BASIC VOCABULARY
amurru: west
ana (prep.): to, for, because of, in order to
anahu (a/a): become tired, collapse
anaku: tin (and/or lead)
anaku: I
anduraru: freedom
annû: this (here or the aforementioned)
anumma (adv.): now, now then, herewith
apalu (a/u): answer, pay, repay
aplu: heir
appu: nose
appuna (adv.): moreover, besides, in addition,
furthermore
apputtu: please, it is urgent
apsû: underground lake (the freshwater sea that
existed under the world)
araku (i/i): become long
araru (a/u): curse
arhiš (adv.): quickly, soon
arhu: cow
arnu: crime, sin, guilt, punishment
asû: physician
ašar (prep./conj): where
ašaridu (ašaredu): first (class), foremost,
prince
ašru: place
aššatu: wife
aššum (conj.): because
aššum (prep.): because of, on account of, on
behalf of, regarding, concerning
atta: you (m. sing.)
atti: you (f. sing.)
attina: you (f. pl.)
attunu: you (m. pl.)
awatu (amatu): word, matter, affair, decision,
news
awilu (amelu): man, citizen
awû (u/u): speak (mostly in Gt)
A
abaku (a/u): (A) send, lead, (B) uproot
abalu (a/a): dry up, dry out (intrans.)
abatu (a/u): (A) destroy, (B) flee (mostly in N
stem)
abbuttu: slave lock (a hair-style characteristic
of slaves)
abnu (m./f.): stone
abu (pl. abbu): father
abubu: deluge, flood
abullu: city-gate
adannu: (specified) moment, period (of time)
adaru (a/u): (A) become worried, become disturbed, (B) fear, reverence
adi (prep./conj.): until, up to, as long as, together with
adû (pl.): formal agreement, treaty
agagu (a/u): become angry
agaru (a/u): hire, rent
agû: crown, tiara
agurru: baked brick, paving slab
ahameš (adv.): each other, one another, together, alike
ahatu: sister
ahazu (a/u): take, seize, marry, learn
ahu (pl. ahhu): brother
ahu (pl. ahu or ahatu): side of body, arm, bank,
shore
ahû (adj.): strange (person), foreigner, additional, other
aj (e or i): not (vetitive particle)
ajjabu: enemy
ajjû: who, which, what (interrogative)
akalu: bread, food
akalu (a/u): eat, consume, take for oneself, be
entitled to the use of
alaku (a/i): go, walk, move about, (with ventive) come, arrive
ali: where (interrogative)
allu: hoe
alpu: bull, ox
alu: city
amaru (a/u): see, look at, examine, experience
ammini (< ana minim): why (interrogative)
amtu: slave woman, slave girl
B
ba’aru (a-class): catch (fish/animals), hunt
ba’ašu (a-class): come to shame
babu: gate
bakû (i/i): weep, cry
balalu (a/u): mix
-1-
bala#u-enû
bala#u (u/u): become well, be alive, live
balu (prep.): without
baniu: builder, maker
banû (i/i): (A) build, create, engender, (B)
become pleasant, become beautiful, grow
baqamu (a/u): pluck (hair or wool)
baqaru (a/u): claim (legally)
baraqu (i/i): flash (of lightning), strike with
lightning
barbaru: wolf
barû (i/i): look at, inspect, observe
bašalu (a/a): boil, roast, ripen
bašamu (i/i): form, design, build
bašû (i/i): be, exist, be present, be available
bataqu (a/u): cut off, cut through, divide
bâ’u (a-class): go along, go through, go over
ba#alu (i/i): cease
beltu: lady, mistress
belu: lord, master, owner
bêlu (e-class): rule
berû (e/e): become hungry, go hungry, starve
beru: mile, double-hour
biltu: burden, tribute, rent, yield, talent
(weight)
biri (or birit) (prep.): between, among
birku: leg, knee, lap, sexual parts
birtu: citadel, castle, fort
biru: divination
bišu: possession
bitu: house, household, estate, temple, building
bubutu: hunger, famine, sustenance
budu: shoulder
bukru: son, child
bullu#u (D stem): heal, give life to
bulu (collective): (herd of) cattle, sheep, horses
bunu: face, features, appearance
buqlu: malt
burtu: well, cistern
buru: calf
bušu (bušû): valuables, goods, property
bu’û (D and derived stems only): seek, search
for, examine, wish
dalalu (a/u): proclaim, glorify, praise
daltu: door
damamu (u/u): mourn
damaqu (i/i): prosper, flourish, have good fortune, be pleasing
damu: blood
dananu (i/i): become strong, become powerful
dannatu: famine, distress, fortress
danniš (adv.): very, greatly, much
dannu (adj.): strong, powerful, difficult, serious, severe
darû (adj.): everlasting, perpetual, enduring
dekû (i/i): remove, mobilize, arouse, muster,
summon
diašu (i-class): thresh
dianu (i-class): judge, start a lawsuit
dimtu: tower, fortification
dimtu: tear, weeping
dinu: verdict, judgment, lawsuit, law, case
diparu: torch
dišpu: honey
dullu: misery, forced labor, work, ritual
duru: (A) city-wall, (B) continuity, permanent
status
E
ebebu (i/i): become (ritually) clean, become
pure
eberu (i/i): cross (over)
eburu: harvest, crop, summer
edelu (i/i): lock
edešu (i/i): become new
egû (i/i): be careless, be negligent
ekallu (f.; pl. ekallatu): palace
ekdu (adj.): fierce
ekelu (i/i): become dark
ekemu (i/i): take away (by force)
ekurru (f.; pl. ekurratu): temple
elelu (i/i): become pure, become free
eli (prep.): above, over, on, against, beyond
elippu (f.; pl. elippetu): boat, ship
elû (adj.): high
elû (i/i): go up, become high
emedu (i/i): lean against, impose (taxes, punishments, etc.)
emqu (adj.): wise, skilled
emu: father-in-law, son-in-law
emuqu: strength
enequ (i/i): suck
enešu (i/i): become weak
enšu: weak
enû (i/i): change (trans.)
D
dababu (u/u): speak, tell
dabdû (damdû, dawdû): defeat, massacre
dadmu (pl.): inhabited world (settlements and
inhabitants)
dagalu (a/u): look (at)
dajjanu: judge
dâku (u-class): kill, defeat, mistreat
dalahu (a/u): stir up, disturb, confuse
-2-
enu-himetu
enu: ruler, lord, high priest
enzu: she-goat, goat
eperu (epru): dirt, dust
epešu (e/u;u/u): make, do, act, perform
epinnu: (seeder) plow
epištu: work, act, deed, construction, ritual,
magic
eqlu: field, area
erbû (arba’um): four
erebu (u/u): enter, go in
erenu: cedar
erešu: smell, scent, fragrance
erešu (i/i): ask, request, desire
erešu (i/i;u/u;a/u): cultivate, plow, seed
eriqqu (f.): wagon, cart
erištu: wish, request, (object of) desire
erpetu: cloud
errešu: farmer, cultivator
erretum: curse, malediction
er$etu: earth
eršu (f.): bed
erû: copper
eseru (i/i): (A) press for payment, collect, (B)
enclose, confine
e$edu (i/i): harvest
e$emtu: bone
e$enu (i/i): smell (trans.)
e$eru (i/i): draw, make a design
ešeru (i/i): go straight, prosper
ešrû (adj.): tenth
ešrû (ešer): ten
eššu: new
ešû (i/i): confuse, trouble, become confused,
become troubled
etellu: prince, lord
etequ (i/i): pass by, pass through, go beyond,
cross over
e#eru (i/i): (A) take away, save, (B) pay
e#lu: (young) man
e#û (i/i): become dark, become dim
ewû (i/i): become, turn into, change (intrans.)
ezebu (i/i): leave behind, abandon, divorce
ezezu (i/i): become angry, become fierce
ezzu (adj.): angry, fierce
gamaru (a/u): bring to an end, come to an end,
finish, end
gamru (adj.): whole, complete
gašaru (i/i): become powerful
gazazu (a/u): shear (sheep and goats)
gerû (i/i): become hostile, start a lawsuit
gigunû: terrace-temple
gimillu: act of kindness, favor, mercy
gimru: totality, all, universe
girru (m.): fire
girru (m./f.): road, journey, caravan, military
campaign
gišimmaru (m./f.): date palm
gišnugallu: alabaster
gitmalu (adj.): equal, noble, perfect
gugallu: water regulator, canal inspector
gullubu (D stem): shave, shave off
gušuru: log, beam
H
habalu (a/u): (A) oppress, wrong, ravage, (B)
borrow
habatu (a/u): rob, take away (by force)
hadû (u/u;i/i): rejoice, become glad
halapu (u/u): cover, clothe
halaqu (i/i): vanish, become lost, escape, flee,
run away
hal$u: fortress, fortification, district
hama#u (a/u): burn, be inflamed
hama#u (u/u): hasten, be quick
hamšu (adj.): fifth
hamšu (hamiš): five
harpu (adj.): early
harranu: road, trip, caravan, military expedition
hasasu (a/u): think of, be mindful of, heed,
become intelligent
hasisu: ear, hearing, intelligence, understanding
ha$$inu: axe
hašahu (i/i;a/u): need, require, desire, like
hašû: lungs
hattu (f.): panic, fear
ha##u: scepter, staff, stick
ha#û (i/i): make a mistake, neglect, sin
hazannu: mayor
hegallu: abundance
hepû (i/i): break
herû (i/i): dig
hia#u (i-class): watch over, examine, search,
pay
himetu: ghee
G
gabbu: entirety, all, every
galatu (u/u): twitch, become nervous, become
frightened
gallabu: barber
gamalu (i/i): spare, save, perform a kind act
-3-
hitu-kašadu
hitu: fault, harm, negligence, sin
hubullu: debt, obligation, interest (on a debt)
hulqu: lost (object)
hura$u: gold
huršanu (pl.): mountain (region)
hušahhu: famine, scarcity, need
išû (u or i; irreg.): have
itinnu: (house) builder
itti (prep.): (together) with, from
ittu: mark, sign, omen
ittû (i##û): (crude) bitumen
itû: border, adjacent to, neighbor
I
J
ibru: friend, peer
idu (m./f.): arm, side
idu (pl.): hire, wages, rent
idû (i/i irreg.): know
igaru: wall
ikkaru: plowman, farmer, cultivator
ikkibu: crime, abomination
ikletu: darkness
ilku: feudal service (required goods or services
provided in exchange for the use of land)
illatu (f.): clan, confederates, army, caravan
iltu: goddess
ilu : god
imbaru: fog, mist
imeru: ass, homer (measure of capacity)
imittu: right (side or hand; m. = imnu)
immeru: sheep
ina (prep.): in, into, from, out of, with, by
means of
inanna (adv.): now
inbu: fruit, fruit tree
inu (f.): eye
inu (conj.): when, at the time that
inuma (conj.): when, after, while, as soon as
ipru: (barley) ration, food allowance
irbu: gifts (to god or king), income (of temple,
etc.)
irtu: chest, breast
isinnu: festival
isqu: lot, share, fortune
i$$uru: bird
i$u: wood, tree
išaru (adj.): straight, just, prosperous, favorable
išatu: fire
išdu (usually du.): foundation, base, bottom
iškaru (m./f.): (assigned) work, work assignment, finished product
išparu (ušparu): weaver
iššiakku: (city) ruler, (a type of) farmer
ištanu (iltanu): north
išten: one
ištenu (adj.): first
ištu (prep./conj.): from, out of, after, since
janu: (there) is not, (there) are not
jâši: to me, for me (dat.)
jâti: me (acc.)
K
kabaru (i/i): become thick
kabasu (a/u): step, tread (on)
kabattu: liver, heart, mind, humor
kabatu (i/i): become heavy
kabtu: heavy, important, difficult
kadru: wild, fierce, raging
kajjaniš (adv.): constantly
kajjanu (adj.): lasting, enduring, perpetual
kakkabu: star
kakku: weapon, mace
kalâmu: every kind, all
kalbu: dog
kalû: totality, all, whole, entirety
kalû (a/a): hold back, retain, stop
kamaru (a/u;i/i): pile up, amass
kamasu (i/i): (A) gather together, (B) bow
down, kneel
kamû (i/i): bind
kanaku (a/u): seal
kanašu (u/u): humble oneself, submit, bow
down
kânu (u-class): become firm, become true
kapadu (u/u): plan, scheme, arrange
kaparu (a/u): wipe off
kappu: wing
karabu (a/u): bless, pray, dedicate, greet
karanu: wine
karmu: ruin, wasteland
karpatu: vessel, pot
karû (i/i;u/u): become short
karu: quay, trading-post, warehouse, commercial center
kaspu: silver, money
kasû (u/u;i/i): bind
kasu: cup, goblet
ka$aru (a/u): knot, fasten, join (together)
ka$û (i/i): become cold
kašadu (a/u): reach, arrive, conquer
-4-
katamu-matu
katamu (a/u): clothe, cover
ki (prep./conj.): like, as, so
kiam (adv.): thus, so, as follows
kibratu (pl.): quarters, world-regions
kibru: bank, shore, edge
kidanu (adv.): outside, out
kidinnu: (type of) privilege, protection
kilalla(n) (du. tantum): both
kima (prep./conj.): like, as, when, as soon as,
that
kimtu: family
kimu: in place of, as
kiniš: truly
kinu (adj.): faithful, true, firm, permanent
kirû: orchard, garden
kišadu: bank (of a river), neck, throat
kišpu: sorcery, magic
kiššatu: totality, world, universe
kittu: truth, permanence, faithfulness, justice
kudurru: boundary, boundary-stone
kullu (D stem only): hold (firmly), hold back
kullumu (D stem only): show
kunašu: emmer (wheat)
kunukku: seal, sealed document
kupru: bitumen
kurru: kor (dry measure)
kurummatu: (daily) food (allowance), nourishment, per diem
kussû: chair, throne
ku$u: cold, winter
le’u: tablet
libbatu: rage, fury
libbu: heart, mind, inside, middle, midst
libittu: (mud) brick
limmu (limu): (year) eponym
limu: thousand
lišanu: tongue, language
lu: be it, indeed, even if (precative, optative, or
asseverative particle)
lu … lu: either … or
M
-ma (enclitic particle with verbs): and
ma: (particle introducing direct speech)
ma’adu (i-class): become many, become
numerous
madadu (a/u): measure (grain)
madattu: tribute
ma’du (adj.): many, numerous
magaru (a/u): be in agreement, reach an agreement, agree, please, grant
maharu (a/u): receive, face, oppose, confront
maha$u (a/a): beat, strike
mahazu: cult-city, cult-place
mahiru: price, value, exchange rate
mahru: front, front side
mahrû (adj.): first, former, earliest, next
mala (prep./conj.): as much as
malahu (malahhu): sailor, boatman
malaku (i/i): plan, take counsel
malku: prince, counsellor
malû (a/a): become full
mamman: anyone (in neg., no one)
mannu: who (interrogative)
manû: mina (unit of weight)
manû (u/u): count
maqatu: fall, happen, arrive
mara$u (u/u): become ill, become sick, become difficult
marru: spade, shovel
mar$u (f. maruštum) (adj.): sick, difficult,
painful
martu: liver, gall bladder
martu: daughter
maru: son, child, descendant, member (of a
group)
mašahu (a/u): measure
mašku: skin, hide, leather
mašmaššu: exorcist
mašû (i/i): forget
mati(ma): at any time, whenever
matu (pl. matatu): country, land
L
la: not
labanu (i/i): (A) throw down, (B) make bricks
labaru (i/i): become old
labašu (a/a;i/i): clothe (oneself), wear
(clothes), put on (clothes)
labbu (labu): lion
labiru (adj.): old
lama (prep./conj.): before (time)
lamadu (a/a): learn, know, find out
lamassu: protective spirit, genie
lapan (prep./conj.): before
lapanu (i/i): become poor
lapatu (a/u): touch, grasp, afflict
lasamu (u.u): run, gallop
lawû (i/i): surround, encircle, besiege
lemenu (i/i): become bad, become evil
lemnu (adj.): bad, evil
leqû (i/i): take, receive, accept
letu: cheek
le’û (i/i): be able, win, overcome
-5-
mâtu-pagru
mâtu (u-class): die
ma#û (i/i): become small
melammu: brightness, splendor
mereštu: cultivation, field
mesû (i/i): wash
-mi (enclitic particle marking direct speech)
migru: favorite
milku: advice, plan, counsel, consideration,
mood, intent
milu: flood, high water
mimma: anything (with neg. ’nothing’), whatever
mimma šumšu: anything whatsoever, everything (lit. ‘whatever its name’)
mimmû: property, goods
minu: what (interrogative)
minûtu (pl. minâtu): mass, form
miqittu: fall
mi$ru: boundary, border area, district
mišlu: half
mišaru: justice
mithariš (adv.): equally
mitu (adj.): dead
mû (pl. tantum): water
mudû: savant, one who knows, knower
muhhu: top (of the head), top part
muštalu: prudent
mušu: night
mutu: husband
mutu: death
napalsuhu: prostate oneself
naparkû: cease, fail, stop (work)
napahu (a/u): kindle, start a fire
napašu (u/u): become broad, spread (intrans.)
napharu: total
napištu: breath, life
naplusu (N stem only): look at, look on (favorably)
nappahu: smith
naqaru (a/u): destroy, demolish
naqbu: spring, source
naqidu: herdsman, shepherd
naqû (i/i): pour out, make a libation, offer
naramu: beloved
narkabtu: chariot
narû: stele
naru: river, stream, canal
nâru (a- or e-class): kill
nasahu (a/u): tear out, uproot, transfer, deduct
nasaku (u/u): lay down, throw down
nasaqu (a/u): select, choose
na$aru (a/u): guard, preserve, keep, watch (over)
našaku (a/u): bite
našaqu (i/i): kiss
našû (i/i): lift, bear, carry, raise
nâšu (u-class): shake, quake
na#alu (a/u): look at, glance at, see
nawaru (namaru): shine, be bright
nawû: steppe, uncultivated land, nomadic encampment
nemelu: profit
nemequ: wisdom
nertu: murder
nesû (adj.): distant, remote
nešu: lion
nidittu: gift
nikkassu: account, settlement
niknakku: censer, incense-bowl
niqû: sacrifice, libation, offering
niru: yoke, rule,
nišu (f.; pl. tantum): people
nišu: life
nišu: lifting, raising
nuhatimmu: baker
nuhšu: abundance
numatu: household goods
nunu: fish
nuru: light
N
na’adu (i-class): pay attention to, be careful, be
pious
nabalkutu: cross over, transgress, revolt
nabalu (a/u): destroy
nabû (i/i): call, name
nadanu (i/i): give
nâdu (a-class): praise
nadû (i/i): throw, throw down, drop
naggaru: carpenter
nagiru: herald
nagû: province, region
nakadu (u/u): beat (of the heart), become disturbed
nakaru (i/i): become different, become hostile,
deny
nakasu (i/i): cut (through), cut off, cut down
nakru (pl. nakrutu): enemy, hostile, outsider
namašu (u/u): move, move on, start out
namkuru: property, possession
namru (adj.): bright, shining
P
padû (i/i): save
pagru: body, corpse
-6-
paharu-re’û
paharu (u/u): gather, assemble (intrans.)
palahu (a/a): fear, be afraid of, respect, revere
palû: turn in office, reign
panu: front, front side
panu: face
paqadu (i/i): entrust, turn over (to), take care
of, administer
parakku: dais, sanctuary
paraku (i/i): bar, forbid access
parasu (a/u): cut, separate, divide, decide
par$u: rite, ritual
parzillu: iron
paššuru: table
paša#u (i/i): erase, efface
pašašu (a/u): anoint, rub with oil
pašahu (a/a;i/i): calm down, subside
pašaru (a/u): sell, redeem (property), release
(from oath, curse, etc.)
pa#aru (a/u): loosen, untie, solve, redeem
(hostages), release (troops)
pa#ru: knife, sword, dagger
pa#u: region, boundary
pehû (i/i): caulk, close
pe$û (i/i): become white, become clean
petû (e/e): open (trans.)
pihatu: province, obligation
pilu: limestone
piqittu: task
pir’u: seed, offspring
pu: mouth, entrance, (mostly in pl.) speech,
words
pû: straw, chaff
puhallu: (mature male) animal
puhadu: lamb
puhru: assembly
puhu: substitute
pulhu (puluhtu): fear, awe, reverence, respect
puridu: leg
purussû: decision, oracle
pušqu: difficulty, distress, need
putu: forehead, front
qarnu: horn
qarradu: warrior, hero
qaštu: bow
qatnu (adj.): narrow, thin
qatû (i/i): come to an end
qatu: hand
qeberu (i/i): bury, dig
qerbu: midst, interior
qerebu (i/i;u/u): become near, approach
qemu: flour
qiašu (i-class): give, present
qibitu: command, order
qinnu: nest, family
qipu: official, agent
qištu: gift, present
qitu: end
qû: thread
quradu: warrior, hero
qutrinnu: incense
qu’û (D stem only): wait for, await (can be
intrans.)
R
ra’amu (a-class): love
raba$u (i/i): lie down, lie in wait (for)
rabû (adj.): big, large, great
rabû (i/i): become big, become large, become
great, grow up
ragamu (u/u): cry (out), shout, claim, make a
legal complaint
raha$u (i/i): flood, destroy
rakabu (i/i): mount, ride (on)
rakasu (a/u): bind, tie up
ramaku (u/u): bathe, wash oneself
ramanu: self
ramû (i/i): throw
rapašu (i/i): become broad, become wide
rapadu (u/u): roam, wander
rapšu (adj.): broad, wide, widespread, numerous
rašû (i/i): acquire, have, get
rebû (adj.): fourth
redû (e/e): lead, bring
redû (i/i): follow, drive, pursue, lead (animals,
captives, etc.)
rêmu (e-class): pity, have mercy
rêqu (e-class): become distant
re$u: helper, ally
reštu (adj.): first, elder, first-class
rešu: head, chief, beginning, top, capital
re’û (i/i): pasture, feed (animals)
re’û: shepherd
Q
qablu: middle, midst, battle, fight
qabû (i/i): speak, say, command, order
qalû (u/u;i/i): burn (trans.)
qâlu (u-class): be silent, be attentive
qamû (i/i): burn (trans.)
qanû: reed
qaqqadu: head, capital, self
qaqqaru: (open) ground, earth, (empty) space
qardu (adj.): warlike
-7-
re’ûtu-šaha#u
re’ûtu: shepherdship
riabu (i-class): restore, replace
riaqu (i-class): become empty
riašu (i-class): rejoice
ribitu: square, market place
rigmu: noise, uproar, shout, fuss
rihtu: rest, remainder
rikistu: (contractual) agreement
riksu: joint, contract
rimu: wild ox, wild bull
riqqu: aromatic plant, aromatic essence, perfume
rittu: hand, wrist, palm (of the hand)
rubû (ruba’u): prince, noble
rugummû: (legal) claim
suppû (D stem only): pray, implore
suqu: street
sutu: seah (measure of capacity)
\
$abatu (a/a): seize, hold, capture
$abu (collective): troops, workers
$alalu (a/a): lie asleep, fall asleep, remain inactive
$alamu (i/i): become black, become dark
$almu (adj.): black, dark
$almu: statue, relief, figurine
$altu: fight, quarrel
$amadu (i/i): make ready, yoke, harness
$amû (u/u): become thirsty
$arapu (a/u): (A) refine (metals), fire (bricks),
burn, (B) dye red
$arpiš (adv.): bitterly, loudly
$eheru (i/i): become small, be young
$ehru: small, young
$elu: rib, side
$enu (adj.): wicked
$enu (collective): sheep and goats, small cattle
$eru: (A) back, top (of the back), (B) steppe,
plain, (C) snake
$iahu (i-class): laugh, smile
$ibittu: prison, imprisonment
$ibtu (f.): interest (on a loan)
$ibtu (m.): (A) seizure, attack, imprisonment,
(B) (agricultural) holding
$ibûtu: need, want, request
$illu: shade, shadow, protection
$iru (adj.): first-rank, outstanding, excellent,
exalted
$itu: rising (of the sun), emergence, expenditure
$ubatu: garment
$ullulu (D stem only): roof (a building), provide shade
S
sadaru (a/a;i/i): put in order, arrange
sahapu (a/u): throw down
saharu (a/u): turn (intrans.), return, seek
sahlû: mustard
sakapu (i/i): overthrow
salahu (a/u): sprinkle
salamu (i/i): become reconciled, be at peace
with
salatu: kin, kindred
samanû (samane): eight
samnu (adj.): eighth
samu (adj.): red
sanaqu (i/i): approach, test, set off (to)
sapahu (a/u): disperse, ruin, destroy
sapanu (a/u): level, cut down
saphu (adj.): scattered
sarratu (f. pl.): lies, deceit, deception
sarru: (A) false, lying, fraudulent, (B) liar,
criminal
sattukku: regular offering, provisions
sebû (f. sebutu) (adj.): seventh
sebû (sebe) (f. sebettu): seven
sekeru (i/i): dam, block (a river or canal)
sihu: revolt
sikkatu: peg
sikkuru: bolt, bar
simmu: wound, injury
simtu: (something) appropriate, fitting, suitable
sinništu: woman
siparru: bronze
sisû: horse
sittu: remainder, rest
suluppu: date
sunqu: need, want
Š
ša (indecl.): who, which, of, belonging to (rel.
pron.)
ša’alu (a-class): ask, question
šadadu (a/u): pull, drag, stretch out, measure
(land)
šadalu (i/i): become wide
šadû: mountain, east
šagašu (šakašu) (i/i): kill, murder, mistreat
šaha#u (a/u): shake off, tear loose
šaha#u (i/i): leap (at or upon)
-8-
šahû-šutu
šahû: pig
šakanu (a/u): place, set, put, establish, found
šakkanakku: governor, governor-general
šaknu: governor, appointee
šalalu (a/u): carry off (as booty), carry away,
capture, plunder
šalamu (i/i): become whole, become sound,
become well
šallatu: booty
šalašu (šalaš): three
šalšu (adj.): third
šalû (i/i): sink (intrans.)
šaluštu: one third
šamšu: sun
šamaššammu: probably “flax” (usually translated “sesame”)
šammu: plant, grass, vegetation
šamnu: oil
šamû (pl. tantum): sky, heavens
šâmu (a-class): buy
šananu (a/u): rival, oppose
šanû (adj.): other, another, second
šanû (i/i): do again, do for a second time
šapaku (a/u): pour on, stack, pile up
šaparu (a/u): send, dispatch, write
šaplû (adj.): lower
šaptu: lip
šaqalu (a/u): weigh (out), measure, pay
šaqû (i/i): water, give to drink
šaqû (u/u): become high
šaraku (a/u): give, present, bestow
šarapu (a/u): burn, light
šaraqu (i/i): steal
šarratu: queen
šarraqu: thief
šarru: king
šarrutu: kingship
šartu: hair
šarû (adj.): rich, wealthy
šaru: wind, direction
šasû (i/i): cry (out), call (after)
šatammu: clerk, accountant
šattu (f.; pl. šanatu): year
šatû (i/i): drink
ša#aru (a/u): write, inscribe
šeberu (i/i): break, break up
šebû (i/i): become satisfied
šemû (e/e): hear, listen to, heed
šepu: foot
šertu: offense, punishment
šeru: morning
šeššu (f. šedištu): six
šeššu (f. šeduštu): sixth
še’u: grain, barley
še’û (i/i): seek
ši: she, it
šiamu (i-class): fix, determine (fate)
šiašim: to her, for her, to it, for it (f. sing. dat.)
šiati: her, it (f. sing. acc.)
šibbu: belt
šibu: gray, old, elder, witness
šibutum: testimony
šiddu: side, measurement
šikaru: beer
šimtu: fate, destiny
šimu: price, purchase
šina: they (f. pl.)
šina (du. tantum): two
šinašim: to them, for them (f. pl. dat.)
šinati: them (f. pl. acc.)
šinnu: tooth
šipatu (pl.): wool
šipru: work, activity, message, messenger
šiqlu: shekel
šir’anu: muscle, sinew
širiktu: gift, present
širu: flesh, meat
šitta(n) (du. tantum): two thirds
šizbu: milk
šu: he, it
šuašim (šâšim): to him, for him, to it, for it (m.
sing. dat.; later also f.)
šuati (šâti): him, it (m. sing. acc.; later also f.)
šubtu: dwelling, abode
šukênu: bow down, prostrate oneself
šuklulu (Š stem): finish, perfect, complete
šulmanu: gift
šulmu: welfare, well-being, health
šuluhhu: ritual cleansing, hand washing, ritual
šumelu: left (side or hand)
šumma: if
šumru$u: (very) ill, (very) sick
šumu: name, offspring, progeny
šumu: onion, leek, aliaceous plant
šunu: they (m. pl.)
šunušim: to them, for them (m. pl. dat.)
šunuti: them (m. pl. acc.)
šupêlu: exchange
šupû (adj.): highly esteemed, high
šuquru: precious
šuršu: root
šuršudu (Š stem): establish (firmly), found
šurqu: stolen (object)
šuttu (f.; pl. šunatu): dream
šutu: south
-9-
tabaku-watru
u’iltu: contract, report
ul (ula): not
ullû: that (over there), (the) other
umma: thus, as follows (introduces direct quotations)
ummanu (f.; pl. ummanatu): army
ummânu: craftsman, master, expert
ummu (f.; pl. ummatu): mother
umu: day, time, weather, storm
unqu: ring
unutu: vessel, (household) utensil, equipment
uqnû: lapis lazuli
urhu: way, road
uri$u: he-goat, goat
urru: light, day
urû: (male) horse
uru: roof
usatu: help, aid
u$urtu: plan, drawing, design, outline
uššu (pl.): foundation
utnennu (irreg. verb): pray
utulu (irreg. verb): lie (down)
uznu: ear, feeling, understanding, intelligence
uzuzzu (izuzzu) (irreg. verb): stand, serve, be
available
T
tabaku (a/u): pour out
tabalu (a/a): take away, take for oneself
tahazu: battle
takalu (a/a): confide (in), trust, entrust, give
allegience to
tamahu (a/u): grasp, take
tamharu: battle
tamkaru: merchant
tamû (a/a): swear
tappû: companion, friend, (business) associate
tara$u (a/u): stretch out, extend, point (a finger)
tar$u: extent, duration, time (a point in time or
a period of time)
târu (u-class): turn, return (intrans)
tawirtu (tamirtu): meadow
tazzimtu: complaint
tebû (i/i): rise (up), revolt (intrans)
tem(m)ennu: foundation (of a building)
têrtu: command, order, omen (report)
tiamtu: sea
tibnu: straw
tillu: ruin, hill, tell
tišû (adj.): ninth
tišû (tiše): nine
tukultu: trust
tupšikku (or #upšikku): basket (for carrying
bricks)
tuqumtu (or tuqmatu): battle
W
wabalu (a/i): bring, carry
waklu: overseer
waladu (a/i): give birth, bear, beget, fashion
wapû: become visible, appear (mostly in Š
stems)
waqaru (i/i): become rare, become scarce, become costly
waradu (a/i): go down, descend
waraqu (i/i): become yellowish green, become
green
wardu: slave
warhu: month
warka (conj.): after
warki (prep.): after
warkû (adj.): later, future
warqu: green, yellowish green
warû (u/u): lead, guide
wâru (a-class): go (off), (mostly in D stems)
send, command, instruct
wa$û (i/i): go out
wašabu (a/i): sit, dwell, be (located)
waš#u (adj.): difficult, unpleasant
watar (adv): further, excessively
wataru (i/i): be excessive
watru (adj.): extra, surpassing, superfluous
%
#abahu (a/u): slaughter
#abtu: salt
#abu (adj.): good, sweet, pleasing
#aradu (a/u): send (animate objects), drive away
#a’tu: gift, bribe
#ebû (i/i): sink (intrans.)
#ehû (e/e): approach, draw near, come near
#emu: understanding, news, report, instruction
#iabu (i-class): become good, become sweet,
become pleasant
#iddu: clay
#upšarru (or tupšarru): scribe
#uppu (or tuppu): tablet
U
u: and, or
ubanu: finger
udû: (household) vessel
ugaru: field, meadow
-10-
wi$u-zunnu
wi$u (adj.): (too) small, little, few
wuššuru (D stem only): release, let go, leave
behind
zaqapu (a/u): erect, point upward, plant, set up
zâzu (u-class): divide, share
zeru: seed
zêru (e-class): hate
ziaqu (i-class): blow (of wind), storm (intrans.)
zibbatu: tail
zikaru (zikru): man, male
zikru: name, command, utterance, oath
ziqnu: beard
zittu: part, share
zumru: body
zunnu: rain
Z
zabalu (i/i): carry, bear
za’iru: hostile (used as noun: enemy)
zakaru (a/u): declare, name, invoke, mention
zakû (u/u): become clean, become free, become clear
zamaru (u/u): sing
zananu (a/u): support, provide food for
zananu (u/u): rain
-11-