVLQJO\FULPLQDOL]HGDQGSODFHGLQWKHSXEOLFGRPDLQ'DYLVHWDO'DYLV
6PLWKDQG7D\ORU
&RQFOXVLRQ
'LVWLQJXLVKLQJDPRQJW\SHVRIRIIHQGHUVFRXOGUHGXFHXQQHFHVVDU\DUUHVW,W
FRXOGDOVRUHGXFHWKHFULPLQDOMXVWLFHDQGRWKHUHFRQRPLFFRVWVRILQWLPDWHSDUWQHUYLR
OHQFH7UHDWPHQWSURJUDPVKROGSURPLVHIRUVLWXDWLRQDOO\YLROHQWFRXSOHVEXWQRWIRU
FRHUFLYHFRQWUROOLQJFDVHV,QDGGLWLRQSURYLGLQJDSSURSULDWHW\SHVRIWUHDWPHQWLQWHU
YHQWLRQIRUVLWXDWLRQDOO\YLROHQWFRXSOHVFRXOGHDVHHPRWLRQDOVWUHVVDQGODWHUSRWHQWLDO
IRUYLROHQFHRIFKLOGUHQLQYROYHGKDYLQJDSRVLWLYHLPSDFWRQFRPPXQLWLHV
Published by DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2010
5
6
Challenge, Vol. 16 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 2
Challenge
5HIHUHQFHV
$UFKHU-RKQ´6H['LIIHUHQFHVLQ$JJUHVVLRQEHWZHHQ+HWHURVH[XDO3DUWQHUV$
0HWD$QDO\WLF5HYLHZµ3V\FKRORJLFDO%XOOHWLQ
%DNHU.DWKDULQH.´'LDOHFWLFVDQG'RPHVWLF$EXVHµ7KH<DOH/DZ-RXUQDO
%RJUDG0LFKHOOH´6WUHQJWKHQLQJ'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH7KHRULHV,QWHUVHFWLRQVRI
5DFH&ODVV6H[XDO2ULHQWDWLRQDQG*HQGHUµ-RXUQDORI)DPLO\7KHUDS\
%XUJHVV3URFWRU$PDQGD´,QWHUVHFWLRQVRI5DFH&ODVV*HQGHUDQG&ULPHµ
)HPLQLVW&ULPLQRORJ\
%X]DZD(YH6DQG$DURQ'´&RXUWLQJ'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH9LFWLPV$7DOHRI
7ZR&LWLHVµ&ULPLQRORJ\DQG3XEOLF3ROLF\
&DWDODQR6KDQQDQ(ULFD6PLWK+RZDUG6Q\GHUDQG0LFKDHO5DQG%XUHDXRI-XVWLFH
6WDWLVWLFV)HPDOH9LFWLPVRI9LROHQFH1&-5HWULHYHG6HSWHP
EHUKWWSZZZQFMUVJRY$SS3XEOLFDWLRQVDEVWUDFW
DVS[",' &DYDQDXJK0DU\0DQG5LFKDUG-*HOOHV´7KH8WLOLW\RI0DOH'RPHVWLF9LR
OHQFH2IIHQGHU7\SRORJLHV1HZ'LUHFWLRQVIRU5HVHDUFK3ROLF\DQG3UDF
WLFHµ-RXUQDORI,QWHUSHUVRQDO9LROHQFH
&RNHU'RQQD´5DFH3RYHUW\DQGWKH&ULPHFHQWHUHG5HVSRQVHWR'RPHVWLF
9LROHQFHµ9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ
&ROOLQV3DWULFLD+LOO%ODFN)HPLQLVW7KRXJKW.QRZOHGJH&RQVFLRXVQHVVDQG
WKH3ROLWLFVRI(PSRZHUPHQWQGHGLWLRQ1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
&ROOLQV3DWULFLD+LOO´7KH7LH7KDW%LQGV5DFH*HQGHUDQG869LROHQFHµ
(WKQLFDQG5DFLDO6WXGLHV
&UDPHU(OL]DEHWK3DQG6DUD%HWK3OXPPHU´3HRSOHRI&RORUZLWK'LVDELOLWLHV
,QWHUVHFWLRQDOLW\DVD)UDPHZRUNIRU$QDO\]LQJ,QWLPDWH3DUWQHU9LROHQFHLQ
6RFLDO+LVWRULFDODQG3ROLWLFDO&RQWH[WVµ-RXUQDORI$JJUHVVLRQ0DOWUHDW
PHQWDQG7UDXPD
'DO\.DWKOHHQ´0HQ·V9LROHQFH9LFWLP$GYRFDF\DQG)HPLQLVW5HGUHVVµ/DZ
DQG6RFLHW\5HYLHZ
'DYLV5REHUW&%DUEDUD(6PLWKDQG%UXFH7D\ORU´,QFUHDVLQJWKH3URSRUWLRQ
RI'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH$UUHVWV7KDW$UH3URVHFXWHG$1DWXUDO([SHULPHQWLQ
0LOZDXNHHµ&ULPLQRORJ\DQG3XEOLF3ROLF\
'DYLV5REHUW&&KULV62·6XOOLYDQ'RQDOG-)DUROH-UDQG0LFKDHO5HPSOH
´$&RPSDULVRQRI7ZR3URVHFXWLRQ3ROLFLHVLQ&DVHVRI,QWLPDWH3DUWQHUYLR
OHQFH0DQGDWRU\&DVH)LOLQJ9HUVXV)ROORZLQJWKH9LFWLP·V/HDGµ&ULPLQRO
RJ\DQG3XEOLF3ROLF\
'L[RQ-R´0DQGDWRU\'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH$UUHVWDQG3URVHFXWLRQ3ROLFLHV5H
FLGLYLVPDQG6RFLDO*RYHUQDQFHµ&ULPLQRORJ\DQG3XEOLF3ROLF\
'REDVK5HEHFFD(DQG5XVVHOO3'REDVK5HWKLQNLQJ9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ
7KRXVDQG2DNV&$6DJH
³9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:LYHV$&DVHDJDLQVWWKH3DWULDUFK\1HZ<RUN
)UHH3UHVV
³:RPHQ9LROHQFHDQG6RFLDO&KDQJH/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH
http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/challenge/vol16/iss1/2
6
Baird
Baird: Differences in Types of Intimate Partner Violence
7
)HOVRQ5LFKDUG%DQG$OLVRQ&&DUHV´*HQGHUDQGWKH6HULRXVQHVVRI$VVDXOWVRQ
,QWLPDWH3DUWQHUVDQG2WKHU9LFWLPVµ-RXUQDORI0DUULDJHDQG)DPLO\
)HOVRQ5LFKDUG%DQG.HOVHD-R/DQH´'RHV9LROHQFH,QYROYLQJ:RPHQDQG
,QWLPDWH3DUWQHUV+DYH$6SHFLDO(WLRORJ\"µ&ULPLQRORJ\
)HOVRQ5LFKDUG%-HIIUH\$FNHUPDQ&DWKHULQH$*DOODJKHU´3ROLFH,QWHUYHQ
WLRQDQGWKH5HSHDWRI'RPHVWLF$VVDXOWµ&ULPLQRORJ\
)RUG'DYLG$´&RHUFLQJ9LFWLP3DUWLFLSDWLRQLQ'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH3URVHFX
WLRQVµ-RXUQDORI,QWHUSHUVRQDO9LROHQFH
)RUG'DYLG$´&RHUFLQJ9LFWLP3DUWLFLSDWLRQ$1RWHRQ(PSRZHULQJ:RPHQ
LQ9LROHQFH&RQMXJDO5HODWLRQVKLSVµ/DZDQG6RFLHW\5HYLHZ
*DUODQG'DYLG7KH&XOWXUHRI&RQWURO1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
+LUVFKHO'DYLG(YH%X]DZD$SULO3DWWDYLQDDQG'RQ)DJJLDQW´'RPHVWLF
9LROHQFHDQG0DQGDWRU\$UUHVW/DZV7R:KDW([WHQW'RWKH\,QÁXHQFH3R
OLFH$UUHVW'HFLVLRQV"µ-RXUQDORI&ULPLQDO/DZDQG&ULPLQRORJ\
+LUVFKHO'DYLG(YH%X]DZD$SULO3DWWDYLQD'RQ)DJJLDQLDQG0HOLVVD5HXODQG
´([SODLQLQJWKH3UHYDOHQFH&RQWH[WDQG&RQVHTXHQFHVRI'XDO$UUHVWLQ,QWL
PDWH3DUWQHU&DVHVµ)LQDO5HSRUWWRWKH86'HSDUWPHQWRI-XVWLFH
86'HSDUWPHQWRI-XVWLFH
-RKQVRQ0LFKDHO37\SRORJ\RI'RPHVWLFYLROHQFH,QWLPDWH7HUURULVP9LROHQW
5HVLVWDQFHDQG6LWXDWLRQDO&RXSOH9LROHQFH/HEDQRQ1+1RUWKHDVWHUQ8QL
YHUVLW\3UHVV
-RKQVRQ0LFKDHO3DQG.DWKOHHQ-)HUUDUR´5HVHDUFKRQ'RPHVWLF9LROHQFHLQ
WKHV0DNLQJ'LVWLQFWLRQVµ-RXUQDORI0DUULDJHDQGWKH)DPLO\
-RKQVRQ0LFKDHO3´'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH,W·V1RW$ERXW*HQGHU2U,V,W"µ-RXU
QDORI0DUULDJHDQGWKH)DPLO\
-RKQVRQ0LFKDHO3´3DWULDUFKDO7HUURULVPDQG&RPPRQ&RXSOH9LROHQFH7ZR
)RUPVRI9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQµ-RXUQDORI0DUULDJHDQGWKH)DPLO\
.HOO\-RDQ%DQG0LFKDHO3-RKQVRQ´'LIIHUHQWLDWLRQDPRQJ7\SHVRI,QWLPDWH
3DUWQHU9LROHQFH5HVHDUFK8SGDWHDQG,PSOLFDWLRQVIRU,QWHUYHQWLRQVµ)DPLO\
&RXUW5HYLHZ
.UXWWVFKQLWW&DQGDFH%UHQGD/0F/DXJKOLQDQG&DURO93HWULH$GYDQFLQJ
WKH$JHQGDRQ9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ1DWLRQDO5HVHDUFK&RXQFLO:DVKLQJ
WRQ'&1DWLRQDO$FDGHPLHV3UHVV
/DXULWVHQ-DQHW/DQG.DUHQ+HLPHU´7KH*HQGHU*DSLQ9LROHQW9LFWLPL]DWLRQ
µ-RXUQDORI4XDQWLWDWLYH&ULPLQRORJ\
/HKUQHU$P\DQG1LFROH($OOHQ´6WLOOD0RYHPHQWDIWHU$OOWKHVH<HDUV"&XU
UHQW7HQVLRQVLQWKH'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH0RYHPHQWµ9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ
0F&ORVNH\.DWK\$´$UH+DOIRI$OO,393HUSHWUDWRUV:RPHQ"3XWWLQJ&RQWH[W
%DFNLQWRWKH,QWLPDWH3DUWQHU9LROHQFH5HVHDUFK)LHOGµ-RXUQDORI$JJUHV
VLRQ0DOWUHDWPHQWDQG7UDXPD
0LFKDOVNL-RVHSK+´([SODLQLQJ,QWLPDWH3DUWQHU9LROHQFH7KH6RFLRORJLFDO
/LPLWDWLRQRI9LFWLPL]DWLRQ6WXGLHVµ6RFLRORJLFDO)RUXP
Published by DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2010
7
8
Challenge, Vol. 16 [2010], Iss. 1, Art. 2
Challenge
0LOOV/LQGD*´.LOOLQJ+HU6RIWO\,QWLPDWH$EXVHDQGWKH9LROHQFHRI6WDWH
,QWHUYHQWLRQµ+DUYDUG/DZ5HYLHZ
1L[RQ-HQQLIHUDQG&DWK\+XPSKUH\V´0DUVKDOOLQJWKH(YLGHQFH8VLQJ,QWHU
VHFWLRQDOLW\LQWKH'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH)UDPHµ6RFLDO3ROLWLFV
3HWHUVRQ5LFKDUG5DQG-R'L[RQ´&RXUW2YHUVLJKWDQG&RQYLFWLRQXQGHU0DQ
GDWRU\DQG1RQ0DQGDWRU\'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH&RXUW)LOLQJ3ROLFLHVµ&ULPL
QRORJ\DQG3XEOLF3ROLF\
3HWHUVRQ5LFKDUG5´5HGXFLQJ,QWLPDWH3DUWQHU9LROHQFH0RYLQJ%H\RQG
&ULPLQDO-XVWLFH,QWHUYHQWLRQVµ&ULPLQRORJ\DQG3XEOLF3ROLF\
3HWHUVRQ5LFKDUG57KH,PSDFWRI0DQKDWWDQ·V6SHFLDOL]HG'RPHVWLF9LROHQFH
&RXUW1HZ<RUN1HZ<RUN&LW\&ULPLQDO-XVWLFH$JHQF\,QF
5LFKLH%HWK(´$%ODFN)HPLQLVW5HÁHFWLRQRQWKH$QWLYLROHQFH0RYHPHQWµ
6LJQV
³&RPSHOOHGWR&ULPH7KH*HQGHU(QWUDSPHQWRI%DWWHUHG%ODFN
:RPHQ1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
6DXQGHUV'DQLHO*´*URXS,QWHUYHQWLRQVIRU0HQ:KR%DWWHU$6XPPDU\RI
3URJUDP'HVFULSWLRQVDQG5HVHDUFKµ9LROHQFHDQG9LFWLPV
6FKZDUW]-HQQLIHU'DUUHOO-6WHIIHQVPHLHU%HQ)HOGPH\HU´$VVHVVLQJ7UHQGV
LQ:RPHQ·V9LROHQFHYLD'DWD7ULDQJXODWLRQ$UUHVWV&RQYLFWLRQV,QFDUFHUD
WLRQVDQG9LFWLP5HSRUWVµ6RFLDO3UREOHPV
6RNRORII1DWDOLH-DQG&KULVWLQD3UDWWHGV'RPHVWLF9LROHQFHDWWKH0DUJLQV
5HDGLQJVRQ5DFH&ODVV*HQGHUDQG&XOWXUH3ULQFHWRQ5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6WDUN(YDQ&RHUFLYH&RQWURO7KH(QWUDSPHQWRI:RPHQLQ3HUVRQDO/LIH1HZ
<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
6WRYHU&DUOD6PLWK0LULDP%HUNPDQ5DQL'HVDLDQG6WHYHQ0DUDQV´7KH
(IÀFDF\RI3ROLFH$GYRFDF\,QWHUYHQWLRQIRU9LFWLPVRI'RPHVWLFYLROHQFH
0RQWKIROORZ8S'DWDµ9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ
6WUDXV0XUUD\$5LFKDUG-*HOOHVDQG6XVDQQH.6WHLQPHW]%HKLQG&ORVHG
'RRUV9LROHQFHLQWKH$PHULFDQ)DPLO\*DUGHQ&LW\1<'RXEOHGD\
6WURORYLWFK'DUD=´'R,QWHUHVW*URXSV5HSUHVHQWWKH'LVDGYDQWDJHG"$GYR
FDF\DVWKH,QWHUVHFWLRQRI5DFH&ODVVDQG*HQGHUµ-RXUQDORI3ROLWLFV
7MDGHQ3DWULFLDDQG1DQF\7KRHQQHV3UHYDOHQFH,QFLGHQFHDQG&RQVHTXHQFHV
RI9LROHQFHDJDLQVW:RPHQ)LQGLQJVIURPWKH1DWLRQDO9LROHQFHDJDLQVW
:RPHQ6XUYH\:DVKLQJWRQ'&86'HSDUWPHQWRI-XVWLFH
http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/challenge/vol16/iss1/2
8