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Block 1 Unit Analysis & Temperature
Objective
Understand how a system behaves with standard temperature and pressure.
Understand standard values for temperature and pressure.
Convert temperature values from two major scales, Kelvin and Celsius.
Explain absolute zero temperature.
Standards
Invest 1e. Solve scientific problems by using quadratic equations and simple trigonometric, exponential, and
logarithmic functions.
Earth 8a- Students know the thermal structure and chemical composition of the atmosphere.
Chem 4d- Students know the values and meanings of standard temperature and pressure (STP).
Chem 4e- Students know how to convert between the Celsius and Kelvin temperature scales.
Chem 4f- Students know there is no temperature lower than 0 Kelvin.
Packet Work List
1. Course Syllabus
2. Student Survey
Online
3. Honor Code
4. Safety Contract
5. Safety Quiz
6. Cover, WCW, Vocabulary
7. International System of Units
8. Conversion Problems
9. Scientific Method in Action
10. Measurement Lab
11. Virtual Lab-Controlled experiment
12. Virtual Lab-Graphing
ALL DUE Odd Monday 8/25
Even Tuesday 8/26
Focus Questions
1. Describe the SI units for common measurements.
2. How does weight differ from mass?
3. How many significant figures does a conversion factor
within a system of measurement have?
4. What problem-solving methods can help you solve complex word problems?
#6 WCW
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8/13/14 Odd 8/14/14 even
Warm-up
Name two types of temperature scales.
Critical thinking
Why is it important to make measurements using the same units?
Wrap-up
Describe the SI units for common measurements.
8/15/14 odd 8/18/14 even
Warm-up
How does meters cubed (m3) compare to Liters (L)?
Critical thinking
Why is it important to round to the nearest tenth spot for the mass? ex. 12.2 not 12.15
Wrap-up
Describe a prefix to base units.
8/19/14 odd 8/20/14 even
Warm-up
If 1500 cm = 15 m
How many meters is in 4500 cm = ? m
1500cm = 4500 cm
15m
? m
?=45
Critical thinking
Why is it important to write the numbers in metric system rather than the standard system of inches and feet?
Wrap-up
Arm height: 23 inches
Dimensions: 34 inches high x 83 inches wide x 38.5 inches deep
Seat dimensions: 19 inches high x 74 inches wide x 22 inches deep
Bed dimensions: 19 inches high x 72 inches wide x 51 inches deep
Change the units into cm. 2.54 cm = 1 inch
Arm height: _______ cm
Dimensions: _______ cm high x _______ cm wide x _______ cm deep
Seat dimensions: 48.26 cm high x 187.96 cm wide x _______ cm d
Bed dimensions:48.26 cm high x _______ cm wide x _______ cm d
8/21/14 odd 8/22/14 even
Warm-up
Convert into either Celsius or Kelvin
K = c +273
c = K - 273
0
A. 83 C
B. 245 K
C. 35 K
D. 64 0C
Critical thinking
What problem solving method is used in Science? Describe the methods main steps.
Wrap-up
Why should the hypothesis be restated in the conclusion paragraph?
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#6 Block 1 Vocabulary
1. SI - International System of Units
2. m- meter
3. L - liter
4. kg - kilogram
5. g - gram
6. weight = mass (gravity)
7. temperature = measure of motion
8. Celsius- freeze = 0 Boil = 100
9. Kelvin – freeze = 273 Boil = 373
10. absolute zero – 0 Kelvin
11. conversion factor – Ratio
12. dimensional analysis – making sure you
have the same units
#7 International System of Units
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16. Liquid nitrogen boils at 77.2 K. What is this temperature in degrees Celsius?
17. The element silver melts at 960.8°C and boils at 2212°C. What is the temperature in Kelvin?
18. Which five SI base units are commonly used in chemistry?
19. Which metric units are used to measure length, volume, mass, temperature, and energy?
20. What is the symbol and meaning of each prefix?
a. millib. nanoc. decid. centi21. List the following units in order from largest to smallest: (mL)3, mL, cL, pL, L, dL.
22. What is the volume of a paperback book 21 cm tall, 12 cm wide, and 3.5 cm thick?
23. State the difference between mass and weight.
24. State the relationship between degrees Celsius and Kelvin’s.
25. Surgical instruments may be sterilized by heating at 170°C for 1.5 hr. Convert to Kelvin’s.
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#8 Conversion Problems
28. How many minutes are there in exactly
one week?
1μL = 1 x 10-6 L
1L
1L
1m
1m
10210-2m
1m
= ?cm
1m
= 102 cm
1m
29. How many seconds are in exactly a 40hour work week?
30. An experiment requires that each student use an 8.5-cm length of magnesium ribbon. How many students
can do the experiment if there is a 570-cm length of magnesium ribbon available?
31. A 1.00-degree increase on the Celsius scale is equivalent to a 1.80-degree increase on the Fahrenheit scale.
If a temperature increases by 48.0°C, what is the corresponding temperature increase on the Fahrenheit scale?
32. Using tables from this chapter, convert the following.
a. 0.044 km to meters
b. 4.6 mg to grams
33. Convert the following.
a. 15 cm3 to liters
b. 7.38 g to kilograms
c. 0.107 g to centigrams
c. 6.7 s to milliseconds
d. 94.5 g to micrograms
34. The radius of a potassium atom is 0.227 nm. Express this radius in the unit centimeters.
35. The diameter of Earth is 1.3 X 104 km. What is the diameter expressed in decimeters?
36. Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3. What is the density in kilograms per cubic meter?
37. There are 7.0 x 101 red blood cells in 1.0 mm3 of blood. How many red blood cells are in 1.0 L of blood?
38.
What happens to the numerical value of a measurement that is multiplied by a conversion factor? What
happens to the actual size of the quantity?
39.
Why is dimensional analysis useful?
40.
What types of problems can be solved using dimensional analysis?
41.
What conversion factor would you use to convert between these pairs of units?
a. minutes to hours
b. grams to milligrams
c. cubic decimeters to milliliters
42. Make the following conversions. Express your answers in standard exponential form.
a. 14.8 g to micrograms b. 3.72 x 10-3 kg to grams
c. 66.3 L to cubic centimeters
43. An atom of gold has a mass of 3.271 X 10-22g. How many atoms of gold are in 5.00 g of gold?
44. Convert the following. Express your answers in scientific notation.
a. 7.5 x 104 J to kilojoules
b. 3.9 x 105 mg to decigrams
c. 2.21 X 10-4 dL to microliters
45. Light travels at a speed of 3.00 x 1010 cm/s. What is the speed of light in kilometers/hour?
#9 The Scientific Method in Action
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The Discovery of Penicillin
In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming was studying Staphylococcus bacteria growing in culture dishes. He
noticed that a mold called Penicillium was also growing in some of the dishes. A clear area existed around the
mold, because all of the bacteria that had grown on this area had died. In the culture without the mold, no clear
areas were present.
Fleming hypothesized that the mold must be producing a chemical that killed bacteria. He decided to
isolate the substance and test it to see if it would kill bacteria. Fleming transferred the mold to a nutrient broth
solution containing all of the materials the mold needed to grow.
After the mold grew, he removed it from the nutrient broth. Fleming then added the nutrient broth that had
contained the mold to a culture of Staphylococcus bacteria. He observed that the bacteria died.
1. State the problem
2. Correctly state the hypothesis that Fleming was testing in his experiment
3. As described, was Fleming’s experiment controlled? Explain
4. Based on this experiment, what can be concluded about the hypothesis?
5. What would be a subsequent question for investigation that could be asked based on this research?
The Strange Case of Beri beri
In 1887, a strange nerve disease attacked the people of the Dutch East Indies. The disease known as beriberi,
caused weakness, loss of appetite and paralysis. Often, victims died of heart failure. Scientists studying the
problem decided that the disease was caused by bacteria. To test this, they used two groups of chickens. One
group was injected with the blood of victims of beriberi, the other group had nothing done to them. After a
short period of time, both groups of chickens became ill and died.
1. State the problem
2. Correctly state the hypothesis that the scientists were testing.
3. As described, was this experiment controlled? Explain your answer
4. Identify the role of each group of chickens in the experiment.
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#9 The Scientific Method in Action
5. Identify the independent and dependent variables in the experiment.
6. Based on this experiment, what can be concluded about the hypothesis that was tested?
7. What would be a subsequent question for investigation that could be asked based on this research?
The Strange Case of Beriberi Part 2
One of the scientists, Dr. Eijkman noticed something about the first experiment. Before the experiment had
been conducted, the chickens had eaten whole grain rice. Whole grain rice includes both the kernel of rice and
its husk. During the experiment, the chickens had been fed polished rice, which is rice that has had the husk
removed. Polished rice was a staple food for many of the people of the Dutch East Indies.
On a separate sheet of paper,
1. Properly state a hypothesis that could be tested based on these observations.
2. Design and describe a controlled experiment that could be conducted to test your hypothesis. In order
to determine if the experiment is controlled, describe the control group and the experimental group
separately. This should include:
The number of individuals being tested in each group
At least 5 controlled variables
3. Create a set of data for your experiment, as if you had actually conducted the experiment.
4. Form a conclusion based on your data
5. Identify a subsequent question for study based on your experiment
#9 Scientific Method
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Each sentence below describes a step of the scientific method. Match each sentence with a step of the scientific
method listed below.
A. Recognize a problem
B. Form a hypothesis
C. Test the hypothesis with an experiment
D. Draw conclusions
____ 1. Stephen predicted that seeds would start to grow faster if an electric
current traveled through the soil in which they were planted.
____ 2. Susan said, “If I fertilize my geranium plants, they will blossom.”
____ 3. Jonathan’s data showed that household cockroaches moved away
from raw cucumber slices.
____ 4. Rene grew bacteria from the mouth on special plates in the
laboratory. She placed drops of different mouthwashes on bacteria on
each plate.
____ 5. Kathy used a survey to determine how many of her classmates were
left-handed and how many were right-handed.
____ 6. Jose saw bats catching insects after dark. He asked, “How do bats
find the insects in the dark?”
____7. Justin wondered if dyes could be taken out of plant leaves, flowers,
and stems.
____ 8. Alice soaked six different kinds of seeds in water for 24 hours. Then
she planted the seeds in soil at a depth of I cm. She used the same
amount of water, light, and heat for each kind of seed.
____9. Bob read about growing plants in water. He wanted to know how
plants could grow without soil.
#9 Performing an Experiment
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Read the following statements and then answer the questions.
1. A scientist wants to find out why sea water freezes at a lower temperature than fresh water.
2. The scientist goes to the library and reads a number of articles about the physical properties of solutions.
3. The scientist also reads about the composition of sea water.
4. The scientist travels to a nearby beach,and observes the conditions there. The
scientist notes the taste of the sea water and other factors such as waves, wind,
air-pressure, temperature, and humidity.
5. After considering all this information, the scientist sits at a desk and writes, “My
guess is that sea water freezes at a lower temperature than fresh water because
sea water has salt in it.”
6. The scientist goes back to the laboratory and does the following:
a. Fills each of two beakers with I liter of fresh water.
b. Dissolves 35 grams of table salt in one of the beakers.
c. Places both beakers in a refrigerator whose temperature is - 1degree C.
d. Leaves the beakers in the refrigerator for 24 hours.
7. After 24 hours, the scientist examines both beakers and finds the fresh water to
be frozen. The salt water is still liquid.
8. The scientist writes in a notebook, “It appears as if salt water freezes at a lower
temperature than fresh water does.”
9. The scientist continues, “Therefore, I suggest that the reason sea water freezes at
a lower temperature is that sea water contains dissolved salts while fresh water
does not.”
Questions: place the number(s) of the statement on the line
A. Which statements contain conclusions? ___________________________
B. Which statements refer to research? __________________________
C. Which statement contains a hypothesis?___________________________
D. Which statements contain observations? __________________________
E. Which statements describe an experiment? ______________________
F. Which statement supports the hypothesis? _________________________
G. In which statement is the problem defined? _________________________
H. Which statement contain data? __________________________________
I. Which is the variable in the experiment?____________________________
J. What is the control in the experiment? _____________________________
K. Which statement includes an inference? ___________________________
#10 Measurement Lab
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Title Using Different Measuring Devices
Purpose Become familiar with common units of measurement in the metric system and how to convert
between them. You will also learn to make careful measurements with three common pieces of lab equipment.
Standards I & E: 1b, 1c, 1d, 1f
Hypothesis We will study three types of units, one for length, mass, volume: m, kg, L
Materials Metric ruler, graduated cylinder, balance, water, paper clips, Irregular Objects (2)
Procedure
Part 1: Measuring Length
a. Using your metric ruler, measure the length of the Block in centimeters. Remember to estimate the
value between the lines on the ruler. Record your results in the data table.
b. Use your knowledge of the metric conversions to convert the measurement in centimeters (cm) to
millimeters (mm), decimeters (dm), and kilometers (km). Record your results in the data table.
c. Repeat Steps a, b but with the chain of paper clips and the irregular object
Part 2: Measuring Mass
a. Using the balance, measure the mass of the Block in grams. Remember to estimate the value
between the lines on the scale. Record your results in the data table.
b. Use your knowledge of metric conversions to convert the measurement in grams (g) to milligrams
(mg), centigrams (cg), decigrams (dg), and kilograms (kg). Record your results in the data table.
c. Repeat Steps a, b but with the chain of paper clips and the irregular object
Part 3: Measuring Volume
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
For the Block you need to multiple length times width times height for the volume.
For the paper clips and the irregular objects- Fill the graduated cylinder with water to 20.0 mL.
Fold the chain of paper clips in such a way that they are able fit completely into the water. Measure
the volume and record your results in the data table. Remember to estimate the value between the
lines on the cylinder.
Subtract your results from 20.0 mL to obtain the actual volume of the chain of paper clips. Record
your results in the data table.
Use your knowledge of metric conversions to convert the measurement in milliliters (mL) to
centiliters (cL), deciliters (dL), liters (L), and kiloliters (kL).
Repeat Steps 1-4 but with the irregular object.
Part 4: Measuring Temperature Change
a. Put 30ml of Hot water into your Graduated Cylinder
b. Place the thermometer into the water and take an initial reading. Leave the thermometer in the water
and get the temperature every minute after. For 6 Minutes.
c. Record/Graph data
Data/Analysis
Table 1: Measuring Length
Millimeters
(mm)
Centimeters Decimeters
(cm)
(dm)
Meters (m)
Kilometers
(km)
Block
Paper Clips
Irregular Object
Table 2: Measuring Mass
Milligrams
(mg)
Centigrams
(cg)
Decigrams
(dg)
Grams (g)
Kilograms
(kg)
Block
Paper Clips
Irregular Object
Table 3: Measuring Volume
Millimeters Centimeters
Cubed
Cubed (cm)3
3
(mm)
Decimeters
Meters
Cubed (dm)3 (m)3
Kilometers
Cubed
(km)3
Milliliters
(mL)
Deciliters
(dL)
Kiloliters
(kL)
Block
Centiliters
(cL)
Liters (L)
Paper Clips
Irregular Object
Table 4: Measuring Temperature Change
Start
Minute 1 2
temp
Temperature
in Celsius
Temperature
in Kelvin
3
4
5
6
Conclusion
In your own words, what is the purpose/objective lab activity? How does this lab activity teach you
important skills in the laboratory? Explain why the metric system is used in the scientific
community. Explain the importance of the estimating the last number in your measurement with
each device.
#11 Virtual lab - How are controlled experiments performed?
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Questions 1-7
1. What is the problem you are going to solve?
2. Form a hypothesis: What is the prediction you want to test?
3. Test your hypothesis. How will you use the computer model to test your hypothesis? What steps will
you follow? What data will you record? Conduct your experiment and record your results.
4. Analyze the results of your experiment. Explain any patterns you observed.
5. Draw a conclusion. Did the results of your experiment support your hypothesis? Why or Why not?
6. How does the material of the jacket affect heat absorption?
7. Describe the strengths and weaknesses of the computer model you used in the experiment. What other
parameters could you use in such an experiment to determine the effect of color on heat absorption?
Table
Jacket Color
Black
Blue
Green
Yellow
White
Wool
Nylon
Graphs
Temp
Color
Denim
#12 Virtual Lab - How are Graphs used to represent data?
Questions
1. Why do you think energy usage is different at different times of the day?
2. How does energy usage compare during different seasons of the year?
3. What other factors might affect energy usage?
4. What conclusions can you draw from the graph?
Table
Spring
Summer
Fall
12am
2am
4am
6am
8am
10am
12pm
2pm
4pm
6pm
8pm
10pm
Graph
Energy
Seasons
Winter
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