In-Cell and External Hydrolysis of Biomass for
Carbohydrate Determinations Using Automated
Solvent Extraction
Terri Christison, Richard Carlson, Lipika Basumallick, Linda Lopez
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
Overview
Purpose: Demonstrate a complete workflow to evaluate
alternative fuel samples from sample preparation to
analytical determinations of carbohydrates.
Methods: Sample preparation included in-cell hydrolysis
using the Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ ASE™ 350
Automated Solvent Extractor system and traditional
hydrolysis. Carbohydrates were determined using High
Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with
Pulsed Amperometric Detection (HPAE-PAD).
Ion Chromatography Instrumentation
Thermo Scientific Dionex ICS-3000, ICS-5000 or
ICS-5000+ system including:
•  SP Single or DP Dual Pump
•  EG Eluent Generator Module
•  DC Detector/Chromatography Compartment
•  High-Pressure Injection Valve, 4-port
•  ED Electrochemical Detector
•  Gold on PTFE Disposable Working Electrode
•  pH, Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode
•  PTFE gasket, 0.015” thick
•  Thermo Scientific Dionex AS-AP Autosampler
Results: The extraction time, temperature, and hydrolysis
conditions were optimized to obtain the highest extraction
with the least amount of degradation by the sugar.
Conditions
Columns:
Introduction
Eluent:
1 mM KOH
Eluent Source:
Thermo Scientific Dionex EGC
Cartridge with Thermo Scienti
Dionex CR-ATC Continuously
Regenerated Anion Trap Colu
Flow Rate:
Inj. Volume:
Column Temp.:
Cell Temp.:
Detection:
Working Electrode:
RE Mode:
Post Column:
1.5 mL/min
0.4 or 2.5 µL
45 °C
30 °C
PAD, Four-Potential Waveform
Gold on PTFE
Ag/AgCl
None or 200 mM NaOH @ 0.4
Renewed interest in alternative fuel sources, including
sources of ethanol, have been driven by increased
worldwide fuel demand, limited petroleum resources, and
increased public demand for renewable energy. Ethanol is
a desirable alternative fuel source because it is renewable,
and has lower emissions than petroleum products when
burned. In the U.S., corn is the primary sugar feedstock of
fermentation processes used to produce ethanol.
However, corn is also an important food source for both
people and livestock, raising concerns about increased
food costs and effects on food supplies. To determine the
feasibility of replacing corn as a fuel source, scientists are
researching the available carbohydrate content (biomass)
during fermentation of non-food vegetation, such as corn
stalks (corn stover) and switchgrass.
Here we demonstrate the whole solution for carbohydrate
determinations in biomass, from sample preparation to
analysis, using accelerated solvent extraction to conduct
acid-hydrolysis and extraction of carbohydrates, which is
followed by instrumental analysis and data management.
Sample Preparation Equipment and Reagents
• Dionex ASE 350 Accelerated Solvent Extractor system
• Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Dionium™ extraction cells,
66 mL
• Collection Bottles, 250 mL
• Glass Fiber Filters
• Ottawa Sand (Fisher Scientific)
• Standard Laboratory Grinder or Mill
• HPLC Grade Water (Fisher Scientific)
• H2SO4, 8 M (Sigma-Aldrich)
Sample Preparation Conditions
Extract the samples into 250 mL sample collection bottles
according to the conditions below.
Pressure:
Temperature:
Solvent:
Static Time:
Static Cycles:
Flush:
Purge:
Total Run Time:
Pre-hydrolyzed samples were centrifuged at 15,000
10 min to remove particulates.
Data Analysis
Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Chromeleon™ Chromat
Data System (CDS) software
Results
Methods
In-Cell Hydrolysis
Sample:
Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™
CarboPac™ SA10 guard, sepa
1 to 10 g of ground sample mixed
with Ottawa sand
1500 psi
140–150 °C+
0.1 M Sulfuric Acid in HPLC water
5 min
3
10 %
120 s
~20 min
+ 150
°C is the optimum temperature for corn stover. Lower
temperatures are recommended for other grasses.
Pre-Cell Hydrolysis
samples were
hydrolyzedUsing
in beakers
andSolvent
then Extraction
for Carbohydrate
Determinations
Automated
2 In-Cell and External Hydrolysis of BiomassThese
extracted by accelerated solvent extraction using the
Definitions
Corn stover includes the non-commercial parts of th
plant: cob, stalk, leaves, and husk.
Switchgrass is a wild grass native to American plain
Workflow Diagram
Figure 1 shows the total workflow for carbohydrates
biomass.
FIGURE 1. Total Workflow from Sample Preparat
Analysis and Data Management.
Dionex
ASE 350
system
Dionex
ICS-5000+
HPIC
System*
Chrom
CDS s
Sample Extraction Using In-Cell Hydrolysis
The extraction experiments showed higher gravimetr
at 190 °C than at 150 °C (Table 1). However, HPLC a
showed that the 190 °C temperature caused a break
the sugars (not shown).
Sample Extraction of Pre-Hydrolyzed Switchgras
Switchgrass hydrolyzed with 0.2% sulfuric acid had h
gravimetric results (Table 2) but lower glucose extrac
shown).
Tables 1–2. Percent Extractables.
+ 150
°C is the optimum temperature for corn stover. Lower
temperatures are recommended for other grasses.
Sample Extraction of Pre-Hydrolyzed Switchgras
Switchgrass hydrolyzed with 0.2% sulfuric acid had h
gravimetric results (Table 2) but lower glucose extrac
shown).
Pre-Cell Hydrolysis
These samples were hydrolyzed in beakers and then
extracted by accelerated solvent extraction using the
following conditions.
Tables 1–2. Percent Extractables.
Table 1. Corn Stover
Using In-Cell Hydrolysis1
Extraction
% Total
Temperature Extractables
Pre-Cell Hydrolysis
Sample:
Hydrolyze 2 g of sample using 0.5%
sulfuric acid at 200 °C prior to
accelerated solvent extraction
Pressure:
Temperature:
150 °C
190 °C
1500 psi
100 °C
Table 2. Pre-hydro
Switchgrass1
Acid Hydrolysis
(%)
Ex
48.7
87.3
0.2% H2SO4
0.5% H2SO4
and External Hydrolysis
of Biomass
for Carbohydrate
Determinations
Biofuel Sugars by HPAE-PAD
Solvent:
HPLC water
Acid-treated biomass samples have high concentratio
Static Time:
7 min
Automated Solvent Extraction
sugars such as xylose, glucose, and galactose which
Static Cycles:
3
cause carryover. To minimize carryover, it is recomme
add a syringe flush of 500 µL deionized water betwee
and a 100 mM KOH column wash for 20 min is recom
This method was optimized for high carbohydrate sam
as biomass samples by reducing the sample injection
onto a high-capacity Dionex CarboPac SA10 column
reducing the flow path through the ED cell with the th
gasket (0.015” thick).
Flush:
50 %
stison, Richard Carlson, Lipika
Basumallick,
Linda Lopez
Purge:
120 s
Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA,
USA
Gravimetric
nstrate a complete workflow to evaluate
amples from sample preparation to
minations of carbohydrates.
le preparation included in-cell hydrolysis
mo Scientific™ Dionex™ ASE™ 350
ent Extractor system and traditional
ohydrates were determined using High
on-Exchange Chromatography with
metric Detection (HPAE-PAD).
For percent extraction, evaporate the extractions to
dryness. Record extraction weight as a percentage of the
original weight.
Figure 2 shows the separation and detection of 0.5
eight biofuel sugars using a 0.4 µL sample injectio
Ion Chromatography Instrumentation
Thermo Scientific Dionex ICS-3000, ICS-5000 or
ICS-5000+ system including:
•  SP Single or DP Dual Pump
•  EG Eluent Generator Module
•  DC Detector/Chromatography Compartment
•  High-Pressure Injection Valve, 4-port
•  ED Electrochemical Detector
•  Gold on PTFE Disposable Working Electrode
•  pH, Ag/AgCl Reference Electrode
•  PTFE gasket, 0.015” thick
•  Thermo Scientific Dionex AS-AP Autosampler
FIGURE 2. Biofuel Sugars (A) and Acid-Hydroly
Stover Sample (B) on the Dionex CarboPac SA
Column:
100
6
Conditions
Columns:
on
Eluent:
1 mM KOH
Eluent Source:
Thermo Scientific Dionex EGC III KOH
Cartridge with Thermo Scientific
Dionex CR-ATC Continuously
Regenerated Anion Trap Column
strate the whole solution for carbohydrate
n biomass, from sample preparation to
ccelerated solvent extraction to conduct
nd extraction of carbohydrates, which is
umental analysis and data management.
ation Equipment and Reagents
0 Accelerated Solvent Extractor system
fic™ Dionex™ Dionium™ extraction cells,
es, 250 mL
ers
Fisher Scientific)
ratory Grinder or Mill
Water (Fisher Scientific)
gma-Aldrich)
Flow Rate:
Inj. Volume:
Column Temp.:
Cell Temp.:
Detection:
Working Electrode:
RE Mode:
Post Column:
4
1
traction time, temperature, and hydrolysis
optimized to obtain the highest extraction
mount of degradation by the sugar.
st in alternative fuel sources, including
ol, have been driven by increased
emand, limited petroleum resources, and
demand for renewable energy. Ethanol is
native fuel source because it is renewable,
missions than petroleum products when
S., corn is the primary sugar feedstock of
cesses used to produce ethanol.
also an important food source for both
tock, raising concerns about increased
ffects on food supplies. To determine the
acing corn as a fuel source, scientists are
available carbohydrate content (biomass)
ion of non-food vegetation, such as corn
er) and switchgrass.
3
nC
35
Data Analysis
Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Chromeleon™ Chromatography
Data System (CDS) software
A
B
0
9
1
2
3
4
8
9
10
Amount
Added
(mg/mL)
Fucose
Sucrose
Arabinose
Galactose
Glucose
Xylose
Mannose
Fructose
1.01
0.87
0.90
1.01
1.00
0.59
0.99
1.02
Amount Recovery
Detected
(%)
(mg/mL)
0.81
0.61
0.87
0.98
0.98
1.33
0.86
1.08
80.5
69.6
96.7
98.0
99.2
112.7
87.3
108.5
Figure 3 shows the separation and detection of 1 m
sugars using a 2.5 µL sample injection with a post
addition to increase the linear range.
FIGURE 3. Separation of Biofuel Sugars on the
CarboPac SA10 Column.2
1000
Columns:
3
45 6
Workflow Diagram
FIGURE 1. Total Workflow from Sample Preparation to
7
Analytes
Switchgrass is a wild grass native to American plains.
Figure 1 shows the total workflow for carbohydrates in
biomass.
5 6
Minutes
1. Fucose
2. Sucrose
3. Arabinose
4. Galactose
5. Glucose
6. Xylose
7. Mannose
8. Fructose
Table 3. Biofuel Sugar Recoveries in Corn Stove
Hydrolysate (n = 3 days).2
Pre-hydrolyzed samples were centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for
10 min to remove particulates.
Corn stover includes the non-commercial parts of the corn
plant: cob, stalk, leaves, and husk.
Peaks:
7
8
1.5 mL/min
0.4 or 2.5 µL
45 °C
30 °C
PAD, Four-Potential Waveform
Gold on PTFE
Ag/AgCl
None or 200 mM NaOH @ 0.4 mL/min
Definitions
5
2
Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™
CarboPac™ SA10 guard, separation
Results
Dionex CarboP
(4 × 250 mm)
Eluent (EG): 1 mM KOH
Flow Rate: 1.5 mL/min
Temperature: 45 °C
Inj. Volume: 0.4 µL
Detection:
PAD (Au on PT
Gasket:
0.015” thick
Samples:
A. Standard mix
B. Acid-hydroly
(100-fold dilutio
1
nC
7
2
Eluent (EG):
Flow Rate:
Temperature:
Inj. Volume:
Detection:
Gasket:
Postcolumn
Base:
Thermo Scientific Poster Note • 8PN70728_e 06/13S 3
Peaks:
Dionex Carb
(4 × 250 mm
1 mM KOH
1.5 mL/min
45 °C
2.5 µL
PAD, (Gold o
0.015“ thick
200 mM Sod
1. Fucose
2. Sucrose
ing accelerated solvent extraction to conduct
ysis and extraction of carbohydrates, which is
instrumental analysis and data management.
Data Analysis
Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™ Chromeleon™ Chromatography
Data System (CDS) software
Results
ds
eparation Equipment and Reagents
SE 350 Accelerated Solvent Extractor system
cientific™ Dionex™ Dionium™ extraction cells,
Bottles, 250 mL
er Filters
and (Fisher Scientific)
Laboratory Grinder or Mill
ade Water (Fisher Scientific)
M (Sigma-Aldrich)
eparation Conditions
samples into 250 mL sample collection bottles
o the conditions below.
Definitions
Corn stover includes the non-commercial parts of the corn
plant: cob, stalk, leaves, and husk.
e:
les:
Time:
he optimum temperature for corn stover. Lower
es are recommended for other grasses.
drolysis
ples were hydrolyzed in beakers and then
y accelerated solvent extraction using the
nditions.
Hydrolysis
ure:
e:
les:
Hydrolyze 2 g of sample using 0.5%
sulfuric acid at 200 °C prior to
accelerated solvent extraction
1500 psi
100 °C
HPLC water
7 min
3
50 %
120 s
ic
nt extraction, evaporate the extractions to
ecord extraction weight as a percentage of the
ight.
0.86
87.3
1.08
108.
Figure 3 shows the separation and detection
sugars using a 2.5 µL sample injection with a
addition to increase the linear range.
FIGURE 3. Separation of Biofuel Sugars on
CarboPac SA10 Column.2
1000
Columns:
3
Eluent (EG):
Flow Rate:
Temperature:
Inj. Volume:
Detection:
Gasket:
Postcolumn
Base:
45 6
Workflow Diagram
1
Figure 1 shows the total workflow for carbohydrates in
biomass.
7
2
nC
8
FIGURE 1. Total Workflow from Sample Preparation to
Analysis and Data Management.
Peaks:
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Minutes
6
7
8
Dione
(4 × 2
1 mM
1.5 m
45 °C
2.5 µL
PAD,
0.015
200 m
1. Fu
2. Su
3. Ara
4. Ga
5. Glu
6. Xy
7. Ma
8. Fru
Conclusion
1 to 10 g of ground sample mixed
with Ottawa sand
ure:
0.99
1.02
Switchgrass is a wild grass native to American plains.
drolysis
1500 psi
140–150 °C+
0.1 M Sulfuric Acid in HPLC water
5 min
3
10 %
120 s
~20 min
Mannose
Fructose
Dionex
ASE 350
system
Dionex
ICS-5000+
HPIC
System*
  Carbohydrate analysis is important to det
content of various biomass samples.
Chromeleon
CDS software
Sample Extraction Using In-Cell Hydrolysis
The extraction experiments showed higher gravimetric results
at 190 °C than at 150 °C (Table 1). However, HPLC analysis
showed that the 190 °C temperature caused a breakdown of
the sugars (not shown).
Sample Extraction of Pre-Hydrolyzed Switchgrass
Switchgrass hydrolyzed with 0.2% sulfuric acid had higher
gravimetric results (Table 2) but lower glucose extractions (not
shown).
Tables 1–2. Percent Extractables.
Table 1. Corn Stover
Using In-Cell Hydrolysis1
Extraction
% Total
Temperature Extractables
150 °C
190 °C
48.7
87.3
Table 2. Pre-hydrolyzed
Switchgrass1
Acid Hydrolysis
% Total
(%)
Extractables
0.2% H2SO4
0.5% H2SO4
76.76
72.39
Biofuel Sugars by HPAE-PAD
Acid-treated biomass samples have high concentrations of
sugars such as xylose, glucose, and galactose which may
cause carryover. To minimize carryover, it is recommended to
add a syringe flush of 500 µL deionized water between samples
and a 100 mM KOH column wash for 20 min is recommended.
This method was optimized for high carbohydrate samples such
as biomass samples by reducing the sample injection to 0.4 µL
onto a high-capacity Dionex CarboPac SA10 column and
reducing the flow path through the ED cell with the thicker
gasket (0.015” thick).
4 In-Cell and External Hydrolysis of Biomass for Carbohydrate Determinations Using Automated Solvent Extraction
  The optimum accelerated solvent extract
corn stover is 150 °C. Switchgrass should
lower temperature.
  The Dionex ASE 350 system provides au
hydrolysis.
  HPAE-PAD was optimized for high carboh
reducing the injection volume and the flow
base post-column.
References
1.  Carlson, R.; Knowles, D.; Richter, B. AN 3
Accelerated Solvent Extraction in Alternat
AN70489_E 01/13S.Thermo Fisher Scien
CA, USA, 2013.
2.  Basumallick, L. Rohrer, J. Application 282
Sensitive Determination of Biofuel Sugars
Chromatography, AN282_E 04/12S LPN2
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA,
Acknowledgements
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NRE
developed the accelerated solvent extraction
corn stover. Dr. Doug Raynie from South Dak
University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemis
switchgrass data.
All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific and its subsidiaries.
This information is not intended to encourage use of these products in any manners that m
property rights of others.
hy Instrumentation
onex ICS-3000, ICS-5000 or
ncluding:
ual Pump
tor Module
matography Compartment
ction Valve, 4-port
al Detector
posable Working Electrode
ence Electrode
5” thick
Dionex AS-AP Autosampler
Figure 2 shows the separation and detection of 0.5 mg/mL of
eight biofuel sugars using a 0.4 µL sample injection.
FIGURE 2. Biofuel Sugars (A) and Acid-Hydrolyzed Corn
Stover Sample (B) on the Dionex CarboPac SA10 column.2
Column:
100
6
4
1
3
nC
35
he non-commercial parts of the corn
es, and husk.
A
B
0
9
1
2
3
4
5 6
Minutes
8
Analytes
Amount
Added
(mg/mL)
Fucose
Sucrose
Arabinose
Galactose
Glucose
Xylose
Mannose
Fructose
1.01
0.87
0.90
1.01
1.00
0.59
0.99
1.02
9
B
—
—
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.8
—
—
Amount Recovery Recovery
Detected
(%)
(%RSD)
(mg/mL)
0.81
0.61
0.87
0.98
0.98
1.33
0.86
1.08
80.5
69.6
96.7
98.0
99.2
112.7
87.3
108.5
6.1
2.3
1.5
10.1
6.6
5.2
3.2
1.0
FIGURE 3. Separation of Biofuel Sugars on the Dionex
CarboPac SA10 Column.2
1000
Columns:
3
Eluent (EG):
Flow Rate:
Temperature:
Inj. Volume:
Detection:
Gasket:
Postcolumn
Base:
45 6
1
7
2
nC
8
kflow from Sample Preparation to
anagement.
0
10
A
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Figure 3 shows the separation and detection of 1 mg/mL biofuel
sugars using a 2.5 µL sample injection with a post-column base
addition to increase the linear range.
grass native to American plains.
tal workflow for carbohydrates in
7
1. Fucose
2. Sucrose
3. Arabinose
4. Galactose
5. Glucose
6. Xylose
7. Mannose
8. Fructose
Table 3. Biofuel Sugar Recoveries in Corn Stover Acid
Hydrolysate (n = 3 days).2
les were centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for
ticulates.
onex™ Chromeleon™ Chromatography
oftware
Peaks:
7
8
1 mM KOH
1.5 mL/min
0.4 or 2.5 µL
45 °C
30 °C
PAD, Four-Potential Waveform
Gold on PTFE
Ag/AgCl
None or 200 mM NaOH @ 0.4 mL/min
5
2
Thermo Scientific™ Dionex™
CarboPac™ SA10 guard, separation
Thermo Scientific Dionex EGC III KOH
Cartridge with Thermo Scientific
Dionex CR-ATC Continuously
Regenerated Anion Trap Column
Dionex CarboPac SA10 with guard
(4 × 250 mm)
Eluent (EG): 1 mM KOH
Flow Rate: 1.5 mL/min
Temperature: 45 °C
Inj. Volume: 0.4 µL
Detection:
PAD (Au on PTFE)
Gasket:
0.015” thick
Samples:
A. Standard mixture
B. Acid-hydrolyzed corn stover
(100-fold dilution )
Peaks:
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Minutes
6
7
8
Dionex CarboPac SA10 with guard
(4 × 250 mm)
1 mM KOH
1.5 mL/min
45 °C
2.5 µL
PAD, (Gold on PTFE)
0.015“ thick
200 mM Sodium hydroxide at 0.4 mL/min
1. Fucose
2. Sucrose
3. Arabinose
4. Galactose
5. Glucose
6. Xylose
7. Mannose
8. Fructose
0.5 mg/mL
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Conclusion
Dionex
ICS-5000+
HPIC
System*
  Carbohydrate analysis is important to determine the glucose
content of various biomass samples.
Chromeleon
CDS software
sing In-Cell Hydrolysis
ments showed higher gravimetric results
°C (Table 1). However, HPLC analysis
C temperature caused a breakdown of
).
Pre-Hydrolyzed Switchgrass
d with 0.2% sulfuric acid had higher
ble 2) but lower glucose extractions (not
  The optimum accelerated solvent extraction temperature for
corn stover is 150 °C. Switchgrass should be extracted at a
lower temperature.
  The Dionex ASE 350 system provides automated in-cell
hydrolysis.
  HPAE-PAD was optimized for high carbohydrate samples by
reducing the injection volume and the flow path, and adding
base post-column.
References
1.  Carlson, R.; Knowles, D.; Richter, B. AN 363, Using
Thermo Scientific Poster Note • PN70728_e 06/13S 5
Accelerated Solvent Extraction in Alternative Fuel Research,
AN70489_E 01/13S.Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale,
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Minutes
6
7
8
4. Galactose
5. Glucose
6. Xylose
7. Mannose
8. Fructose
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Conclusion
ex
350
em
Dionex
ICS-5000+
HPIC
System*
  Carbohydrate analysis is important to determine the glucose
content of various biomass samples.
Chromeleon
CDS software
n Using In-Cell Hydrolysis
eriments showed higher gravimetric results
50 °C (Table 1). However, HPLC analysis
0 °C temperature caused a breakdown of
own).
n of Pre-Hydrolyzed Switchgrass
yzed with 0.2% sulfuric acid had higher
(Table 2) but lower glucose extractions (not
nt Extractables.
ver
rolysis1
% Total
ractables
48.7
87.3
Table 2. Pre-hydrolyzed
Switchgrass1
Acid Hydrolysis
% Total
(%)
Extractables
0.2% H2SO4
0.5% H2SO4
76.76
72.39
HPAE-PAD
ss samples have high concentrations of
se, glucose, and galactose which may
minimize carryover, it is recommended to
of 500 µL deionized water between samples
H column wash for 20 min is recommended.
ptimized for high carbohydrate samples such
s by reducing the sample injection to 0.4 µL
y Dionex CarboPac SA10 column and
ath through the ED cell with the thicker
).
  The optimum accelerated solvent extraction temperature for
corn stover is 150 °C. Switchgrass should be extracted at a
lower temperature.
  The Dionex ASE 350 system provides automated in-cell
hydrolysis.
  HPAE-PAD was optimized for high carbohydrate samples by
reducing the injection volume and the flow path, and adding
base post-column.
References
1.  Carlson, R.; Knowles, D.; Richter, B. AN 363, Using
Accelerated Solvent Extraction in Alternative Fuel Research,
AN70489_E 01/13S.Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale,
CA, USA, 2013.
2.  Basumallick, L. Rohrer, J. Application 282, Rapid and
Sensitive Determination of Biofuel Sugars by Ion
Chromatography, AN282_E 04/12S LPN2876, 01/13S.
Thermo Fisher Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA, USA, 2012.
Acknowledgements
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, Co.,
developed the accelerated solvent extraction method to extract
corn stover. Dr. Doug Raynie from South Dakota State
University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry provided the
switchgrass data.
All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific and its subsidiaries.
This information is not intended to encourage use of these products in any manners that might infringe the intellectual
property rights of others.
6 In-Cell and External Hydrolysis of Biomass for Carbohydrate Determinations Using Automated Solvent Extraction
www.thermofisher.com
©2016 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. All rights reserved. All trademarks are the property of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. and its
subsidiaries. This information is presented as an example of the capabilities of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. products. It is not
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