10.4 Imperialism
19th century
Motivations
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raw materials
market for products
competition with other nations “What happens if we got left out?”
nationalism
Social Darwinism
“White Man’s Burden”
How it was Different from Before
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before: trading posts, outposts
now: control whole territory
Southeast Asia
Western Dominance, Southeast Asia
“new” imperialism
“old” imperialism
Governing Colonies
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direct rule
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indirect rule
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replace locals w/colonizers
ex: Britain in Burma
cooperate w/local elites
ex: Dutch East India Co.
“It’s the economy, stupid!”
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plantation economy
export
taxation
manufacturing home
Indigenous Response, Southeast Asia
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resistance by local elites
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Burmese king resisted Brits
peasant revolts
gradually, westernized intellectuals in
cities have more success resisting
gradual change: late 19th century,
defending local religion and
economic interests
early 20th century: nationalism!
nationhood!
Africa
In West Africa
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1874 GR annexes “Gold Coast”
Nigeria becomes “protectorate”
1900 France has West Africa
Germany has Togo, Cameroon, etc.
In North Africa
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Egypt was Ottoman, but Ottoman
got weak
Independent, modernizing 1805 …
Suez Canal built by French
company 1969
“lifeline to India” for Brits - buy out
Egypt’s share 1875
1881 revolt put down by Brits
pressure to control Sudan too…
south of Suez
1914 Egypt= British protectorate
North Africa
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Italians in Libya
French in Algeria,
Tunisia, Morocco
Competition for Colonies:
Central Africa
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David Livingstone,
1841
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find nav. river
Belgium colonizes
central Africa, 1870s
others followed out of
competition
Competition for Colonies:
East Africa
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1885, Britain & Germany
Berlin Conference
1884-1885
Case Study: South Africa
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Boers / Afrikaners
sick of Brits: 1830s Great Trek,
Boers, north
republics Orange Free State,
Transvaal
white supremacists
indigenous → reservations
Zulus resist
Case Study: South Africa
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Cecil Rhodes
$$$$
inspire war bt. Brits and Boers
Boer War
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1899-1902
atrocities against the Boers
Brits win
combine into Union of South Africa 1910
white supremacy rules
■ apartheid
African Nationalism
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1914: only 2 independent
states in Africa are Liberia
and Ethiopia
organizations across Africa,
early 20th century, against
foreign rule
western-education elites &
intellectuals
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wanted to keep some elements
of Western culture
British Rule in India
Great Rebellion, Sepoy Mutiny, First War for
Independence
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1857-8
sepoy = hired Indian soldier works
for Brits
British call this Sepoy Mutiny
Indians call it “First War for
Independence”
cow fat and pig fat to grease rifle
cartridges?
refusal, punishment, outrage, revolt
spreads, crushed, atrocities
Brit gov now rules (instead of
company)
Brits in India… “British Raj”
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“jewel in the crown” of British empire
cotton, tea, other raw materials
viceroy and civil service
brought stability, unity, fairly honest civil gov’t
school system
infrastructure
postal system
cost: economic benefits went to Britain, best jobs for British, glass ceiling
zamindars - tax collectors -- took advantage of power...
China
Opium Wars
Opium Wars 1839 & 56
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First Opium War
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1839 to 1842
Second Opium War
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1856 to 1860
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disputes over trade & diplomatic
relations
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Qing Dynasty vs British Empire
Opium Wars 1839 & 56
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Canton System in 1756
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restricted trade to one port
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did not allow foreign entrance
to China
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British East India Company
faced trade imbalance in
favor of China
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invested heavily in opium
production to “rebalance”
Opium Wars 1839 & 56
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British & US merchants brought opium from
British East India Company's factories
– India
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to coast of China,
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sold it to Chinese smugglers
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distributed drug
– in defiance of Chinese laws.
Opium Wars 1839 & 56
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drain of silver
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growing numbers of addicts
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Emperor demanded action.
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Officials at court divided
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legalization of trade in
order to tax it
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defeated by those who
advocated suppression.
Opium Wars 1839 & 56
1838
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arrested Chinese opium dealers
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demanded that foreign firms turn
over their stocks
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Refused
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stopped trade altogether
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placed foreign residents under
virtual siege
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forced merchants to surrender
their opium to be destroyed.
Opium Wars 1839 & 56
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British government sent
expeditionary forces from
India
ravaged Chinese coast
dictated terms of settlement.
Opium Wars 1839 & 56
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Treaty of Nanking
opened way for further opium
trade, ceded territory, fixed
Chinese tariffs at low rate,
granted extraterritorial rights to
foreigners in China
Opium Wars 1839 & 56
Treaties followed by similar
arrangements w/ United
States & France
Unequal Treaties + Opium
Wars = China's "Century of
humiliation."
Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion 1898
• nationalist movement by the
"Righteous Harmony Society"
• 1898 – 1901
• opposing foreign imperialism
& Christianity
• response to foreign "spheres
of influence" in China
Grievances against Foreigners
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opium traders
political invasion
economic manipulation
missionary evangelism
unequal treaties