Supplemental Figure 1. Comparison of total body bone mineral content (BMC) according to fasting
insulin quartile before and after adjusting for survey year, race/ethnicity (only for NHANES), age, height,
and weight in (A) KNHANES (2008–2009) and (B) NHANES (1999–2006) data. KNHANES, Korea National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHANES, U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey.
Supplemental Figure 2. Comparison of bone mineral content (BMC) according to fasting insulin quartile
and body mass index (BMI) category, adjusting for survey year, race/ethnicity only for NHANES, age,
height, and weight in (A) KNHANES (2008–2009) and (B) NHANES (1999–2006) data. KNHANES, Korea
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHANES, U.S. National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey, BMC, bone mineral content.
Supplemental Figure 3. Differences in total body bone mineral content according to the combination of
HOMA-IR and HOMA-β adjusted for survey year, age, race/ethnicity (only for NHANES), weight, and total
fat mass. KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHANES, U.S. National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were log-transformed.
Supplemental Table 1. The comparison of KNHANES and NHANES population*.
Characteristics
KNHANES
NHANES
% difference
P Value
Age (years)
51.7±13.9
54.9±16.0
+6.2
<0.001
Height (cm)
168.9±6.5
174.5±7.8
+3.3
<0.001
Weight (kg)
68.4±10.6
85.6±17.7
+25.1
<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
23.9±3.1
28.0±5.1
+17.2
<0.001
Total BMC (kg)
1.91±3.27
2.15±3.98
+12.6
<0.001
Total BMD (g/cm2)
1.02±0.10
1.06±0.11
+3.9
<0.001
L-spine BMD (g/cm2)
0.96±0.14
1.05±0.18
+9.4
<0.001
Total fat mass (kg)
13.72±4.96
24.29±9.35
+77.0
<0.001
9.2±4.5
12.0±9.6
+30.4
<0.001
HOMA-IR
2.26±1.33
3.07±3.19
+35.8
<0.001
HOMA-β
104.6±54.5
113.8±89.7
+8.8
<0.001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)
98.1±17.9
103.6±24.3
+5.6
<0.001
161.8±131.3
159.0±161.1
-1.7
0.515
Fasting HDL-c (mg/dL)
48.9±11.9
47.3±13.2
-3.3
<0.001
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)
21.6±7.4
23.1±8.4
+6.9
<0.001
Age (years)
40.4±6.2
39.4±6.2
-2.5
<0.001
Height (cm)
158.5±5.4
163.1±7.2
+2.9
<0.001
Weight (kg)
57.9±9.0
77.5±21.4
+33.9
<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
23.1±3.4
29.1±7.6
+26.0
<0.001
Total BMC (kg)
1.50±0.21
1.71±0.30
+14.0
<0.001
Total BMD (g/cm2)
0.93±0.07
0.98±0.09
+5.3
<0.001
L-spine BMD (g/cm2)
1.00±0.12
1.08±0.15
+8.0
<0.001
Total fat mass (kg)
17.55±5.21
30.93±13.71
+76.2
<0.001
9.2±3.8
11.1±8.3
+20.7
<0.001
Men
Fasting insulin (IU/L)
Fasting TG (mg/dL)
Premenopausal Women
Fasting insulin (IU/L)
HOMA-IR
2.13±1.05
2.58±2.39
+21.1
<0.001
HOMA-β
122.8±61.1
133.5±108.5
+8.7
0.010
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)
92.1±12.7
94.2±17.1
+2.3
0.002
Fasting TG (mg/dL)
101.3±72.6
119.6±110.0
+18.1
<0.001
Fasting HDL-c (mg/dL)
55.5±12.3
55.2±15.8
-0.5
0.575
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)
17.2±6.0
21.4±10.7
+24.4
<0.001
Age (years)
64.1±9.4
65.2±12.9
+1.7
0.051
Height (cm)
152.8±6.0
159.1±7.1
+4.1
<0.001
Weight (kg)
56.2±8.7
74.7±17.9
+32.9
<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
24.0±3.2
29.5±6.6
+22.9
<0.001
Total BMC (kg)
1.20±2.49
1.42±3.03
+18.3
<0.001
Total BMD (g/cm2)
0.81±0.10
0.86±0.10
+6.2
<0.001
L-spine BMD (g/cm2)
0.79±0.14
0.95±0.17
+20.3
<0.001
Total fat mass (kg)
17.95±5.18
31.60±11.21
+76.0
<0.001
9.6±4.5
11.9±7.4
+24.0
<0.001
HOMA-IR
2.35±1.39
3.04±2.34
+29.4
<0.001
HOMA-β
109.5±51.6
114.0±64.6
+4.1
0.115
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)
97.4±16.5
104.3±37.8
+7.1
<0.001
Fasting TG (mg/dL)
139.2±88.8
145.8±79.3
+4.7
0.105
Fasting HDL-c (mg/dL)
51.6±12.2
57.1±16.1
+10.7
<0.001
Serum 25(OH)D (ng/mL)
19.4±7.2
20.0±8.6
+3.1
0.209
Postmenopausal Women
Fasting insulin (IU/L)
Data are means ± SD. KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES,
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, BMD, bone mineral density, BMC, bone mineral content, %
difference, [(NHANES-KNHANES)/KNHANES] x 100
* Instead of the Complex-samples procedure, formal Student’s t tests were used for the analyses because of
differences in sampling design of KNHANES and NHANES. Means were calculated not using weighted
variables.