BACKGROUND
VOCABULARY
bill of attainder a law that
condemns a person without a
trial in court
ex post facto law a law that
would make an act a criminal
offense after it was committed
17. District of Columbia To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases
whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by
cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat
of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over
all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which
the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards,
and other needful buildings; and
tender money
PENN.
N. J.
Washington Monument
The White House
M D.
DE L .
VA.
Residents of the District of
Columbia elect a mayor
and city council. However,
Congress retains ultimate
authority in the district and
has veto power over the
budget and legislative matters.
Washington, D.C.
Supreme Court
The Capitol Building
Habeas Corpus
A writ of habeas corpus is a
legal order. It protects people
from being held in prison or
jail without formal charges of a
crime. In 1992, the Supreme Court
recognized that habeas corpus
“is the [basic] instrument for
safeguarding individual freedom.”
7. How does habeas corpus
help ensure fairness and
justice?
Direct Tax
In 1913, the 16th Amendment
allowed Congress to collect an
income tax—a direct tax on the
amount of money a person earns.
Americans today pay much more
in taxes than their ancestors
would have imagined.
8. Why do you think the
issue of taxes is so
important to people?
18. Elastic Clause To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper
for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers
vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in
any department or officer thereof.
SECTION 9.
Powers Denied Congress
1. Slave Trade The migration or importation of such persons as any of the
states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight,
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten
dollars for each person.
2. Habeas Corpus The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety
may require it.
3. Illegal Punishment No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed.
4. Direct Taxes No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in
proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
5. Export Taxes No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from
any state.
6. No Favorites No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall
vessels bound to, or from, one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties
in another.
246 THE LIVING CONSTITUTION