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LEAVING CERTIFICATE BIOLOGY
HIGHER LEVEL EXAM PAPER SOLUTIONS
Sample Paper 1
Section A
Q1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Nitrogen
Phosphate
Structural functions = hair, nails, membranes etc.
Metabolic functions = enzymes, hormones, antibodies etc.
Vitamin
Solubility
C
Also accept Vitamin B or
named vit. B with other
answers as appropriate
D
Also accept vitamins A, E
or K with other answers
as appropriate
Water soluble
Fat
Soluble
eb
Q2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
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Q3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
o
c
d
Metabolic role
Forms connective tissue
(or healthy skin or
bone growth)
s
n
it o
so
lu
Calcium absorption or
bone formation
Deficiency
disorder
Scurvy
Rickets
10 (2 marks)
w
A = Photosynthesis
B = Burning or combustion
C = Respiration
D = Assimilation
Reduce burning of fossil fuels
Reforestation (or plant more trees)
Pollution = any undesirable change in the environment
Pollutant = the agent responsible for pollution
Name any pollutant
State one effect of the pollutant
E
10 (2 marks)
Absence of nuclear membrane or nucleus (allow absence of cell organelles)
Ribosomes
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
(i)
Proteins that speed up reactions but are not used up
(or organic catalysts or biological catalysts)
(ii)
The part of the enzyme that joins with the substrate
(iii) Temperature and pH
Catabolic enzyme, e.g. any digestive enzyme
Anabolic enzyme, e.g. DNA ligase
10 (2 marks)
1
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Q4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
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Metaphase
Equatorial plate or equator
B = Centromere
C = Spindle or spindle fibres
4
2
Cleavage furrow is found in animal cells
Cell plate is found in plant cells
Both at cell division
(g)
Interphase
Cell division
s
n
Q5
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Q6
(a)
it o
8 labels correctly shown
Coming from an artery (or the afferent arteriole is wide and
the efferent arteriole is narrow)
Glucose is small enough to pass through but protein is too large.
Any one of potassium (K+), Hydrogen (H+) or ammonium (NH+4) ions
Osmoregulation
eb
o
c
d
u
l
o
s
(20 marks)
8(1 mark)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
w
Petal and sepal = Protects mature reproductive parts vs Protects bud
(or brightly coloured vs not)
Filament and style = part of stamen vs carpel (or male vs female or
supports anther vs supports stigma).
Generative nucleus and polar nucleus = in pollen vs in embryo sac
(or male vs female or does not fertilise vs does)
Fruit and seed = fruit on outside vs seed on inside (or formed from
ovary vs ovule)
E
(b)
Epicotyl
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Hypocotyl
(c)
4 (2 marks)
2 (2 marks)
Dormancy = allows time for dispersal or
Allows time for embryo to develop or
Avoid seed germinating late in year or
Allows a long growing season
Dispersal = Prevents overcrowding
Allows plants find new growing areas
(any two)
4 (2 marks)
2
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Section B
Q7
Q8
(a)
Control = leaf washed with alcohol (or agar dish with no leaf).
Results in control = no yeast grows
Results in investigation = yeast
(b)
Washing = remove micro-organisms.
Nutrient agar = food for yeast and provides support medium for growth of yeast
Vaseline = to attach leaf to lid
Lower surface = more yeast on lower surface
Sealing = prevent dishes from opening accidentally
Warm place = stimulate growth of yeast
10 (3 marks)
(a)
Process = osmosis
Visking tubing = semi (selectively) permeable
Structure = cell (or any) membrane
(b)
(a)
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(b)
it o
u
l
o
Contents = increased volume (or less concentrated)
Start = Red/yellow
End = Red/yellow
Absorption by plants = roots absorb water in this way
Food preservation = removes water from fungi/bacteria so can’t grow
eb
Q9
s
n
o
c
d
s
3 (4 marks)
3 (4 marks)
2 (3 marks)
w
Germination
Control = A
Ten seeds = as some seeds may not germinate
B=
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E
No growth
No water
C = No growth
Temperature too low
D = No growth
No oxygen
Stopper = D
Other 3 stoppered = fair tests (or so that all tubes are the same)
Other factor = dark
3
3 (3 marks)
6 (2 marks)
3 (3 marks)
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Section C
Q10
(a)
State ecosystem
(i)
Names
Diagrams
(ii)
Description
(no marks)
3 (1 mark)
3 (1 mark)
(3 marks)
(b)
(i)
2 (3 marks)
2 (3 marks)
(2 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
(ii)
(iii)
Name two factors
How measured
Named organism
How factor effects organism
Food chain definition
Example of food chain
Pyramid of numbers definition
Example of pyramid of numbers
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(ii)
Q11
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(b)
(i)
it o
s
n
To carry out an objective survey (or so as not to select
special parts of the field)
6
3,600
X = Phosphate
Y = Deoxyribose
A = Adenine
T = Thymine
C = Cytosine
Double Helix
o
c
d
eb
w
u
l
o
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(3 marks)
(2 marks)
(9 marks)
(6 marks)
(9 marks)
s
2 (2 marks)
3(1 mark)
(2 marks)
E
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Answer for
part (ii)
(9 marks)
4
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(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(c)
As shown in Part (i)
Hydrogen bonds
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Q12
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(6 marks)
(3 marks)
DNA
RNA
Deoxyribose
Thymine
Double strands
Ribose
Uracil
Single strand
Any two (5 + 4 marks)
m = Messenger
t = transfer
Ribosomal RNA
Codon = 3 Bases in a row
Example = CTT (or any 3 bases)
DNA → mRNA = Transcription
Location = Nucleus
RNA → Protein = Translation
Location = Cytoplasm (or cytosol and ribosome)
Ribosome
Amino acid
(b)
o
c
d
Aerobic
it o
u
l
o
s
Respiration = release of energy (or ATP)
from food (or glucose)
Releases energy
eb
s
n
w
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3 (2 marks)
(3 marks)
(1 mark)
(3 marks)
(1 mark)
(3 marks)
(1 mark)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
2 (3 marks)
(3 marks)
Anaerobic
Require
Food + O2
Food
End products
CO2 + H2O
Energy yield
E
Lactic acid or Ethanol + CO2
High
Low
Locations
Cytoplasm (or cytosol) + mitochondrion
Cytoplasm (or cytosol)
8 (3 marks)
(mitochondrion gets 3 marks extra)
(c)
(i)
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(ii)
(iii)
X = Pyruvic acid
Y = Acetyl co-enzyme A
Z = Krebs cycle
Carbon dioxide
Organelle = Mitochondrion
Account = Electrons / from NADH / Lose energy /
O2 needed / water formed
Compound = ATP
5
3 (3 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
Any 3 (2 marks)
(3 marks)
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Q13
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
A = Dermal
B = Vascular
C = Ground
Stoma
Enters = CO2
Leaves = O2 (or H2O)
3 (2 marks)
(1 mark)
2 (1 mark)
Dicots = 2 cotyledons/Network of veins in leaf etc.
Monocots = 1 cotyledon/Parallel veins, etc
Xylem + phloem
Xylem = Transports water
Phloem = Transports food
Xylem – Diagram
Labels
Phloem – Diagram
Labels
Herbaceous = Plants that do not contain wood
Venation = pattern of veins in the leaf
Cotyledons = seed leaves
Dicot
Parallel venation
eb
o
c
d
s
n
it o
lu
so
2 (3 marks)
2 (1 mark)
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2 (3 marks)
(3 marks)
3(1 mark)
(3 marks)
4(1 mark)
3(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
w
E
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leaf vein
Diagram
Labels
(3 marks)
2 (3 marks)
6
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Q14
(a)
(b)
(i)
Diagram
Labels
Locations shown
A = Testes
B = Any 2 of Seminal vesicles, Prostate, Cowpers gland
C = Epididymis
D = Testes
(ii)
Secondary characteristics = features that distinguish males
from females, apart from the sex organs.
4 male characteristics = secondary hair, large larynx,
large muscles, wider shoulders, more sebum (or oily skin),
stronger bones
(ii)
Cause = smoking, alcohol, steroids, low hormone levels, mumps
Corrective measure = as appropriate
Progesterone
Corpus luteum or yellow body
(iii)
Prevents the formation of an egg
Gets to ovary = in the blood
No
Reason = Progesterone level stays high if present /
Level fell in this case
Allows FSH to be made /allows new egg to form /
allows uterus to contract / menstruation occurs
(iv)
(v)
(c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
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s
n
(i)
(ii)
it o
eb
co
w
u
l
o
s
Pollination = transfer of pollen / from anther (or stamen) /
to stigma (or carpel)
Self v Cross = Anther and stigma on same plant vs Anther
and stigma on different plants
Pollen tube grows / down style / to ovule / guided by tube
nucleus / at micropyle / tube nucleus dies / mention of 2
male (or sperm) gametes
Diagram
Labels
Seedless fruit = special breeding programmes or spray with
growth regulator (or auxin)
d
E
7
(6 marks)
6(1 mark)
4(1 mark)
(4 marks)
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4(1 mark)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(Give 1 mark for ovary)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
2 (3 marks)
any 3 (3 marks)
3(2 marks)
(3 marks)
any 4 (3 marks)
(3 marks)
4(1 mark)
(2 marks)
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Q15
(a)
(i)
(ii)
(b)
(2 marks)
5 (2 marks)
3 (3 marks)
Motor
Sensory
●
Impulse away from cell body
Impulse to cell body
●
Cell body at end of axon
Cell body to side or axon
●
Cell body in CNS
Outside CNS
any 2 (3 marks)
(3 marks)
(iii)
Interneurone
(i)
(a) Synapse = where neurons meet
(b) Synaptic cleft = tiny gap or space between neurones
Diagram =
Labels =
Electrical impulse/Neurotransmitter swellings/Chemical made/
Name neurotransmitter/Diffuses across synapse/Neurotransmitter
breaks down/Forming electrical impulse
Disorder = Paralysis or Parkinsons
Cause/Prevention/Treatment = as appropriate
(ii)
(iii)
(c)
Diagram =
Labels =
Functions =
(i)
s
n
it o
eb
Nervous
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w
Slow acting
co
Short lived
(iv)
any 5 (2 marks)
(3 marks)
3(1 mark)
Chemical
Fast acting
(iii)
s
u
l
o
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
3 (2 marks)
Hormonal
Electrical
(ii)
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Long lived
d
E
Exocrine = Have ducts
Example
Endocrine = Ductless
Example
Named gland
Named hormone
Deficiency symptoms – 1st symptom
– 2nd symptom
Correction
Named hormone supplement e.g. insulin
Necessary = simple statement
8
Any 2 (3 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
(1 mark)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
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