kl/roM
k/Dk/fut l;+rfO k'¥ofpg ;De+j gePsf tyf
df};dL l;+rfO ;'ljwfdf dfq k'u]sf s[life"dLdf
l;rfOsf nfuL j}slNks pkfox? ckgfpg' kg]{
cfjZostf 5 . j}slNks pkfodf Pp6f ;/n /
/fd|f] pkfo eg]sf] pknAw kfgLsf] e08f/0f ug]{ /
clt cfjZos ePsf] j]nfdf clwstd lskmfotL
tl/sfn] pkfof]u ug]{ g} xf] . pknAw kfgL eGgfn]
vfg] kfgLsf] k|of]hgsf] lgDtL NofOPsf] kfgL
pkof]u gePsf] j]nfdf e08f/0f ug]{, n'uf w'g jf
cGo To:t} 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ePsf]
kfgL e08f/0f u/]/ l;+rfOsf nflu k|of]u ug]{,
jiff{ofd kZrft d'n jf d'xfgdf cfPsf] jf j[4L
ePsf] kfgL ;+sng / e08f/0f ug]{ tyf jiff{sf]
kfgL ;+sng ug]{ cflb x'g ;S5g\ . kfgL e08f/0f tyf cfjZos k/]sf a]nf pkof]usf nflu ljleGg
Ifdtf, cfsf/ tyf k|sf/sf kf]v/L jf £ofDkfx? x? lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
o:tf kfgL kf]v/L tyf esf/Lsf ljz]iftfx? lgDg 5gM
sd nfut: k|rlnt l;d]G6sf 6ofÍ eGbf o:tf
esf/L jf kf]v/Lx? # u'0ff ;Dd ;:tf] x'G5g .
l6sfp: o:tf esf/L jf kf]v/Lx?sf] ;/b/ cfo'
!) jif{ eGbf al9 x'G5 . RCC -58,l;d]06, /f]8f
k|of]u ePsf]_ kf]v/Lsf] cfo' cem w]/} x'G5 .
!)
l56f] lgdf{0f x'g]: o:tf esf/L jf kf]v/Lx? Ps
xKtf eGbf sd ;dodf tof/ x'G5g .
logsf] s'n nfutdf gubL ;fdfu|Lsf] cz+ Hofb}
sd x'G5 / lgdf{0f ug{ tyf dd{t ;+ef/ ug{
;lhnf] x'G5 . logdf lkmN6/ h8fg ug]{ Joj:yf
ePsf] x'G5 . lo ljleGg cfsf/, k|sf/ tyf Ifdtfsf -%)) ln= b]lv !)))) ln= jf ;f] eGbf al9 sf_
x'G5g .
o; xft] k'l:tsf nfO{ tLg efudf ljeQm ul/ o:tf kfgL esf/L tyf kf]v/L Pjd+ 6}+lssf jf/]df hfgsf/L
lbO{Psf] 5 . k|yd v08df lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ug{' eGbf klxn] ug{' kg]{ tof/L tyf Joj:yf Pjd lng' kg]{
hfgsf/Lsf jf/]df j0f{g u/LPsf] 5 eg] bf]>f] efudf lgdf{0fsf] k|fljlws hfgsf/L lbO{Psf] 5 . To:t} t]>f]
v08df lgdf{0f kl5sf] ;Defljt dd{t ;Def/ tyf cGo hfgsf/L lbO{Psf] 5 .
1
efu !
lgdf{0f k"j{sf] r/0f
kfgL e08f/0f £ofDkf] (Thai Jar)
of] £ofDkf] cfsf/sf]] l;d]06 -! efu l;d]06 # efu jfn'jf_
tyf tf/ hfnL k|of]u u/]/ cw{ e'ldut jf hldg dfly
p7fP/ agfOG5 . o; k|sf/sf] £ofDkf]sf] Ifdtf sf] sl/a
#%)) ln= ;Dd x'G5 . lgdf{0f k|s[of ;lhnf] eP klg
o;nfO{ kmnfdsf] kmdf{ rflxG5 . £ofDkf] agfpg tflnd
k|fKt sfl/u/x? klg 5g . o:tf] £ofDkf]df vfg]kfgLsf
nfuL NofO{Psf] kfgL jf 3/sf] 5fgfjf6 hDdf ul/Psf]
jiff{tsf] kfgL e08f/0f ul/G5 . @)^^ ;fnsf] jhf/d'No
cg';f/ o:tf £ofDkf] lgdf{0f ug{ ?= #%)).– -%))ln=_
b]lv ?= *))).– -#)))ln=_ ;Dd nfUg ;S5 . t/ o;df
jf;, 9'Ëf, jfn'jf h:tf ;fdfu|L pknAw u/fpg ;s] tyf ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf cfkm} sfd ug{ ;s] nfut
cem} 36fpg ;lsG5 . o:tf £ofDkf] lgdf{0f ug{ l;d]06, tf/, s'v'/]hfnL, dl;gf] 58 -!%))ln= eGbf 7"nf]
£ofDkf]sf] nflu_ / s]xL lkm6LËx? cfjZos kb{5 . kmdf{ afx]s cGo cfjZos ;fdfu|L ahf/df pknAw 5g\ .
Knfli6s kf]v/L
;fwf/0f Knfli6s nfO{ ;'o{sf] k|sfzn] c;/ ug]{ x'bf
Knfli6s kf]v/L ;'o{sf] kf/f a}hgL ls/0f k|lt/f]wL
Ifdtf ePsf] Knfli6s k|of]u u/L] agfO{Psf] x'G5 .
;fwf/0fto !%) dfO{s|f]gsf] Knfli6s k|of]u u/LG5 .
o:tf ljz]if k|sf/sf Knfli6ssf] cfo' ;/b/ !) jif{
x'G5 . ;fgf]df s]lx xhf/ ln6/ b]lv 7'nf]df nueu @
nfv ln6/ ;Dd Ifdtfsf o:tf kf]v/Lx? g]kfnd}
agfO{Psf 5g . o:tf kf]v/Lsf] nfut k|lt ln6/
nueu !& k};f k5{ .
cGo k|sf/sf kfgL kf]v/Lx?
#)))~#%)) ln= eGbf j9L kfgL e08f/0f ug{ ;fd'lxs jf JolQmut kf]v/L lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fd'lxs kf]v/L 7'nf] Ifdtfsf] x'G5 eg] JolQmut kf]v/L cfjZostf cg'?k tyf pknJw kfgLsf] cfwf/df
ljleGg Ifdtfsf] jgfpg ;lsG5 . l;+rfO k|of]hgsf nflu agfO{g] kf]v/L oyf ;Dej 7"nf] agfpg' pko"Qm
x'G5 . ;fwf/0fto o:tf JolQmut kf]v/L %))) ln= eGbf jl9 Ifdtfs} x'G5g .
k|rngdf cfPsf ljleGg k|sf/sf kf]v/Lx? dWo] l;d]06 slGs|6 (RCC) kf]v/L ;a}eGbf l6sfp ePklg
o:tf kf]v/L Hofb} dx+uf] kg]{ x'Fbf ;fwf/0fto s[ifsx?n] cfˆg} vr{af6 agfpg ufx|f]g} x'G5 . To;sf]
ljsNkdf :yfg x]/L sd vlr{nf] Knfi6Ls kf]v/L, s'v'/] tf/ hfnL tyf l;d]06sf] (Ferro - Cement) jf
df6f] l;d]06sf] (Soil - Cement) kf]v/L agfpg ;lsG5 .
o:tf kf]v/Ldf Knfli6s jf l;d]06 df6f] (Soil-Cement Lining) jf dl;gf] s'v'/] hfnL / l;d]06 (FerroCement Lining) sf] n]kg cflbsf] k|of]u kfgLsf] r'xfj6 jf /;fo/ hfg] k|s[of /f]Sg ul/G5 . l;d]06 df6f]
jf s'v'/] hfnL / l;d]06sf] k|of]u u/L agfpbf ! efu l;d]06 # efu jfn'jf / ^ efu df6f] sf] k|of]u
x'G5 . o:tf] lgdf{0fdf /ftf] df6f]sf] k|of]u pko"Qm x'G5 .
l;d]06 k|of]u ePsf o:tf kf]v/Lsf] nfut k|lt ln6/ cGbfhL ?= # k5{ .
2
tflnsf !M ljleGg gd"gfsf kfgL 6}+sLsf] 5f]6f] ljj/0f
ljj/0f
cfsf/
Ifdtf
lgdf{0f cjlw
d'Vo ;fdfg
-gub kg]{_
s %)) nL
£ofDkf]
%)) nL
# lbg
l;d]G6,tf/,
s'v'/]hfnL,
lkml6ª
cfjZos
nfdf] M !=% dL
hldg
rf}8f M !=%dL
kmdf{
rflxg]
Nfut M l;d]G6 cGbfhL
k|lt
af]/f ?= @)))
?=^)) /fVbf_
v !))) nL
u !%)) nL
#))) nL
£ofDkf]
!))) nL
# lbg
l;d]G6,tf/,
s'v'/]hfnL,
lkml6ª
nfdf] M !=% dL
rf}8f M !=%dL
rflxg]
cGbfhL
?= @&))
£ofDkf]
!%)) nL
$ lbg
l;d]G6, dl;gf]
58,s'v'/] hfnL,
tf/ lkml6ª
nfdf] M @ dL
rf}8f M @ dL
rflxg]
cGbfhL
?= #%))
£ofDkf]
rf/s'g]
#))) nL
^))) nL
% lbg
& lbg
l;d]G6, dl;gf] 58, l;d]G6,
s'v'/]hfnL,h:tf
s'v'/]hfnL,tf/,sLnf,
lkml6ª
h:tf, lkml6ª
nfdf] M @=% dL
nfdf] M #=% dL
rf}8f M @=%dL
rf}8f M #=%dL
rflxg]
grflxg]
cGbfhL
cGbfhL
?= %)))
?= &)))
^))) nL
!)))) nL
rf/s'g]
!)))) nL
* lbg
l;d]G6,s'v'/]
hfnL,tf/, sLnf,
h:tf, lkml6ª
nfdf] M % dL
rf}8f M #=%dL
grflxg]
cGbfhL
?= !!)))
!=@ 6}+sLsf] pko"Qm Ifdtf / k|sf/ sf] lgwf{/0f
6}+sLsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ yfNg' cufj} cfˆgf] cfjZostf tyf cGo kIfnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ /flv 6}+sL jf
WofDkf] s] lgdf{0f ug]{ xf] To;sf] pko"Qm gd"gf / Ifdtf lglZrt ug'{ k5{ . kf]v/L lgdf{0f ubf{ o:tf
kf]v/Ldf x'g ;Sg] ;+efljt b'3{6gf tyf kf]v/Lg} Ifltu|:t eO{ To;n] lgDTofpg ;Sg] ef}lts tyf
dfgljo Ifltsf jf/]df k"j{ ;r]ttf ckgfpg' h?/L 5 . ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt cg'?k l;d]G6 cflb k|of]u
ePsf] kSsf jf sd vlr{nf] kf]v/L s:tf] lgdf{0f ug'{ pko"Qm x'G5 lg0f{o ug'{ k5{ .
kf]v/Lsf] cfsf/ k|sf/ tyf Ifdtf lgwf{/0fdf d'Vo ?kdf lgDg s'/fn] c;/ kf5{ M–
!= kf]v/L lgdf{0fsf nflu pknAw If]qkmn
kf]v/L lgdf{0f ubf{ o:tf kf]v/Ldf x'g ;Sg] ;+efljt b'3{6gfsf jf/]df k"j{ ;r]ttf ckgfpg' h?/L 5
.d'VotM dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf JolQm, s]6fs]6Lx? tyf hgfj/sf nflu o:tf kf]v/L vt/gfs x'g
;S5g\ . kf]v/Lsf] rf/}lt/ af/ aGwg ;lxt leQf le/fnf] ePsf] kf]v/L lgdf{0f ug'{ pko"Qm x'G5 .
kf]v/Lsf] nflu 5flgPsf] hldgdf pko"Qm b'j} sfo{ ;+Dej x'g] ul/ kf]v/Lsf] cfsf/ / Ifdtf lgwf{/0f
ul/g' kb{5 .
@= l;+rfO ug'{ kg]{ If]qkmn
l;rfO ug{' kg]{ If]qkmn tyf nufOg] afnLn] g} s'g ;dodf slt kfgL rflxG5 eGg] lgwf{/0f u5{ . ;f]xL
cg'?k clwstd kfgL rflxg] ;do / ;f] ;dodf pknJw x'g] kfgLsf] kl/df0fsf] cfwf/df pko"Qm
Ifdtfsf] lgwf{/0f ug{' k5{ .
3
#= pknAw kfgLsf] kl/df0f, pknAwtf -@$ ;} 306f jf s]xL ;do dfq_, ;+sng ug{ ;lsg]
;do cflb .
slt Ifdtfsf] 6}+sL agfpg] eGg] s'/f cfkm'nfO{ k|ltlbg slt kfgL rflxG5 / slt ;dosf] km/sdf kfgL
kfO{G5 eGg] s'/fdf e/ k5{ . kfgL kfpg nfdf] kv{g] cjlw ePdf 7"nf] ;fO{hsf] 6}+sL rflxG5 . k|ltlbg
$)) ln6/ kfgL vkt x'g] lx;fjn] ljleGg kv{g] cjlwsf nflu ldNg] kfgL 6}+sLsf] ;fO{h tn tflnsfdf
lbO{Psf] 5 . o;} tflnsfaf6 cfkm'nfO{ ldNbf] ;fO{hsf] kfgL 6}+sL 5gf}6 ug{ ;lsG5 .
tflnsf @ M 6}+sLsf] ;fO{h 5gf}6 ug]{
kv{g] cjlw
kfgLsf] dfqf
6}+sLsf] ;fO{h
6}+sLsf] gd"gf
! lbg
$)) nL6/
%)) nL6/
s
@ lbg
*)) nL6/
!))) nL6/
s
# lbg
!@)) nL6/
!%)) nL6/
v
& lbg
@*)) nL6/
#))) nL6/
v
!% lbg
^))) nL6/
^))) nL6/
u
@! lbg
*$)) nL6/
!)))) nL6/
u
#) lbg
!!@)) nL6/
!@))) nL6/
u, ulx/fO{ a9fpg]
gf]6 M ;fgf] lgoldt kfgLsf] >f]t ePdf, !) 306fdf hDdf x'g] kfgLsf] dfqf a/fa/sf] 6}+sL 5fGg] .
$= nufgL ug]{ Ifdtf
……3fF6L x]l/ xf8 lgNg'ÚÚ eGg] k|rlnt egfO{ oxfF klg nfu' x'G5 . JolQmut jf ;fd'bfoLs kf]v/L agfpg] xf]
eg] cfˆgf] -nufgLstf{ sf]_ jf ;d'bfosf] nufgL ug]{ Ifdtf cg'?kg} 6}ls+ jf WofDkf] sf] k|sf/ / Ifdtf
sf] 5gf}6 ug{' k5{ . To:t} ;/sf/L jf s'g} ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] ;xof]u xf] eg] of]hgfsf] s'n nfut Hofb}
dxuf+] gx'g] u/L cfjZostf cg'?ksf] pko"Qm gd"gf / Ifdtf lglZrt ug'{ k5{ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgdf{0f
u/]sf o; k|s[ltsf of]hgfx?df l;d]06 k|of]u ePsf 7'nf 6}ls+ x?sf] nfut of]hgfsf] s'n nfutsf] ;/b/
Ps ltxfO{ x'g cfPsf] kfO{Psf] 5 . t;y{ sltko cj:yfdf of]hgfsf] nfut sd ug{ ;f]lx cg'?ksf] /
Ifdtfsf] 6}ls+ 5gf}6 ug{' kg]{ x'G5 .
!=# nfut O{i6d]6
lgdf{0f sfo{ sf] ;'?jft ug{' cufl8 g} slt nfut nfU5 To;sf] lx;fa u/]/ /sdsf] hf]xf] jf Joj:yf ug{'
k5{ . lgdf{0fsfo{sf] ;'?jft eO{ ;s]kl5 k}zfsf sf/0fn] sfd /f]Sg' kg]{ cj:yf gcfcf]; eGg] tkm{ ;r]t
x'g' k5{ . nfut O{li6d]6 tn lbOPsf] tfnLsf cg';f/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
4
tfnLsf # M ljleGg 6}+sLsf nflu rflxg] ;fdfg / sfdbf/sf] ljj/0f
l;=g+=
ljj/0f
PsfO
s=
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
!)
!!
ahf/df lsGg'kg]{ ;fdfg
l;d]G6 -%) lsnf]sf] af]/f_
;]tf] l;d]G6 /+u ;lxt
& Pd Pd sf] a'6[] 808L
Uoflaog tf/ !@ u]h
808L afFWg] tf/
s'v'/] hfnL
kfO{k lkml6ª / lkmN6/
Knfli6ssf] 6's|f
@* u]hsf] h:tf kftf
Åf]N8kmf:6
o" sLnf
gd'gf s
%)) !)))
gd'gf v
!%)) #)))
gd'gf u
^)))
af]/f
s] hL
s] hL
s] hL
s] hL
ju{ ld
;]6
ju{ ld
j08n
yfg
s] hL
1.2
2
1.5
—
2
3
1.5
—
8
5
—
1
1
1
1
—
—
—
6
4
10
4
4
2
1
1
—
—
—
6
4
—
0.75
1
1
1
—
—
—
3
3
4
2
2
1
1
1
—
—
—
8
—
9
—
20
1
—
25
1
—
0.75
42
4
1
56
5
af]/f
af]/f
8f]sf]
yfg
yfg
yfg
ln6/
8
2
2
3
2
1
100
12
3
2
3
2
1
200
15
4
3
3
2
1
200
20
6
4
3
2
1
300
25
8
35
—
—
—
35
10
50
—
—
—
200
300
lbg
cGbfhL
lbg
3
1
3
4
1
4
5
1
5
7
1
9
11
—
15
—
20
25
v=
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
u=
!
@
3=
!))))
:yflgo ;fdfg
dl;gf] afn'jf
lu6{L
9'+uf
# ld6/ nfdf] sf7 jf afF;
@ ld6/ nfdf] bfDnf] jf 8f]/L
@ ld6/ nfdf] e¥ofË
kfgL k|ltlbg
ld:qL tyf kmdf{
ld:qL Hofnf
kmdf{sf] ef8f -h'6sf] af]/f ;lxt_
HofdL . ;xof]uL
!=$ cfjZos kg]{ cf}hf/ tyf ljljw ;fdu|Laf/] hfgsf/L lng] lbg] .
tflnsf % M cfjZos kg]{ cf}hf/ tyf ljljw ;fdu|Lsf] ljj/0f
ld:qLn] Nofpg] cf}hf/x?
l;=g+= ljj/0f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
kl/df0f
gfKg] lkmtf -;fgf]_
Åofs;, hu]8f Jn]8 ;lxt
Tff/ sf6\g] s}+rL
lknf; -Knfo/_
Hofj]n -;fgf] / 7"nf]_
306L
j6fd -6\fO{ :Sjfo/_
;fgf] 3g
sf7sf] ?K;f
l5gf]
n]en kfO{k
kmdf{ -;fFrf]_
9nfg tf/ afFWg] x's
3/af6 Joj:yf ldnfpg] cf}hf/x?
l;=g+= ljj/0f
! yfg
! yfg
! yfg
! yfg
@ yfg
! yfg
! yfg
! yfg
! yfg
! yfg
^ ld6/
! yfg
@ yfg
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
;fj]n
sf]bfnf] jf s}+rL
w'd'{;
afn'jf rfNg] rfNgf]
s/fO{
s"rf -v;|f] / dl;gf]_]
kfgL /fVg] efF8fs'F8f
k'/fgf] rKkn
/+u nufpg] a|';
un
gf]6 M a|fs]6 nufPsf] - _ cf}hf/x? u 6}+sLsf] nflu cfjZos kb}{g .
5
kl/df0f
@ yfg
@ yfg
! yfg
! yfg
@ yfg
@ yfg
@ yfg
@ yfg
! yfg
! yfg
yf]kf tyf kmf]x/f l;rfO sf nfuL kmf]x/, df6f] jfn'jfsf s0f gePsf] ;kmf kfgL rflxg] x'bf lkmN6/sf]
Joj:yf x'g h?/L 5 .
!=% 6}+sL agfpg] 7fp“sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ .
Kff]v/L tyf esf/L agfpg 7fpF 5gf}6 ubf{ lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{
 l;+rfO ug]{ :yfg eGbf cUnf] 7fpF x'g'k5{
 hldg kSsf t/ w]/} 9'Ëf luvf{ r6[fg gePsf] x'g' k5{ . le/fnf] hldgdf df6f] e/]/ agfpg' x'b}g
 ;s];Dd kfgLsf] >f]t glhs x'g' /fd|f]
 gefl;g], en afl9 gnfUg] .
 a9L ePsf] kfgL ;lhn} ;+u lgsf; ug{ ;lsg] :yfg 5gf}6 ug{' k5{ .
 ?v, af]6 la?jfsf] 5fxf/L kg]{ :yfg eP p8]/ hfg] kfgLsf] dfqf sd x"G5 .
Kff]v/L el/P/ hfg] kfgLsf] lgsf;sf nfuL pko"Qm Joj:yf x'g cToGt h?/L 5 .
Kff]v/L jf6 KffgL s;/L lgsfNg] xf] To;df lgdf{0fs} a]nfdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ . Knfli6s kf]v/Ldf
Knfli6sdf Kjfn kf/L kfO{k l5/fP/ kfgL lgsfNg ldNb}g . To:tf kf]v/Ldf 8«d jf6 t]n lgsfn] h;/L
kfgL lgsfNg' k5{ .
ljleGg cfsf/ / Ifdtfsf 6}+sL agfpg hldgsf] If]qkmn slDtdf lgDg cg'?k x'g'k5{ .
cfjZos hdLg
nDjfO{, slDtdf
rf}8fO{, slDtdf
gd'gf s
%)) ln=
!=% ld6/
!=% ld6/
!))) ln
!=% ld6/
!=% ld6/
gd'gf v
!%)) ln=
@ ld6/
@ ld6/
#))) ln
@=% ld6/
@=% ld6/
gd'gf u
^))) ln=
#=% ld6/
#=% ld6/
!)))) ln
% ld6/
% ld6/
!=^ 6}+sL agfpg] af/] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ .
6}+sL agfpg] clGtd lg0f{o ug'{ cl3 lgDg s'/fx?df -dfly klg elg ;lsPsf] 5_ To;df km]/L Psk6s
Wofg lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
s= s'g s'g sfddf 6}+sLsf] kfgL k|of]u ug]{ -6}+sL agfpg'sf] p2]Zox?_ xf] < t/sf/L, kmnkm"n v]tLdf l;+rfO ug{
k|of]u ug]{ xf] eg] ;f]xL cg'?k cln a9L Ifdtfsf] 6}+sL agfpg' k5{ . 3/fo;L k|of]u h:t} xftuf]8f n'uf w'g],
efF8f dfemg], ufO{j:t'sf nflu, uf]j/Uof;df 3f]Ng cfbL xf] eg] cln sd Ifdtfsf 6}+sL agfpbf x'G5 .
v= cfly{s >f]t s] xf] < nufgL ug]{ /sd s;/L h'6fpg] < ;xof]u jf cg'bfgjf6 xf] eg] slt k|ltzt
;xof]u xf] / Tof] kSsf e} ;s]sf] 5 jf 5}g <
u= ef}lts >f]t ;fwg x? h:t} l;d]G6, tf/, tf/ hfnL, lgdf{0f ;fdfu|L kfO{k, lkml6Ë cflb tyf ;fj]n,
s/fO{ cf}hf/x? sxfFjf6 Nofpg] < cGo ;fdfg jhf/df pknJw eP klg 6}+sLsf] kmdf{, lkmN6/ h:tf
;fdfu|L ;j} lt/ pknJw gx'g ;S5 .
3= ld:qL, HofdL sxfF jf6 / s;/L Joj:yfug]{ <
ª= k|fs[lts >f]t h:t} hldg, kfgLsf] >f]tsf] s] s:tf] cj:yf 5 < 6}+sL agfpg] pko'Qm hUuf 5 5}g <
6}+sLdf hDdf ul/g] kfgLsf >f]tx? s] s] x'g -lghL d"n, wf/f, s'nf], vf]nf, O{gf/, jiff{sf] kfgL_ <
r= slxn] 6}+sL lgdf{0f ug]{ -pko'Qm ;do_ <
!=& lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/
s'g} klg ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] u'0f:t/ sf jf/]df /fd|f] Wofg k'¥ofpg' k5{ . u'0f:tl/o
;fdu|L geP hlt ;'s} /fd|f] sfd ug{ vf]h] klg cyf{t pbfx/0fsf nflu l;d]06 rflxg] hlt xfn] klg
lgld{t ;+/rgf jlnof] / l6sfp x'b}g . kf]v/L jf WofDkf] lgdf{0fdf k|of]u x'g] s]lx lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf]
u'0f:t/ hfRg] tl/sf / Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f tn lbO{Psf] 5 .
6
s= l;d]G6 M
l;d]G6 lsGbf lgDg s'/fx?df Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 M
 l;kml/z ul/Psf] a|f08 / u|]8sf] x'g' kg]{ - 3/sf] 9nfgdf k|of]u x'g] vfnsf _ .
 k"/f tf}n ePsf] -k|rngdf %) lsnf]sf] af]/fdf kfO{g]_
 af]/f gkm"6]sf] / l;n kSsf ePsf] x'g'kg]{ .
 5fDbf g/d kfp8/ h:tf] cg'ej x'g] .
 laNs'n} 8Nnf gk/]sf] x'g'kg]{ .
l;d]G6 lsg]/ NofPkl5 To;sf] e08f/0f / k|of]udf klg ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .
 ;s];Dd rfF8} g} k|of]u ul/xfNg' k5{ .
 e08f/ ug]{ 7fpFdf kfgL gkg]{ 5fgf ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
 e08f/ ug]{ 7fpFdf e'O{ / leQf cf]l;nf] x'g' x'b}g .
v= afn'jf
d;nfdf k|of]u x'g] afn'jf ;kmf x'g'k5{ . cyf{t\ o;df df6f], kft kltª\u/ tyf cGo k|fªufl/s j:t'x?
ldl;Psf] x'g' x'Fb}g . afn'jfdf ljleGg ;fO{hsf] s0fx? ldn]sf] x'g'k5{ . Ps} ;fOhsf s0fx? k|r'/ dfqfdf
ePsf], / w]/} dfqfdf 6lNsg] s0fx? ePsf] afn'jfnfO{ /fd|f] dflgb}g . afn'jfsf] ;'4tf hfFRg] w]/} tl/sfx?
5g\, h; dWo] s]xL Jojxfl/s tl/sfx? tn lbO{Psf] 5 . w]/} kmf]x/ afn['jf ePdf kfgLdf rfn]/ dfq
k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
v= != xTs]nfdf kl/If0f
cfwf d'l7 hlt afn'jfnfO{ Ps xTs]nfdf lng] / csf]{ xTs]nf To; dfly /flv a];s/L /u8]/ ldRg] .
To;kl5 xTs]nf km'sfP/ xNsf lsl;dn] afn'jf emfg]{ . clg xTs]nfdf 6fFl;Psf] df6f] / kmf]x/sf cfwf/df
afn'jfsf] ;'4tfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ . z'4 / /fd|f] afn'jf ePDff, xTs]nfdf vf;} s]lx 6fFl;b}g . 6fFl;Psf] dfqf
w]/} b]lvPdf ;kmf kfgLn] kvfn]/ dfq afn'jf k|of]u ug{'k5{ .
v= @= Unf;df kl/If0f
Pp6f kf/bzL{ l;;f jf Knfli6ssf] nfDrf] k/]sf] efF8f]df Ps rf}yfO{ hlt afn'jf /fVg] . To;df e/L e/L
hlt kfgL /fv]/ d'v aGb u/L xNnfpg] . xNnfO{;s]kl5 To; efF8f]nfO{ ;Dd 7fpFdf ! 306f hlt /fVg] .
afn'jfdf ePsf] df6f] / kmf]x/ ;aeGbf dfly y]lu|G5 hf] k|i6 ?kdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;}sf cfwf/df afn'jf
sltsf] ;kmf 5 eGg] s'/f cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
u= kfgL
d;nfdf k|of]u x'g] kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;s];Dd lkpg of]Uo a/fa/sf] x'g'k5{ . wldnf], uGxfpg], s'lxPsf]
sf7kft;Fu ldl;Psf] kfgLsf] k|of]un] 6}+sL sdhf]/ x'g] tyf /;fpg] x'g ;S5 .
3= kfOk lkml6Ëx?
kfOk lkml6Ë tyf eNex? u'0f:t/Lo x'g'k5{ . hlxn] klg u'0f:t/ k|df0f ePsf] ;fdfg dfq vl/b ug'{k5{ .
wf/f÷eNex? d'vn] km's]/ r'xfj6 kl/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}u/L ;s]6 / lgKknsf] xsdf logLx?nfO{ Ps
cfk;df hf]8]/ u'gf ldn] gldn]sf] lgwf] ug{ ;lsG5 .
7
efu @
lgdf{0fsf] r/0f
gd'gf s , gd'gf v / gd'gf u
k|ljlw af/] hfgsf/L lng] lbg] .
gd'gf s / gd'gf v
s / v gd'gfsf 6}+sLx? Gffkdf km/s ePklg cfsf/sf p:t} b]lvG5g\ . logLx?sf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof k|foM
Ps} k|sf/sf] 5 . t}klg 58 / tf/sf] k|of]usf cfwf/df logLx?df s]lx leGgtf 5 . o;}sf cfwf/df $
j6f 6}+sLnfO{ # lsl;dn] afF8\g ;lsG5 .
km/s 5'6\ofpg] a:t'
Uofljog tf/sf] k|of]u
lk+wsf] l/Ë
9f8 / sf+wsf] l/Ë
gd'gf s
%)) / !))) ln6/
x'Fb}g
x'Fb}g
x'Fb}g
gd'gf v
!%)) ln6/
x'G5
x'G5
x'G5
gd'gf v
#))) ln6/
x'G5
x'G5
x'G5
gd'gf u
u gd'gfsf kfgL 6}sL+x?sf] k|foM ;a} efu hldg d'lg x'G5 . logLx?sf] Ifdtf ^))) nL6/ / !))))
nL6/sf] l;kmfl/; ePtf klg ulx/fO{ w]/} ga9fO{sg ^),))) nL6/ ;Ddsf] agfpFg ;lsG5 . cfsf/df
gd'gf u 6}sL+x? rf/kf6] b]lvG5g\ t/ tnaf6 dfly km'Sb} uPsf] x'G5 . 6}sL+sf] dflyaf6 cGbfhL cfwf
ld6/ cUnf] 3]/f kvf{n nufO{G5 . of] kvf{nsf] lelq s'gfx?df uf]nf] u/]/ 3'd]sf] x'G5 .
hu vg]kl5 z'?df ljz]if u/L tof/ ul/Psf] df6f] / l;d]G6sf] Knfi6/ ul/G5 . To;dfly s'v'/] hfnL
7f]s]/ @ tx l;d]G6 Knfi6/ ul/G5 . cGTodf ! tx 3f]nf kf]t]kl5 6}sL+sf] lelq efu k|foM tof/ x'G5 .
dflyaf6 3]/f kvf{ndf Uofljog tf/n] hfnL h:tf] agfO{G5 / To;kl5 h:tfsf] 5fgf] /flvG5 . kfgL
cfpg / lg:sg] 7fpFdf s|dzM O{gn]6 / cfp6n]6df :6]\g/ lkmN6/ klg /flvPsf] x'G5 .
lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;a} s'/f h'6]df oL 6}sL+x? & b]lv !) lbg leqdf lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 .
gS;fsf] cWoog ug]{ .
s_ gS;f gDa/ !M gd'gf s / v gd'gfsf] 6}+sLsf] gfksf] ;f/f+z
1
8
9
10
efu
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Rb
hu vGg] uf]nfO{
;f]lnËsf] uf]nfO{
gd'gf s
%)) nL=
!))) nL=
^)
^)
#)
&)
!))
!)
!))
!!)
#)
#)+!%+@)=^%
#)+!%=$%
&)
&)
#)
!))
!#)
!)
!#)
!$)
#%
#%+!%+@)=&)
#%+!%=%)
gd'gf v
!%)) nL=
#))) nL=
&)
()
$)
!))
!$)
!)
!%)
!%)
$%
$%+!%+@)=*)
$%+!%=^)
11
()
!#)
$)
!@)
!^)
!)
!()
!&)
^%
^%+!%+@)=!))
^%+!%=*)
s}lkmot
d'vsf] uf]nfO{
lk+wsf] uf]nfO{
sf+w b]lv 3f+l6 ;Dd
sf+w b]lv lk+w ;Dd
3f+l6 b]lv lk+w ;Dd
3f+l6sf] prfO{
sf+wsf] uf]nfO{
k"/f prfO{ (E +F)
lk+wsf] cw{Aof;
Rb+#%
Rb+!%
lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ .
12
s= 6}+sL agfpg] 7fpFdf ;kmf u/L hu vGgsf nflu cfjZos tof/L ug]+{ .
oltv]/, d;nf agfpg], kmdf{ hf]8\g] 7fpFsf] klg larf/ u/L tL 7fpFsf] klg cfjZos tof/L ug'{k5{ .
v= 6}+sLsf] hu vGg] gfkdf lrGx nufpg] .
lrqdf b]vfPem}+ lardf lsnf uf8]/ To;df dl;gf] 8f]/L afFlw hu vGg] uf]nf] cfsf/sf] lrGx nufpg] .
lng' kg]{ cw{Jof;sf] gfk o; k|sf/ 5 .
13
6}+sLsf] k|sf/
%)) nL6/
!))) nL6/
!%)) nL6/
#))) nL6/
hu vGg] cw{Jof;
^% ;]=dL=
&) ;]=dL=
*) ;]=dL=
!)) ;]=dL=
(R1)
u= hu vGg] .
gfk adf]lhd lrgf] nufPsf] 7fpFdf cfwf ld6/ ulx/fO{sf] hu vGg] . o;/L hu vGbf kfgL hfg] kfO{k
/fVgsf nflu ! lkm6 hlt rf}8fO{sf] s'nf] klg vGg'k5{ .
3= hudf 9'+·f ;f]ln· ug]{ .
hu vg]/ tof/ ePkl5 tnsf] gfkdf 9'Ëf ;f]lnË ug]{ efu .
6}+sLsf] k|sf/
%)) nL6/
!))) nL6/
!%)) nL6/
#))) nL6/
hu vGg] cw{Jof;
$% ;]=dL=
%) ;]=dL=
^) ;]=dL=
*) ;]=dL=
(R1)
9'+Ëf ;f]lnË u/]/ ldnfPkl5 To;nfO{ w'd'{; jf 7"nf] 3gn] a]:s/L
7f]s]/ vfFbg'k5{ .
gf]6 M husf] df6f]sf] cj:yf x]/]/, @ OGr hlt afn'jf jf rf]s/
/flv 9'Ëf ;f]lnË u/]df cem a]; x'G5 .
ª kfO{k lkml6· /flv hudf kL=;L=;L= j]; Kn]6 9nfg ug]{ .
9'+uf ;f]lnË ul/ 9fSg] sfd ;lsPkl5 To;nfO{ kfgLn] kvfn]/
!M#M^ efusf] % ;]=dL= df]6f] l;d]G6 9nfg ug'{k5{ . oltv]/
cfp6n]6 kfO{ksf] ;]6nfO{ klg lrqdf hfd u/]/ v'nf d'vnfO{
5f]k]/ /flvG5 .
14
r= kmdf{ tof/ ug]{ M
kmdf{sf 6's|fx?nfO{ gDa/ ldnfP/ tf/n] afFw]/ hf]8\g' k5{ . ;a} 6'qmfx? Hf]8]kl5 lrqdf b]vfPem}+ 6}+sLsf]
cfsf/ aG5 . of] sfd 6}+sL agfpg] hud} gu/L c? s'g} ;lhnf] 7fpFdf ul/G5 .
15
5= kmdf{sf] aflx/af6 h'6sf] af]/fn] 9fsL To;dfly 9nfgsf] tf/n] kmgkmgL a]g]{ .
h= kmdf{ ;]6 ug]{
 gd'gf s sf] nfluM kmdf{nfO{ hudf tof/ ul/Psf] j]; Kn]6 dfly /fVg] . To;kl5 3l06 / n]en
x]/]/ kmdf{nfO{ l;wf agfO{ ;]6 ug]{ . gd'gf v sf] xsdf eg] ;]6 ug'{ cl3 kmdf{df 8l08 /
Uofljog tf/x? lbg'k5{ . o;af/] tn a0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
 gd'gf vM !%)) nL6/sf nflu
s= 3f+l6sf] l/Ë / lk+wsf] km|]dnfO{ /flvG5 .
16
v= Uofljog tf/nfO{ cfjZos nDafO{df sf6]/ bfDnf] h:tf] agfpg] . To;kl5 pQm bfDnf]n] 3f+l6sf] l/Ë
/ lk+wsf] km|]d hf]8g]u/L tn lrqdf h:t} 7f8f] / 58\s] u/]/ s:g] .
u= o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] kmdf{nfO{ dfly lrqdf b]vfPem}+ j]; Kn]6 dfly l;wf u/]/ /fVg] .
 gd'gf vM #))) nL6/sf nflu
s= Uofljog tf/ s;]kl5 To;dfly lrqdf b]vfPem}+ # j6f larsf l/Ëx? /fv]/ afWg] .
v= o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] kmdf{nfO{ dfly lrqdf b]vfPem}+ j]; Kn]6 dfly ;Lwf u/]/ /fVg] .
17
u= kmdf{df 3f]nf 5]Kg] sfd M
;]6 u/]sf] kmdf{df z'?df kfgLn] af]/fnfO{ xNsf lehfO{G5 . To;kl5 l;d]G6sf] 3f]nf tof/
u/L af]/fnfO{ k'g lehfO{G5 .
3= Knfi6/ ug]{ l;d]G6 d;nf tof/ ug]{ sfdM
Ps efu l;d]G6 / # efu afn'jfsf] d;nf agfpg] . afn'jf lr;f] ePdf s]xL afn'jfsf] dfqf yKg'k5{ eg]
afn'jfsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] gePdf s]xL l;d]G6sf] dfqf yKg' k5{ . o;}u/L olb l;d]G6 /fd|f] u'0f:t/sf]
gePsf] h:tf] nfu]df klg l;d]G6sf] dfqf a9fpg' k5{ .
ª= klxnf] Knfi6/ ug]{ sfdM
l;d]G6 d;nf tof/ u/L lrqdf b]vfPem}+ tnaf6 dfly lt/ Knfi6/ ub}{ nluG5 . of] txsf] Knfi6/nfO{
lkmlgl;+u gu/L sf]/f-/km_ /fVg' k5{ lsgsL o;dfly csf]{ tx klg Knfi6/ ug'{k5{ .
18
r= bf]>f] Knfi6/ -lkmlgl;·_ ug]{ sfd M
klxnf] Knfi6/ /fd|f] ;Fu ;]6 eO{;s]kl5 -cGbfhL @ 306fkl5_ bf]>f] cyjf lkmlgl;Ë Knfi6/ ul/G5 . of]
Knfi6/ ubf{ dflyaf6 z'? u/L tnlt/ ub}{ nluG5 . Knfi6/sf] lkmlgl;Ë /fd|f] ug{ lkFw lvO{Psf] k'/fgf]
rKkn tyf dl;gf] s"rf]sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . klxnf] tx h:t}, bf]>f]txsf] Knfi6/ klg Ps efusf] d;nfdf
ul/G5 .
5= k6'sf 9nfg u/L 6}+sLnfO{ 5f]Kg] sfd
lrqdf b]vfPem}+ 6}sL+sf] lkFwsf] jl/k/L !M@M$ efusf] 9nfgu/L k6'sf jf k]6L h:tf] agfO{G5 . Knfi6/ ubf{
em/]sf] d;nfnfO{ klg oltv]/ ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . k6'sfsf] rf}8fO{ / prfO{ cGbfhL $ O{Gr hlt
/flvG5 / o;nfO{ le/fnf] -:nf]k_ kf/]/ agfO{G5 . o;/L aflx/L lkmlgl;Ë ;lsPkl5 6}sL+nfO{ Knfli6s
cf]8fP/ /flvG5 .
19
h= v6 agfpg] sfdM
6}sL+sf] leqaf6 kmdf{ lgsfNg tyf 6}sL+ leq c? sfdx? ug{ 6}sL+sf] d'vaf6 dflg; leq k:g' k5{ .
o;sf nflu lrqdf b]vfPh:t} afF; jf sf7sf] v6 / e¥of{Ë agfpg cfjZos x'G5 .
20
em= 6}sL+sf] leqaf6 kmdf{ tyf af]/f lgsfNg] sfdM
bf]>f] Knfi6/ ;lsPsf] bf]>f] jf t]>f] lbgdf 6}sL+sf] leqaf6 kmdf{ lgsfNg Pshgf dflg; 6}sL+ leq k:g'
k5{ . z'?df kmdf{ c8\ofPsf] tf/ sf6\g' k5{ . To;kl5 Ps Ps u/]/ ^ j6} kmdf{sf] 6's|fx? Afflx/ lgsfNg'
k5{ . ;a} 6's|fx? lgl:s;s]kl5 a]/]sf] af]/fklg Knfi6/af6 tfg]/ pKsfO{ aflx/ lgsfNg' k5{ .
`= 6}sL+sf] leqaf6 Knfi6/ ug]{ / 3f]nf kf]Tg] sfd M
af]/f lgsfln;s]kl5 6}sL+sf] lelq efunfO{ a'?; nufO{ kfgLn] kvfn]/ /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ug'{k5{ / To;kl5
3f]nf kf]t]/ Ps tLg efusf] -!M#_ l;d]G6 Knfi6/ ug'{k5{ . lelq efusf nflu Ps tx Knfi6/d} lkmlgl;Ë
?k lbg'k5{ .
lelq Knfi6/ ;lsPsf] !@ 306f kl5 6}sL+sf] k'/} lelq efudf afSnf] 3f]nfn] kf]Tg] sfd ul/G5 . yk
dha'ltsf nflu csf]{ ! tx klg 3f]nf kf]Tg] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy} 3f]nf agfpFbf jf6/ k|'km kbfy{x?
klg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] dfqfdf ld;fpg ;lsG5 .
6= 6}sL+sf] lasf]{ 9nfg ug]{ sfd .
s'g} ;Dd 7fpFdf -h:t} lkF8L, cfFugsf] 5]p5fp_ Knfli6ssf] 6's|f lj5\ofO{G5 . To;kl5 pQm Knfli6sdfly
s'v'/] hfnL / 8l08af6 tof/ ul/Psf] lasf]{sf] km|]ddf Ps tLg d;nf xfnL lrqdf b]vfPem}+ 6}sL+sf]
lasf]{sf] 9nfg ul/G5 . afn'jf 5fGbf cfPsf] dl;gf] rf]s/ klg d;nf agfpFbf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
21
7= 6}sL+nfO{ lr;f] agfO{ /fVg] sfd -So'l/·_ .
6}sL+sf] bf]>f] Knfi6/ ;lsP b]lv g} 6}sL+nfO{ ;'Vvf /xgaf6 arfpg' k5{ . o;sf nflu 6}sL+nfO{ Knfli6sn]
cf]8fP/ /fVg' k5{ . 3f]nf kf]tfO{ ;lsPsf] !@ 306f kl5rflxF clgjfo{ ?kdf 6}sL+nfO{ af]/f jf s'g} k'/fgf]
sk8fn] 9fsL sDtLdf & lbg;Dd af]/fnfO{ lr;f] agfO{/fVg' k5{ . o;sf nflu kmdf{af6 lgsfn]sf] af]/fsf]
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
gd'gf u sf] lgdf{0f
s= 6}sL+ agfpg] 7fpFdf ;kmf u/L hu vGgsf nflu cfjZos tof/L ug]{ .
oltv]/, ;fdfg /fVg], d;nf agfpg] 7fpFsf] klg larf/ ul/ To;sf] klg cfjZos tof/L ug'{k5{ .
v= 6}sL+sf] hu vGg] gfkdf lrGx nufpg] .
hu vGg] cfwf/df o; gd"gfsf] 6}sL+sf] lgDg tLg y/L efux? X'G5g\ .
 efu != lkFw ;Dd hfg] efu
 efu @= :nf]k leQfsf] efu /
 efu #= ufx|f] nufpg] efu
22
^))) / !)))) ln6/sf nflu pko"{Qm efux?sf] gfkx? o;k|sf/ 5 .
6}sL+sf] Ifdtf
efu ! sf] gfk
nDafO{
rf}8fO{
^))) ln6/ !=%) ld= !=%) ld=
!)))) ln6/ #=)) ld= !+%) ld=
efu ! sf] gfk
nDafO{
rf}8fO{
@=%) ld= @=%) ld=
$=)) ld= @=%) ld=
efu ! sf] gfk
nDafO{
rf}8fO{
#=@) ld= #=@) ld=
$=&) ld= #=@) ld=
u= hu vGg] .
To;kl5 hu vGg] sfd cfpF5 h;nfO{ lgDg $ r/0fdf ug'{k5{ .
r/0f !M dflysf] tx vGg] sfd -cGbfhL @ lkm6 ulx/f]_
 efu ! df cGbfhL @ lkm6 hlt vg]/ To;sf] df6f] cnUu} 7fpFdf hDdf ug'{k5{ . -dflysf] df6f]_
 efu @ nfO{ :nf]k ldNg] u/L vg]/ To;sf] df6f] klg efu ! df vg]/ cfPsf] df6f];Fu /fVg] .
23
r/0f @M tNnf] txsf] df6f] vGg] sfd -afFsL cfwf ld6/ ulx/f] efu_
 r/0f ! df h:t} ;'?df efu ! df vgL To;kl5 efu @ df :nf]k ldnfP/ vGg] . r/0f @ df
cfPsf] ;j} df6f]nfO{ df6f] l;d]G6df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] cnUu} 5'6[fpg] . Toltv]/ cfPsf]
df6f]nfO{ ;'sfpg] 7fFpdf k'¥of{P/ lkmFhfO{ /fv]df cem a]; x'G5 .
r/0f #M ufXf]sf] efudf df6f] vGg] sfd
6}+ssLsf] jl/kl/ xf]rf] ufXf] jgfpgsf nflu ufXf] j:g] 7fFpdf ;DofP/ ufXf] nufpg] 7fFp tof/L ug]{ . #%
;]=ld= ufXf]sf] rf}8fO{sf nflu cGbfhL $% ;] ld rf}8f efu tof/L ug'{k5{ .
r/0f $M cfp6n]6 kfO{k hfGf] 7fFpsf] nflu s'nf] vGg] sfdM
cfp6n]6 kfO{k -kfgL hfg] kfOk_ 6}+sLsf] lkFwjf6 hfg] x'gfn] o;sf nflu klg 7fFp agfpg' k5{ . lrqdf
b]vfPem}+ lgDg @ tl/sfaf6 o:tf] 7fFp tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
 ulx/f] s'nf] vg]/
 6]+sLsf] lkFwaf6 hldg 5]8]/ .
24
3= 6}+sL jl/kl/sf] ufXf] nufpg] sfd .
vfN6f] jl/kl/ ;DofPsf] 7fFpdf 9'+uf jf O{6fsf] ufXf] nufpg' k5{ . dflysf] ! ;n jfx]s of] ufXf]
df6f]sf] hf]8fO{Dff ul/G5 . dflysf] ! ;nrflx of] ufXf] ljgf hf]8fO{sf] ;'Vvf nufpg' k5{ . of] ufXf]sf]
k|To]s #% ;] ld sf] km/sdf tn lrqdf lbPem}+ 7fFp 7fFpdf 9nfg d;nf xf]NkmfF:6 hfd ug'{k5{ . kl5
of] ufXf]sf] k'/} efudf 8L=kL=;L= u/]h:tf] @ O{~r hlt df]6fO{sf] 9nfg ul/G5 .
ª_ hudf 9+'uf ;f]ln· ug]{ .
6}+sL agfpg] vf8nsf] e'OFdf ;fnfvfnf ^ O{~r df]6fO{sf] 9'+uf ;f]lnË ug'{k5{ . 9'+uf la5fPkl5
To;nfO{ w'd'{; jf 7"nf] 3gn] a];/L 7f]s]/ vfFb\g'k5{ . husf] df6f]sf] cj:yf x]/]/, @ O{Gr hlt jfn'jf
jf rf]s/ /fvL 9'+uf ;f]lnË u/]df cem a]; x'G5 . oltv]/} !.@ s/fO{ hlt 9nfg d;nf agfP/
cfp6n]6 lkml6ËnfO{ hfd ug]{ sfd klg ul/G5 .
r= df6f] -:jfO{n_ l;d]G6 d;nf tof/ ug]{ .
:jfOn l;d]G6 eg]sf] df6f], afn'jf, l;d]G6 kfgL ld;fP/ agfPsf] ;fXf] d;nf xf] . o;sf nflu hldg
eGbf sDtLdf @ kmL6 ulx/f] efusf] df6f] x'g'k5{ . vf;u/L afn'jf cefj x'g] / /ftf]df6f] -Nof6/fO{6_
kfO{g] If]qdf o;sf] k|of]u pko'Qm x'G5 . o:tf] d;nfn] Knfi6/ ubf{ Hofjn -sgL{_ k|of]u gu/L xftn]
lnpg nufPem}+ n]klG5 . o; 6}+sLsf] klxnf] ! tx Knfi6/ h:t} d;nfjf6 ul/G5 .
:jfO{n l;d]G6 d;nf tof/ ug]{ tl/sf o; k|sf/ 5 .
 @ kmL6 eGbf tNnf] txsf] df6f]nfO{ 3fddf ;'sfpg] . /fd|f];Fu ;'s]kl5 d'ª\u|fn] 8Nnf km'6fpg] .
8Nnf km'6fPkl5 klg /fd|f];Fu ;'Sg] u/L df6f]nfO{ 3fddf /fVg] .
 v;|f] hfnLn] df6f] rfNg] . rfn]/ cfPsf] df6f]nfO{ Ps7fFpdf hDdf ug]{ .
 !,#,^ efusf] d;nf jgfpg]M ;'?df ^ efu df6f] / # efu dl;gf] afn'jf nfO{ /fd|f];Fu
ld;fpg] . To;kl5 o;df ! efu l;d]G6 xfnL Psgf;sf] ;+u b]lvg] u/L ;'Vvf ld;fpg] . cj
To;df lj:tf/} kfgL /fVb} d'5\g] . o;/L d'5\bf l;d]G6n] 5fnf vfg ;Sg] x'gfn] xft uf]8fdf
25
k~hf, Knfli6s, udj'6 k|of]u lj:tf/} kfgL /fVb} d'5\g] . l;d]G6 d;nfdf eGbf o;df kfgL sd
/fVg' k5{ / d;nf jn h:tf] 8Nnf] kfg'{k5{ .
26
5= leQf] ldnfO{ :jfOn l;d]G6n] n]Kg] .
;s];Dd Psgf;n] ldnfpg'k5{ . ;fgftLgf vfN6fx?df df6] d'5]/ k'g'{ k5{ . ;j} ;tx /fd|f];Fu ldn]kl5,
tof/ ul/Psf] :JffOn l;d]G6sf] d;nfnfO{ xftdf lnP/ hf]8;Fu leQfdf xfGg'k5{ . To;kl5 lnpg
nufpem}+ xft}n] lyr]/, n]k]/ ptx ldnfpg' k5{ . of] Knfi6/sf] df]6fO{ ;fnfvfnf ! O{Gr hlt x'g'k5{ .
27
h= e'O{df kL= ;L= ;L= 9nfg ug]{
leQfdf :jfOn l;d]G6 nufO{ ;s]kl5 To;} lbgdf e'O{df kL=;L=;L= 9nfg klg ug'{k5{ . o;df k|of]u x'g]
kL=;L=;L= sf] 9nfg d;nf !M#M^ efusf] jgfO{G5 .
of] kL=;L= ;L= ug'{ cl3 9'+uf ;f]lnËnfO{ ;s];Dd n]en ldnfP/ /fVg'k5{ / kL=;L=;L= df]6fO{ ;fnfvfnf @
O{Gr hlt /flvG5 . kL=;L=;L= 9nfgsf] dflysf] ;tx cfp6n]6 kfO{k ePtkm{ :nf]k ldnfpg' k5{ . o;/L
n]en ldnfpFbf, kL=;L=;L= sf] lkmlgl;u eGbf jf;cfp6 kfO{ksf] tNnf] efu ! OGr dfly x'g'k5{ .
sfd ;'?df leQfx?df ul/G5 . cGTodf e'O{df s'v'/] hfnL /fv]/ l;d]G6 Knfi6/ ul/G5 .
em= lr/f 6fn]/ s'v'/] hfnL 7f]Sg] sfd
:jfOn l;d]G6 Knfi6/ u/]sf] @.# 306fkl5 o;nfO{ kfgLnfO{ lehfP/ /fVg'k5{ . ef]lnkN6 lr/fx?df
b]lvPdf :jfon l;d]G6 d;nfn] g} lr/f 6fNg' k5{ . o;/L ;+tf]ifhgs ?kdf :jfon l;d]G6 Knfi6/sf]
sfd ;lsPkl5 To; dfly s'v'/] hfnL lj5ofP/ o" sLnf 7f]lsG5 .
28
~f= klxnf] tx sf]/f l;d]G6 Knfi6/ ug]{ -/km sf]6_
hfnL 7f]s]/ tof/ u/]sf] 7fFpdf Ps efu l;d]G6 / # efu afn'jf ld;fP/ agfPsf] s8f l;d]G6 Knfi6/
ul/G5 .
6= bf]>f] tx l;d]G6 Knfi6/ u/L k/vfndf 9nfg ug]{ .
klxnf] Knfi6/ u/]sf] ef]lnkN6 Ps tLg efus} l;d]G6 d;nfdf bf]>f] cyf{t\ clGtd Knfi6/ ul/G5 . leqL
efusf] sfd ;lsPkl5 3]/f k/vfnsf] dfly rf]s/ ldnfP/ cGbfhL @ OGr df]6f] kL=;L=;L= ul/G5 .
29
7= 3f]nf kf]Tg] / 6Lksf/ ug]{ sfd
bf]>f] Knfi6/ ;lsPsf] ef]lnkN6 jf kl;{kN6 u/]sf] k'/} efudf vfnL l;d]G6sf] jfSnf] 3f]nf nufP/
kf]ltG5 . clg ufXf]sf] aflx/L efudf l;d]G6 6Lksf/ ul/G5 .
8= 6}+sLnfO{ lr;f] jgfO{ /fVg] sfd . -So'l/8 ug]{_
6}+sLsf] bf]]>f] Knfi6/ ;lsPb]lv g]} 6}+sLnfO{ ;'Vvf /xgjf6 jrfpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu 6}+sLnfO{ Knfli6s,
af]/f jf k'/fgf] u'Gb|L cf]8fP/ /fVg' k5{ . slDtdf & lbg;Dd af]/fnfO{ lr;f] agfO{/fVg' k5{ .
9= Uofljg tf/ s;]/ h:tfsf] 5fgf /fVg] sfd .
Uofljg tf/nfO{ gfkdf sfl6G5 . To;kl5 pQm tf/nfO{ lrqdf b]vfPem}+ xf]N8kmfi6df tGsfP/ sl;G5 .
nDjfO{, rf}8fO{ / 58\s] u/]/ tf/ tGsfO{ hfnL h:tf] jgfO{G5 . ca To;dfly ;lx lbzf ldnfO{ -:nf]k lt/
kfgL jfUg] u/]/_ h:tf kftfnfO{ /flvG5 / h:tfnfO{ sf7 9'+uf cflbn] lyr]/ /flvG5 .
30
@= s= % r'xfj6 k/LIf0f ug]{ .
dfly j0f{g ul/Psf ;j} k|sf/sf 6}sL+ jf WofDkf]sf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg e};s] kl5 r'xfj6 x'G5 x'b}g kl/If0f ug{' k5{ .
6}sL+ agfP/ & lbg hlt lr:ofg lbPkl5 6}sL+af6 kfgL r'lxg] ;DalGw hfFr ug'{k5{ / olb r'lxg] ePdf t'?Gt}
dd{t ul/xfNg' k5{ . 6}sL+sf] r'xfj6 kl/If0f lgDglnlvt @ r/0fdf ul/G5 .
kl/If0f
 6}sL+df cfwf kfgL e/]/ . /
 6}sL+df k"/f kfgL e/]/ .
klxnf] kl/If0fsf nflu 6}sL+df cGbfhL cfwf pFrfO{ hlt kfgL el/G5 . To;kl5 k|To]s lbg Ps} ;dodf l;wf
nl¶ uf8]/ kfgL 36] g36]sf] hfFr ul/G5 . of] kl/If0f nuftf/ & lbg ;Dd ul/G5 . To;kl5 6}sL+df k"/} kfgL
el/G5 / k'gM nl¶n] kfgLsf] n]en hfFrL 6}sL+df r'xfj6 ;DalGw kl/If0f ul/G5 .
o;/L kl/If0f ubf{ s]xL dfqfdf kfgL 36]tf klg r'xfj6 ePsf] dfGg ;ls+b}g . t/ olb lgs} 36]sf] kfO{Pdf
r'lxPsf] 7fpF kQf nufO{ dd{t ug'{k5{ . slxn]sfxLF, kl/If0f sfndf 6}sL+ /;fPh:tf] b]lvg ;S5 . o:tf]
cj:yfdf t'?Gt} dd{t ul/xfNg' x'b}g . lsgls !÷@ xKtfkl5 of] cfFkm}+ 6flnP/ l7s x'g klg ;S5 . kfgL eg'{
eGbf klxn] cfp6n]6 kfO{ksf] lasf]{ lgsfnL ToxfF lkmN6/ h8fg ug'{k5{ .
31
@=s=^ cflv/L sfdx? ug]{ .
s_ 6}sL+sf] aflx/L efudf /Ë nufpg] sfd .
gd'gf s / v sf] xsdf kl/If0f ;kmn eP kl5, 6}sL+sf] aflx/L efudf ;]tf] l;d]G6n] slDtdf @ k6s /Ë
nufpg' k5{ . cGo /Ëx? h:t} O{gfd]n, r"gf cflb k|of]u u/]df klg /Ë eg] ;]tf] x'g'k5{ .
v_ 6}sL+sf] lkFwdf k'g]{ sfd
gd'gf s / v
kl/If0f ;kmn ePkl5 / /Ë ;'ls;s]kl5 6}sL+sf] hldg d'lgsf] aflx/L efudf k'g]{ sfd ul/G5 . k'g{sf
nflu afFsL /x]sf] rf]s/ afn'jf eP a]; x'G5 . hldg n]en ;Dd k'l/;s]kl5 jl/kl/ 9'Ëfx? Jff b"jf]sf]
rk/L /fv]df k'/]sf] df6f] aufpFb}g . cfjZostf x]/]/ 6}sL+sf] jl/kl/ jf/–aGwg u/]df 6}sL+ ;'/lIft x'G5 .
gd'gf uM
s= ufXf]sf] aflx/L efudf df6f] k'/L af/ nufpg] sfd .
k/LIf0f ;kmn ePkl5, ufXf]sf] aflx/L efudf df6f]n] k'g]{ sfd ul/G5 . k'g{sf nfuL jfFsL /x]sf] rf]s/, /
afn'jf eP a]; x'G5 . ;f] gePdf vg]sf] df6f] klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;dfly k]6L h:tf] u/]/ 9'+ufx?
Jff b'jf]sf] rk/L /fv]df k'/]sf] df6f] aufpFb}g / en kfgLaf6 vt/f x'b}g .
;fy} 6}+sLsf] jl/kl/ jf/jGwg ug'{ klg h?/L x'G5 . o;f] u/]df 6}+sL ;'/lIft x'gsf ;fy} b'3{6gfx?sf]
;+efjgf klg x'b}g .
v= /+u nufpg] sfd . -of] sfd clgjfo{ 5}g_
kl/If0f ;kmn ePkl5, 6}+sLnfO{ ;'Vvf agfOG5 . To;kl5 ;]tf] l;d]G6df O{R5f cg';f/sf /+u ld;fP/
6}+sLsf] k'/} leqL efu tyf 3]/f kvf{ndf @.# tx /+u nufO{G5 .
32
efu #
lgdf{0f kl5sf] sfd
6}+sLsf] kfgL k|of]u ug]{ sfd
6}+sLsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg eO{ k/LIf0f ;kmn ePkl5, ca pko'Qm kfgLsf >f]tx?af6 6}+sLdf kfgL
;+sng u/L l;+rfOdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu 6}+sLsf] u]6 eNe;Fu yf]kf jf dfO{qmf] l:k|Gsn/sf
kfO{kx?nfO{ hf]8\g'k5{ . yf]kf l;+rfO / dfO{qmf] l:k|Gsn/sf nflu 6}+sL ePsf] 7fFpsf] pFrfO{ l;+RffO ug]{
hldg eGbf s|dzM ! ld6/ / * ld6/ cUnf] x'g'k5{ . o; ;DjGwL yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu yf]kf l;+rfO /
dfO{qmf] l:k|+sn/ ;DjGwL lgb]{lzsf cWoog ug'{ xf]nf .
lgoldt ;+ef/sf sfdx?M
s= 6}sLsf] leqL efu ;km ug]{ .
nfdf] ;do;Dd 6}+sL ;kmf gu/]df o;leq kmf]xf]/x? hDdf x'G5 . To;}n] jiff{ofd ;lsg] j]nflt/ jif{sf] !
k6s 6}+sLsf] leqL efunfO{ /fd|f] ;Fu ;kmf ug'{k5{ . of] sfd ubf{ lgDg ul/sf ckgfpg' k5{ .
 u]6 eNe vf]n]/ 6}+sLsf] kfgL k'/} vfnL ug]{ .
 6}+sL leq k;]/ lkmN6/ lgsfnL ;kmf kfgLn] lkmN6/ w'g] .
 ;fj'g kfgLn] 6}+sLsf] leQf ;kmf ug]{ .
 Jff; jfp6 kfO{ksf ljsf]{ lgsfnL e'O{nfO{ x'+8Ng] . ;j} kmf]x/x? glg:s] ;Dd o;/Lg} ;kmf ub}{hfg].
 ;kmf ul/;s]kl5 lkmN6/nfO{ km]l/ cfˆg} 7fFpdf /fVg] .
v= lkmN6/x? ;kmf ug]{ .
lrqdf b]vfP em}, 6\of+sLsf] d'vdf /flvPsf] v;|f] lkmN6/ / cfp6n]6df hf]l8Psf] dl;gf] lkmN6/x?nfO{
;do ;dodf lgsfnL ;kmf ug'{ k5{ . ;fwf/0ftof v;|f] lkmN6/x?nfO{ dlxgfdf Ps b'O{ k6s / dl;gf]
lkmN6/nfO{ jif{sf] Ps b'O{ k6s ;kmf ug'{ k5{ . ;kmf ul/;s]kl5 lkmN6/x¿nfO{ km]l/ cfˆg} 7fFpdf /fVg'
k5{ .
u= /+u nufpg] cGo sfdx? .
jiff{ ;lsPkl5 ;fnsf] Ps k6s 6}+sLsf] aflx/L efunfO{ ;]tf] /+un] kf]t]df 6}+sL a9L l6sfp x'g] tyf
cfsfif{s klg b]lvg] x'gfn] of] sfd ug]{ l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] 5 . o;} ;dodf 6}+sLsf] jl/kl/ 3fF;kft x6fO{
;/;kmfO{ ug]{ sfd klg ug'{xf]nf .
s= 6}+sLsf] dd{t ug]{ .
ljleGg sf/0fx?n] ubf{ 6}+sLdf kfgL r'lxg] x'g ;S5 . o:tf] ePdf 6}+sL dd{t ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5 .
vf;ul/ lgDg @ k|sf/s r'lxg] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 .
s= 6}+sLsf] kfgL lj:tf/} 36g] t/ r'lxg] 7fFp gb]lvg]
v= r'lxg] 7fFp b]lvg] -k|i6 lr/f b]lvg]_
s= 6}+sLsf] kfgL lj:tf/} 36g] t/ r'lxg] 7fFp gb]lvg]
gd'gf s / v sf] xsdf o:tf] cj:yfdf /;fPsf] 7fFpsf] jl/kl/ tf/sf] j|';n] v;|]f kf/L Ps ltg efusf]
d;nfn] Knfi6/ ug]{ . Knfi6/ ;]6 ePkl5 To;dfly l;d]G6sf] 3f]nf kf]Tg] . of] sfd 6}+sLsf] leqaf6
ug'{k5{ .
33
gd'gf u sf] xsdf o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'?df z+ªsf ePsf] 7fFpdf 3f]nf kf]Tg] . o;f] ubf{ klg kfgL 36]df k'/}
leqL efudf 3f]nf kf]Tg] . 3f]nf jgfpFbf jf6/ k|'km kbfy{ -kfp8/, emf]n_ klg l;kmfl/z u/]sf] dfqfdf
ld;fPdf glthf cem j]; x'G5 .
v= k|i6 lr/fjf6 kfgL r'lxg] . -gd'gf s / v _
olb kfgL r'lxPsf] 7fFpdf k|i6 u/]/ lr/f g} b]lvPsf] 5 eg] lgDg
tl/sfn] dd{t ug'{k5{ .
 lr/f eGbf @ OGr hlt k/ jf6 lr/f leq kg]{ u/L lrGx
nufpg] .
 lrGx nufPsf] k'/} leqL efunfO{ dl;gf] l5gf]n] km'6fnL Kjfn
kfg]{ .
 lrqdf b]vfPem}+, Kjfnd s'v'/] hfnL /fvL Ps tLg efusf]
d;nfn] Knfi6/ ug]{ . Knfi6/ ;]6 ePkl5 To;dfly
l;d]G6sf] 3f]nf kf]Tg] .
 ;kmf ul/;s]kl5 lkmN6/nfO{ km]l/ cfˆg} 7fFpdf /fVg] .
gd'gf u
olb kfgL r'lxPsf] 7fFpdf k|i6 u/]/ lr/f g} b]lvPsf] 5 eg]
lgDg tl/sfn] dd{t ug'{k5{ .
 lr/f eGbf @ O{~r hlt k/ jf6 rL/f leq kg]{ u/L
lrGx nufpg] .
 lrGx nufPsf] k'/} leqL efunfO{ dl;gf] l5gf]n]
km'6fnL Kjfn kfg]{ .
 lrqdf b]vfPem}, Kjfndf s'v'/] hfnL /fvL Ps
tLg efusf] d;nfn] Knfi6/ ug]{ .
 Knfi6/ ;]6 eP kl5 To;dfly l;d]G6sf] 3f]nf
kf]Tg] .
34
v= ;/;kmfO{
6}+sLsf] jl/kl/ ;w} ;/;kmfO{ ug'{ xf]nf . vf;u/L jiff{ ;'? x'g' cl3 / jiff{ ;lsPkl5 6}+sLsf] jl/kl/
3fF;kft x6fO{ vf/]sf] 7fFpdf ldnfpg'xf]nf . 6}+sL glur} k'l/g], efl;g] tyf en nfUg] z+ªsf:kb 7fFp
nfu]df ;dod} oyf]lrt sfdx? ul/ vt/fjf6 aRg'xf]nf .
35
Yf]fkf l;rfO k|of]u u/]df b}lgs !)) — @)) ln6/ kfgLn] $ cfgf hUufdf t/sf/L v]tL ug{
;lsG5 . t;y{ yf]kf l;rfO, sd nfut sf kfgL esf/L tyf kf]v/Lx? Pjd ljleGg >f]t af6
;fd'lxs tyf JolQmut ?kdf kfgL ;+sng tyf k|of]u g} kfgLsf] cToGt cefj ePsf If]qsf]
nfuL pko"Qm ljsNk xf] .
nfut O{i6d]6 lgsfNg kmf/dsf] gd"gf
l;=g+=
s=
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
!)
!!
v=
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@
#
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3=
ljj/0f
ahf/df lsGg'kg]{ ;fdfg
l;d]G6 -%) lsnf]sf] af]/f_
;]tf] l;d]G6 /+u ;lxt
& Pd Pd sf] a'6[] 808L
Uoflaog hL cfO{ tf/ !@
u]hsf]
808L afFWg] tf/
s'v'/] hfnL
kfO{k lkml6ª / lkmN6/
Knfli6ssf] 6's|f
@* u]hsf] h:tf kftf
Åf]N8kmf:6
o" sLnf
:yflgo ;fdfg
dl;gf] afn'jf
lu6{L
9'+uf
# ld6/ nfdf] sf7 jf afF;
@ ld6/ nfdf] bfDnf] jf 8f]/L
@ ld6/ nfdf] e¥ofË
kfgL k|ltlbg
ld:qL tyf kmdf{
ld:qL Hofnf
kmdf{sf] ef8f -h'6sf] af]/f
;lxt_
HofdL . ;xof]uL
PsfO
kl/df0f
b/ -?_
/sd -?_
af]/f
s] hL
s] hL
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ju{ ld
;]6
ju{ ld
j08n
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s] hL
af]/f
af]/f
8f]sf]
yfg
yfg
yfg
ln6/
lbg
cGbfhL
lbg
gub vr{ M -s_± -u_ Ö ¿= =================== gub gnfUg] vr{ M -v_± -3_ ± ¿= ===================
hDdf vr{ Ö ¿= ===================
36