Group 1A
MPAs and reconciling objectives
How we interpreted MPA
• Spatially delineated area(s) within which
measures were in place intended to offer
higher protection to at least some
specified ecosystem components /
processes, AND
• Outside the delineated area(s) these
measures are not in place
Inventory of typical objectives for
• Fisheries Management (mandate – Ecol, social.
economic)
• Biodiversity Conservation (mandate Ecol, social.
economic )
• Healthy ecosystems (Ecoloical)
General Social / Human well-being
Science and Education
Not exhaustive and redundancies accepted, but
good coverage of likely types of objectives
Initial brainstorm of objectives
Fisheries management
Maximise food security
Maintain biomass above X target level
Manage by-catch and reduce discard
Sustainable use
Optimise fishing gear to reduce effect
on non-target species
Maintain structure, productivity and
processes of ecosystems
Protect ‘essential fish habitats’
Maintain natural reproductive outputs
Restore reproductive outputs of
depleted populations
Increase reproductive outputs
(biomanipulation)
Manage for resilience in fish
populations
Reduce IUU
High compliance
Satisfy market
Reduce cost of fishing
Maximise profit
Maintain employment
Consistency of yield over time
Reduce labor costs
Keep fishing pressures below MSY
Maximize catch value
Biodiversity conservation
Protect listed species and habitats
Map and protect genetic diversity –
Genetic population protection
Ensure protection of continued wellbeing of sensitive habitats, such as
corals
Protect areas of high biodiversity
Maintain representative ecosystems as
undisturbed from human activities
Protect critical habitats for non-target
species
Maintain ecosystem integrity
Recovery of marine biodiversity
Maintenance of ecosystem structure
and process
Maintain resilient ecosystems
Protect vulnerable habitats
Prevent spread of alien species
Keep ecosystem clean and rich
biodiversity / healthy and productive
ecosystems
Healthy ecosystems
Minimize pollution, and destructive
practices
Social/human well-being
Maintain human well-being
Protect coastal communities
Keeping sea clean
Reduce littering of oceans (incl. lost
fishing gear)
Long-term delivery of ecosystem
services for human well being
Provide alternative livelihoods
Reduce eutrophication
Provide for tourism
Reduce negative impacts of
aquaculture
Support/maintain local communities
Science & education
Mapping existing habitats and species
(inventory)
Field based education
Maintain undisturbed for long-term
monitoring and research (reference
sites)
Overarching objectives
Separate incompatible activities
Provide for maritime uses of marine
space
Minimize impact
Spreadsheet Evaluation
• Scoring each objective as
+1: likely to be adopted as objective
0: Neutral (0ften would not considered relevant)
-1: Likely to be opposed or sources of conflict
Done for separately for Fisheries Management,
Biodiversity conservation
Potential serious conflict = 0 (-1 and +1)
Potential difficult agreement = 1 (0 and +1)
Compatibility = 2 (+1 and +1)
-1 and -2 not possible (objectives no one wants)
Conflicting objectives
FISHERIES versus BIODIVERSITY
Fisheries Biodiversit
y
Increase reproductive outputs (biomanipulation)
1
-1
0
Reduce cost of fishing
1
-1
0
Maximise profit
1
-1
0
Maintain employment
1
-1
0
Maintain access to highly productive fisheries
areas
1
-1
0
Reduce labor costs
1
-1
0
Maintain representative ecosystems as
undisturbed from human activities
-1
1
0
Protect areas of high biodiversity
-1
1
0
Protect critical habitats for non-target species
-1
1
0
Maintain undisturbed for long-term monitoring
and research (reference sites)
-1
1
0
Neutral objectives
FISHERIES versus BIODIVERSITY
Fisheries Biodiversit
y
Maximise food security
1
0
1
Consistency of yield over time
1
0
1
Maintain biomass above X target level
1
0
1
Satisfy market
1
0
1
Maximize catch value
1
0
1
Sustainable use
1
0
1
Maintain structure, productivity and processes
of ecosystems
1
0
1
Maintain natural reproductive outputs
1
0
1
Protect listed species and habitats
0
1
1
Protect vulnerable habitats
0
1
1
Ensure protection of continued well-being of
sensitive habitats, such as corals
0
1
1
Compatible objectives
FISHERIES versus BIODIVERSITY
Fisheri
es
Biodiversit
y
Sustainable use
1
1
2
Maintain structure, productivity , processes of
ecosystems
1
1
2
Maintain natural reproductive outputs
1
1
2
Restore reproductive outputs of depleted
populations
1
1
2
Manage for resilience in fish populations
1
1
2
Keep fishing pressures below MSY
1
1
2
Manage by-catch and reduce discard
1
1
2
Optimise fishing gear to reduce effect on nontarget species
1
1
2
Protect ‘essential fish habitats’
1
1
2
Reduce IUU
1
1
2
High compliance
1
1
2
1
1
2
Compatible objectives
FISHERIES versus BIODIVERSITY
Fisheri
es
Biodiversit
y
Map and protect genetic diversity – Genetic
population protection
1
1
2
Maintain ecosystem integrity
1
1
2
Maintenance of ecosystem structure and process
1
1
2
Maintain resilient ecosystems
1
1
2
Mapping existing habitats and species (inventory)
1
1
2
Minimise pollution, and destructive practices
1
1
2
Keeping sea clean
1
1
2
Reduce littering of oceans (incl. lost fishing gear)
1
1
2
Reduce eutrophication
1
1
2
Reduce negative impacts of aquaculture
1
1
2
HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS
Fisheries
Biodiversity
Proportion of compatibility
60
50
40
30
Series1
Series2
20
10
0
1
CONFLICTING
OBJECTIVES
2
NEUTRAL
3
COMMON
OBJECTIVES
Spreadsheet results
• Highlight the number of compatibilities that
naturally exist.
• Spatial measures can help to achieve large
proportion of the compatible objectives
– Does not mean they are ONLY or NECESSARY
approaches
– Historically preference for types of measures may not
have been same for all perspectives
– Ways for proactive engagement in designing the
spatial measures & proper incentives can help
Looking at Conflicts:
• Measures that would segregate activities in
space would resolve the large majority conflicts
over ECOLOGICAL objectives
– Exception: Bio-manipulations for
enhancement of exploited stocks
• Such measures would create very few new
conflicts where compatibilities existed
– Exceptions: IUU and High Compliance
• Displaced fishing effort has to be managed
according to the ecological objectives on list
More on Conflicts
• The conflicts over ECONOMIC ./ SOCIAL
objectives could be reduced, not affected
or made worse by spatial measures.
• This is where negotiation process to
produce compromises has to seek
outcomes considered equitable
• What types of “science” support can
inform this process with rational inputs
Science / Rationality
• Economic objectives – natural “tipping point” at
zero profit / inadequate subsistence harvest
• Ecological Objectives –
– natural “tipping point” commonly estimated for single
target stocks (Limit Reference Points)
– Possibly for some other objectives (endg. species)
– Conceptually may exist for many other properties, but
rarely possible to estimate
• Must rely on Political / Social Processes – how
can it be made EQUITABLE when power isn’t?
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF SPATIAL PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK TO RECONCILE FISHEIRES AND
BIODIVERSITY OBJECTIVES
Pre-conditions / ground-rules:
• Objective focused
• Adaptive process (learning, monitoring & evaluation, verification
of outcomes)
• Participatory
• System for tradeoff evaluation
• No back doors (rules of engagement..)
• Defined rules/system for participatory process
• Public record of consultation and planning process
• Effective communication products
• Establish legislative framework, governance and financing for
implementation (considering multiple scales)
• Transparent, equal access to information at relevant spatial
scales
• Strong, unambiguous leadership
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF SPATIAL PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK TO RECONCILE FISHEIRES
AND BIODIVERSITY OBJECTIVES
Objective-setting framework:
•Initial identification, analysis and communication of clear and
well-defined objectives
•A priori discussion of common objectives
•Initial identification of risk-tolerance of
stakeholders/communities
•‘GOIS’ – Goals, Objectives, Indicators, Surveillance
•Constraints & opportunity analysis/ conflict analysis /
Strategic Environmental Assessment
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF SPATIAL PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK TO RECONCILE FISHEIRES
AND BIODIVERSITY OBJECTIVES
Participation:
•Guidance for participation
•Appointment of ‘public defender’
•Facilitation process for conflict resolution
•Communication within/between governments (address
spatial jurisdictional dimensions)
•Proper financing for consultative process (consider
spatial scales)
•Stakeholder information exchange
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF SPATIAL PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK TO RECONCILE FISHEIRES AND
BIODIVERSITY OBJECTIVES
Assessment / strategic information:
• Baselining at appropriate spatial scales
• Economic impact assessment
• Ecological impact assessment
• Analysis of social impact assessment
• Define long-term indicators
• Common, independent science-base
• Ecosystem service valuation
• Guidance for application of precaution
• Risk assessment
• Information quality assurance
• Financing and support for data discovery and management
• Process for handling uncertainty
• Evaluation of management options
Recommendations
• Nothing unique that would not be on ANY
list of research needs, capacity building
needs, and monitoring needs.
• They are no LESS important but they are
not UNIQUE in any important ways – just
need to have spatial dimension.