Turbine Inlet Cooling (TIC):
An Energy Solution That’s
Good for the Environment,
Rate Payers and Plant Owners
Kurt Liebendorfer – President
Gary Hilberg - Chairman
Commercial and Residential Air
Conditioning Loads are Major
Contributors to the Peak Power Demand
Source: Scot Duncan Presentation at ASHRAE
June 2007
Contribution of Various Power Generation
Technologies for Meeting Power Demand
2001 ESTIMATED PEAK DAY RESOURCE
Inefficient
SUMMARY
“Peaker”
52,000
50,000
48,000
Wind
Generation
38,000
36,000
34,000
32,000
Peaker
Hydro
Wind
Import
30,000
28,000
26,000
24,000
22,000
Thermal
20,000
18,000
16,000
14,000
Time [Hours]
Nuclear
QF
Thermal
Import
Source: Scot Duncan Presentation at ASHRAE June 2007
Wind
Hydro
Peaker
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
Nuclear
3
4,000
2,000
0
2
QF
14
Efficient Base Load
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
1
Resource [MW]
46,000
44,000
42,000
40,000
Power Demand and Electric Energy
Price Rise with Hot Weather
!
Price of electric energy for the ratepayers goes up during
the peak demand periods: as much as 4 times that during
the off-peak periods
Emissions of CO2 During Summer
(California)
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
12
:00
2: A M
00
4: A M
00
6: A M
00
8: A M
00
10 A M
:0
12 0 A
:0 M
0
2: P M
00
4: P M
00
6: P M
00
8: P M
00
10 P M
:00
PM
0.3
Source: Scot Duncan Presentation at ASHRAE June 2007
SCE
PG&E
SDG&E
Combustion Turbine Power Plants
Fundamental Flaws
!
During hot weather,
just when power demand peaks,
1.
2.
Power output decreases significantly
"
Up to 35% below rated capacity
"
Depends on the CT characteristics
Fuel consumption (heat rate) and emissions
increase per kWh
Greatest Generation Capacity Loss
Coincides with Peak Power Demand
Daily Generation Profile
Peak
Power
Demand
Ambient Temperature
Scale = 77 to 122 F
(25 to 50 C)
GT Output
Scale =
75% to 100%
Lowest
Generation
Capacity
Turbine Inlet Cooling
Economic Benefits
#
Generates more MWh revenues during peak demand periods
when electric energy price is high
#
Reduces capital cost for the increased generation capacity
compared to new power plants
#
Reduces cost of electric energy generation compared to the low
energy efficiency “peakers”
#
Reduces cost for ratepayers by allowing lower capacity
payments by the independent system operators (ISOs) for
power producers
TIC Helps Minimize Emissions
Combined-Cycle
CT
Simple-Cycle CT
Steam Turbine
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
No. 6 Fuel Oil
CO2 Emissions,
lb/MWh
814
1250
2236
NOx Emission,
lb/MWh
0.08
0.36
3.9
SOx Emission,
lb/MWh
0
0
13.25
System
Fuel
Source: Pasteris Energy, Inc.
Suggested Changes To
Regulatory Structure
!
Realize full potential of existing CT plants
#
!
Exempt TIC from environmental re-permitting
#
!
Use TIC before allowing new plants to be built
Impact of TIC is similar to ambient temperature naturally
going down
Calculate capacity payments for plant owners on the
basis of systems incorporating TIC
#
Consistent with the PJM affidavit made to the FERC in
July 2006
Conclusions
!
Turbine inlet cooling can provide significant
increased generation
!
Additional generation can be from efficient combinedcycle (CC) and simple-cycle (SC) power plants
!
More MWh from CC and SC plant minimize/eliminate
operation of higher-emission producing thermal
power plants/steam-turbine systems
!
Turbine inlet cooling of CC and SC power plants also
reduces the cost of generation compared to the
thermal power plants
!
In summary, TIC is an energy solution that is good for
the environment, ratepayers and plant owners
Combustion Turbine Power Plants
Fundamental Flaw # 1: Generation Capacity
Decreases with Increase in Temperature
EFFECTS OF COMPRESSOR INLET AIR TEMPERATURE
ON GAS TURBINE POWER OUTPUT
105%
% OF RATED POWER
PERIOD OF GREATEST DEMAND
100%
Up to 19%
capacity
loss at
peak
demand
for this CT
95%
ISO
DESIGN
POINT
90%
OLD "FRAME"
POWER OUTPUT
Compression Ratio = 10
NEW AERO-DERIVATIVE
POWER OUTPUT
Compression Ratio = 30
85%
80%
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
COMPRESSOR INLET AIR TEMPERATURE, degrees F
95
100