1+
National Research
Council Canada
Conseil national
de recherches Canada
Manual on Metric
Building Drawing Practice
PREPARED BY
C.S.STRELKA, L. LOSHAK ANDJ.S.TORRANCE
MEMBERS OF THE WORKING GROUP,
SUBCOMMITTEE ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION,
INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR METRIC CONVERSION
National Research Council of Canada
Conseil national de recherches du Canada
MAN U A L
B U I L DIN G
o
N
MET RIC
D RAW I N G
P RAe TIC E
Prepared by
C.S. Strelka, National Research Council of Canada
L. Loshak, Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation
J.S. Torrance, Department of Public Works, Canada
Members of the Working Group, Subcommittee
on Design and Construction,
Interdepartmental Committee for Metric Conversion
Special Technical Publication No. 3
of the
Division of Building Research
Price:
$3.00
Ottawa, April 1976
Revised June 1977
NRCC 15234
The
~etric
Commission has granted use of the National Symbol for Metric Conversion
PREFACE
The Canadian construction industry is preparing for conversion to
the metric system beginning in January 1978. This manual, prepared by
the Working Group of the Subcommittee on Design and Construction of the
Interdepartmental Committee for Metric Conversion, has been developed to
assist in the preparation of proper construction drawings that are so
essential to a smooth transition.
This Manual is a basic tool for metric conversion. The first
three Parts explain what is involved in this conversion. Part 4 gives
a step-by-step procedure for the production of metric drawings; the
following Parts will assist, it is hoped, in design decisions and offer
help with the actual act of "translating" a design approach to metric.
One of the main responsibilities of the Division of Building
Research is to serve the Canadian construction industry. The Division
was pleased, therefore, to have one of its members serve on the Working
Group responsible for preparing this Manual and to arrange for its
pub 1ication.
It is hoped that this Manual will be of assistance to those in the
construction industry who are concerned with the conversion to metric.
Comments on the Manual will be welcomed.
Ottawa
April 1976
C.B. Crawford
Director
Division of Building Research
National Research Council of Canada
(iii)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND REFERENCES
In the preparation of this Manual the Working Group consulted many
texts, not only Canadian but also those issued by other countries that
have recently converted to SI. Although these have not been cited in
the text, the authors wish to acknowledge the information gained from
the following references:
Metric Conversion in Building and Construction, 1972, Standards
Association of Australia.
Metric Data for Building Designers, 1975, Standards Association of
Australia.
AJ Metric Handbook, 1969, The Architectural Press, London.
CAN-3-Z234.l-76. Metric Practice Guide.
CAN-3-Z234.2-76, The International System of Units (SI).
CAN-3-A3l.M-75, Series of Standards for Metric Dimensional
Co-ordination in Building.
CSA B78.3 (draft) Building Drawings.
CGSB 88-GP-20M, Standard for Scales (Ratios) for Charts, Maps, and
Plans in Metric (SI) System.
Metric Monitor and various booklets published by the Metric
Commission, Ottawa.
The Working Group also wishes to credit the source of the following
tables that are reproduced in this Manual:
Tables Nos. 8.1 to 8.4 and 8.6 to 8.14 from Metric Conversion in
Building and Construction, 1972, Standards Association of
Australia;
Tables Nos. 6.1 to 6.4 from Metric Data for Building Designers,
1975, Standards Association of Australia.
(iv)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PART 1
INTRODUCTION
1
PART 2
METRIC CONVERSION
4
PART 3
SI METRIC
6
PART 4
DRAWING PRACTICE
10
PART 5
DIMENSIONAL CO-ORDINATION
51
PART 6
AN1HROPOMETRIC DATA AND INTERNAL CIRCULATION
53
PART 7
EXTERNAL CIRCULATION
65
PART 8
CONVERSION FACTORS AND TABLES
69
PART 9
SI UNITS FOR USE IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
80
APPENDIX A
NAME AND ADDRESSES OF MEMBERS OF METRIC
92
CONVERSION COMMITTEES
(v)
-1-
PART 1.
1.1
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
In the Whi t e Paper on Metric Conversion, released in January 1) ,the Covernment of
Canada responded to numerous representations from widely diverse segments of the nation
(Canadian Construction Association, Engineering Institute of Canada, Canadian Council of
Professional Engineers, Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Royal Architectural Institute of
Canada, and Canadian Teachers' Federation to name only a few of the organizations that
presented briefs on this matter). All these groups realized the desirability and inevitability of Canada's "going metric" in conformity with the world-wide trend exhibited in the
1960's and 70's by which time almost all nations were committed to this international
system of weights and measures. General policy, set out in the White Paper, adopted the
International System of Units (SI) as the basis for metric conversion in Canada. At the
same time the Weights and Measures Act was revised to include the SI units, thus making
them legal in Canada.
1. 2
1>lETIUC COMMISS ION
To achieve one orderly change to the metric system of measurement, the Federal
Government, by Order in Council in June 1971, established the Ne t r i c Commission to
co-ordinate and stimulate metric conversion throughout the nation's economy. The
Commission, in turn, established eleven Steering Committees, each responsible for
co-ordinating a group of economic sectors wi t.h related interests. A chart of the
distribution of the various engineering industries sectors in the Steering Committee is
shown on rig. 1.1. From this chart it is obvious that although the building industry as
such comes under Steering Committee 5, the complexity of the industry necessitates
co-operation with other sectors. The re fo re , aside from the regular Sector Committee wo rk
in Steering Committee 5, intersectoral links were established to serve the interests of
the building industry. To further co-ordination of metric conversion in the public
service sector, two other committees were established: an Interdepartmental Committee for
Metric Conversion (ICMC) Subcommittee on Design and Construction, and the Intergovernmental Design and Construction Committee on Metric Conversion (IllCC) (provincial level).
(Names and addresses of members of Committees concerned with metric conversion in Canada's
construction industry are included in Appendix A.)
1.3
M-DAY
By consensus of the representatives of the Canadian construction industry, 1 January
1978 has been selected as "M-Day" for construction. This is the first day of Metric
Construction Year -- the year in which the Canadian construction industry will work mainly
in the SI system. Following M-day, drawings and specifications will be prepared in metric
terms and materials or components that are required in metric sizes will become available.
A timetable bar chart for metric conversion prepared by Sector 5.01,
is shown on Fig. 1.2.
Construction,
DATE ISSUEO
••
Metric. Comrrnssion
Ccwm1uion du sy.tlme
milr""e Conada
Canada
STEERING
~RCH
a
SECTOR COMMITTEE STRUCTURE
RESEARCH & PLANNING DIRECTORATE
~'t-":J",q.. ~~
~
SECTOR NO.
.,,,.
/
"l.'v
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~'t-r..:,<..q..
1>'"
",,"'"
')ECTOR TiTlE
SECTOR NO.
/"t:::'J~ ~,~
/ ..,,,<0 q".f
I
1.01
1 02
1.03
1 .04
1.07
I. 20
[
i
C
o ['
C
C
C
8
B
B
~ -~L
B
C
/05
2.06
" .07
lOB
2,10
2.21
1.22
2,23
2.24
1.25
2.27
6
6
6
6
14
14
15
15
15
14
14
14
IS
6
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
~
B
B
B
B
""J<";
5.01
5.02
S.OJ
5.05
5.06
RAILWAY TRANSPORT
WATE R TRANSPORT
ROAD 6 URBAN TRANSPORT
'" TEOROLOGY
WOR'ING GROUP ON TARIFFS
KllOR VEH ICLE & PARTS K'\NUfACTURERS
J .03
3.04
3.05
3.06
3.07
1]
3.0B
3.09
3.10
13
lJ
11
16
16
16
14
C
F
C
C
E
E
E
F
~
7.1{)
REAL ESTATE, LAND SURVEYORS & TOWN PLANNERS
ROAD OESICJl, CONSTRUCTION & OPERATIONS
7 'I
7 '/
7 'J
62.09
62.10
62.11
61.13
62.21
61.12
62.13
61.24
62.2S
62.26
62./7
62.28
62.29
62.50
II
F
12
12
12
12
11
12
12
11
1/
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
12
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
4.02
4.0J
4.04
4.05
J
3
3
J
3
E
E
E
E
STEERING COMMI TTEE # 7
· ,
/
A
I
I
I
~
:
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I:
A
~ I
,I
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I
B.IO
9
9
9
9
B.20
9
9
9
9
FOOD
9
9
CONFECTIONER'
MEAT PACKE RS
OAIR' PROCESSORS
FOOD PROCESSORS
PET FOODS
81SCUITS
EDIBLE OILS
SUGAR
BAKERS
TEA & COFFEE
MILLERS
COLO CEREALS
HOT CEREALS
SPICES.EXTRACTS ! FOOD COLOURING
COLD 8EVERAGES,MIXES 6 DR' DESSERT MIXES
CHOCOLATE DRINKS & COCOA POWDER
PASTA PRODUCTS
BAKING MI XES
SNAC' FOODS
RICE
WORKING GROUP ON PACKAGING
B. JO
B.4S
9
9
TEXTILES
CLOTHING
LEATHER (FOOTWEAR I
JEWELR'
SPORTING GOODS
TO'S
BRUSH. BROOM 8. fo(W
LUGGAGE & LEATHE R GOODS
STEERING COMMITTEE # 8
FORESTRY
B.17
UR8AN FORESTR' AR80RICULTURE
WOOD
(INCL. SUB-COMMITTEE)
SOFT WOOD LU~ER
HARWOOD LU~ER ! FLOORING
PANEL PRODUCTS
SASH. OOORS & MILLWORK
:I
B.21
B./2
B.13
B.24
8.25
~. 26
A
A
A
A
A
PRESERVATION
POLES! PILING
SHINGLES
FURN I TURE & FI XTURE S
PAPER & ALLIED IND. PRINTING & PUBLISHING
LAMINATING
PALLETS
8.27
B.1B
B.29
STEERING COMMITTEE # 9
9.10
9.21
9.21
9.30
9.40
9.50
2
0
2
2
5
5
2
0
0
0
0
0
9.60
9.70
5
0
5
0
10.01
7
7
7
A
A
A
HEAL TH ! wELFARE
AMUSEMENT & RECREAT ION
ARTS & CULTURE
SERVICES TO BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
ACCO"ffiGATION & FOOD SER"CES
RET AI L. HOME ECONO"I CS & CONSUMERS
LABOUR ORGAN I1ATlONS
PERSONAL SERVICES
STEERI NG COMMITTEE # 10
10.03
10.04
ELEMENTAR' 6 SECONDAR, SCHOOLS
POST SECONOAR' NON-UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
UNIVERSITIES! COLLEGES
SECTOR STRUCTURE APPROVED 8Y THE "'TRIC COMMISSION SEPT.15, 1976
REV.OEC.1S/1976
MINES
PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS INDUSTR' & SERVICES
PETROLEUM REFINERIES. WHOLESALERS 6 GASOLINE
SERVICE STATIONS
NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION & TRANSPORT
NON-FERROUS METALS
ASSICJl"lNTS OF SECTORS
STEERING CONMITTEE # 63 63.01
63.02
63.03
6J.04
~.~
63.06
63.07
~.~
FIG. 1.1
I
;;~
STEERING COMMITTEE # Y
4.01
SECTOR TITL£
~~t----
LIVESTOC'
HaRTlCULTURE
FISHING & FISH PRODUCTS
DAIRY FARMERS
SEED
TOBACCO FAR1'ERS
TOBACCO PRODUCTS
STEERING COM ITTEE # 62
62.02
61.03
62.04
61.05
61.06
61.07
II
ELECTRI CAL MANUFACTURE RS
RADIO, TELEVISION. CO~UNICATlON, ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT & PARTS
AI RCRAFT & AI RCRAFT PARTS MANUFACTURERS
BUSINESS MACHINES. SCiENTIFIC 6 PROFESSIONAL EQUIPMEN
COMMUNiCATIONS
HECTRIC POWER
RUBBE R PRODUCTS
CHEMiCALS & CHEMICAL PRODUCTS
PLASTICS INDUSTRY
WOR,ING GROUP ON SCALES IN THE RETAIL FOOD INOUSTR'
CONSTRUCTION
NON-METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS
STRUCTURAL & ARCHITECTURAL MUAlS
BULK GRAIN HANDLING INDUSTRY
61.0B
...
~~ ,it-"'-';
.,,-t ~
'\.~"" *,,'+~
e.,,,~ q"""
*'-,
"t-~
FEED INDUSTRY
paULTRY
61.09
61.10
~
STEERI NG COMMITTEE # 3
IDE
10
E
10
E
10
E
10
E
61.01
61.02
61.0J
61.04
61.05
61.06
61.07
TRUC' BOD' & TRAILER MANUFACTURERS
RAILROAD ROLLING STOC'
SHIPBUILDING & BOATBUILDING
HEATING.'ENTlLATlNG.AIR CONO.& FOOD SERVICE EQUIP.
2.09
PllJ1tJING & HYORONIC HEATING
IRON & STEEL MILLS 6 F()tJN[JARIES
2.11
FASTENERS INDUSTR'
METAL STAMPING, FORMING. PRESSING. CQATING
CAN MANUFACTURERS
COOKWARE & HOUSEWARES
TOOLS & MEASURING DEVICES
BUILDERS & HOME HARi)/ARE
FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENT - SMAlL ARMS - 4~UNITION
61.0B
13
13
SECTOR 110.
SECTOR TITLE
!
II
---3.01
3.02
~(.:,
~<!J-"'
':!.-Q;.
1>'"
",,'"
STEERING COMI TTEE # 5
AGRICULTURAL & CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
MACH I NER' & FLUIO POWE R
METAL WOR,ING MACHINES - MACHINE SHOPS
TOOL & DIE SHOPS - CUTTING TOOLS
6
~
~"
STEER 1NG COMMI TTEE # 1
MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY
2.JI
2. Jl
/.JJ
«:
c:.Q;--
AIR TRANSPORT
I
......
<:
STEERING COMMITTEE # 2
2.011
]1.1977
B'
12
11
12
12
12
12
II
12
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
DISTILLED SPIRITS
8REWERIES
SOFT DRINKS
WINE
LIQUOR COMMISSIONE~S
MINERAL WATE~ PRODUCERS
FRUIT JUICE INDUSTRY
CIDER
BEVERAGES
TO SECTOR PLAN MANAGERS
I - ALPERS P.
2 - BENNETT J.
3 • ROCKBURN( C.A.
4
5
6
7
R
_
CRAIG B.
OEACHMAH R.J.
MANSOUR [.
OESBARATS G.
nnw H
9 - EARLE J.
TO PLANN I NG MANAGERS
A 10 ~ FRIEDMAN I.
B 11 - rANAPATHY N.
C 12 - GULAS G.M.
o13 - SWAIN G.
E 14 - WASSINK 8.
F IS - 8RIGHT R.
,. - TROTTIER
THIS TABLE IS BEING UP[JATED EVER'
ORGANIZATION CHART OF STEERING COMMITTEES, METRIC COMMISSION, CANADA
8ERRY J.
80lSVERT C.
DREYER B.
ECCLESTONE G.
SPARKES E.
TALWAAR K.
TWO /1JNTHS AS NECESSAR'
BAR CHART SECTOR 5.01 CONSTRUCTION
'T1
1975
........
C1
MAJOR ACTIVITY AREAS
........
1976
1977
MEASUREMENT UNITS
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........
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STANDARDS
LEGISLATION
a
REGULATIONS
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a
ENGINEERING
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I
II
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EQUIPMENT
MATERIALS
a
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CONSENSUS ON UNITS
RATrDS
STANDARDS CONVERSION PRIORITIES ESTABLISHED
1ST PR:ORITY STANDARDS PUB_ISHED
5, :977
VI
11.6J
&
FINISH
3,
8.
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE & METRIC SUPPLEMENT
PUBLISHED
REVISE.D FEDERAL PROVINCIAL 8. MUNICIPAL LEGISLATION
ENACTED
1979 NATIDNAL BUILDING CDOE PUBLISHED IN METRIC
c~.
START PRELIMINARY DESIGN FOR METRIC CONSTRUCTION
7,
i
FINISH
START
3RD PRJOfUTY STANDARDS PUBLISHED
I
DRA~INGS FOR METRIC CONSTRUCTION
11,
INITIAL METRIC TENDERING DOCUMENTS COMPLETED
12
INf riAL MeRIC CONSTRUCTION TENDERED
(M-DAY)
I
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START ON-SITE METRIC CONSTRUCTION
14.
ALL CONSTRUCTION SUBSTANTIA ...LY MEnnc
15.
IG.
START ACQUIS[T:ON OF METRIC ON-SITE MEASURING
START ACQUISITION OF METRiC DRAFTING EQUIPMENT
EQUI PMENT
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START OBTAINING METRIC PRODUCT LITERATURE
18,
"~ETRIC MATERIALS
19,
DATA PREPARED FOR METRIC ESTIMATING
& COMPONENTS AVAILABLE
I
II
2,3
20.
STA~n TRAINING PROFESSIONAL DESIGNERS & CONSULTANT
21.
START TRAINING TECHNICIANS & TECHNOLOGISTS
22,
START TRAINING ADMINISTRATIV~ PERSONNEL
23,
START TRAINING ON~SITE PERSONNEL
24,
START PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAM
11
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LEGEND
1980
M!.IM IJ Ilsjl.,Ni.IJIIMIIMIIJ
J'FIMIAIMI JI JIAlslolNIDIJ IFIMIAIMI JIJ IAI SlolNIDIJ IF1 MIAIM 1J JI A SIINIIJj'MIIM'
0 ° FI A J JIAIIs!101'N!10 IJIiFI . . jA
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0 D
KEY
3::
-3
1979
1
N
rn
1978
5.01
CONSTRUCTION
ORIG OATE
ISSUE
9
AUG
1511~
JIME IlSIre
-4-
PART 2.
2.1
METRIC CONVERSION
GENERAL
The actual act of metric conversion can take two basic forms:
2.2
"soft conversion"
defined as "a change of measurement language to SI units,
which may include physical changes not exceeding those
permitted by former measurement tolerances," and
"hard conversion"
defined as "a change of measurement language to SI units,
which necessitates physical changes outside those permitted
by former measurement tolerances."
SOFT CONVERSION
In "soft conversion" the actual dimensions of a product (or, for example, of a
set-back distance, floor area, etc.) are not changed but are only expressed in
appropriate SI units.
(i\ecessary conversion factors are in Part 8 of this Manual.)
Inevitably in most practi~al cases, when a workable number is required a certain
rounding off
of the calculated figure will be involved. Here commonsense, practice and
technical knowledge will come into play. The intention is to convey the degree of
precision implicit in the original dimension, therefore a decision on the appropriate
number of digits to be retained is necessary prior to rounding off the result of
calculation. As an example let us assume that by exact calculation using conversion
factors from Part 8 the resulting figure has more digits than required. Then the
procedure is as follows:
a)
when the first digit discarded is less than five, the last digit retained
should not be changed, e.g.,
7.151 426 rounded to 4 digits -- 7.151;
b)
when the first digit discarded is greater than five, or if it is a five
followed by at least one digit other than zero, the last digit retained should
be increased by one unit, e.g.,
3.416 72 rounded to 4 digits
2.213 501 rounded to 4 digits
c)
."i.4l7
2.214 ;
when the first digit discarded is five, followed only by zero, the last digit
retained should be increased by one if it is odd, but no adjustment made if it
is an even number, e.g.,
2.35 rounded to 2 digits
2.45 rounded to 2 digits
2.4
2.4
It must again be stressed that the most accurate equivalents in conversion are obtained
by multiplying the quantity to be converted by the conversion factor given in the Tables
in Part 8, an~ then, and only then, rounding the product. If the equivalent is obtained
by first rounding the conversion factor to the same number of significant digits as in
the quantity being converted, the calculation will most probably not be accurate.
- 5-
2.3
HARD CONVERSION
With very few exceptions, hard conversion to metric, as defined, involves a physical
change (as may happen in the case of products originally manufactured to metric dimensions
and up to now described in imperial units of measurement only for convenience). As far as
manufactured goods are concerned, the change to metric dimensions offers in many instances
an opportunity to rationalize product lines. For the construction indistry this may lead
to dimensional standardization of units and components. Advantages of this spin-off of
metric conversion are numerous and can only improve the economy of the industry.
These changes of course will not occur by a mere \,i:>'J or by an isolated decision.
Canadian standards-writing organizations, e.g., CSA and CGSB, are at present involved in
the standards conversion program. Many standards written ir. 51 units will be prer~red
before M-[)ay; the rest will be converted as quickly as possible and as required.
It is expected that various professional organizations and industrial sectors will
make available design tools specifically for their field o f work. (111is Manual is but one
example.) The Intergovernmental Committee on Design and Construction has begun to issue
bulletins indicating preferred dimensions of b ui lding conponents.
2.4
METRIC CONVERSION OF TIlE 1977 EDITION OF THE NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
The next (7th) edition of the National Building Code will be published in July 1977.
It will be issued as an all-imperial Code accompanied by a pamphlet giving either hard or
soft metric conversions depending on available standards and product information. Th i s
pamphlet will be in tabular form.
In addition, Metric Product Bulletins will be
published at intervals to accommodate subsequent introduction of metric products. Other
documents associated wi th the 1977 Code will be changed to metric by the use of
supplementary metric pamphlets where appropriate.
- 6-
PART 3.
3.1
SI METRIC
GENERAL
The International System of Units (SI) represents a coherent system usable for
measurement of all physical quantities in present-day technology. Seven base units are
used together with two supplementary units and a series of prefixes denoting decimal
mul tiples or submul tiples. Definitions and symbols of the complete system are given in
National Standards CAN 3-Z.234.2-76, the International System of Units (SI) and
CAN 3-Z.234.l-76, Metric Practice Guide. Recommended applications of multiples and
submultiples, conversion factors relating SI and imperial systems and a table of "working
units" applicable to various sectors of design and construction are shown in Part 9 of
this Manual.
3.2
RULES FOR WRITING SI UNITS
fu~D
SYMBOLS
One of the main advantages of the SI is that there is a unique symbol for each
unit. Throughout this text, the word "symbol" is used to refer to the signs used to
represent the various un i t s , for that is what they are: symbols, not abbreviations; and
they remain the same in all languages. The word "s yrm 01 ," not "abbreviation," should
al ways be used. This makes fo r greater c l ari ty and reduces the chance 0 ferro r. The
following are the basic rules for the use of these symbols.
3.2.1 Symbols are always printed in upright (roman) type. When according to ISO
Standard 1000, "SI Units," the symbol for the litre, a lower case 1 (ell), is used without
a prefix, it may be confused with the figure 1 (one). Canadian practice until now, therefore, has been to use the script ell (Q,), as shown in several places in this Manual. It
should be noted, however, that the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide has recently
recommended that a capital ell (L) be used as the symbol for litre in all applications.
(This decision has recently also been taken by standards-writing organizations in the
U.S.A.) .
3.2.2
Symbols do not change in the plural: e.g., 1 kg, 45 kg (not 45 kgs).
3.2.3 A full stop after a symbol is not used, except when the symbol occurs at the end
of a sentence.
3.2.4 When symbols consist of letters, there is always a full space between the quantity
and the syntio l s : e.g., 45 kg (not 45kg). !lowever, when the first character of a symbol
is not a letter, no space is left: e.g., 32°C (not 32°C or 32° C), and 45°12'45" (not
42 ° 12 ' 45 ").
3.2.5 Symbols are written in lower case, except when the unit is derived from a proper
name. Examples: m for metre, s for second; but A for ampere, Wb for weber, N for newton,
W for watt. Prefixes are printed in upright type without spacing between the prefix and
the unit symbol: e.g., km is the symbol for kilometre.
3.2.6 When associated with a number, symbols for SI units should always be used and unit
names not written out, e.g., 16 mm 2 and not 16 square millimetres; however, when no
number is inVOlved, the unit should be spelled out in full. Abbreviations such as
"sq.mm" are not acceptable.
3.2.7 Where a decimal fraction of a unit is used, a zero should always be placed before
the decimal marker: e.g., 0.45 kg (not .45 kg). This practice draws attention to the
decimal marker, and helps avoid errors of scale.
- 7-
3.2.8
Beware of the confusion which may arise wi th the word "tonne" (1000 kg). When
this occurs in French text of Canadian origin, the meaning may be a "ton of 2000 pounds".
3.2.9
Names and symbols should not he mixed, e.g., N·m or newton metre but NOT N metre
or newton m. Note that a multiplier dot is used between symbols in a compound unit but
no dot is required wh e n that unit is written out, e.g., W/(m 2.oC) is written as "watt per
square metre degree Cels ius."
3.2.10 Compound units formed by division employ an ohlique stroke (solidus) when symbols
are used, e.g., km/h, not kph or km per hr. When the un i ts are written out, the word
"per" is used, e.g., ki lonewtons per square metre NOT kilonewtons/square metre.
3.2.11
In text, a symbol should not he used to start a sentence.
3.3
RULES !-'OR WRITlNG NLJ1vlBERS
3.3.1
The decimal marker is independent of any language or system of units. Both the
point and the comma are widely used throughout the world as the decimal marker. In
Canada and the United States the decimal marker is the point. The comma may be used,
however, depending on industrial, commercial or regional requirements.
3.3.2
To facilitate the reading of long numbers, the digits are commonly separated into
groups of three, counted from the decimal marker to the left and right, e.g.,
32 453.246 072 5. To avoid confusion with the decimal marker, the separator should be a
space, not a comma, period, or any other mark. TIle space is optional wi th a 4-digi t
number, i.e., 1 234 or 1234.
TABLE 3.1
SI BASE UNITS
Physical Quantity
Unit
Symbol
length
metre
m
mass
kilogram
kg
time*
second
s
electric current*
ampere
A
thermodynamic temperature
kelvin
K
luminous intensity*
candela
cd
amount of substancet
mole
mol
* Three of these units (the second, ampere and candela) are already in use with the
imperial system.
t The mole, which has recently been added to
construction industry.
sr,
will have no application in the building
- 8-
TABLE 3.2
Physical Quantity
SI SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
Unit
Symbol
plane angle
radian
rad
solid angle
steradian
sr
TABLE 3.3
DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES
Physical Quantity
Unit
Symbol
Derivation
frequency
hertz
Hz
s-l
force
newton
N
kg.m/s 2
pressure, stress
pascal
Pa
N/m 2
work, energy, quantity of heat
JOUle
J
N'm
power
watt
W
-l/s
electric charge
coulomb
C
A· s
electric potential
volt
V
W/A
electric capacitance
farad
F
C/Y
electric resistance
ohm
~
Y/A
electric conductance
siemens
S
~-1
magnetic flux
weber
Wb
Y's
magnetic flux density
tesla
T
Wb/m 2
inductance
henry
H
V·s/A
temperature (for temperature
clegree
°c
K-273.1S
interval 1°C
lK)
Celsius
luminous flux
lumen
1m
cd'sr
illumination
lux
Ix
Im/m2
-9-
TABLE 3.4
SI DERIVED UNITS
(expressed in terms of other units and base units)
Physical Quantity
Unit
Symbol
area
square metre
m2
volume
cubic metre
m3
density
kilogram per cubic metre
kg/m 3
velocity
metre per second
m/s
angular velocity
radian per second
rad/s
acceleration
metre per second squared
m/s 2
angular acceleration
radian per second squared
rad/s 2
volume rate of flow
cubic metre per second
m3/s
moment of inertia
kilogram metre squared
kg
moment of force
newton metre
Nom
surface tension
newton per metre
N/m
dynamic viscosity
pascal second
Paos
kinematic viscosity
metre squared per second
m2/s
calorific value
joule per cubic metre
intensity of heat flow
watt per square metre
J/m 3
W/m 2
thermal conductivity
watt per metre kelvin
W/ (m- K)
electric field strength
volt per metre
Vim
magnetic field strength
ampere per metre
A/m
luminance
candela per square metre
cd/m 2
TABLE 3.5
Prefix
exa
Factor
Magnitude
E
10 18
10 15
1 000 000 000 000 000 000
P
tera
T
giga
kilo
milli
1 000 000 000 000
G
M
10 6
1 000 000
k
10 3
1 000
m
10- 3
10- 6
0.001
u
nano
n
pico
P
f
atto
1 000 000 000 000 000
10 12
10 9
micro
femto
PREFERRED MULTIPLES AND SUBMULTIPLES
Symbol
peta
mega
om
a
1 000 000 000
0.000 001
10- 9
10- 12
0.000 000 000 001
10- 1 5
0.000 000 000 000 001
10- 18
0.000 000 000 000 000 001
0.000 000 001
2
-10-
PART 4.
4.1
DRAWING PRACTICE
DRAWING PAPER SIZES
In the absence of a Canadian national standard for drawing paper sizes, it is
recommended that the ISO 'A' series, as described in CGSB 9-GP-IOO, be adopted.
4. 1. 1
Basic Princip Lee
The 'A' series of paper sizes is a rationally designed system based on a sheet
having an area of 1 m2 (841 x 1189 mm) from which all other sizes are derived
by successively dividing it into two equal parts parallel to the shorter side (Figure
4.1). Consequently, the ratio of the areas of any two successive sheets is 2:1 and the
ratio between the short side x and the long side y, of any sheet, is 1:/2, i.e., the
ratio between a side and the diagonal of a square (Figure 4.1).
841 mm
"I
c-r--------.....,
- ........ ,
....
........
AI
1189
mm
-----r----I
:
A2
I
A3
L
_
:
: A5
I
I
A4 t--r
IA6~
...J...._.............L.....I
'-- L...-
y
.... ...
...
"
1,
___J
.. I
~'-------x
FIG. 4.1
4.1.2
SHEET SIZES
150 Series 'A'
Trimmed sheet sizes are designated in Table 4.1 by 'A' followed by a number
indicating the number of divisions that have been made. For example, sheet size A4 is
produced from the basic AO sheet by four successive divisions. Sizes larger than AO may
be designated by a prefix. Size 2AO is a sheet 1189 x 1682 rom and size 4AO is a sheet
1682 x 2378 mm.
4.1.3
Tolerances
The tolerances on the above dimensions will vary depending on the sheet size and the
end usc. Unless otherwise specified in the product standards, the following tolerances
shall apply:
Sizes AO to A3
Sizes A4 to AIO
-0; +2 mm
-0; +1 mm
-11-
ISO SERIES 'A' PAPER SIZES
TABLE 4.1
Designation
Dimensions, mm
AO
841
x
1189
Al
594 x
841
A2
594
A3
420 x
297 x
A4
210 x
297
AS
148 x
105 x
210
A6
420
148
105
A8
74 x
52 x
A9
37 x
52
AI0
26 x
37
A7
TABLE 4.2
74
DIMENSIONS OF OVERSIZE SHEETS
Designation
Standard
RAO
AO
860 x 1220
RAI
Al
610 x
860
Note:
4. 1 . 4
Cut Sheet Dimensions, mm
Ordering
Purposes Only
RA2
A2
430 x
610
RA3
A3
305 x
430
RA4
A4
215 x
305
Until a final decision or standard sheet sizes in Canada
is taken by the appropriate CGSB Standard Committee
drawing sheets in inch sizes can be used.
Overe i.se Drcaainq Sheets
To provide added protection or to permit edge binding and subsequent print trimming
to regular sizes, the over-all paper sizes listed in Table 4.2 are recommended.
4.1.5
Supplementary Size B1
For drawing offices that cannot conveniently accommodate the ISO-AO size drawing
sheet, but require a size larger than AI, an intermediate sheet size ISO-Bl
(707 mm x 1000 mm) is recommended as an interim measure.
-12-
4.2
LAYOUT AND IDENTIPICATION OF DRAWING SHEETS
4.2.1
General:
All drawing sheets require certain basic information, such as title and scale, but
additional information is generally desirable. The use of preprinted sheets enables
inclusion of information which would be uneconomical if done hy hand.
Sheets may be preprinted for general use or for a particular project.
Every sheet should include the following:
a)
Border lines
b)
Binding margin
c)
Title block
d)
Information panel.
Sheets may also contain:
4 . 2. 2
e)
Sheet grid reference systems
=)
Camera alignment marks for microfilming
g)
Marks to facilitate folding.
Borders
All drawing sheets should have a border on all four edges, that on the left-hand
side being substantially wider than the others to provide a binding margin.
When borders are not provided, there is a risk of information being lost should the
printing paper slip or be carelessly trimmed, or the print damaged in use. Recommended
border widths are shown in Table 4.3.
TABLE 4.3
DIMENSIONS OF DRAWING FRA}!E:
WITH BINDING MARGIN
NOIllinal Width of Borders IllIll
Drawing
Sheet Size
Designation
On
LHS
On
RHS
AO
20
40
16
801 x 1133
Al
14
28
12
566 x
801
A2
10
20
8
400 x
566
394
184
A3
A4
NOTE:
Dimensions of
Rectangular
Drawing Frame, mm
On Top
and
Bottom
7
20
6
283 x
7
20
6
283
Binding margin on A4 sheets
on a short edge.
IS
x
on a long edge, on other sheets it is
-13-
4.2.3
Print Trimnr:ng Line
Where ISO-RA series (oversize) drawing sheets are used, a method of indicating the
trimming line should be marked on the sheets. This may be by means of broken lines
forming a frame, dimensioned to the cut sheet dimensions of regular size sheets specified
in Table 4.1, or by other suitable methods of indication.
4.3
MICROfILMING
4.3.1
Relationship of Microfilm and Paper Sizes
The TSO-A series drawing sheets ~re particularly well suited to reduction on a 35-mm
microfilm. Their aspect ratio is 1:/2 throughout the range; this is also the aspf'ct
ratio of the microfilm frame. A selection of print sizes on A series standard
sensitized sheets can be obtained by employing uniformly related reduction and enlargement
ratios. For example, a plan produced at 1:100 on an A2 sheet can be reproduced as
1:50 on Al or 1:200 on A3 size.
Where required, camera alignment marks should be provided at the centre of each of
the four sides of the drawing sheet. Marks should be in the form of an outline arrowhead
pointing outwards and should be placed outside the drawing frame.
4.3.3
Graphic Scale
Drawings prepared for microfilming should contain means of determining the original
size. This should be achieved preferably by indicating the drawing frame dimensions.
These may be shown outside the drawing frame near a corner. In addition, a graduated
line 300 rum long should be shown in a suitable location representing the scale of the
drawing for use when a microfilm printout to a different sheet size is required.
4.4
SHEET SIZE DESIGNATION
The sheet size designation number should be indicated on the drawing, preferably in
the left-hand bottom corner outside the drawing frame.
4.5
ORIENTATION OF PLANS
A North point should be shown on every location plan, adjacent to the title panel.
Whenever practicable all plans for a particular project should be drawn with the
same orientation on the drawing sheet.
The North point should preferably face the top of the drawing sheet.
4.6
KEY DIAGRAMS
Where a particular plan occupies more than one sheet, a key diagram may be included
to relate graphically the particular block to the over-all design.
This key, with the appropriate part hatched or blacked in, should be located in or
adjacent to the information panel on each relevant drawing sheet.
-14-
Final
Intermediate
Sheet size Fold lines
/\
-----~-----T---
+
,
I
',
/\
"
,
I
) <,
I
I
-----~------+---_._~,----_.
/
/
I
/
AO
- - -- - -> - - - -
-
-+ -
-
-
-
-
,
- . - - - -.......
,\
'.
I
r-- . t
84,1 X 1189
I
I
i
I
A1
_.
/\,
\
I
~--
I
I
594 X 841
I
E::-~ L=
A2
420
X
594
>' \
AlAi
I
I
- - - --1-----1
/
'
\~\
,I
V
_
~
---...,.....---
1)
\
r-,
I
I
I
l~ ~
/
f\.
/
)
A2
-----+-----.......
v
420 X 594
t------t--------~-------_____t_---------__+_---____I
A3
297
X
420
FIG. 4.2
SIMPLE FOLDING OF SHEETS
-15-
Sheet size Fold lines
Intermediate
1
I
I
/
I
I
I
1
1
I
I
+ -J- +- + - -+ - - ,- -+ - - - +--- +- - -
f
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
r- 1
I
I
1
I
1
I
I
1
I
I
I
N
I
I
I
I
0'
I
I
1
---+-+--t-- - +--- -l-----t-----l---t
AO
1 x 118
I:
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
/
'> I
I
I
I
I
I
I
- -- +- I
A1
594 x 841
1
NI
-t
I
I
r-
-;--
I
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
~ = .j. =.1.
1
10 5
-
-
I
I
190
I 190 : 190 I
..,...--.,.----.....,
-T-----I-i
/-; /\ \
(J;)
./'\
I
I
6: I
--.1
i~
210 I = I = ! 190 II
~..
I
/ /
I /
I /
I
1
_.--1.
190
.L ,~9Q,.1
r-
I I) I
I I' 1
I
(
/
A2
1
-+-
~
I
,
I .I I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
A2
420 x 594
A3
297
x 420
FIG. 4.3
f.:n1
UM-.J
2~~
FOLDING OF SHEETS FOR FILING
/
7
Final
-16-
4.7
D~\WI~G
SHEET REFERENCE
Drawings may be classified according to the source of production, e.g.,
architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical.
Drawings within these categories should then be numbered sequentially.
4.8
FOLD LINES
Fold lines should be indicated on drawings irrespective of whether prints are
intended to be folded or rolled for storing. Hethods of folding are shown in Pigures 4.2
and 4.3. The number and position of fold lines should be specified by the user, but
generally drawings should be folded to A4 size. Drawings preferably should be file
folded.
4.9
INl'ORMATTON PANEL
All notes and general information should be located in an information panel. This
information panel should combine with the title panel to form a block on the drawing
sheet, in a vertical or horizontal arrangement as shown in Figures 4.4 and 4.5.
The panel may contain the following information:
a)
Revision details (each of which is indexed to the revision suffix, dated and
initialled
b)
Notes (general or specific which arc better consolidated under this heading
rather than loosely placed on the drawing)
c)
Key to sJ~bols and abbreviations. (The application of these by rubber stamp or
transfer will save labour and also assist in standardization.)
-=81
AD
-r-:'-:'--,-
Ilnformat~on Panel-~
:
I
I
I
I
I
I
Panel~-~-__==i
T
--;-'
'i
A2.
I
:
I
I
I
I
I
I
II
I
I'
:
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
:
I
----------
t-
I
I
Title
~_~__
A4
[T··:=S:=-~_TI I
I,
I
I
~
- .
- - - ---------_
_..
b- ±='f;e--:::1_
I
I~
I
,
t----,
~---I
J
L
I
I
r-- --,
-------------- - - - - -
FIG. 4.4
--- --
------ --
_______ ~-=--
VERTICAL ARRANGEMENT OF
INFORMATION AND TITLE PANELS
-i,..l~
FIG. 4.5
HORIZONTAL ARRANGEMENT OF
INFORMATION AND TITLE PANELS
-17-
4.10
TITLE PANEL
To facilitate reference when prints
are simple or file folded, the title panel
should be in either the vertical or
horizontal format, located in the position
shown in Figures 4.4 and 4.5.
It should include the following
information as applicable:
office
bureau
a)
Job title (usually made up of nature
of project, name of proprietor and
site address)
b)
Subject of the drawing
c)
Scale
d)
Date of drawing
seal
sceau
e)
Job number
designed by
corcu par
drawn by
oessoe par
f)
Drawing number and revision suffix
g)
Drawing reference, where a
classification system has been
adopted
Name of architect (and associated
architect where required) together
with address and telephone number.
h)
consultant
expert-conseil
approved by
date
approuve par
scale
echelle
detaIl no
no, du detail
sheet no. - where detail required
no. de la teudle - au detail eXlge
sheet no, - where detailed
no. de la feuille - ou oetame
revercns
revisions
It may also include names or initials
of the person (5) drawing or checking the
drawing, and the name of the architect in
charge of the job.
Title panels may be preprinted on the
drawing sheet or on adhesive plastic film
to avoid repetition of work.
project
projet
Examples of title panels are given in
Figures 4.6 and 4.7.
drawrng
cessm
project
FIG.
4.6
HORIZONTAL TITLE PANEL
No.
du projet
desIgned by
date
ccncu par
drawn by
dessine par
reviewed by
ell.mlne par
scale:
echelle
••
date
PubliC Works
Trav... publiCs
Canada
Canada
reVl!llons
approved by
approuIIl!l par
project no
no
d\.i
No
de la feuttle
VERTICAL TITLE PANEL
FIG 4.7
Dr..-Ing title"
Titre du dellin
sheet
c-orer
I
dwO"0
dellSln no
-18-
4.11
SCALES
4.11.1
standard Scales
The Canadian
scales and ratios
standard includes
enlargement based
and surveying and
are reproduced in
4.11.2
Government Specifications Board (CGSB) Standard 88-GP-2OM sets out
recommended for use in charts, maps and plans in metric SI. The
a comprehensive list ranging from 1:1 000 000 reduction ratio to 100:1
on the 1.2.5 series for use in architecture, engineering, construction
mapping. For convenience, the preferred scales for building drawings
Table 4.4.
Choice of Scale
The scale selected for a particular drawing should be determined by consideration of:
4.11.3
a)
The type of information to be communicated;
b)
The need for the drawing to communicate adequately and accurately the
information necessary for the particular work to be carried out;
c)
The need for economy in time and effort in drawing production.
Indication of Scales
The drawing scale should be stated in the title panel of each drawing sheet.
e.g., Scale
or
Scale:
1:100
Not To Scale
(~rrS)
~neTe two or more scales are used on the same sheet, the particular scales should be
clearly indicated.
In addition to the statement in the title panel, it may be advisable to indicate the
scale graphically, e.g.,
o
~­
20
;
40;
60
;
80
;
~
20 15 10 5
FIG. 4.8
4.11.4
GRAPHIC SCALE
Metric Scales (Tnet.rument.e )
The simplicity of the metric system is reflected in the ease with which metric ratios
can be operated (see Figure 4.9). The decimal subdivision of the scale 1:1 and 1:100
allows for almost all drawings to be done with one metric scaling instrument. However,
to acquire metric knowledge quickly, it is suggested that the recommended ratios of the
metric scales, as listed in Table 4.4, should be used.
-19-
TABLE 4.4
Drawing
Block Plan
PREFERRED SCALES FOR BUILDING DRAWINGS
Recommended
Scales
Use
1:2000
To locate the site within the
general district
1"=200'
1"=100'
1"=40'
1: 1000
1:500
Former Scales
(Ratios)
(1 : 2400)
(1: 1200)
(1 : 480)
Site Plan
1:500
1:200
To locate building work,
including services and site
works, on the site.
1"=40'
(1 :480)
1/16"=1' (1:192)
Sketch Plans
General
Location
Drawings
1:200
1:100
1:50
To show the over-all design of
the building.
To indicate the juxtaposition
of rooms and spaces, and to
locate the position of
components and assemblies.
1/16"=1' (1: 192)
1/8"=1' (1:96)
1/4"=1' (1:48)
Special Area
Location
Drawings
1:50
1:20
To show the detailed location
of components and assemblies
in complex areas.
1/4"=1'
1/2"=1'
Construction
Details
1:20
1:10
1:5
To show the interface of two
or more components or
assemblies for construction
purposes.
1/2"=1' (1:24)
1"=1'
(1:12)
3"=1'
(1:4)
Full size (l: 1)
1: 1
(1 :48)
(1 : 24)
Range Drawings
1:100
1:50
1:20
To show in schedule form, the
range of specific components
and assemblies to be used in
the project.
1/8"=1'
1/4"=1'
1/2"=1'
Component and
Assembly
Details
1:10
1:5
To show precise information
of components and assemblies
for workshop manufacture.
1"=1'
(1:12)
3"=1'
(1:4)
Full size (1:1)
1: 1
(1: 96)
(1:48)
(1: 24)
- 20-
THIS DRAWING MAY BE USED TO CHECK THE CORRECT INTERPRETATION
OF A SCALE.
tt
1:2000
1:500
111I11111
this length of scale represents on plan
.J~
I I I
I
this length of scale represents on plan
f-
1
10 m
11111111111
20 m
30 m
I
I
10
5 III
I
I I
I
1:50
1m
111111111\1
~
2
m
I
15
m
I
4 m
5 m
I
1
20 III
I
I
this length of scale represents on plan
~
III
I
7 m
10
8
I
III
I
9 m
10 II
I
I
1m
111111"'11
1.5 m
I
2 m
2.5 m
I
I
3 m
I
3.5 m
I
I
this 1ength of scale represents on plan
IE1m
I
I
1m
4 m
100 mm
this length of scale represents on plan
1.5 m
I
I
1F====~~ this length of scale represents on plan 100 mm
0.1 III
Q.2 m
0.3 m
0.4 m
0.5 III
REPRESENTATION OF METRIC LENGTHS (TO SCALE)
1m
2 m
this length of scale represents on plan
this length of scale represents on plan
FIG. 4.9
1m
m
this length of scale represents on pI an
M
1:5
6
10 III
this length of scale represents on plan.1
I.
100 mm
this length of scale~
represents on pl an 1m
*
1:20
3 III
1m
this length of scale represents on plan
this length of scale represents on plan
1:100
I
I
m
-W-
10 m
50 m
40 III
this length of scale represents on plan
~
~
1m
this length of scale represents on plan
*
1:200
I
I
I
[
200 m
150 m
100 m
50 m
I
10 m
10
11m
100 mm
-21-
4.12
4.12.1
LINES
General
Lines of differing thicknesses should be used to facilitate the reading of a drawing.
The actual thickness of lines used will depend on the purpose of the drawing, its size,
scale, whether the lines are in ink or pencil, the proposed method of reproduction and if
to be microfilmed. The range of line thicknesses on each drawing should be kept to a
minimum and once determined, they should be used consistently for the same type of
drawing throughout a project.
4.12.2
Minimum Thickness
The minimum thickness of line to be used is largely dependent on the proposed method
of reproduction. The minimum ink line thickness recommended for 1:1 dyeline reproduction
is 0.18 mm. h~ere drawings are made for reproduction at a reduced scale, either by
microfilming or other method, the minimum line thickness used in the original drawing
shall be such that in the smallest print to be made, the line will have a thickness of
not less than 0.18 mm.
,+.12.3
Range of thicknesses
The recommended range of line thickness for general use is 1.0 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.5 mm,
0.35 mm, 0.25 mm and 0.18 mm. These thicknesses form a series which follows a /2
progression in accordance with the sizes of drawing sheets given in clause 4.1 of this
Manual. One great advantage in the use of this series is that when drawings are
microfilmed and re-enlarged to a different scale, using standard reduction and enlargement
ratios, the resulting line thicknesses are still standard and any necessary modification
can be made using standard drawing pens and lettering stencils.
4.12.4
Thickness Grouping
It is not necessary, or desirable, that all of the line thicknesses given in clause
4.12.3 be used together. For anyone drawing it is recommended that lines from only one
of the groups given in Table 4.5 be adopted. For general office use Group C is
recommended.
LINE THICKNESS GROUPINGS, mm
TABLE 4.5
4.12.5
Size
A
B
C
D
Thick
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.35
Medium
0.7
0.5
0.35
0.25
Thin
0.5
0.35
0.25
0.18
Thicknesses for Specific Purposes
A guide to the relative thicknesses of lines for specific purposes is given in
Table 4.6.
- 22-
TABLE 4.6
LINES FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES
Drawing
Block Plans
Site Plans
Location
Drawings
Line
Thickness
Outline of new building and site boundaries.
Thick
Outline of existing buildings.
Medium
Reference and dimension lines and hatching.
Thin
Outline of site and new building.
Thick
General building works and landscaping.
Medium
Reference grid, dimension lines and hatching.
Thin
Primary elements in horizontal or vertical section,
Thick
outlines requiring emphasis.
Components and assemblies in plan, section and
Medium
elevation.
Construction
Details
Reference grids, dimension lines and hatching.
Thin
Primary components and assemblies in horizontal or
Thick
vertical section.
Components and assemblies in plan, section and
Medium
elevation.
Range
Drawings
Component
and
Reference grids, dimension lines and hatching.
Thin
Outlines requiring emphasis.
Thick
Components and assemblies in elevation.
Medium
Reference lines, dimension lines and hatching.
Thin
Profiles in horizontal or vertical section.
Thick
Profiles in elevation.
Medium
Reference grids, dimension lines and hatching.
Thin
Assembly
Details
-23-
4.13
LETTERING AND NOTES
4.13.1
General
Lettering should be used on drawings to convey information that is not readily or
clearly indicated by graphics alone, and the combination of lettering and graphics should
fully and concisely define the object being drawn.
The most important requirements for lettering are legibility, reproducibility and
ease of execution. These are particularly important due to the increased use of
microfilming which requires optimum clarity and adequate size of all details and
lettering. It is recommended that all drawings be made to conform to these requirements,
and that particular attention be paid to the avoidance of the following common faults:
a)
Unnecessary fine detail,
b)
Poor spacing of details,
c)
Carelessly drawn figures and letters,
d)
Inconsistent delineation,
e)
Incomplete erasures, leaving ghosted images,
f)
Use of differing densities, such as pencil, ink and typescript on the same
drawing,
g)
Use of heavy guidelines for lettering.
4.13.2
Notes on Drawings
In placing notes on drawings the following principles should be applied:
a)
Generalized notes, i.e., those that apply to the drawings as a whole or involve
similar parts of detail over the body of the drawing, should be consolidated in
a prominent position on the sheet or, preferably, in the notes column of the
information panel and referred to if necessary by a notation adjacent to the
detail, e.g., Note 1, Notes 1 and 2, etc.
b)
Special notes should be placed clear of, but as close as practicable to, the
items to which they refer. In no case should lettering obscure any part of the
drawing.
c)
Leaders linking notes with details should be used only where confusion might
otherwise arise.
d)
The underlining of lettering or notes is not recommended. If special attention
is required to be drawn to a note, the word "Important" or "Note" should prefix
the lettering.
e)
Lettering, when not written to be viewed from the bottom of the sheet, should be
placed for viewing from the right-hand side of the sheet.
4.13.3
Lettering
The requirements and principles listed in clauses 4.13.1 and 4.13.2 are best met by
the style of lettering known as standard upper case roman (simple block without serif or
scroll) which should be used exclusively, except for metric symbols requiring lower case
letters, e.g., millimetres (mm) and centimetres (cm). Condensed or extended styles are
not recommended.
- 24-
Decimal points should be heavier than the lettering and should be shown on the lower
line, e.g., 53.4 kg.
4.13.4
Size of Lettering
The line thickness for letters and figures should be in the same range as the line
thicknesses used on the particular drawing, as described in clause 4.17..2. These bear
the same 12 relationship to one another as do paper sizes. It is expected that pens in
the full range of sizes recommended will be available commercially.
The height of lettering should be in accordance with Table 4.7 consistent with line
thickness used.
TABLE 4.7
RECOH~IENDED
HE ICHT OF LETTER INC
Height of Letters, mm
Thickness of
Lines, mm
For Contact
Printing
(Ratio 1:10)
For Hicrofilming
(Ratio 1:14)
0.18
1.8
2.5
0.25
2.5
3.5
0.35
3.5
5.0
0.5
5.0
7.0
0.7
7.0
10.0
1.0
10.0
14.0
For microfilming, letters and figures should be drawn so that in the smallest print
to be made from the film, they will have a height of not less than 1.3 mm.
The use of the recommended line thickness of 0.25 mm for lettering on the Al sheet,
using a thickness/height ratio of 1:10 (and therefore a height of 2.5 mm) will, when
reduced to A2, give a height of 1.8 mm and when reduced to A3 a height of 1.3 mm, which
is still legible to most people. Further reduction to 0.9 mm is not advisable.
Where microfilming, rather than contact printing, is the major consideration, a
thickness/height ratio of 1:14 is recommended.
Fine lines and miniature lettering should not be used because they are unsuitable for
reproduction either by contact printing or microfilming.
The size of the figures denoting the project and drawing numbers should be not less
than 7 mm high, so that the microfilm will be readily identifiable at low magnitudes.
Symbols, such as signs for power outlets and telephones, should be at least as large
as the lettering.
-25-
4.13.5
Spacing
There should be adequate and even spacing between letters and adequate space inside
enclosed letters such as P and R. Words should be compact without being cramped and
close enough to one another to allow sentences to be easily read.
The clear space between letters and figures should be not less than double the
thickness of the line used. The space between words should be equal to that required by
the letter a if touching both words and the space between sentences should be double
that between words.
Spacing between lines of lettering should be not less than one half the height of
the characters.
4.13.6
Typewriting
Where variable typeface typewriters are used, the previously recommended
relationships between height and thickness of letters should be maintained, particularly
if reduction of the drawing is planned.
Where typewriting is used, the type face, size and density should be selected or
controlled to conform as nearly as possible with the line work previously recommended and
to that used on the drawing. A typeface without serifs is preferred.
- 26-
4.14
SYMBOLS
MATERIALS
GENERAL LOCATION
DRAWINGS
ASSEMBLY
SCALE 1·50 OR SMALLER
DRAWINGS
SCALE 1 10 OR LARGER
---'~-'-'-'-'--.-
PLAN & SECTION
ELEVATION
Pl.AN & SECTION
BRICK MASONRY
I
- - - - 1I
~:
SPACING TO REPRESENT COURSING
.. ,
c=J
.~"
+
CUT 510NE MASONRY
-
_
.. ..
"
','
,..
."-,':
-'
-
.
.: ..•.• >••
..
ARTIFIC IAL STONE MASONRY
LINE SPACING TWICE AS WIDE
___ ~fOR8RICK
MARBLE
STIPl'LE DENSITY ONE-HALF OF
THAT fOR CUT STONE
TOO FINE TO HATCH
--;-',
1~/1~J
'
'0
"',:
~
CONCRETE
4
<tp.O.. . •~. ····1
•••v.,
STIPPLE DENSITY ONE-THIRD
__ OF THAT FORCUT..illNE _
.
-'
S1IPPLE OEHSITY ONE-THIRD
__ !fTrI~mR..cU1STONE
-----------,
I
-- ---------j
-----~
LINE SPACING THREE TIMES
AS'II1IJE ALFO~Jl.RlCK
SPACING TO REPRESENT COURSING
I
-
'~"""'-1
l
--~---.'!~
CERAMIC TILE
TOO ANE TO HATCH
.
: -,-~
._~_
•..
1.·'· .'· ·~·.·~.· l· ·-
REINFORCED CONCRETE
CONCRETE OR CINDER BLOCK
~jJ."
9~
....
. '
,.p
'
...
-27-
GENERAL LOCATION
ORAWINGS
ASSEMBLV
SCALE 1 SO OR SMALLER
PLAN & SECTION
TERRAZZO
ORAWINGS
SCAli ',10 OR LAR6ER__
ELEVATION
__
PLAN & SECTION
TOO fiNE TO HATCH
SHOW PA1TERN Of STRIPS
----r--------'---~--
:GL
GLASS
*9
INCLUDE GL WHERE REOUIREO
FOR CLARITY
+
+
fOR NEW WORK
WllOO FRAMI NG
fOR ALT£RATION WORK
J,'
.',!
i",
WOOD (FINISHED I
/ i
RIGID INSULATION
"
",,·,'•.,.'., ·, · ·,
f l///,
TOO FINE TO HATCH
/
.,' ..' I
+
,-,
1------
---- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
I
>
",_
(.' (
-
I
,) r(,ll," ",:, ,
n\: \\ \ L7
BATT INSULATION
------------------------+-------------1
STRUCTURAL STEEL
I
[
L
. ",i' ,7,' / '
~~
,./d /
"
f"
.L
;
I-------------~
BRONZE. BRASS. COPPER.
& ASSOCIATED ALlDYS
-
I
--------- - - - - - - - - - - -
AS FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL
1---------------->.-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - t - - - - - - - - - - - - - j
ALUMINUM
EM
AS fOR STRUCTURAL STEEL
I
-28-
GRAVEL FILL
CINDER OR SLAG FILL
--------iI
FIRE BRICK
PLYWOOD
GLASS BLOCK
I
NATURAL STONE RIP RAP, FIELD STONE, ETC.
+
SAND, FILL. PLASTER,
GYPSUM BOARD & CEMENT
t
II
I
Ii
it
+
f
i
- 29-
WALLS
WAll MATERIAL SYMBOLS ARE SHOWN
lilLY WHERE MATERIAL OR lIINSTRUCTION
CHANGES OR TERM INATES
WALL MATERIAL SYMBOLS NEED NOT BE
USED WHEN WALL CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
ARE SHOWN IN A WALL TYPE SCHEDULE
ESPECIAllY APll.ICABlE TO SMAll
scm
ORAWING
NOTE, IN RENOVATION WORK MATERIAL SYMBOLS ARE NOT USED FOR EXISTING WALLS; MATERIAL SYMBOLS ARE USED ONLY TO DIFFERENTIATE
NEW WORK FROM EXISTING; WALLS OR PARTITIONS TO BE REMOVED ARE SHOWN BY BROKEN LINES
WALL OF SHEET GLASS OR OTHER TRANSPARENT
OR TRAtjSLlICENT SHEETS IN WOOD OR METAL
FRAME; E.G STORE WINDOW
WALL OF GLASS BLOCK OR OTHER TRANSPARENT
OR TRANSLUCENT MASONRY
A WINDOW BUILT INTO A TRANSPARENT OR
TRANSLUCENT MASONRY WALL
PANEL TYPE CURTAIN WALL,
WITHOUT WINDOWS
PANEL TYPE CURTAIN WALL.
WITH WINDOWS
I
i
i
31
I
IOi
I
I
I
I
Itt
I
I
I
I
t
-30-
PARTITION S
FRAME PARTITION
IN NEW WORK MATERIAL SYMBOLS ARE NOT SHOWN
1flNISHEO BOTH SlOES
FINISHEO ONE SlOE ONLY
GLAZED PARTITION - ANY TRANSPARENT OR
TRANSLUCENT SHEET MATERIAL, EITHER FLAT.
CORRUGATED, OR TEXTURED IN ANY WAY
TOILET PARTITIONS
THE SAME PARTITION SYMBOL IS TO BE USEO FOR
All TYPES OF TOIlET PARTITION CONSTRUCTION AT
SCAlES Of 1,50 & 1,100
-
WITH OOORS
MOVABLE PARTITIONS
+
SOllO
WIRE PARTITION S
- ..iUlr1.J
WITHOUT OOORS
+
t=+
++
---x------'
WITH CURTAIN
-
~
+~
GLAZEO
: - - - - - - ' X - - - - - - ' ,.-------X---
--~
\ill",OOORS INllACKEO POSITION
TWO - TRACK ACCOROID N PARTITIONS
III
III
_---=
\
'J--L
--=_
.-::::::
OOORS ARE HUNG ON TWO TRACKS AND STACK WHEN OPfN; PILOT OR PASS OOORS ARE SHOWN IN USUAL WAY
ARCHWAY - AN OPENING IN AWALL
OR PARTITION, WITHOUT DOORS
~
~I
~==~I
i
OPENING EXTENOS UP TO A LINTEL, ARCH OR VALENCE
~
+
- 31-
DOORS
II
II
SINGLE SWING DOORS
NOTE SIZE AND TYPE Of ODOR IS SHOWN
WHEN A DOOR SCHEDULE IS NOT USED
"
USE ONLY If SPACE AND
CLARITY DICTATE
WITH SIDElIGHT
WITH THRESHOLD
Iii
DOUBLE ODORS
•DUTCH ODOR, IN TwtJ
SECTIONS, \11TH UPPER
AND LOWER LEAVES
DOUBLE ACTING DOORS
IN·AND - OUT DOORS
FOLDING DOORS
CENTRED ON TRACK
--N'
TO ONE SIDE Of. RACK
t
ACCORDIO N DOORS
WITHOUT POCKET
WITH POCKET
t
SLIDING DOORS
DOOR SLI DES INTO POO ET
SURFACE ~MOUNTEO ODOR SLIDING
EXPOSED ON FACE OF WALL
TWO ODORS SLIDING U ONE WAY
ON THE FACE, LEAV',NG mAR OPENING
BYPASSING SLIDING ODORS BOTH MOVING TO
EI1HER SIDE BUT NOT ,EAVING CLEAR OPENING
- 32-
I
AREA octUPIEO BY DOOR HOUSING
ROLL- UP DOORS
SECTION
PlAN
AREA Of DOOR IN OPEN POSITION
OVERHEAD DOORS
_~ll...- SECTION
PLAN
VERTICAL LIFT ODORS
/~===
,
,
, I
PLAN
I
,
,I
I
'I
I
1
1'1I
..
JJL
1
SECTION
\\
\\
REVOLVING DOORS
+
I
DOUBLE - LEAF SWI NGI NG DOORS
~ ~
/
v / ..
- 33-
WINDOWS
IN PLAN, FOR ALL
TYPES
OF SASH
fLUSH
SILL
MULLIONS
fLUSH WITH WALL ON INSIDE
SLIP
SILL
WITH
MULLIONS & CONTINUOUS
LUG
SILL
WITH
MULLIONS Of TYPICAL
STOOL
WALL
CONSTRUCTIOI
IN ELEVATION
I
SYMBOLS APPLY REGARDLESS Of MATERiAl
USED IN MANUfACTURE
Of SASH.
-
Q
.>
"<,...- ,
I
DOUBLE
HUNG
PROlE ClEO
PIYOTTEO
LEFT SIDE HINGED
RIGHT SIDE HINGED
BOTTOM HINGED
HORIZONTAL SLIDING
1\
/
\
1/
\
1\
/
\
/
1/
\
CASEMENT
/\
I
/
/
\
'
\
I
\
/
/
TOP HINGED
<,
/'/
-
- 34-
MISCELLANEOUS
SURFACE SLOPE
TO IHOICATE FLOOR OR ROOF
COHOITiOHS OROTHERSLOPIHG
SURFACES IH PlAH; ARROWS
IHOICATE OIRECTIOH OF SLOPE
STAIRS
HOTE : ALL ARROWS SHOWIHG A
SLOPE OR STEPS SHOULD BE PRECEDED
BV THE IHFORMATIOH UP OR 'OOWH';
THIS MAV BE FOLLOWED BV AH
IHOICATIOH OF THE HO. OF RISERS
FROM FLOOR 10 FLOOR; EGUP 12 RISERS'
UP
--++++-t-H-f--,
OOWH --+-t-tl
OPEH WELL
UP~
STRAIGHT FLIGHT
Il
SPIRAL STAIRS
ESCALATOR
ELEVATORS
DUMBWAITER
DUCTS
DlA
CHIMHEY FLUE
"A~
11:
~L. ~
- 35-
ACCESS HATCH
-.
~----71
I"
/1
I
ACCESS'
I
HATCH
I
I
ACCESS
HATCH
I
',I
/
L'
~,j
LOCATED IN CEILING
LOCATED IN FLOOR
RECESSED
SURFACE MOUNTED
SKYLIGHTS
CABINETS
FURNITURE &
APPLIANCES
C
+
+
RANGE
D
DISHWASHER
C
REFRIGERATOR
DO
WASHER & DRYER
D
IL
____
SINK IN COUNTER & WALL CABINETS
COMBINED WASHER
& DRYER
--------
SINGLE & DOUBLE BED
CHESTERFIELD & ARMCHAIR
- 36-
STRUCTURAL
THE DESIGNATION OF ROLLED STEEL SHAPES ARE TO BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THOSE PUBLISHED IN THE C.I.S.c. HANDBOOK OF
STEEL CONSTRUCTION.
SYMBOLS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH ABOVE DESIGNATIONS TO INDICATE THE MAKE-UP OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.
I
BEAM WITH WEB IN VERTI CAL PLANE
BEAM WITH WEB NORMAL TO VERTICAL PLANE
[
CHANNEL WITH WEB
IN VERTICAL PLANE
CHANNEL WITH WEB NORMAL TO VERTICAL PLANE,
TOES DOWN
L.J
CHANNEL WITH
TOES UP
li
2 ANGLES, BACK TO BACK
..J
r
WEB NORMAL TO VERTICAL PLANE,
2 ANGLES, STARRED
UNEUUAL ANGLE, O.S.L. IS THE SHORT LEG
li
2 UNEQUAL ANGLES, LONG LEGS BACK TO BACK
2 UNEUUAL ANGLES, SHORT LEGS BACK TO BACK
2 UNEQUAL ANGLES, SHORT LEGS IN VERTICAL PLANE
TOED TOWARDS EACH OTHER ANO BATTENEO OR LACED
2 CHANNELS, WEBS IN VERTICAL PLANE, TOED OUT,
BATTENED OR LACED
[]
2 CHANNELS, WEBS IN VERTICAL PLANE, TOED IN
AND 2 PLATES, BOXED
4 ANGLES, BATTENS OR LACING ON ALL FOUR SIDES
- 37-
STRUCTURAL ABBREVIATIONS
TO S
TOP OF STEEL
BM
BEAM
COL
COL UM H
U/H
UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED
UIS
UHOERSIOE
MIH
MINIMUM
MAX
MAXIMUM
HF
HEAR FACE
FF
FAR FACE
EL OR ELEV
ELEVATIOH
CL
CEHTRE - LI HE
OPHG
OPENIHG
ARCH.
ARCHITECTURAL
MECH.
MECHAHICAL
ELEC.
ELECTRICAL
STRUCT.
STRUCTURAL
OWG IS)
ORAWIHG IS)
PL
PLATE
BPL
BASE (BEARING) PLATE
FL
FLAT
LLV
LOHG LEG VERTICAL
LLH
LOHG LEG HORIZOHTAL
HO.
HUMBER
CAP
CAPACITY
(a)
AT
ole or ee
CENTER TO CEHlER
REI NF
REINFORCING
CON C
CONCRETE
TOP
BOT
BOTTOM
BROG
BRIOGIHG
OWSJ
OPEH WEB STEEL JOIST
OWSSJ
OPEN WEB SHORT SPAH JOIST
OWL SJ
OPEN WEB LOHG SPAH JOIST
- 38-
EW
EACH WAY
EF
EACH FACE
ES
EACH SIDE
Ef
EACH END
IF
INSIDE FACE
OF
OUTSIDE FACE
UL
UPPER LAYER
LL
LOWER LAYER
VERT
VERTICAL
HOR Z
HORIZONTAL
OWLS
DOWELS
FTG
FOOTING
INT
INTERIOR
EXT
EXTERIOR
WWM
WELDED WIRE MESH
TEMP STL
TEMPERATURE STm
DIAG
JIAGONAL
R~.DIUS
0
DIAMETER
EXIS T
EXISTING
WWF
WELDE 0 WIDE
F~ANGE
- 39-
ELECTRICAL
CEILING
WAll
0
-0
OUTLET
(B)
~
BLANKED
@
DROP
OUTLET
CORD
<D
-c
ELECTRIC OUTLET IF CONFUSION
WITH OTHER SYMBOLS POSSIBLE
CD
-<D
FAN
<D
-<D
JUNCTION BOX
CD
-®
LAMPHO LDER
<DPI
-<])PI
LAMPHDLDER
®
~
PULL SWIT CH
(If)
-({)
OUTLET
<X>
-e
EXIT LI GHT OUTLET
©
-<D
CLOCK OUTLET
OUTLET
WITH
PULL
FOR VAPOUR
=@
DUPLEX
::@l,J
SINGLE. TRIPLEX
SWITCH
DISCHARGE
RECEPTACLE
RECEPTACLE
SPLIT - SWITCHED - DUPLEX
RECEPTACLE
THREE - CONDUCTOR SPLIT - DUPLEX
THREE - CONDUCTOR
=@WP
WEATHERPROOF
RANGE
LAMP
RECEPTACLE
SPLIT - SWITCHED - DUPLEX RECEPTACLE
RECEPTACLE
RECEPTACLE
SWITCH & RECEPTACLE
RADIO & RECEPTACLE
SPECIAL PURPOSE OUTLET, I.INDESIGNATED
FLOOR
RECE PTACLE
o.,,.,
DESIGNATED
SPECIAL
=@..,b,c.!tc.
DESIGNATED
SPECIAL PURPOSE
FLUORESCENT
FIXTURE
PURPOSE
OUTLET
RECEPTACLE
S
SINGLE POLE SWITCH
DOUBLE
POLE SWITCH
THREE WAY SWITCH
FOUR WAY SWITCH
So
AUTOMATIC DOOR SWITCH
ELECTROLIER SWITCH
KEY OPERATED SWITCH
Sp
SWITCH & PILOT LAMP
SCB
CIRCUIT BREAKER
SWCB
WEATHERPROOF CIRCUIT BREAKER
MOMENTARY
REMOTE
SWP
CONTACT SWITCH
CONTROL SWITCH
WEATHERPROOF SWITCH
FUSED SWITCH
SWF
-
S.,b,c,etc
WEATHERPROOF FUSED
SWITCH
SPECIAL SWITCH OR CIRCUIT BREAKER
LIGHTING PANEL
POWER
PANEL
BRANCH CIRCUIT IN CEILING OR WALL
BRANCH CIRCUIT
IN FLOOR
EXPOSED BRANCH CIRCUIT
HOME RUN TO PANELBOARO
NUMBER OF CIRCUITS INDICATED BY NUMBER OF ARROWS
UNOERFLOOR DUCT & JUNCTION BOX
©
GENERATOR
MOTOR
CD
INSTR UMEN T
Q)
POWER TRANSFORMER
CONTROLLER
ISOLATING SWITCH
- 41-
G
PUSHBU TTON
[Jt
BU ZZER
[J:>
BELL
-0
I<J
[]<]
ANNUNCIATOR
INTERCON NECTING
TELEPHONE
TELE PHONE
SWITCHBOARD
cD
BELL - RINGING
[]]
ELECTRIC
[IP
FIRE
m
FI RE ALARM
til
CITY
TRANSFORMER
ODOR
OPENER
ALARM
STATION
FIRE ALARM
[ill
FIRE ALARM
WJ
AUTOMATIC
STATION
CENTRAL STATION
FIRE
ALARM
~
WATCHMAN'S
STATION
m
WATCHMAN'S
CENTRAL
OJ]
HORN
00
NURSE'S
[MJ
MAID'S
m
RADIO
00
SIGNAL
D
INTERCONNECTION
'l'IJi'I'1
BATTERY
SI GNAL
SIGNAL
STAT ION
PLUG
PLUG
OUTLET
CENTRAL
AU XI LIARY
ri.;
DEVICE
SYSTEM
SPECIAL AUXILIARY
STATION
BOX
CIRCUITS
OUTLETS
-42-
TElE PHONE
_"_00_00SIZE
____ .J!ll
_
_____ 21~-----
_0=t=J=0-
_ 0
. _
_ 0
0 _
o
SIZE
f-----i
SIZE
CABLE EXPOSEO
CONDUIT
CONDUIT, HOME RUN
UNDER FLOOR DUCT &
JUNCTION BOX
CONDUIT RISER
RISER SLEEVE
FLOOR OUTLET BOX
--~)-y
CEILING OUTLET BOX
WALL OUTLET BOX
PRIMARY ENTRANCE LOCATION
UTI L1TY COLUMN
~SIZE
BACKBOARD
D
METAL WALL CABINET
SIZE
SWITCHBOARD
DSIIE
•
PULL BOX
I
TRENCH HEADER FEED ON
UNDERFLDDR DUCT SYSTEM
I
_0--0- 0i
HEADER DUCT WITH ACCESS UNIT ON
UNDER FLOOR DUCT SYSTEM
- 4 .~-
PLUMBING
---+---
SOl L & WASTE
--+--
SOIL, WASTE OR LEADER
---v---
VENT
COLO
HOT
~f.D.
WATER
FLOOR
SOIL
9
V'
UR
UR
Do
c::::>
II
81.
[><J
W.e.
OR ROOF
DRAIN
LEADER
STACK
GREASE
INTE RCEPTE R
SERVICE
SINK
URINALS
WATER
CLOSET
WITH
WATER
CLOSET, FLUSH
BIDE T
8
II
SH
o
BATH
TUB
SHOWER
COLUMN
SHOWER
I
K
---ll
HS
GRADE
WATER
RAINWATER
o
BELOW
FIRE
HYDRANT
SIAMESE
HOSE
SMOKE
CO NNECT ION
BI B
DETECTOR
TANK
VALVE TYPE
- -14-
HEATING, VEHTlLATlNG, AIR COHDITIONING
---<<31----
DIRECTION OF FLOW
DIRECTION
5'
5'
i
/
f
HIGH
/
OF
PIPE SLOPE
PRESSURE STEAM
LOW
PRESSURE STEAM
-1f--;f---If--
HIGH
PRESSURE
-~-~--f--
LOW
PRESSURE
/
if
/li
SUPER
l
,i"
RETURN
RETURN
HEATED
STEAM
UNTREATED
STEAM
HOT WATER
HEATING SUPPLY
HOT
WATER
---AB---
ANYTYPE
----AB----
ANY
RET URN
GATE
VAL VE
HEATING RETURN
OF SUPPLY
RISER, SUPPLY & RETURN
ELBOW
TEE
Y CONNECTION
RECESSED
CONVECTOR
SURFACE MOUNTED
RADIATOR
CONVECTOR
com CTOR
t --- i
t
DUCT & DIRECTION
OF
FLOW
~
SUPPLY DUCT IN SECTION
[;2J
RETURN
F0
c·
t
+ = A 01
FIRE
ACCESS
DUCT
DAMPER
DOOR
IN
SECTION
-45 -
4.15
ABBREVIATIONS FOR USE IN BUILDING DRAWING PRACTICE
Abbr cv i a t i ons used in building drawings should he those recommended in CSA
Standard Z-85 (new Standard now (1977) being prepared). When using abbreviations, care
should be taken that an abbreviation cannot be mistaken for an SI symbol; in typewritten
text, use of italic type is recommended for abb rev i a t i on s , e.g., A for area, A for ampere.
4.16
DRAWING EXAMPLES
4.16.1 Ceneval.
The following examples arc given solely to show certain of the drawing conventions
previously described and the appearance of draw i ng s at three of the commonly used scales.
The examples are not only deliherately simplified hut also incorporate a numb e r of
assumptions, necessitated by lack of information at the time of publication. These
assumptions concern the dimensions of materials and spaces which cannot be confirmed
until the relevant codes and standards are established and the manufacturing industry has
made decisions ab ou t product sizes. Th e examples, therefore, must not be considered as
guides to design or construction practice.
~
8PX)
~ ~.OOO
1t.oo
0
§
s
-
~
-1
I
§
~
_J
tf)'
so.coo
NOTE
FIG. 4.10
EXAMPLE OF PLOT PLAN
1:500
All dimensions ore
given in
metres
-46-
4 .16.2
I 'j',
raY'Y'ed Uni te in Dimensioning
Units for linear measurement in building and cons t ruc t i on should normally be
restricted to the metre (m) and the millimetre (mm). TIle kilometre (km) may also b e used
where necessary. However, the centimetre (em) should be avoided, as should the hectometre
(hm), the decimetre (dm) and the decametre (dam). These recommendations are made for the
following reasons:
a)
The preferred mul tiples and suhmul tiples in
the base unit by a factor of 1000.
b)
Not using the centimetre, etc., means uni t s ymbo l s are not requi red after
dimensions. Whole numbers will always indicate millimetres, and de c i mal i zc d
expressions (which must be taken to three decimal places) will indicate met r es .
For example, the dimensions 600, 1200, 25 OUO are all in millimetres and
1 . 2 0 0 and 25.000 are in metres.
c)
TIle use of uni ts other than the metre and the mill i met re would introduce an
unnecessary degree of complexity and ambiguity into drawings, and would
increase the likelihood of errors in c a l cul a t i nj: and checking of d i mcns i on s ,
51
arc those that are related to
Until metric usage is completely familiar it may he useful to add to drawings a
note such <IS "All dimensions are in millimetres."
To avoid the need of using numbers with an excessive number of digits,
particularly in the dimensioning of areas or volumes, it j,. recommended that mathematical
notation be used: e.g., 2 1 6 0 0 0 0 mm 2 (1200 x 1800) may be wr i t te n as 2 . 1 6 x lOb r;m 2 or
more s i mpl y, 2 . 1 6 m2 . For room and other spaces in b ui l d i ngs it is sufficient to give
areas to the nearest one tenth of a square metre.
1200
f--
o
o
N
'If
4500
LR
14.5 m2
1400
f
I
!
1100
'
1500
3000
11 00
NOTE: All dimensions are
given in millimetres
unless otherwise indicated
FIG. 4.11
EXAMPLE OF FLOOR PLAN
1:100
11
-
- --
- -
-
-- - -
--
--- --
,..8
-
---
--- - - - -
--
-- --
I
A
.r----------.
I
J
--t
4oQ:J
.
l ----t
I
1
r
- -, J
'-j:;.
I
.....
0
7
~-
'V
I
I
-=
8
- ---
'1
1=.L~YATION
-- ~
,00
+----,
-,r-
I
I
I
-,
J
I
I
I
~.
L_,
-
I
D
~
--
UP
-J
----
PLAN
NOTE: All dimensions are
given in millimetres
FIG. 4.12
EXAMPLE OF DETAILED PLAN
& ELEVATION 1:50
A6R-4Al-T ~1)4t:;L!S
\2. t"I\m 5UEA~ I~C:;
- 48-
T~USS£S <i> ~o -r-""" c/c
36 )(r40 ToP c.HOR,t> - - - 38K8'3
Cf.'~
aoTn:lM
AWMINUM
Ea=p'rr---.J
l~
....... ~I---
VA~O~ SA~1 ER.
IZ
M'"
c:4YRS"M
"'89 ~'L$.R
2. - 38 l<.8<3 f>l-ATE.
B'j).
2D
hi", 5l'Uc£:£)
M~L
LA11-4
e.UIU>Wu -PA-PE£
12. ~rn -Pl."'/.
39"69 SfLU:6 <p 400
~UJ:NT ~ING
l5AlT lN5ul-A"o~
6 """' S>1.' I. UNtIE ~
n\'" %
y.Aft>Oe. ~~I':IE.R.
12 "" 'n! CiAS\.S M J3OAeI>
12. J'nl'1\ PlY. Sua- P.
t::!:~~~;;;:::;~;;:;i~· ~{U~.....--.
. I
3B')C. 09
~TES
.
~!F
... 1"'..,...---t----+--+----'.~
12.eP
I) .
'. <, .1/
. 100"
FIG. 4.13
5HEA11·H~
EXAMPLE OF SECTION 1:5
)t
6::)PS
""~ ANCJ..Ie"
@ ~ ~"" etc..
140
~~_~
6000
,
1..-
3000
II.·
,
~
0
0
10
~=-1~I~
V
L{)
(.-.
~ ..
--r~ f+:'
~: . .' ·,ta·
~
'----
...~
.."
"
:
--_.
;
I"
'.'.
.~
~ '+500_
·4
v l?:·... V~
- 300
4·
l.:..i:
"7
o
o
o
1'1')
I
0
0
0
"
...-i
;I:
:;
/.
I
Il
1050
rl
l\ 900
~
I
0
0
0
/:
!===
;/
/
1050
0
0
0
so
N
V
V
f-
~.
0
0
0
500~
...-i
v
~ ~
0
0
": . .
.:~
V
~
V;:t:~: ~y~y. .lj();
r.':4:''Z: /··../:·/:d··:/:·/l
t':Y·/.X
...V":
..
..
'.~
~
~
0
0
0
...-i
'/.////IIL/
170
I,
1000 , 1000
2000
1000
1000
--1fL--------t~
1
6000
NOTE :
ALL DIMENSIONS
GIVEN IN
MILL IMETRES
FIG. 4.14
EXAMPLE OF OFFICE FLOOR PLAN
1:50
170
-50-
FINISHED
FLOO)
.' ----t
~.
:4-
.<1'. '.
b
o
o
N
o
o
~
o
o
;/\4.
N
.~,
c
. 4. .'
---------------j
1•..-
II
~
1
L
---+.---------------<41
o
~
LO
N
FINISHED
FLOOR/
o
~
o
o
300
N
/
:/
J.
.'
. '-
. '~..-
o
o
N
FIG. 4.15
EXAMPLE OF SECTION
1:5
NOTE:
ALL DIMENSIONS
IN MILLIMETRES
- 51-
PART S.
5.1
DIMENSIONAL CO-ORDINATION
PRODUCT SIZES
The sizes of products and the ways of putting them together to make a building have
seldom been guided by a cornmon dimensional framework understood by all. Traditionally,
each major participant in the building process, the manufacturer, the designer, and the
builder, has been obliged to make compromises that take account of individual dimensional
constraints. Dimensional co-ordination is simply a means of ensuring that everyone
concerned with building is using the same dimensional language, and that manufactured
components will fit together in the spaces allocated to them in a building.
The change to the metric SI system will oblige many manufacturers to change the
actual physical size of their products. If these new sizes are chosen with reference to
a cornmon dimensional framework the entire building process, from manufacturing to on-site
construction, will be simplified. This is particularly true in view of the trend in the
industry toward the increasing use of pre-manufactured components which cannot be easily
modified on site. The use of dimensional co-ordination means that the manufacturer will
be able to standardize his products and reduce their variety, the designer will be able
to use off-the-shelf components with the assurance that they will fit together without
complex detailing, and the builder will have no need to cut and fit on site or resort to
makeshift and wasteful building techniques.
5.2
5.2.1
DIMENSIONAL CO-ORDINATION IN DESIGN
Modular Grid
Dimensional co-ordination relies on the establishment of rectangular and threedimensional grids of basic modules into which components can be introduced in an
inter-related pattern of sizes. The modular grid delineates the space into which a
component fits. This is the most important characteristic of dimensional co-ordination:
the component must always be under-sized in relation to the grid. just as a piston must
be of smaller diameter than that of the cylinder in which it moves. The grid therefore
is made up of spaces which permit the insertion of a component plus a joint.
5.2.2
Basic Module
The modular grid is based on a basic module of 100 rnm, an internationally accepted
module. The basic module is used to generate a practical and acceptable range of
preferred multiples of 100 rnm which at the same time gives sufficient flexibility to the
designer and an economic range of product sizes to the manufacturer. The preferred
multiples (and sub-multiples) of the basic module for vertical and horizontal use are
fully described in the CSA A31.M-75 series of Standards.
5.2.3
Multimodule
The mu1timodu1e for horizontal controlling dimensions is 600 rnm. Horizontal
controlling dimensions are dimensions between vertical controlling planes, i.e., planes
generated by the modular grid. Horizontal controlling dimensions should be in increments
of:
a)
600 rnm up to 9600 rnm
b)
1200 rnm above 9600 rnm.
Below 600 rnm, increments of 300 rnm (1st preference) and 200 rnm (2nd preference) may be
used.
-52-
5.2.4
Vertical Controlling Planes
Vertical controlling planes may be placed either on the axis of structural members or
on their boundaries. When boundary controlling planes are used, the width of the zone for
the structure (columns or loadbearing walls) should be in mUltiples of 100 mm.
The multimodules for vertical controlling dimensions are 300 mm and 600 mm.
controlling dimensions are dimensions between horizontal controlling planes.
5.2.5
Vertical
Floor Heights
For floor-to-f1oor (storey) heights, vertical controlling dimensions should be in
increments of:
a)
b)
100 mm from 2400 mm up to 3000 mm
300 mm from over 3000 mm up to 4800 mm.
For floor-to-ceiling (room) heights, vertical controlling dimensions should be in
increments of:
a)
b)
c)
100 mm from 2100 mm up to 2700 mm
300 mm from over 2700 mm up to 3600 mm
600 mm above 3600 mm.
It is recommended that floor-to-ceiling heights of 2200 mm or less be restricted to
multi-storey carparks, unfinished basements, agricultural buildings and residential
bathrooms, utility rooms, passages and halls.
For changes in levels of floors and roofs, vertical controlling dimensions should be
in increments of:
a)
b)
100 mm up to 2400 mm
300 mm above 2400 mm.
The height of the zones for floors and roofs which contain structural elements, and
which may also include floor and ceiling finishes and services, should be in increments o~
a)
b)
5.2.6
100 mm up to 1200 mm
300 mm over 1200 mm.
Door Heights
Height of door head, taken from controlling plane at the surface of the finished
floor to the underside of rough opening, should be 2100 mm or 2200 mm.
5.2.7
Window Heights
Height of windows taken from the controlling plane at the surface of the finished
floor:
a)
to the underside of the rough opening at the head should be:
2100, 2200, 2400, or 2700 mm.
b)
to the top of the rough opening at the sill should be:
300, 600, 900 or 1200 mm (1st preference)
400, 800 or 1000 mm (2nd preference).
It should be noted that a sill height of 800 mm may be appropriate for a window above
a desk, and 1000 mm for a window above a kitchen counter or laboratory bench.
- 53-
PART 6.
6.1
fu~THROPOMETRIC
DATA AND INTERNAL CIRCULATION
GENERAL
The body and reach characteristics of persons have a direct influence on design.
Average (mean) dimensions of some of the more important of these characteristics for men
and women between the ages of 18 and 40 are shown in Figures 6.1 and 6.2.
6.2
AVERAGES
It must be emphasized that averages should be treated with caution as only about
half the population will be included in the "average" group. It is seldom economic or
practicable to consider 100 per cent of the population in design calculations. The
dimensions shown in the Figures in this Part are thus only guidelines for general design
purposes.
6.3
STATISTICAL DATA AVAILABLE
As the only statistical data available for Canadian adults are for heights and
weights,* the dimensions shown in the following Figures are from United Kingdom data.
The heights shown include an allowance for footwear. The average Canadian man between
the ages of 18 and 40 is 1739 mm tall (barefoot) and has a mass of 72.8 kg. The figures
for Canadian women are 1604 mm and 58.5 kg.
* "Tables of Heights and Weights of Canadians," Health and Welfare Canada 1975, a report
on a national survey taken in 1970-72 for Nutrition Canada.
rrre
NOTE: All dimensions are
given in mil limeres
t
.- IL
1~1
~~'
I~
S
-
......... j~
1\
, 1.1
r
I
.,
480
j
~'o
1060
FI G.
6.1
AVERAGE MAN
~~
j
,
~
II)
~
r-
0
~
0 §
CO
,..
2
•
~
'
,
~
-55-
o
en
l./)
NOTE: All dimensions are
given in millimetres
560
1000
FIG.
6.2
AVERAGE WOMAN
i
12CQ
=t
,","~or
t
~JD]
o
L/)
-o
from handle side
,,50
1'-----f
<000
1
800
I'fIIn.
*
doot"l
~
;1...---
I
I
81
N:
-i
-1
t- -----=----from hinge side
----}
I
1080)
I
1
2
NOTE: All dimensions are
given in millimetres
FIG. 6 . 3
DISABLED PERSON IN WllEELCllAI R
approach to
out-swinging doors
-57-
single
twin
NOTE: All dimensions
are
double
given in millimetres
FIG.
6.4
i
950
INTERNAL CIRCULATION SCHEMES - SLEEPING SPACES
r
~
,rI~,I\\
------t
01
~--J
\
washing
drying child
NOTE: All
dimensions are
given in millimetres
FIG.
6.5
1
\
INTERNAL CIRCULATION SCHEMES - PERSONAL CARE
"
/
......
-
----
helping on
with coat
,/
/
- 58-
ISO
850
maximum d,elt
-for
h6-~H
~~fra.\ l>~"'7
t-L-
~i~---
~
oa
00
plan
'"
1300
~
FIG.
6.6
+
~
-f-section
KITCIIEN SPACE
_ _ _ _ NOTE:
hatch
I
~l
All dimensions
given in millimetres
I
I
I
~
cabinE-ts or iff'iahc~sl
----------
panel
FIG.
6.7
~lI
ACCESS
FIG.
6.8
EATING SPACE
I
-~
-59 -
162.0
i
t
900
aisle
s
r-
{r-
I:Jj~
{"Of J,410Je.
t;~
8
1
I
I
I
I
I
(J)
I
Ar
§(l]
I
I
al;t.
executive
NOTE:
1.
typical
FIG.
6.9
All dimensions are
given in millimetres
A-ell'.
-[
requirements
OFFICE SPACES
~
§
?~
----------
secretariat/cleri ca I
5-clr.\
j
(0
I
I
J~~
r~60 r
I GaO
I
140 L G10 ,450· 550; 160
7&0
-.r-- . --f--f-----r- ---.rI'<---
of
960
+-
-60-
6.4
INTERNAL CIRCULATION
6.4.1 Tables 6.1 to 6.4 can be used to estimate areas, e.g., floor areas. The
dimensions of the area to be determined are given in millimetres at the edge of the
table; the area is given in square metres and square feet (square feet in italics).
these tables one can determine:
From
- areas, given the dimensions of the area; or
- possible lengths and widths of the area (in
preferred dimensions), given a specific area.
6.4.2
Example
Prob lem:
'&rl
the Use of Area Tahles
Determine the preferY'ed metric dimensions for an office with an area of
approximately l50 ft 2 •
From Table 6.2, alternative possible dimensions are:
5400 x 2600 mm
14.04 m2
151 ft 2
*5100 x 2700 mm
13.77 m2
148 ft 2
4800 x 2900 mm
13.92 m2
150 ft 2
4500 x 3100 mm
13.95 m2
150 ft 2
*4200 x 3300 mm
13.86 m2
149 ft 2
*3900 x 3600 mm
14.04 m2
151 ft2
Although there are other dimensions that are close to 150 ft 2 , those listed above
were selected because the first figure is a multiple of 300 mm. In this range a multiple
of 600 mm is the most preferred. It will be found, however, that on this basis the
obtainable area nearest to 150 ft 2 is 4800 x 3000 mm, 14.40 m2 or 155 ft 2 . By resorting
to the second preference of 300 mm increments, those marked * are valid alternatives.
When the third preference of 100 mm increment is considered, all the above examples, and
others, become valid.
Note:
Examples of the utilization of various spaces in home and office are shown
in Figs. 6.4 to 6.9 (pages 57 to 59).
-61-
-.
100 x 100 mm to 2400 x 4800 mm
Table 6.1
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
...
Q
Q
0.01
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
N
C"')
~
Lf)
CD
r-
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.02
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
eo
0.08
O'l
0.09
... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ...r- ...eo ...
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
0.10
0.11
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
N
C"')
~
Lf)
CD
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
O'l
0.17
0.18
0.19
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
N
N
N
C"')
N
...
0.20
0.21
0.22
:l
Q
Q
Q
Q
~
N
N
0.23
0.24
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1. C
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0
3.2
3.4
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.0
5.2
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.21
0.24
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.36
0.39
0.42
0.45
0.48
0.51
0.54
0.57
0.60
0.63
0.66
0.69
0.72
0.3
0.6
1.0
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.3
2.6
2.9
3.2
3.6
3.9
4.2
4.5
4.8
5.2
5.5
5.8
6.1
6.5
6.8
7.1
7.4
7.8
0.28
0.40
0.44
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80
0.84
0.88
0.92
0.96
4.7
5.2
5.6
6. C
6.5
6.9
7.3
7.8
8.2
8.6
9.0
9.5
9.9
10.3
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
!\.32
0.36
0.4
0.9
1.3
1.7
2.2
L.6
3.0
3.4
3.9
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
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6.24
6.63
7.02
7.41
7.80
8.19
8.58
8.97
9.36
4.2
8.4
12.6
16.8
21.0
25.2
29.4
33.6
37.8
42.0
46.2
50.4
54.6
58.8
63.0
67.2
71.4
75.6
79.8
84.0
88.2
92.4
96.6
100.8
0.40
0.80
1.20
1.60
2.00
2.40
2.80
3.20
3.60
4.00
4.40
4.80
5.20
5.60
6.00
6.40
6.80
7.20
7.60
8.00
8.40
8.80
9.20
9.60
38.8
43.1
47.4
51. 7
56.0
60.3
64.6
68.9
73.2
77.5
81.8
86.1
90.4
94.7
99.0 103.3
3.69
4.10
4.51
4.92
5.33
5.74
6.15
6.97
7.38
7.79
8.20
8.61
4.3
8.6
12.9
17.2
21.5
25.8
30.1
34.4
0.41
0.82
1.23
1.64
2.05
2.46
2.87
3.28
4.4
8.8
9.02
9.43
13.2
17.7
22.1
26.5
30.9
35.3
39.7
44.1
48.5
53.0
57.4
61.8
66.2
70.6
75.0
79.4
83.9
88.3
92.7
97.1
101.5 lCS.9
0.42
0.84
1. 26
2.10
4.5
1.68
2.52
2.94
9.0
3.36
3.78
4.20
5.04
13.6
4.62
5.46
22.6
6.30
6.72
7.14
7.56
7.98
8.40
8.82
9.24
9.66
18.1
5.88
27.1
31.6
36.2
40.7
45.2
49.7
54.3
58.8
63.3
67.8
72.3
76.9
81.4
85.9
90.4
94.9
99.5
104.0
0.43
0.86
1.29
1.72
2.15
2.58
3.01
3.44
3.87
4.30
4.73
5.16
5.59
6.02
6.45
6.88
7.31
7.74
8.17
8.60
9.46
9.89 10.32.
69.4
6.56
9.84
10 • 08
08.5
4.6
9.3
13.9
18.5
23.1
27.8
32.4
37.0
41. 7
46.3
50.9
55.5
60.2
64.8
74.1
78.7
83.3
87.9
92.6
~·7~~
101.8
106.5 111.1
0.44
0.88
1.32
1. 76
2.20
2.64
3.08
3.52
3.96
4.40
4.84
5.28
5.72
6.16 106.60
7.04
7.48
7.92
8.36
8.80
9.24
9.68
37.9
42.6
47.4
10~2
52.1
56.8
61.6
66.3
75.8
80.5
85.3
90.0
94.7
99.5
104.2 108.9 113.7
9.90 10.35 10.80
4.7
9.5
14.2
18.9
23.7
28.4
33.2
0.45
0.90
1.35
1.80
2.25
2.70
3.15
3.60
4.05
4.50
4.95
5.40
5.85
6.30
71.0
6.75
4.8
9.7
14.5
19.4
24.2
9.00
9.45
29.1
33.9
38.8
43.6
48.4
53.3
58.1
63.0
67.8
72.7
77.5
82.3
87.2
92.0
96.9
101.7 106.6 111.4 116.3
0.46
0.92
1.38
1.84
2.30
2.76
3.22
3.68
4.14
4.60
5.06
5.52
5.98
6.44
6.90
7.36
7.82
8.28
8.74
9.20
9.66 10.12 10.58 11.04
74.3
79.2
84.2
89.1
94.1
99.0 104.0 108.9 113.9 118.8
5.0
9.9
14.9
19.8
24 .8
29.7
34.7
39.6
44.6
49.5
54.5
59.4
64.4
69.3
0.47
0.94
1.41
1.88
2.35
2.82
3.29
3.76
4.23
4.70
5.17
5.64
6.11
6.58
7.20
7.65
8.10
10.56
8.55
i .05 7.52 7.99 8.46 8.93 9.40 9.87 10.34 10.81 11.28
5.1
10.1
15.2
20.2
25.3
30.4
35.4
40.5
45.5
50.6
55.6
60.7
65.8
70.8
75.9
80.9
86.0
91.1
96.1 101.2 106.2 111.3 116.4 121.4
0.48
0.96
1.44
1.92
2.40
5.2
10.3
15.5
2.88
3.36
20.7
3.84
4.32
4.80
25.8
5.28
5.76
6.24
6.72
7.20
7.68
8.64
31.0
8.16
9.12
36.2
41.3
46.5
51. 7
56.8
62.0
67.2
72.3
77.5
82.7
87.8
93.0
98.2
9.60 10.08 10.56 11.04 11.52
101.3 108.5 113.7 11'.8 124.0
-62-
2400 x 2400 mm to 4800 x 7200 mm
Table 6 2
~,
2400 2500 ?fiOe 2700 2800 esor 3000 3100 3200 33003400 ~500 ~600 37003800 ~90[ 14000 4100 4200143004400 4500 fWoo ~700 ~800
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
5700
5800
5900
6000
6100
6200
6300
6400
6500
6600
6700
6800
6900
7000
7100
7200
~.
5.76
6.00
6.24
6.48
6.72
6.96
7.20
7.44
7.68
7.92
8. I 6
62.0
64.5
67. C
70. C
7"2.9
"S.C
77.5
8e. "
82.5
I:f ~
5
8i3.C
8.40
6.00
6.25
6.50
6.75
7.25
7.50
7.75
8.00
8.25
8.50
B.75
J:
8. EO
H. RP
n
"
9 00
9.25
64.5
67.5
70. C
72.5
83.5
8 (; .
89. C
91.5
94.
}7.
".,
6.24
6.50
6 76
7.02
7.28
7.54
7. BO
8.06
8.32
8.58
8.84
9.10
9.36
9. E2
67.0
70.0
73.
a
75.5
78.5
81. 0
84.0
87.0
89.5
92.5
95.0
98.0
101
'0'
9.72
0.08 10.35
78. C
80.5
(1
7.02
7.29
7.56
7.83
8.91
9,18
70.0
72.5
75.5
78.5
81. 5
84.5
87. C
9C. C
93.0
96. C
')9,0
9.45
:-'2
6.72
7.00
7.28
7,56
7 84
8.12
8.40
8.68
8.96
9.24
9.52
9,80
72.5
75.5
78. ::
81. 5
84.5
87.5
90.5
')].5
96.5
99.5
1:12
'"''
6.48
6.75
8.10
8.37
8.64
I
.'5
1C")
9.SC
...
~'
11
124
8,99
9.28
9.57
9.86 10.1 S
044 IO.7J '1
93.5
97.0
100
lCJ
106
112
8.70
9,00
9.30
9.60
91.5
97.J
10e
lC1
9,90 , O.20 I Q. 50
lC7
11'"
113
~
0.80 11 10
1U
~
~2
11'J
8.70
!
118
II 31 11,60
.i.,',
.40 11
~
: }~
119
In
'"
90.5
1
..
11
8.41
90. ')
118
I. 48 11 .76
87.5
8.40
115
129
8.12
8.10
C_4~ ,D.66 10.92
112
I 10
7.83
87.0
113
116
84.5
7.80
lC8
0.25 10.50
110
C.64 'C.91
7.54
84.0
0. QC
lC9
1::6'
81. 0
7.50
106
1,'5
109
9.84 10.08
0.80 ,I 07 11.34
7,25
80.5
9.60
9 99 IS.26 1C. 53
78.0
7.20
9.75
• . '<
1](;
6.96
77.5
..
9.88 :'.'4
75.0
109
9.3E
~~
7.00
7,.,
~)
9. ~ 2
7~
12f
125
12,00
129
127
1.89 12.18
128
131
2 30 12.60
2.?2
136
0.32 10.56 10.80 11.04 11.28
1.:.1
114
116
119
121
[n.sz
12.
0.75 11.00 11 .25 11.50 I 1.75 12.00
118
129
124
126
121
116
I. 18 11.44 11.70 11.96 12.22 12.48
123
126
129
132
13.
1,61 11,88 12.15 12.42 12.69 12.96
137
125
128
131
134
140
120
2 04 12.32 12.60 12.88 13.16 13.44
130
133
136. 139
142
145
2.47 12.76 13.05 13.34 13.63 13.92
137
134
140
144
147
150
2.90 13.20 13.50 13.80 14.10 14.40
142
145
149
151
155
119
1.16 I .47 11 78 12.09 12.40 12 71 13,02 13.33 13.64 13.95 14,26 14.57 14.88
p
1 3,.~
12 ,_~
:4]
:23
133
14~
147
157
150
153
160
7.44
7.75
8.06
8,37
8.68
8,99
9,30
9.61
9.92
0,23 10.54 1C. 85
80.0
83.5
87.C:
ge.O
93.5
97.0
100
103
107
llc;
g. EO
9.92 10.24 10,56 10.88 11.20
1.52 11.84 12,IE 11.48 12,80 13.12 13.44 13.76 14.08 14.40 14.72 15.04 15.36
107
124
113
..
".
7.68
8.00
8.32
8.64
8.96
9.28
82.5
86 _ ,~
89.5
9].0
96.5
100
7.92
8.25
8. ::.8
8.91
9.57
9 90 10,23 10.56 10 89 11 21 II 55
85.5
89. J
92.5
96.
o
9.24
99.5
103
1J7
8.16
8.50
8.84
9,18
9.52
88. C
91. 5
95,
99.0
1:)2
9,86 10,20 10.54 10.88 II. 22 11,56 11.9G 12,24 12.58 12.92 IJ 26 13.60 13.94 14.28 14.62 14.96 15,30 15.64 15.98 16.3Z
: 4;
;19
106
11:<
117
124
72R
IF
154
157
".c.
132
146
",:
161
165
168
172
176
9.80 1C. 15 10 50 10.85 11 20 II 55 11.90 12.25 12.60 12.9lJ 11 J0 13. f~ 14.00 :4.35 14.70 15.05 15,40 15,75 16. I 0 16.45 16.80
: 4~
1C5
109
113
11 7
121
124
128
132
170
13f
39
1 ~1
154
158
162
166
173
177
181
14'
c
~
cs
110
110
114
114
117
117
121
121
114
,
12"'
1:11
c,
8,8 12.?1 Ii
'"
128
:IS
lJ4
138
2~
12.87 13.
139
142
141
145
148
152
155
158
162
165
13,53 13,86 14.19 14.52 14.85 15.18 15.51 15.84
146
149
153
156
160
163
167
171
~ -,-~'
8.40
8.7\
9.18
9.
90.5
94.0
98 .
102
8.64
93.0
;iog
9)6
9.72 10.08 1r: 44 10 80 11 16 11 52 II. 88 12,24 12.6C 12.96 13.32 13.6e, I' :4 14.4C 1476 1S.12 15.48 15.84 16.20 16,56 16.92 17.28
.",
'0
l l~'
14<
109
l12
11t12C
124
128
.
:4
l·r
...
163
167
171
174
178
182
186
.' Jf
8,88
9,25
9.62
9~ • "
99.5
9,99 10.36 le.?3 11. 10 11.47 11.84 12.21 12.58 12.95 13.32 13.69
12;
~ >'}
108
i r:
13~
13'-)
.'4'
1U
1~ 5
131
:4 '
9.12
9.50
~
"~
4~,
.
,]4
..
11'j
.
10;
9.75 1C, 14 10,53 I C 92 11.31 11.70 12. OS 12.48 12.87 13.2E 13.65 la. [4 14'3
~
10"
106
9.60 10.00 10.40
108
103
11
11,"
'l"
~
"
10 32
118
I
~1~5 11.18
-",,,.
10.56 11.:0 I'. '4
~
1':
118
:2 _1
~,
~
131
1.14
: 1~
;:<9
:.19
:4 J
:43
:
;;--
.e:
14:"
131
145
14':J
':4
.' ~ B
I ',bl 12.04- 12, 47 12.90 13.33 13.76 14.19 I'. E2 1S "
125
11
l''}
"
,'48
:41
;5,
;
c'
2e 12.32 '1 76 13.20 13. EO 14 08 14.52 14.96
:28
,
121:
~ J. . 82
"
: I__
, :a
34 11.76 '2.18 11 E'J 13.02 13.44 13,86 14.22 1'.70 1\,'1
__;t'
:"22
"
~ f;
.
4~
',"'
."
n.
142
14"'
1"
~f:..
15 4P,
~ ~
1
r c ~2
15.S4 16 ;~s
.
lU
1~
"
"
,~O
'
,~
~
:'42
11 52 12.00 12 48 12 96 13.44
124
129
1. 14
11.76 12.25 12.74
1}7
: '2
:'4'
145
'L~3
13,72
148
129
g
132
12.48
~
34
137
'" "
:..p
."
~
3 . ?2 I
i,~c
II :s~1 114'587~
148
143
148
154
12 96 13.51 14,04 14.58
140
1St
'"
~
145
151
157
148
~
54
uc
lte
1,S
16.17
.e « I ~,~8 ~ 74
: 5,19
:f; ;~2
; E. ED
:81
1£. f.6 : 7 . '
"
~,
18 ~
f.4
168
172
176
180
184
188
192
196
60 ::'.99 16,38 16.77 17.16 17.55 17.94 18.33 18.72
j 7f,
172
181
185
197
189
193
202
c8
If,. fS
"
:66
72
1"'
..
eo
181
17.22 17.64 18.06 18,48 18.90 19,32 19.74 20.16
;8"
] 90
194
199
203
208
212
217
16 17.6e 12. D4 18.48 18.92 '9.3L 19.80 20.24 20.68 21,12
'1./;';
194
199
204
208
213
218
223
227
"
'is HL SS 18_45 18.90 19 ]5 19.80 20.25 20.70 21. 15 21.60
,'94
2:':.J
1 09
20R
213
218
223
228
233
; r,
.' B~
.:e
:85
" .~ ~
I':,;'
18.40 18.86 19 32 19.78 2e.24 20.70 21 16 21. 62 22.08
2,)3
1?B
..
2C8
218
228
21'
233
238
:,)2
'6.83 17.34 17,85
~(~8 II ~,~[
1i8~6
1E.12 16.64
1:"4
15.66 16. ,0 11 ~ 8~4
1
::'4
:"69
172
I! 1,;0
,
'"
76 1
17B~' 1\
1
14 1i:
'(
7'
.c,, __'
19,28 19.68 20.16 20.64 21.12 21. 60 22.08 22.56 23.04
;12
2
"227
217
222
233
238
2.3
248
" 12 1~ 5? 1,9, 11 11 f;0
20.58 21 07 2156 22. 05 22,54 23.03 23.52
": q fA
~
7
z:»
21 12;1 ~9 222
1'5
227
232
237
243
179
'>/
~
B"'
192
11~ ,;6 11~~7
17.68 18,20 18. '2
19:
0'
2: ~'
14.84 15,37 15.90 16.43 i 6.96 17.49 18.02 18.55
I ~ ;~8
115C
:.t ~
:n
lSJ
: 8E
2(1':
194
11:,>
:71
248
253
16
SC 17.00 :7 50 18.20 =8.50 II ~;~O I ~ 5C 1 20 . ; 0 20,50 21,00 21.50 22,00 22.50 23,00 23.50 24.00
I ~ ,~O 1 C~D 16,
;BJ
1 78
.'flR
~ 94
:;.."
237
221
226
231
242
248
253
258
4 . 79 I)C II; ,81 11
13.20 13,75 I ~. 30 14.85 15, '0 15.95
142
lC
I ~. 38 15 J( 15.84
;S9
154
O 13 52 14.04 1',56 II
IJS
• <'
14E
~ 57
12.72 13.25 13.78 14.31
137
~
14.57 15.':;4 15 ~ 1 ; 5 ,95 it.45 16.92 '7,3 Q 17,26 1E. 33 18.80 19.27 19.74 20,21 20.68 21,15 21.62 22.09 22.56
14
" .'4763 :"210
;. (-~'
~ ',';
2,:7
:5:
'2 ~ ;
l'
212
218
223
218
233
238
243
12.00 12,50 13 00 13.5D 14.0C 14.50 , 5. CO
12.24 12.75 13.26 13.77 14.22
.,
-
~
}2
I!5
~ r';
'6 34 16.77 '7.10 1763 18.06 18.49 18.92 19,3' 19.78 20,21 20.64
.,. 1 8 ~ 19C 194 199 204 208 213 218 222
"'
- !'lE''2
11 28 11.75 12. 22 12 69 13 '
.:«
~
i..:
S. 96 1(.313 16.
' "
l ' 0'
>2
C5 13.50 13.95 14.40 14.85 ' 5. "JO 1S. 7S I f;
.
14 ~
,
;. 5,~
"
l65
~4'
1Jf
':56
.'f'
11 04 11.5D 11.96 '2.42 12.8?, 13.34 13.80 14.26 14.72 15.18 : ~. E4 ; 6 1S 16. :t;
.
1},
1(-1
:J4
: ,'~I
;U!
~ 1~
l4~
14"
15'
1 ":8
:J"
121
'~
11.48 11.89 12 30 12 71 13.12 1).53 13.94 14.35 14 76 I' 17 1 S. 58 15.99 16 40 16 81 17.22 17.63 18.04 18.45 18.86 19,27 19.68
" ,
1_J2
137
ltc,
.<
124
128
141
146
15C
154
181
185
190
194
199
2CJ
207
212
15"
10.80 11,25 11.70 12.'5 12. tC
,'1f-
"
1.1:
..
• t
I C, 02 11: 5,: io. °2 I:
1 ~~ 9
l2f
l22
118
15.22 15.58 15.96 16.34 16,72 17.10 17.48 17.86 18.24
BO 11,10 11 60 12. DC 12.40 12.8C 13.20 13 6C la. 00 14 40 14 2C l' I~ ; 5 60 16.00 1S, 40 16,80 17,20 17.60 18.00 18.40 18,80 19.20
.,.,.
.,
.'11
::2'}
:21
: ~ J.
:..7;
1.18
142
14€
1';::>4
ll'i
181
185
189
207
194
198
202
I~
~
9,84 10.25 ic. 66
l()fJ
115
''<
lOY
./
,,~
:,r
9.36
~
14.4j 14 2C 15.:7 15.54 15.91 16.28 16.65 17,02 17.39 17.76
.'
u.:
l67
.'71
: 7~
179
187
183
191
:'
9,88 11~}6 1G.64 I 1.02 11,40 11.78 12,16 12.54 12.92 1!.3G 1:.62 "'c't 1444 14.,
98. ':'
01
'}6
"
i8~8 ID q52
17.85 17,60 18.15
184
189
195
18.36 18.90 19.44
198
'~c;O
20]
20:;
1S. 38 19.89 20.40 20.91 21.42 21.93 22.44 22.95 23.46 23.97 24.48
: ~' 9
::4
22C
225
iJl
236
242
247
253
258
264
:,2' • ~
2
7,6 2C.28 20.80 21.32 21. 84 22.36 22.88 23.40 23.92 24.44 24.96
26)
2~8
224
219
235
241
246
252
257
269
I!;{ l'i:,4
10,67 21,20 21.73 22.26 22,79 23.32 23,85 24.38 24.91 25.44
222
'U8 2i;;2 21_:,
227
228
23'
240
245
251
257
262
268
174
2' ,60 22 14 22.68 23.22 23,76 24,30 24.84 25.38 25.92
nJ
238
244
250
256
262
267
273
27.
19.25 19.80 20.3S 1',;;0 2 i .45 22.00 22.55 23. I 0 23.65 24.20 24.75 25.30 25.85 26.40
207
21 }
2: 9
:2 3:
237
243
249
255
272
278
266
284
260
13.44 14,00 14.56 1;// 15,68 16.24 16.80 17.36 17.92 18,48 19.04 19.60 20.16 20.72 2' .28 21.84 22.40 22.96 23,52 24.08 24.64 25,20 25.76 26.32 26.88
1
151
15 7
169
175
187
l81
193
199
;:n
145
205
217
211
229
235
241
247
253
259
265
277
271
283
289
IS.68 14.25 14.82 1539 15.96 16.53 17, I 0 17.67 18.24 18.81
153
le'
1156
172
178
l84
He
; 9f
147
2C2
19.38 19.95
20'
215
2~2;2
2;'2
89 2 1.66 2L;J 22.80 23.37 23.94 24.51 25.08 25.65 26.22 26.79 27.36
z: 3
245
252
258
264
270
276
282
288
2.5
13.92 14.50 15.08 15,66 16.24 16.82 17. '0 17.98 18.56 19,14 19.72 20.30 20,88 21 .~6 2q4 22.62 23,20 23.78 24.36 24.94 25.52 26.10 26.68 27.26 27.84
156
1U
169
75
181
187
194
20C
150
206
212
219
215
24]
2Jl
250
256
262
268
275
281
287
2.3
300
14.16 1'.75 15.34 15.93 16.52 17.11 17.70 18.29 18.88 19.47 2C,06 20,65 21,24 21.83 22,'2 23.01 23.60 24.19 24.78 25.37 25.96 26.55 27.14 27.73 28.32
159
US
171
178
191
197
184
152
203
210
216
222
229
235
241
248
254
260
267
273
279
286
292
298
305
14.40 15.00 15.60 16,20 16,80 17,40 18.00 18.60 19.20 19,80 20.40 21,00 21,60 22.20 22 .80 23.40 24.00
161
168
174
181
187
19.
200
207
213
220
155
226
233
245
239
252
258
14,64 15.25 15.86 16.47 17,08 17,69 18.30 18.91 19.52 20.13 20,74 21.35 21,96 22,57
164
171
l??
184
iso 197
204
210
217
223
158
230
236
243
1225~8
2~6~0
25.20 25.80 26.40 27.00 27.60 28.20 28,80
278
271
284
291
297
310
JO'
23.79 24.40 25,01 25.62 26.23 26.84 27.45 28.06 28.67 29,28
25.
263
269
276
282
289
2.5
302
315
30'
14.88 15.50 16,12 16. 7~ 17.36 17.98 18.60 19,22 19.84 20.46 21,08 21.70 22.32 22,94 23,56 24,18 24,80 25.42 26,04 26.66 27.28 27.90 28.52 29,14 29.76
167
174
187
180
207
194
200
214
220
217
160
240
247
254
267
260
274
280
287
307
294
300
314
110
23'
15.12 15.75 16.38 17.01 17.64 18.27 18.90 19,53 20.16 20.79 21. 42 22.05 22.68 23.31 23.94 24.57 25.20 25.83 26.46 27.09 27.72 28.35 28.98 29.61 30.24
170
176
183
190
197
203
210
217
224
163
211
244
251
258
264
271
278
285
292
298
305
311
319
J26
237
15.36 16,00 16.64 17.28 17.92 18.56 19.20 19.84 20,48 21.12 21.76 22.40 23.04 23.68 24.32 24.96 25,60 26.24 26.88 27.52 28.16 28.80 29.44 30.08 30,72
172
179
186
193
200
207
214
165
220
227
241
248
255
262
269
276
282
289
296
303
310
317
131
23'
11'
15,60 16,25 16,90 17.55 18.20 lB.85 19.50 20.15 20.80 21.45 22.10 22.75 23.40 24,05 24.70 25,35 26.00
27.30
27.95
28.60
29.25
29.90
30.55 31.20
175
182
189
196
201
210
217
224
16S
231
238
245
252
259
266
273
280 2~8~5 29'
301
308
3l:>
112
32.
136
15.84 16,50 17.16 17.82 18.48 19.14 19.80 20,46 21,12 21. 17 22.44 23. I 0 23.76 24.42 25.08 25.74 26.40
27.72 28.38 29.04 29.70 30.36 31.02 31.68
178
185
192
199
206
213
171
220
217
242
249
256
277
284 2~9~6 298
263
270
305
313
117
341
320
13.
23'
16.08 16,75 17.42 18.09 lB.76 19.43 20.10 20,77 21.44 22.11 22.78 23.45 24,12 24,79 25.46 26.13 26.80 27.47 28.14 28.81
29 48 30.15 30.82 31.49 32.16
180
188
195
17)
202
209
216
214
231
238
245
252
2~7
260
288
274
296
303
310
317
325
131
139
146
281
16.32 17.00 17.68 18.36 19.04 19.72 20.40 21.08 21.76 22,44 23,12 23,80 24,48 25.16 25,84 26.52 27,20 27.8 28.56 29.24 29.92 30.60 31.28 31. 96 32,64
183
190
198
205
212
227
176
220
234
242
249
256
264
271
278
285
307
293
300
315
137
322
329
344
351
16.56 17.25 17.94 18.63 19.32 20,01 20.70 21. 39 22.08 22,77 23.46 24.15 24.84 25.53 26 22 26.91 27,60 2B.2 28.98 29.67
30.36 31.05 31.74 32.43 33,12
186
193
201
208
178
215
223
230
238
245
253
260
267
275
282
312
290
297
305
327
JS7
319
13.
341
34'
16.80 17.50 18.20 18,90 19.60 20.30 21. 00 21. 70 22.40 23,10 23,80 24,50 25.20 25.90 26,60 27.30 28.00 28.7 29.40 30.10 30.80 31. 50 32.20 32,90 33.60
203
188
196
211
219
226
181
234
241
249
256
264
271
279
286
294
301
309
316
324
132
139
347
35.
J62
1;.04 17.75 18.46 19,17 19,88 20.59 21. 30 22.01 22,72 23.43 24.14 24.85 25.56 26.27 26.98 27.69 28.40 29.11
29.82 30.53 31.24 31.95 32.66 33.37 34,08
191
199
206
214
222
229
227
245
252
183
260
267
275
283
290
298
306
313
167
111
32.
136
344
352
35.
17.28 18.00 18.72 19.44 20.16 20.88 21.60 22.32 23,04 23.76 24.48 25.20 25.92 26.64 27.36 28.08 28.80 29.5
194
202
209
217
225
233
2.0
248
186
256
264
287
271
279
302
310
318
295
30.24 30.96 31.68 32.40 33.12 33.84 34.56
326
357
172
313
141
3.9
364
4800 x 4800 mm to 12 000 x 18 000 mm
Table 6.3
r,
=
=
=
=
==
==
=
=
=
,...= =
........ =
.... = =
.... =
===
i =
an i
=
==
==
==
=
= ,...=
==
=
= s i= =
,...= =
,...an ,...
=
en en en en
an an an
....= .... .... .... ........
0
~
0
CD
~
0
M
CD
CD
CD
~
(\I
~
00
CD
M
00
00
00
CD
0
24.5
'64
25.9
279
27.4
28.8
33.1
34.6
38.q
40.3
41.8
4J .2
44.6
141
J(7
J72
36.0
..8
J7.4
110
30.2
12'
31.7
295
401
419
4;4
4"('
46'
481
24.5
'64
25. q
279
26.0
29.1
30.6
J2.1
33.7
J5.2
36.7
38.2
41. )
42.8
4'1
44.4
45.9
47p
",
,.,
27.5
'9'
29.2
114
45.4
'88
47.0
48.6
SO,
~n
541
558
27.4
29.1
J11
43.7
"1
46.2
4°.6
51. 3
54.7
<..]4
552
53.0
571
52.2
~U
54.0
581
55.8
110
6('1
62O
6300
30.2
6600
31. 7
4800
23.0
5100
5400
5700
6000
U8
]Q~
28.8
n,
51.8
5~8
53.3
5"
S4.7
"4}
47.4
<;11
49.0
:0.5
52.0
53.5
576
55.1
56.6
58.1
591
609
62t
a'll::
659
5(,2
51.8
58.3
59.9
61.6
6).2
64.8
P9
39<:
41:
37.3
38.9
40.5
42.1
4('1
41,
4 _~6
453
37.6
41.0
42.7
44.5
4(' ~
39.3
42 J
441
4f.C
479
4Q1
47. q
'15
39.6
41.4
43.2
4Ci."
4f.,P
48.6
50.4
'07
42(,
'46
,c~
5]]
39,7
41.6
448
43.5
468
45.4
47.
49. i
S1.0
51.9
54.8
56.7
18.6
~0.5
488
509
529
~4Q
57(1
590
f.ll~
tdl
"1
45.5
30.8
JJ1
32.5
34.2
350
J68
30.6
"9
32.4
149
34.2
168
36.0
J88
37.8
32.1
34.0
166
35.9
187
37.8
346
'07
4}7
39.6
)4"
49.0
527
50.4
(,12
11'.-'
329
32.4
~
34 .r')
J"
35.9
,.7
46'" 'P4
~
oJ'll€'
~4
J
~
)7
515
610
628
(,45
f6J
!'-8C
f:.98
59.8
61.6
63.3
65.0
66.7
580
58.1
0}6
68.4
Of]
68:'
699
7i8
736
57.6
59.4
61.2
659
63.0
678
64.8
"8
66.6
68.4
70.2
72 .0
7]":
7 ~r
;' ~t
;':'5
62.4
P1
64. )
66.1
712
68.0
6'?,9
71.8
77)
73.7
692
75.6
814
65. ]
67.3
69.3
71. J
73.)
75.2
77.2
725
746
7fJ7
78"
81:'
8 ;1
74.5
76.6
78.7
61
9
575
597
f18
«s»
61.4
061
63.4
4Q(
49. '5 51.5
533
554
5°.4
46Q
47.5
S12
53.5
426
41.6
446
43.6
.05
68J
7."1,
.23
47. £
49.7
51.7
66.2
68.3
SJS
5~ 7
602
60.0
646
64.2
~12
58.0
624
62.1
4Q()
53.8
S',
55.9
.01
43.5
'68
45.5
157
41.4
446
3•. 6
172
36.7
J95
38.9
',9
41.0
442
43.2
465
45.4
47. S
49.7
51.8
56.2
5:2
605
58.3
628
60.5
651
62.6
674
64.8
698
67.0
488
54.0
581
7500
36.0
38.2
412
40.5
436
42.7
47.2
49.5
51. 7
56.2
58.5
60.7
5J"1
557
6r~
630
f54
63.0
678
65.2
5C9
54.0
'"1
702
67.5
727
7800
)7.4
39.8
"8
42.1
453
44.5
45.0
'8'
46.8
49.1
51. 5
5).8
56.2
58.5
60.8
63.2
65.5
67.9
70.2
47.
'0'
'S)Q
~54
579
605
"0
8100
38.9
419
41
.s
43.7
48.6
51.0
5]. '5
55.9
471
52l
"40
'"
6l~2
58.3
628
60.7
44~
46.2
49'
8400
40.3
43.
42.8
461
45.4
48P
47.9
50.4
52.Q
58.0
515
541
55 4
597
f.2JJ
60.5
<51
6).0
<;7,.1
8700
41. 8
44.4
47.0
49.6
52.2
5'.8
450
5.'4
'62
57. ,
618
62.6
"-(If
,or
60.0
4 78
r:-4f.
674
?C ~1
9000
43.2
45.9
'8.6
51. 3
54.0
56.7
~9.4
62.1
465
494
5~-
5 <:
581
f ~
t']9
668
64.8
'98
b7.5
'27
9300
9600
4'.6
481
47.4
50.2
541
53.0
:5.8
6'.2
67.0
69.7
~("1
58.6
611
61.4
-:'1
Ud
t91
12]
751
49.0
527
51.8
60.5
69.1
S8 Q
f;C
051
71]
'44
72 .0
775
74.9
558
63.4
682
66.2
496
80'
50.5
53.5
56.4
59.4
61.'
65.3
68.3
71.3
767
74.2
T: .2
~ "1;
R6'
895
9::'7
959
991
73.4
791
76.5
82'
79.6
82.6
85.7
88.7
91.8
94.9
388
40 J
4fi.1
~,
11
J
460
54.7
57.6
l'
1~
9900
47.5
512
54)
q<;
6(17
b19
(,71
7'(1
71'
10200
49.0
52.0
55.1
58.1
61. 2
64.3
67. J
70.4
758
10500
50.4
543
53.5
576
61C
10800
51.8
55.1
558
591
58.3
628
11 100
53.)
56.6
574
60'
11400
11 700
54.7
589
58.1
62.
61.6
663
6q~
56.2
605
59.7
63.2
642
12000
57.6
61.2
620
659
12300
59.0
616
12600
60.5
sn
5(,0
558
7
,,_~
793
79.2
853
:'15
70.4
"8
72 .4
71'
?8C
802
824
£47
80.7
869
82.8
891
71. 3
767
n.4
79.9
81.1
84.2
7'11
75.6
81'
77.8
721
69.1
744
837
80C
88.
(l.'i
8.,4
930
69.7
751
72 .0
775
74.2
t«. S
78.7
81.0
83.2
85.5
87.7
90.0
799
823
848
877
fF'f.
"2"
':,145
96':'
72.5
74.9
71 .2
Bll
79.6
856
81. 9
84.2
86.6
8P.9
907
0)2
7
93.6
802
91.3
982
82.~
85.0
94.8
97.2
915
89.9
'68
92.3
889
87.5
9.2
IC'2C
'''46
B5.7
972
88.1
90.7
93.2
95.8
949
977
1('('4
lUJl
91.3
983
94.0
96.6
99.2
(,Q~
680
7O"
7 JO
756
78I
806
65.6
68.0
70.5
72.9
71 .8
7~9
",
75.3
811
8"
80.2
80
75.6
814
78.1
80.6
83.2
841
868
595
78.3
80.9
S6.1
927
88.7
1Llll
1019
91.8
988
94.5
97.2
99.9
1017
lC4f
]075
97.6 100.4 103.1 106.0 108.8 111.6
)051
1081
..111
1141
1171 1201
706
- :12
68.0
70.6
f.78
:'32
65.2
67.9
7f).5
799
732
5
f, ~
~U'
~4
'"
63.1
b5.5
..,~' ~
f
flO
61.2
56.4
,e7
39.3
~
59.7
57.6
56.7
37.6
«: 8
~
S6G
37 .3
6900
7200
6 ~1
55.1
59)
35.6
)8'
57.4
56.2
(4 '
33.7
16'
55.4
5t H ]
5).5
35.2
179
"141
33.1
N
47.S
J5.6
J8'
41"
313
0
,...g 00
........ ....=
4'-1
4.'
J9.8
428
30.8
111
280
27. S
~
N
~,
9°4
100B
76C
73.1
787
7J .1
7e,.7
7<;Q
.»:
H1S
f/4 ;
872
83.5
8"
rc. :
72.9
75.6
7S.3
86. i
Sq.l
7"
814
84]
81.0
872
83.7
78~
°C1
9 )0
959
72. ')
75.3
78.1
80.9
B3.7
86.5
89.3
(1]1
841
8'1
q('l
0]]
961
92.1
991
94.9
:'Pl
77 .8
80.6
868
8).S
86.4
93C
92.1
99'
97.9 100.8 103.7 106.6 109.4 112.3 115.2
899
89.3
961
95.0
83'
10n
1054
80.2
83.2
86.1
B9.1
92.1
95.0
98.0 101.0 lC3.q 106.9 109.9 112.9 115.8 118.8
1023
1055
?
3C
5e
'J 5~
1021
]087
1085
un
1116
1151
10t8
98.3 100.8
10S8
1085
101. 8 104.'
1296
1124
102.6 105.3 10B.0
UC4
1147
1276
121 r;
118.'
111 J
1209
1247
1163
1240
1279
97.9 101.0 104.0 107.1 110.2 113.2 116.3 lIt4.3 122.'
; ~l54 lOB' 1120 1153 118f- 1119 1252 1285 1]18
62f.
i"S9
f,92
7'2'j
8Sf
88-1
922
59.8
63.0
078
66.1
-12
69.3
72.4
81. 9
88.2
Gl. J
84'
85.0
94.5
882
915
949
';'8 J
1::17
61.6
'61
64.8
.98
68.'.'
r i;
'"
75.6
814
78.7
78e
71. 3
74.5
77.8
B1.0
B4.2
90.7
94.0
97.2
802
817
00.4 103.7 106.9 110.2 113.4 116.6 119.9 123.1 126.4 129.6
767
872
90:'
87.5
942
5Q. Q 63.3
645
681
66.6
69.9
73.3
79.9
B3.1
86.~
753
860
896
932
89.9
96'
Q3.2
'17
76.6
824
65.0
68.4
7)6
71.8
71)
75.2
82.1
88.
85.5
B8.9
92.3
81:')
78.7
847
'?2C
0:7
994
;::]1
7C'.2
73.7
91. 3
94.8
98.3
791
80.7
869
87.7
S6
77 .2
811
84.2
'"0
66.7
718
907
945
qB2
64.8
698
68.4
7)6
71.0
75.6
90.0
9J .6
814
82.8
891
86.4
775
79.2
8'3
930
9f9
62.7
675
66.4
70.1
13.8
794
84.9
91.
Q2.2
99]
9'3.9
755
81.2
87.
88.6
71S
71.5
834
64.3
691
68.0
732
71.8
79.4
83.2
86.9
9B.3
8<,4
895
936
90.7
977
94.5
'lJ
75.6
81.
1c17
L58
12900
13200
61.9
667
65.8
69.7
73.5
71 .4
81. 3
%.7
100.~
7se
791
833
8:5
89.0
958
92.9
708
85.1
916
10e-O
lC4~
1[;8
1416
1458
63.4
682
67.3
725
71. 3
75.2
79.<
83.2
87.1
91.1
95.0
99.0 103.0 106.9 110. g 114.8 118.8 122.8 126.7 llO.7 U4.6
isa.s
767
8le
853
895
'-'38
980
1023
IN:f.
13500
13800
64.B
698
68.8
72.9
785
76.9
628
B1.0
872
85.0
89.1
93.1
915
9<;9
1003
97.2 101.2 105.3 109.3 113.4 117.4 In.5 125.5 129.6 ll3.6 137.7 141.8 145.8 149.8 153.9 157.9 16<.0
104f, 1()90 113J 1177 1121 1264 13G8
1151 1395 1439 1482 1526 1569 1613 1657 1700 1744
66.2
711
70.4
758
74.5
78.7
847
82.8
891
86.9
916
91.1
95.2
99.4 103.5 107.6 111.8 115.9 120.1 124.2 128.3
isa.s
980
1025
1(l70
-1426
14100
67.7
76.1
88.S
93.1
97 •.3 101.5 105.7 110.0 114.2 l1S.4 122.7 126.9 131.1 135.4 139.6 143.8 148.0 15<.3 156.5 160.7 165.0 169.2
820
80.4
865
84.6
7~9
71.9
774
911
Q5f
100"
1047
14400
69.1
744
73.4
791
71.8
837
82.1
884
86.4
90.7
977
95.0
910
99.4 103.7 108.0 112.3 116.6 121.0 125.3 129.6 133.9 13S.2 142.6 146.9 151.2 155.5 159.8 164.2 168.5 172.8
1070 1116 lU3 1209 :'25t 1302 1349 1395
1442 1488 1535 1581 1628 1674 1711 1767 1814 1860
14700
70.6
75.0
79.4
7t>r
8e7
854
83.8
902
88.2
9.9
9<.6
997
97.0 101.4 105.8 110.2 114.7 119.1 123.5 127.9 132.3 136.7 141.1 145.5 149.9 154.3 158.8 163.2 167.6 172.0 176.4
lC44
1092 113~ 1187 1 ]]4
)]8:? 1.l:l9 1377 1424 1472 1519 1566 1614 1661 1709 1756 1804 1851 1899
15000
15300
72.0
775
76.5
823
81.0
872
85.5
90.0
969
94.5
92e
99.0 103.5 108.0 112.5 117.0 121.5 126.0 130.5 135.0 139.5 144.0 148.5 153.0 157.5 162.0 166.5 171.0 175.5 180.0
1066 1114 1163 ];11
1259 130B 1356 1405 1453 150] 1550 1598 1647 1695 1744 1792 1841 1889 1938
71.4
792
78.0
82.6
840
189
87.2
9'9
91.8
988
96.4 101. 0 101.6 110.2 114.7 119.3 123.9 128.5 133.1 137.7 14<.3 146.9 151.5 156.1 160.6 165.2 169.8 174.4 179.0 183.6
1038 1087 11)6 1186 1235 1185 1334 1383 1433 1482
1532 1581 1630 16'0 1129 1779 1828 1817 1927 1976
15600
74.9
84.2
88.9
93.6
98.3 103.0 107.6 112.3 117.0 121. 7 126.4 131.0 135.7 140.4 145.1 149.8 154.4 159.1 163.8 168.5 173.2 In .8 182.5 187.2
80.
79.6
8'6
907
Q57
]fl(lp
1058
15900
76.3
822
81.1
873
B5.9
924
90.6
97.
95.4 100.2 104.9 109.7 114.5 119.2 124.0 128.8 133.6 138.3 143.1 147.9 15<.6 157.4 162.2 166.9 171. 7 176.5 181. 3 186.0 190.8
10n 1078 113(' 1181 1231 1284 1335 1386 1438 1489 1540 1592 1643 1694 1746 1797 1848 1900 1951 2002 1054
16200
16500
71.8
837
82.6
889
87.5
91.3
97.2 102.1 106.9 111.8 116.6 121. 5 126.4 131.2 136.1 140.9 145.8 150.7 155.5 160.4 165.2 170.1 175.0 179.8 184.7 189.5 194.4
()94
79.2
853
84.1
'"
89.1
906
959
16800
17100
80.6
868
85.7
,;1
90.7
971
99.0 103.9 108.9 113.8 118.B 123.7 128.7 133.6 138.6 143.6 148.5 153.4 158.4 163.3 168.3 173.2 178.2 183.2 188.1 193.0 198.0
lOU
11'''6
1119 un 1215 1279 1331 1385 1439 149';- 1545 15911 16'< 1705 1758 a l l 186' 1918 1971
2025 2078 1131
95.8 100.8 105.8 110.9 115.9 121.0 126.0 131.0 136.1 141.1 146.2 151.2 156.2 161. 3 166.3 171.4 176.4 181.4 186.5 191.5 196.6 201.6
1031 1085 1139 1194 1248 1102 1 ]56 1411 1465 1519 1571 1628 1681 1736 1790 1845 1899 1951 2007 1062 1116
2170
82.1
88.
87.2
939
91.3
97.5 102.6 107.7 112.9 118.0 123.1 128.2 133.4 138.5 143.6 148.8 !53.9 159.0 164.< 169.3 174.4 179.5 184.7 189.
17400
83.5
899
88.7
955
94.0
99.2 104.4 109.6 114.8 120.1 125.3 130.5 135.7 140.9 146.< 151.4 156.6 161.8 167.0 172.3 177.5 182.7 187.9 193.1 198.4 203.6 ,,08.8
1011
1068
17700
18000
85.0
915
90. )
972
95.6 100.9 106.2 111. 5 116.8 122.1 127 .4 132.7 138.1 143.4 148.7 154.0 159.3 164.6 169.
86.4
91.8
97.2 102.6 108.0 113.4 11S.8 124.2 129.6 135.0 140.4 145.8 151.2 156.6 162.0 167
--
651
910
'41
.
,
SCI]
56.
"7
802
994
1019
1046
'"
~
1046
10]7
:099
789
10n
1108
11 ~l
1159
1203
953
1093
1209
12~6
1114
1138
1259
1308
10'_'~
1...1 3 J
1·');20
9:":'
lleR
1159
I1P4
1310
136tJ
1221
1221
1256
1288
1255
1325
1322
1395
1039
1075
06.0 109.4 112.9 116.3 119.7 123.1 126.5 i
1068
1104
1141
~
01.8 105.3
08.8
12.3 115.8 119.3 122.8 126.4 129.9 133.4 136.9 140.4
1058
1:19
104.5 108.4
11(,6
1 ~ 94
1248
1275
1411
146';
~
109f,
1~ JJ
04.4 108.0
1124
1U,_1
(17.0 1l0.7
1152
1192
09.6 113.4
1lt<C
1221
1171
1151
1290
1360
lJ5c
99.2 102.6
l.iU
1412
1186
1187
1004
10n
1160
1153
oS.8
103.J
1229
.1116
1119
03.2
1111
99.6
120,
1085
1081
1085
J.151
1051
1046
1046
lU~
1021
97.6 100.8 103.9 107.1 110.2 113.4 116.5 119.7 122.8 126.0
99.9
102.1 105.8
1
l 01
988
96.6
97.2 100.8
109'"
:j
06.6 109.9 113.< 116.5 119.9 123.2 126.5 129.9 133.2
1147 1183 1219 1255 1290 ~ 326 1362 1398 1434
1 78
1209
i
ris
1247
1252
1205
U8B
lJJ2
1325
116C
1362
1J98
so:0 133.4 136.8
139" 1436 147]
1436
1473
1511
11.6 115.2 118.8 122.4 126.0 129.6 133.2 136.8 140.4 144.0
1201
1240
1}7°
1318
1356
1395
1434
1473
1511
1550
14 .4 118.1 121.8 125.5 129.1 132.8 136.5 140.2 143.9 147.6
1231
1271
1311
1350
1390
1430
1470
1509
1549
1589
17.2 121.0 124.7 128.5 13<.3 136.1 139.9 143.6 147.4 151.2
1261
:3M
1343
1383
1424
1465
1505
1546
1587
1628
12.2 116.1 120.0 123.8 127.7 131.6 135.4 139.3 143.2 147.1 150.9 154.8
1208
12Jf.
1292
1320
1461
1517
U5C
1279
1337
1366
1511
1569
1291
1321
1381
1411
1562
1622
1]33
1364
1457
1611
1674
1315
1407
1449
1492
1500
1541
1583
1625
1666
142.6 146.5 150.5 154.' 158.'
1535
1577
1620
1662
1705
136.6 140.8 144.9 149.0 153.2 157.3 161.5 165.6
1471
1503
1661
1126
151S
1548
1713
1779
1560
1594
1763
1831
1604
1639
i814
1883
1649
16'5
1864
1936
1691
17JO
1914
1988
1718
1776
1965
1040
H83
1821
2015
209]
94.0
1049
1086
1104
1104
1124
1143
1U3
11~C
118C
120C
1211
]]15
1236
1257
1~79
127r
1292
1 31 ~
1337
1325
1349
Jj 7 2
1395
1380
1405
1429
1453
143"
1461
148~
1511
1491
1517
1 ~:4 3
1569
1546
1573
1(,00
1628
1601
1629
16S8
1686
169
1686
1715
1744
1712
1742
1772
.~
1802
1767
1798
un
1854
1877
1910
19JJ
1967
1988
2023
2043
194.9 200.1 205.2
2098
1079 • 2135
2154
;n91
22C9
n4~
175.2 180.~ 185.1 191.2 196. 201.8 207.1 212.4
1829 1886 1941 1000 l058 2115 2172 n2~ 21'6
172.S 178.2 18U 189.( 194.4 199.1 205.< 210.6 216.0
1860
191.
1976
20)4
1093
2151
2209
2267
2325
12 000
Table 6.4
I~
12000
12600
13200
13800
14400
--_.
15000
c
C
c
iI c
N
N
c
c
12 000 mm to 24 000
x
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
N
N
M
c
... ... ... ...= • ... ... ~ = • •
... •...r- =
... ... ... ...= •...• ... ... ... =
C
ID
I
C
C
N
1
M
M
o
1\1 2
1\8. 4
11\ 6
i
C
!
In
i
I
I
144.
C
C
I
C
I
ID
C
N
In
ID
172.8
C
1
i 87 I
"
It.2a
1 705
178.1
186,1
.qiri
2.'1S
118.8
166. )
173.9
181 4
189.1
: 96.6
1U8
l1P2
194,4
J
2 lq
2r'J 1 . t
" 70'1
~
rJ4
211r
58, 4
166.3
174.1
181.1
130.1
198.0
10,.9
11 3. 8
221.8
170e,
;. 790
1876
1961
2046
lin
2217
27:'1)
2 JB ~
16\.6
173 9
182.2
190.4
198,7
207.0
21\.3
223 6
178 ]
un
172.8
181.4
227·'
211 _H
2:q
129.7
.'4
7
;
240. I
2050
z; 3'1
2U8
2 )17
24,:'f>
24Q(,
2 '::-8~
207.4
216.0
214.6
233.3
241.9
2\0.6
1860
1953
2n4t>
2lH
2132
zi:«
2418
}511
26(14
189 0
198.0
207.0
216.0
22\.0
234 0
243 0
212 0
:2 J2
2412
2514
hi/.':
27,?
28"';'
243.4
1\2.7
262.1
17 I.
2317
2418
.?'i19
2(,20
}:.'O
21321
223.6
233.3
243.0
252 7
262.4
2711
181.9
2S,:1
b.,~'1)
27}()
}8.-'5
;::'}<'
1:'34
2419
2\2.0
272.2
282.2
292.3
15600
2015
2116
2217
16200
16800
17400
194 4
204.1
113.8
2091
2H'
) 302
UOf,
201.6
2117
2218
231.8
262.1
21'J
2279
.' 18'
2496
26;14
271 J
2821
208.8
219 2
229.7
240 1
250 6
261 0
271.4
29,1'
2,~1
.9
.'
i
;'!~.,
2809
;922
1014
1:4 7
1;', '~
18000
270.0
280.8
291 6
)1)2.4
JIJ 1
2325
244l
2558
2t,:'4
2Joo
18600
19200
223.2
234.4
245 \
256.7
24,:'l
~' ~}1
2t4 ;
}7/:'..1
241.9
2:'3,4
26\ 0
2901-
so:»
11.19
267 A 279.0
2R8j
1co t
290.2
3DI .3
J:;> I
;24'
)n4
276 5
288.0
199 5
1110
112 6
"""
U24
; !48
308.9
320 8
2'Hi;;
19800
•~ 5 58
268:•
)Q11
20400
21000
144.8
257.0
2t 35
r:«:
269.3
28'<:;'
1,'V
"OJ
J)q4
142/:'.
2\2.0
264.6
277.2
289.8
302.4
)1),0
''''I
2B48
]'184
'I
3255
/19;
327.6
'52'
21 600
2S9.2
272.2
285.1
298.1
311 0
124 0
Je:t-"
).1 •.'4
] 348
3488
}"'2-
22200
22800
266.4
293.0
306.4
319.7
333.0
346.3
2-'::< '
28f-,fJ
273.6
2 :~4 c,
• q -'
279.7
,,111
287.3
3Jq~~
294. E
23400
24000
280.8
31"n
3255
24600
19\.1
310.0
25200
25800
1~
54
301 0
2°4;
281.
3; •
s
L~98
314.6
/,)1->9
293.8
297.0
L
q~
306.0
1441
3584
328.3
342.0
324,]
])87
1534
368~
308.9
322.9
337.0
351 0
}
U~·
318.2
;
14~
s
P28
3\\.7
382'1
36\.0
lJ:';
32<"
3,2 \
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379. I
308 9
316 8
14
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332.6
,:,8:
334. I
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344 \
. :'B
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362, q
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4"4'.
173. J
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41.'j
393
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3'S 8
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386 3
4.
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396.7
4:
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407.2
1021
1:74
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34h
36}7
1-:'78
392'1
4UI'
4."'3.'
431'i'
302 4
316.8
331. 2
34\.6
360.0
374.4
388.8
403.1
417.6
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12:<8
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128 3
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34\.6
3441
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421 1
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3681
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346.3
355.7
36\.0
374.4
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?7 28
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4;'1J(1
330. I
340.2
369.0
3791
jf,,,}
349.9
ir«:
359 6
3'\7
l!n1
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4,'SO
418S
342.7
352 8
361.9
J73.0
383.0
393. I
403.2
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332.6
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4015
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365 4
375 8
186 3
196. 7
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4158
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388.9
399.6
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4:'0;,9
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390.6
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5952
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29400
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4177
4367
4557
4747
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511. 6
5231
496.8
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5580
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r;-.070
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6816
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666.0
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49
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4069
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52J1
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1953
4150
4348
4545
4743
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5316
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6126
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31 200
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33000
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718.2
738.7
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800.3
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4418
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5716
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7316
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8688
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669.6
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799,2
820,8
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5580
5813
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6510
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6975
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7440
7671
7905
8138
81'0
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"J5
9068
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637.2
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679.7
700.9
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743.4
764.6
785,9
807,1
828.4
849.6
-65-
PART 7.
7.1
EXTERNAL CIRCULATION
The illustrations shown in Figures 7.1 - 7.5 are included as examples of vehicles,
and parking and turning spaces in metric dimensions. Designers are referred to the
following comprehensive publications, both of which will be converted to metric in
due course:
"Geometric Design Manual,"
Roads and Transportation Association of Canada (RTAC).
"A Policy on Geometric Design for Rural Highways,"
State Highway Officials (AASHO).
American Association of
(It should be noted that some provincial and municipal authorities stipulate
specific requirements for roads and parking areas within their jurisdiction.)
MINI
3150 X 1410
SUB-COMPACT
COMPACT
MID-SIZE
FULL-SI ZE
Cars
4000
4500
11850~
NOTE:
Bicycle
SPACE
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE
GIVEN IN MILLIMETRES
FIG. 7.1
SAMPLE VEHICLE SIZES
x
1550
1650
5000 x 1800
5700 x 2000
Motorcycle
CAR
x
~
-bb-
SCA LE:
NOTE:
I : 500
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE
GIVEN IN MILLIMETRES
FIG. 7.2
!I
2 500
t
SCALE:
NOTE:
MINIMUM SIMPLE CURVE
(8000 OR 10 000 RADIUS)
1:500
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE
GIVEN IN MILLIMETRES
FIG. 7.3
SAMPLE PARKING LOT
LAYOUT
r--+--+-+--t-+1
~O~ ~OO
5 500
8 000
5 500 5 800 3
SCALE:
I: 200
o
o
00
_ _ _ _ _ _1
I---
6 700 -----.,
NOTE:
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE
GIVEN IN MILLIMETRES
FIG. 7.4
TYPICAL CURB
PARKING
- 6 7-
IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS
This cul-de-sac would
permit a fire truck and a
flusher equipped with a
snow plough to turn.even
if an isolated car IS
parked along the curb.
IN INDUSTRIAL AREAS
This cul-de-sac would
permit a WB50 semitrailer
to turn if no car is parked
along the curb.
I
i
CIRCULAR OFFSET
CIRCULAR
MINIMUM DIMENSIONS REQUIRED
FOR MOVEMENTS OF A WB50 SEMITRAILER
60 --.---I
T
I
---j
100----
T
15 - j 6
I--
Tl
'1.0
.L
L.-
.......
30
------.4
T
_---------' 1-
12
I
I
I
I
T-TYPE
SCALE:
NOTE:
1:100
All dimensions are
given in metres
FIG. 7.5
SAMPLE CULS-DE-SAC
BRANCH TYPE
-fl3-
7.2
7.2.1
EXPRESSION OF SLOPL
'1 ab I c -.1
j·.xprc'-)siOfl of Slope
Conventions
Ratio
Previous practice used different
ways to express slope in drawings:
an angle was expressed in degrees
and minutes; ratio of vertical to
horizontal was expressed, for
example, as inch per foot, foot per
foot, or feet per mile; gradients
were expressed as percentages. The
use of millimetres or metres in
huilding drawings favours the
adaptation of nondimensional ratio
as the expression of slope. This
has heen recognized in the draft
standard CSA 878.3 "Building
Drawing Practice." For instance, a
slope of 1:2 (i.e., a vertical:
horizontal ratio of 100:200 or of
50:100) is a clearer way of
expressing slope than the angular
equivalent of 26° 34'. It also
simplifies site layout. In special
cases where a high degree of
accuracy is required, however, the
draft standard accepts angular
expressions for slopes.
7.2.2
QS
In expressing slope as a ratio,
the vertical component is always
shown first. Thus for slopes less
than 45°, the first numher should
always he shown as unity, e.g., a
ratio of 1:5 indicates a rise of
1 mm for every 5 mm of horizontal
dimension, or 1 m for every 5 m, etc.
For slopes steeper than 45°, the
second number, i.e., the horizontal
component, should always he unity to
facilitate easy verification. Ratio
of 5:1 expresses a rise of 5 mm for
a horizontal dimension of 1 mm or
5 m for each 1 m, etc. The usc of
mixed units, such as, 1 mm in 10 m,
5 m in 1 km should be avoided if
possible.
Table 7.1 shows ratios,
angular expressions and percentages
for easy calculation from one system
to another.
Pl'j·(I.'llt,:l,,:e
\)
~)j,a
11o\\"
Slopes
1: 100
I: 6;
1: 57
I: 50
()o
:;~'
0°
0
1
0
1
OC)'
0
I: 40
1
1 ::J:J
1: 29
1: ~:;
1::'0
I 19
1°
1.)- ,
:1 . .::'5
51 i ght
Slopes
1: Ie
I: I:;
1:11.:;
1: I:'
1:11.1
1 :1!1
1::1.:;
I: S
I - I
,')
lS'
.i '
"lc
t()'
.)
:::;0 L)'
h
G
_0
1)- I
~D
K..)
S.-::'
!n
IO.co
1";. S
11
1: (;. -
I:.
lot)
I::;. -
ll)C
lb.1-. (1
I':;
1 : 4 . :;
II
I~C
,)() I
1:·1
I.)
11_"
Q
0
I~)'
cli
.'lell i urn
Slopes
I::;. -
:?b.S
I:.) ..)
I: 5
I :.'. -5
1:.'.5
1:.' .4
1:.'.15
1:.'
1:1 7:;
I: 1. 67
12'
2()'
48'
50'
~6° 34'
SOD
30° 58'
I : I. 5
oo
1: 1.55
36° 52'
40°
45°
I I '
1:1
12'
50
33.3
5(), 4
411
41.4
46.1>
50
57.3
60
b7
~S
84
100
Steep
Slopes
I. .' : I
1. 4.): 1
119
145
1. 5: 1
1.73:1
19'
150
:':1
, 15: I
:?6'
200
2.5:1
2.;5:1
3:1
3.73:1
12'
250
4:1
5: 1
5.67:1
58'
42'
6: 1
11. 43: 1
32 '
00
1"' J215
34'
275
300
373
400
500
567
600
1143
00
-69-
CONVERSION FACTORS AND TABLES
PART 8.
To enable the conversion of quantities used in technical literature, drawings, and
calculations, conversion factors for units used in the construction industry and tables
of already calculated, most commonly used, quantities are published on the following
pages.
TABLE 8.1:
LENGTH
(1)
Inches and fractions of Inches (up to 12 in.) to millimetres
Basis: I In. = 25.4 mm exactly
inches
0
1
4
3
2
fractions
m
i Ll i m e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
mm )
t r e s
of inch
-
-
132
1/16
332
o 79
1/8
2540
50.80
76. 20
101 60
12700
15240
177.80
203.20
228.60
254 00
279.40
127
r:
153. 19
153 99
154 78
178.59
179.39
180 18
203.99
204.79
205.58
229.39
230.19
230.98
254 79
255 59
256.38
280.19
280.99
281.78
2.38
26.19
26.99
27.78
51 59
52.39
53 18
76.99
77.79
78.58
102.39
103.19
103.98
3.18
28.58
53.
98
79.38
104 78
130.18
155 58
180.98
206.38
231 78
257. 18
282.58
156.37
157. 16
157.96
181.77
182 56
183.36
207. 17
207.96
208.76
232.57
233.36
234. :6
257.97
258 76
259.56
283.37
284.16
284.96
I. 59
128 59
129.38
532
3/16
732
3.97
4.76
5.56
29.37
30.16
30.96
54.77
55.56
56.36
80.17
80.96
81. 76
105 57
106 36
107. 16
130.97
13 I. 76
132.56
1/4
6.35
31 75
57. 15
82 55
107 95
133.35
158 75
184.15
209 55
234.95
260.35
285 75
159.54
160.34
161. 13
184.94
185.74
186 53
210.34
211.14
211. 93
235.74
236.54
237.33
261. 14
261. 94
262.73
286.54
287 34
288. 13
9/32
5/16
11./32
7.14
7.94
8.73
32.54
33.34
34.13
57.94
58.74
59.53
83.34
84.14
84.93
108 74
109.54
110.33
:34.14
134.94
135.73
3/8
9.53
34.93
60.33
85.73
111 13
136.53
161. 93
187.33
212.73
238.13
263.53
288 93
137.32
138.11
138.91
162.72
163.51
164.31
188.1,
188.91
189.71
213.52
214.31
215. 11
238.92
239.71
240.51
264.32
265.11
265.91
289.72
290.51
291. J 1
13/32
7/16
15/32
10.32
11. 11
11. 91
35.72
36.51
37.31
61.12
61. 91
62.71
86.52
87.31
88.11
111.92
112.71
113.51
1 /2
12.70
38.10
63.50
88.90
114.30
139.70
165.10
190.50
215.90
241.30
266 70
292.10
165.89
166.69
167.48
191.29
192.09
192.88
216.69
217.49
218.28
242.09
242.89
243.68
267.49
268.29
269.08
292.89
293.69
294.48
168.28
193.68
219.08
244.48
269.88
295.28
245.27
246.06
246.86
270.67
271. 46
272.26
296.07
296.86
297.66
: ,-. '37
Y·I,
19/32
13.49
14.29
15.08
38.89
39.69
40.48
64.29
65.09
65.88
89.69
90.49
91. 28
115.09
115.89
116.68
140.49
14 I. 29
142.08
5/8
15.88
41.28
66.68
92.08
117.48
142.88
118.27
119.06
119.86
143.67
144.46
145.26
169.07
169.86
170.66
194.47
195.26
196.06
219.87
220.66
221.46
95.25
120.65
146.05
171. 45
196.85
222.25
247.65
273.05
298.45
146.84
147.64
148.43
172.24
173.04
173.83
197.64
198.44
199.23
223.04
223.84
224.63
248.44
249.24
250.03
273.34
274.64
275.43
299.24
300.04
300.83
11/16
23/32
16.67
17.46
18.26
42.07
42.86
43.66
67.47
68.26
69.06
92.87
93.66
94.46
3/4
19.05
44.4:;
09.85
2V32
27/32
19.84
20.64
21.43
45.24
46.04
46.83
70.64
71.44
72.23
96.04
96.84
97.63
121.44
122.24
123.03
7/8
22.23
47.63
73.03
98.43
123.83
149.23
174.63
200.03
225.43
250.83
276.23
301.63
73.82
74.61
75.41
99.22
100.01
100.81
124.62
125.41
126.21
150.02
150.81
151.61
175.42
176.21
177.01
200.82
201.61
202.41
226.22
227.01
227.81
251. 62
252.41
253.21
27 7.02
277 .81
278.61
302.42
303.21
304.01
25/32
1Vl/,
29/32
15/16
31/32
23.02
23.81
24.61
48.42
49.21
50.01
-70-
TABLE 8.2:
LENGTH
(2)
Feet and inches (up to 65 ft 8 in.) to metres - to three places of decimals
Basis: I ft = 0.3048 m exactly
feet
inches
0
2
I
4
3
met res
5
(m)
-
to
7
6
t
hre e
dec i m o I
8
9
10
11
p I ace s
0
I
2
3
4
0.305
0.610
0.914
I. 219
0.025
0.330
0.635
0.940
1.245
0.051
0.356
0.660
0.965
1.270
0.076
0.381
0.686
0.991
I. 295
0.102
0.406
0.711
I. 0 16
1.321
0.127
0.432
0.737
J .041
1.346
0.152
0.457
0.762
1.067
1.372
0.178
0.483
0.787
1.092
1.397
0.203
0.508
0.813
1.118
1.422
0.229
0.533
0.838
1.143
1.448
0.254
0.559
0.864
1.168
1.473
0.279
0.584
0.889
1.194
1.499
5
6
7
8
9
1. 524
J .829
2.134
2.438
2'.743
1. 549
1.854
2. 159
2.464
2.769
1.575
1.880
2. 184
2489
2.794
1.600
1.905
2.210
2.515
2.819
1.626
1.930
2.235
2.)40
2845
1.651
I. 956
2.261
2.565
2.870
1.676
I. 981
2.286
2.591
2.896
1.702
2.007
2.311
2.616
2.921
1.727
2.032
2.337
2.642
2.946
I. 753
2.057
2.362
2.667
2.972
1.778
2.083
2.388
2.692
2.997
1.803
2.108
2.413
2. '18
3 023
10
II
12
13
14
3.048
3.353
3.658
3.962
4.267
3.073
3.378
3.683
3.988
4.293
3099
3.404
3.708
4.013
4.318
3 124
3429
3.734
4.039
4.343
3.150
3.454
3.759
4.064
4.369
3. 175
3.480
3.785
4.089
4.394
3.200
3.505
3.810
4 I 15
4.420
3.226
3.531
3.835
4.140
4.445
3.251
3.556
3.R61
4.166
4.470
3.277
3.581
3.886
4.191
4.496
3.~2
3.607
3.912
4.216
4.521
3.327
3.632
3.937
4.242
4.547
15
1.6
4.597
4.902
5.207
5.512
5.817
-t.623
928
0.232
).)37
5 842
4 648
4 953
5.258
5.503
5.807
4.674
4 9.-8
').283
5.588
5.893
4.699
5.004
19
4.572
4.877
5. 182
5.486
5 791
4.724
5.029
5.334
S.639
5 944
4.750
5.055
)
359
5.664
5 969
4.775
5.080
5.385
5.690
5.994
4.80 I
5.105
5.410
5 715
6.020
4.826
5.131
5.436
5.740
6.045
4.851
5.156
5.461
5.766
6.071
20
21
22
23
24
6.090
6.401
0. 706
7 10
7.315
6. 'f'
0.420
6. 147
c 172
0.4-:'7
0
-56
36,·
6.782
.08'
-.39
6.223
0. -'28
833
- . 137
442
c). 248
t·.553
'.;.73
6 198
,~
502
C
0 80
c.274
t.452
c.858
7.163
- 468
6.579
6.883
7.188
7.493
6.299
6.604
6.909
7.214
7.518
6.325
6.629
6.934
7.239
7.544
6.350
6.655
6.960
7.264
7.569
6.375
6.680
6.985
7.290
7.595
.:71,
- .t:qt,
-.74/
8.052
8.3.57
8.66 :
8 966
7.772
8.0 77
8.382
8.687
8 992
7':798
8.103
8.407
8.712
9.01 7
7.823
8.128
8.433
8.738
9.042
7.849
8.153
8.458
8.763
9.068
7.874
8.179
8.484
8.788
9.093
7.899
8.204
8.509
8.814
9.119
-:; 2ii
S7t
9.296
9 60 I
9.906
10.211
10.516
9.322
9.627
9.931
10.236
10.541
9.347
'1.652
9.957
10.262
10.566
9.373
9.677
9.9d2
10.287
10.592
9.398
9.703
10.008
10.312
10.617
9.423
9.728
10.033
10.338
10.043
10 .871
11. 176
II. 481
I I. 786
12.090
10.897
II. 20 I
11. 506
11.811
12.116
10.922
11. 227
1I. 532
11.836
12.141
10.947
II. 252
II. 557
1I. 862
12.167
12.471
12.776
13.081
13.386
13.691
18
25
26
2;-'
28
29
-
,
620
. . 1 ... .)
8 2X
8 5J.A.
8.83'J
4
- .7;36
-
.:;1-: '!
}41
~5
- 950
8.25'0
8.56C
b.
bc:
'-17 0
280
8 58';
iI 8,0
'44
~Y
0
9 449
~ '~
Q
95
,
8
O. Xc
8.0
c "
""'-9
".8,-,4
'(9
.>tj
084
389
414
9 :'20
9
9 8~
10 135
10.439
39
10.668
10.973
II .278
11.582
11 887
10.693
10.998
11. 3)3
11.608
II. 913
1C 719
: .J24
i 328
11 633
II .938
10.744
11.049
11.35·1
11.659
11.963
40
41
42
43
44
12.192
12.497
12.802
13.106
13.411
12.217
12.522
12.827
13.132
13.437
12.243
12.548
12.852
13. 157
13.462
45
46
47
48
49
13.716
14.02 J
14.326
14.935
13.741
14.046
14.351
14.656
14.961
SO
51
52
53
54
15.240
15.545
15.850
16.154
I S.459
55
56
57
58
59
30
31
32
33
34
Q
,
'54
;..1
~:;8
-
,i
.,
~22
8 L'26
8.33 i
U 636
~
Q
941
.246
; sse
9.855
rc
S.~9
5.613
).918
Q.
9.881
16C
10. ISS
10.465
10.490
77C
10.820
II. 125
11.379
II .684
II .989
10.79'0
II. ICO
11.405
11.709
12.014
I 1.735
12.040
10.846
11. 151
I 1.455
11.760
12.065
12.268
12.573
12.878
13.183
13.487
12.294
12.598
12.903
13.208
13.513
12.319
12.624
12.929
13.233
13.538
12.344
12.649
12.954
13.259
13.564
12.370
12.675
12.979
13.284
13.589
12.395
12.700
13.005
13.310
13.614
12.421
12.725
13.335
13.640
12.446
12.751
13.056
13.360
13.665
13.767
14.072
14.376
14.681
14.986
13.792
14.097
14.402
14.707
15.0 II
13.818
14.122
14.427
14.732
15.037
13.843
14.148
14.453
14.757
15.062
13.868
14.173
14.478
14.783
15.088
13.894
14.199
14.503
14.808
15.113
13.919
14.224
14.529
14.834
15.138
13.945
14.249
14.554
14.859
15.164
13.970
14.275
14.580
14.884
15.189
14.605
14.910
15.215
15.265
15.570
15.875
16.180
16.485
15.291
15.596
15.900
16.205
16.510
15.316
15.621
15.926
16.231
16.535
15.342
15.646
15.951
16.256
16.561
15.367
15.672
15.977
16.281
16.586
15.392
15.697
16.002
16.3)7
16.612
15.418
15.723
16.027
16.332
16.637
15.443
15.748
16.053
16.358
16.662
15.469
15.773
16.078
16.383
16.688
15.494
15.799
16.104
16.408
16.713
15.519
15.824
16.129
16.434
16.739
1t.764
17.069
17.374
)7.678
17.983
16.789
17.094
17.399
17.704
18.Cx)?
16.815
17.120
17.424
i7.729
18.034
16.840
17.145
17.450
17.755
18.059
16.866
17.170
17.475
17.780
18.085
16.891
17.196
17.501
17.805
18.110
16.916
17.221
17.526
18.136
16.942
17.247
17.551
17.856
18.161
16.967
17.272
17.577
17.882
18.186
16.993
17.297
17.602
17.907
18.212
17.018
17.323
17.628
17.932
18.237
17 .043
17.348
17.653
17.958
18.263
60
61
62
63
64
18.288
18.593
18.898
19.202
19.507
18.313
18.618
18.923
19.228
19.533
18.339
18.644
13.948
19.253
19.558
18.364
18.669
18.974
19.279
19.583
18.390
18.694
18.999
19.609
18.415
18.720
19.025
19.329
19.634
18.440
18.745
19.050
19.355
19.660
18.406
18.771
19.075
19.380
19.685
18.491
18.796
19.101
19.406
19.710
18.517
18.821
19.126
19.431
19.736
18.542
18.847
19.152
19.456
19.761
18.567
18.872
19.177
19.482
19.787
65
19.812
19.837
19.863
19.888
19.914
19.939
19.964
19.990
20.015
35
36
-
,
38
14.6~
1: .074
19.~4
il.4~
17.8~
13.0~
13.995
14.~0
- 71-
TABLE 8.3:
AREA
(1)
Square inches (up to 100 in. 2 ) to square mil1imetres
Basis: 1 in. 2 = 645.16 mm 2 exactly
square
innc~es
0
2
I
3
4
5
6
7
8
225.8
677.4
129.0
580.6
032.2
3 871.0
10 322.6
16 774.2
23 225 8
29677.4
4 516.1
10967.7
17 419 3
23870.9
30 322.5
5 161. 3
11 612.9
18064.5
24 516.1
30 967.7
5
12
18
25
31
35483.8
41935.4
48 387.0
54838.6
61 290.2
36 129.0
42 580.6
49032.2
55483.8
61 935.4
36 774.1
43 225.7
49677.3
56 128.9
62 580 5
37
43
50
56
63
38 064.4
4·1 516.0
50967.6
57419.2
63 870 8
(in
s
-
0
10
20
30
40
6
12
19
25
50
60
70
80
90
32
38
45
51
58
100
qv
U
I
(mm 2)
mill t m e t r e s
e
451.6
903.2
354.8
806.4
645.2
7096.8
13 548.4
20 000.0
26 451 6
1
7
14
20
27
290.3
741. 9
193.5
645.1
096.7
1 935.5
8 387. I
14838.7
21 290 3
27741.9
2
9
15
21
28
258.0
709.6
161. 2
612.8
064 4
32
39
45
52
58
33548.3
39 999.9
46 451. 5
52 903 1
59 354.7
34 193.5
40 645 I
47 096.7
53548.3
59 999.9
34 838.6
41290.2
47 741.8
54 193.4
60 645.0
903.2
354.8
806.4
258.0
709.6
9
580.6
032.2
483.8
935.4
387 0
3
9
16
22
29
419.3
870.9
322.5
774.1
225 7
806.4
258.0
709.6
161. 2
612.8
64516.0
TABLE 8.4:
AREA
(2)
Square feet (up to 400 ft 2) to square metres
Basis" 1 ft2 = 0.092 903 m2
square
le.t
0
2
1
4
3
0
~
-
8
9
0 6S
1 58
2 5
" 74
o 84
,j~-
1.77
.8C
3
4
2 69
3 62
4 55
(ft2j
sq
'-J are
mel r e s
1rT'.
o 56
23
It
09
0 46
39
/ 32
3 2,
4. i8
..
3.44
4.92
5 85
6 78
7 71
8.64
5 02
5 95
6 87
7.80
8 73
5 l'
6 04
0 9- 90
8 83
20
6. 13
7.06
- 99
8 92
5 30
6. 22
9.48
10.41
11 33
12.26
13 19
9 57
10.50
1] 43
12 36
13 /9
9.66
10.59
]1 52
12.45
13.38
9 -5
10.68
] 1.61
]2.54
]3 47
14.03
14.96
1589
16.82
17.74
14. 1/
15 05
15 98
16 9]
17.84
i4 2]
15 14
10.07
1700
17 93
14.31
15 24
]6.17
17.09
18.02
18.58
19 51
20.44
21.37
22.30
18.67
1960
20 53
21 46
22.39
18 77
19.70
2062
21 55
2248
18
19
20
21
22
86
79
72
65
58
250
260
270
280
290
23.23
24 15
25.08
26 0 I
26 94
23 32
24 25
25 18
26 ]]
2703
23
24
25
26
2.'
23
24
25.
26
27
300
310
320
330
340
27 8/
2880
29 73
30.66
31.59
2/
28
29
30
96
80
82
"
31 68
350
360
370
380
390
32.52
33.45
34.37
35.30
36 23
32 61
33.54
34 47
35.40
36 33
400
37.16
o
1.86
2.79
3.72
0.09
1 02
1 95
2 88
3 81
60
70
80
90
4.65
5 57
6 . .50
7.43
8.36
100
110
120
130
140
-
0 j:
2 04
2.97
390
0 28
2
/ 14
3.07
3.99
4 74
5.67
660
7 53
8 45
4 83
5.76
6.69
7 62
8.55
9.7'1
10.22
11. 15
12.08
13.01
9. 38
10 31
]1 24
]2. 17
13.10
150
160
170
180
190
13.94
14.86
15.79
16.72
17.65
200
210
220
730
240
0
10
20
30
40
50
o 93
19
I 11
,
1
2
3
4
30
;
49
2 42
3 34
27
,
4 J7
"
"
46
8 08
9 0I
5 39
6 32
7.25
8 18
9. 10
5 48
6.41
7 34
8. 27
9 20
9 85
10.78
II 71
]2.63
13 56
9.94
10 87
] 1.80
12 73
13.66
10.03
10.96
11.89
12.82
13 75
10. i3
11 06
I] 98
12 9]
]3. 84
14.40
15 33
]6 ?6
]
19
18 12
]4 49
15 42
16.35
17 28
18 21
14.59
15.51
16.44
17 37
18 30
]468
15.61
16.54
17.47
18.39
14.77
15 70
16.63
17.56
]8 49
18 95
]9 88
20 8]
21.74
22 67
19.05
]9 97
20.90
2 ] 83
22 76
19
20
2i
2]
?7
]4
07
00
93
85
]9 23
20 16
21.09
2202
2295
19.32
20.25
21.18
22.11
2304
19 42
20.35
21 27
22.20
23.13
50
43
36
29
22
23.60
24.53
2546
26 38
27 31
23.69
24 62
25.55
26 48
27.41
23 78
24 71
25 64
26.57
27 50
23 88
24.81
25 73
26.66
77.59
23 97
24.90
25.83
26 76
27.69
24.06
2499
25.92
26 85
27 78
2806
28. Y9
29.91
30.84
31. 77
28. 15
29 08
30 0 I
30.94
31 87
28. 24
29. 17
30. 10
31.03
31.96
28 34
29 26
30. ]9
31 17
32.05
28 43
7'1.36
30.7'1
31.22
32 14
28.52
29 45
30.38
31 31
32.24
28 6]
29 54
30 47
31 40
32.33
28.! 1
29.64
30.57
31 49
32.42
32.70
33.63
34 56
35.49
36 42
32.79
33 72
34 65
35 58
36 51
32.89
33 82
34.75
35.67
36 60
32.98
33.9]
34 84
35 77
36.70
33.07
34.00
34 93
35.86
36 7'1
33 ] 7
34 ]0
35.02
35 95
36 88
33.26
34 ]9
35 12
3605
36 98
33.35
34.28
35 21
36 14
37 07
41
34
27
20
13
15
~,
-
TABLE 8.5:
AREA
I
~-
(3)
Acres (up to 100 acres) to hectares
Basis: 1 ac re > 0.404 686 ha
acres
4
3
2
1
0
hectares
7
5
5
9
8
(ha)
o . 40
o . 81
1•2 1
1• 5 2
2. 0 2
2 .4 3
2. 83
3. 24
10
4 • C
4 • 45
4 • 86
5·26
5 . , 7
6 . 07
6·47
6 • 88
7· 28
7· 69
! 0
8 . 09
8 • 50
8 . 90
9 • 31
9 • 7 1
10 . 12
10 • 52
10 .9 3
1 I . 33
1 1 • 74
1 5 • 78
0
-
3· 6-4
30
12 . 14
12 • 54
12. 95
1 3. 35
13.75
14 • 16
14 • 57
14 .97
15 • 38
40
16 • 19
16 • 59
17 .00
17.40
17 • 8 1
18 • 21
18. 62
19 • 02
19.42
19 • 83
50
20 .2 3
20.64
21 • 04
2 1. 4 5
2 I . 85
22 . 26
22 • 56
23 • 07
23. 4 7
23. 88
60
24. 28
24 • 69
25. 09
25. 49
25.90
25 • 30
26 • 71
27. 11
27. 52
27. 92
70
28 . 33
28.73
29 . 14
29 • 54
29 . 9 5
30 • 35
30.75
31. 16
31. 57
31. 97
80
32. 37
32.78
3 3. 18
33. 59
33. 99
34 • 40
34.80
35 • 2 1
35. 6 1
36. 02
90
36.42
36 . 83
37. 23
37. 64
38 . 0 4
38 •
38 . 85
39 . 25
39 .66
40 • 06
100
40 • 47
TABLE 8.6:
VOLUME
I,
5
(l)
Cubic feet (up to 106 ft 3) to cubic metres
Basis: 1 ft 3 '" 0.028 317 m3
cubic teet
Ift 3(
2
1
0
3
0
10
o 28
20
0
085
1.13
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
TABLE 8.7:
:>
4
cub i c
I"'l
8
6
o
11
0.40
0.68
0 96
I 25
0 14
c 42
0 "
0 99
27
1 53
I 81
2 10
84
17
45
74
02
I 30
0.03
O. 31
0 59
088
1.16
0.06
0 34
062
0 91
1. 19
0 08
037
0 65
o 93
1 22
42
70
98
27
55
I 44
1 73
2.0 I
I '8
2 07
2 35
2.38
I .47
I 76
2.04
2 32
2 01
2 63
7 06
41
2 69
283
2.86
2 89
2
.
1 9.
3 00
5
1
1
1
2
2
VOLUME
2. :'9
, 50
.
'I
9
en 3
e tie s
J8
94
, 56
0
0
0
1
59
I 87
O. 20
46
0 r.
05
I 33
,
0.23
0.51
o '9
1 08
I 36
0.25
0.54
0.82
:.10
1.39
I 64
I 93
1.67
1 95
:' "4
90
:' '8
2 46
2 75
2 21
2.49
2.78
6
7
8
9
22 .73
68 19
113.65
I S9 11
204
27. 28
72. 74
118 20
163.66
209 12
31.82
77 28
172 74
168 21
213 67
36 37
81.83
127 29
172. 75
218 21
4091
86.38
13184
177.30
222 76
250
295
340
386
431
88
254 58
30004
345 50
390 96
436 .;
259
304
350
3 95
440
13
59
05
51
9'
263 67
309 13
35460
400.06
445 52
268 22
313.68
359 14
404 60
450.06
.i .
34
48 , 89
486 43
490.98
495.52
2. 12
:
2. 1)
2 44
2 72
~2
2.80
(2)
Gallons (up to 110 gal) to litres
Basis: 1 gal = 4.546 09 9,
gallons
0
2
I
lit
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
'00
110
-
4
3
res
{,
45 46
Q()92
136 38
18 ~ 84
4 55
50.01
95.47
140 93
186 39
909
:'4 55
1000 I
145 48
1Q() 94
13 64
59 10
104 56
150 02
:95 48
18
63
109
154
200
18
65
22:
.: 2
231 85
2"
3'
"
3 It 23
363 c~
409 ;,
322
368 23
413.69
236 40
281.86
327 32
372 78
418 24
240 94
286 40
331 8:37c 33
422 79
24S
290
336
38 I
427
49
9)
41
8"
45Y It
463 70
468 h
4.[ '9
4)4 0
,(x; r
77
II
57
03
jj
)U
9tJ
42
- 7?J-
TABLE 8.8:
ILLUMINATIOt\
Lumens per square foot (up to 1000 Im/ft 2) to lux
Basis: 1 Im/ft 2 = 10.7ti39 l x
lumens/ft 2
0
2
1
3
lux
0
10
20
)J
40
50
60
70
80
90
-
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
TABLE 8.9:
5
6
7
8
9
86. 111
])3.750
( lx)
107.639
215.278
322.917
430.556
538.196
645.835
753.474
861.113
968.752
10.764
118.403
226.012
333.681
441. 320
548.959
656.599
764.238
871. 877
979.516
21. 528
129.167
236.806
344.445
452.084
559.723
667.362
775.002
882.641
990.280
32.292
139.931
247.570
355.209
462.848
570.487
678.126
785.765
893.405
1001. 04
43.056
150.695
258.334
365.973
473 612
581. 251
688.890
796.529
904. 168
1011. 81
53.820
161. 459
269.098
376.737
484.376
592.015
699.654
807.293
914 932
1022.57
64 583
172.223
279.862
387.501
495.140
602.779
710.418
818.057
925.696
1033.34
75.347
182.986
290.626
398.265
505.904
613.543
721. 182
828 82 I
936.460
1044. 10
40> .029
516.568
624. ~O7
731. 946
839.585
947.224
1054.86
96875
204.514
312.153
419.793
527.432
635.071
742.710
850.349
957.988
1065.63
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
I ,) x
100
200
4
1076.39
2152.78
3229.17
4305.56
5381. 96
6458.35
7534.74
8611.13
9687.52
10763.9
1184.03
2200.42
3336.81
4413.20
5489.59
6565.99
7642.38
8718.77
9795. 16
129167
2368.06
3444.45
4520.84
5597.23
6673.62
7750 07
8826.41
9902 80
1399. 31
2475 70
3552.09
4628.48
5704 87
6781. 26
7857.6'
8934 05
10010.4
:m.389
( lxl
1506.95
2583.34
3659.73
4736 12
5812.
"·1
J,
6888 90
796) 29
9041.68
10118 I
:614.59
2690.98
3767 3'4843.76
5920 IS
6996.54
8072.93
9149 32
10225.7
1722.23
2798.62
3875.01
4951.40
6027.79
7104.18
8180 57
9256.96
10333 4
1829.86
2906.26
3982.65
5059.04
6135 43
7211.82
8288 21
9364.60
10441.0
1937.50
3013.89
40%.29
5166.68
6243.07
7319.46
8395.85
9472.24
10548.6
2045. 14
3121.53
4197.93
5274.32
6350.71
7427. 10
8503.40
9579.88
10656.3
~IASS
Pounds (up to 250 Ib) to kg
Basis: 1 l b = 0.453 592 kg
pounds
(I b)
0
I
2
4
3
k i l o q r o rn s
o 91
5
6
7
8
9
rk 9 i
I 36
5 90
·10.43
14.97
19.50
I. 81
6 35
10.89
15.42
19.96
2.27
6 80
II 34
15 88
20.41
2.72
7
26
11 79
16 33
20.87
3. 18
7 71
12.25
16.78
21 32
3.63
8.16
1<.70
17.24
21.77
4.08
8.62
13. 15
17.69
22.23
Ai.73
24.04
28.58
33. 11
37.65
42. 18
24.49
2903
33.57
38 10
42.64
24 95
29.48
34 02
38 56
4309
25.40
29.94
34.47
39.01
43.54
25.85
30.39
34 93
39.46
44.00
26.31
30.84
35.38
39.92
44.45
26.76
3:. )J
35.83
40.37
44.91
46.27
50.80
55.34
59.87
64.41
46.72
51.26
55.79
60.33
64.86
47 17
51. 71
56.25
60.78
65.32
47.63
52.16
56.70
61 24
65 77
48.08
52.62
57.15
61.69
66.22
4853
53.07
57.61
62.14
66.68
48.99
53. )2
58.06
62.60
67.13
49.44
53.98
58.51
63.05
67.59
68.49
73.03
77.56
82.10
86.64
68 95
73.48
78.02
82.55
87.09
69.40
73.94
78.47
83.01
87.54
69.85
74.39
78.93
83.46
88.00
70.31
74.84
79.38
83 91
88.45
70.76
75. )J
7983
84.37
88.90
71. 21
75.75
80.29
84 82
89.36
71. 67
76.20
80.74
85.28
89.81
72.12
76.61:.
81.19
85.73
90.26
91. 17
95.71
100.24
104.78
109.32
91.63
96.16
100.70
105.23
109.77
9208
96.62
101.15
105.69
110.22
92.53
97.07
101.61
106.14
110.68
9299
97.52
102.06
10659
111.13
93.44
97.98
102.51
107.05
111. 58
9389
98.43
102.97
107.50
112.04
94.35
98.88
103.42
107.96
112.49
94.80
99.34
103.87
108.41
112.94
0
10
20
30
40
4.54
9.07
1361
18.14
0.45
4.99
9 S3
14.06
1860
50
60
70
80
90
22.68
27.22
31. 75
36.29
40 .82
23. 13
27.67
32.21
36.74
41. 28
100
110
120
130
140
45.36
49.90
54.43
58.97
63.50
45 81
50.35
54.88
59.42
63.96
150
160
170
180
190
68.04
72 57
77.11
81.65
86.18
200
210
220
2)J
240
90.72
95.25
99.79
104.33
108.86
250
113.40
5.44
9.98
14.52
19.05
23.59
28.12
32.66
37 19
-74-
FORCE
TABLE 8.10:
(1)
Pound-force (up to 1000 Ihf) to newtons
Basis: 1 l b f = 4.448 222 N
newtons
-
0
10
20
])
40
50
60
70
80
90
])
20
10
0
13.3447
57.8269
102. ])9
146.791
191. 274
235.756
280.238
324.720
369.202
413.685
8.8964
53.3787
97.8609
142.343
186.825
231. ])8
275.790
320.272
364.754
409.236
4 4482
48.9])4
93.4127
137.895
182.377
226.859
271. 342
315.824
360. ])6
404.788
44.4822
88 .9644
133.447
177.929
222.411
266.893
311.376
355.858
400.340
444.822
889.644
1334 47
1779.29
2224.11
2668.93
3113.76
3558.58
4003.40
4448.22
700
800
900
1000
TABLf
~<ip
FO RC E
8.!!
up
k jp
to
Kip
l
22.2411
66.7233
111.206
155.688
200.170
244.652
289.134
333.617
378.099
422.581
17.7929
62.2751
106.757
151. 240
195.722
240.204
284.686
329. 168
373.651
418.133
40
";44C
.44(;(=;«:;
j;
-
j
3.
j
.377F:'2 136.323324
"";, ~? 231.307544
275.789764
'CC C ' " •
,co-,
'c ~ .271984
;2 31" .
/c:
icc ..~
354.754204
)2 4:::9.236424
. 33998;,~' 4 "
L
~
.
U
622.751
1067.57
1512.40
1957.22
2402.04
2846.86
3291.68
3736 51
4181.33
-
;·;,).62n
A44
1334.
j
:U2.ot.ll
3::"
I
75 'Jet
.:) ;";'6
j.
3
4~"8
.
j(;
4",).30442
3·).12652
137(, .9,j,:3.82
. "'7182
322
13..].2
3762
5982
1202
\
40.0340
84.5162
128.998
173.481
2]7.963
L~2.445
])6.927
351.410
395.892
440.374
50
60
70
80
90
667.233
1112.06
1556.88
2001.70
2446.52
2891.34
3330 17
3780.99
4225.81
711 .715
1156 54
1601.36
2046. 18
2491.00
2935.83
3380.65
3825.47
427C.29
-
756. 198
1201.02
1645.84
2090.66
2535.49
2980.31
3425.13
3869.95
4314.77
-
800.680
1245.50
1690.32
2135.15
2579.97
3024 79
3469.61
3914.44
4359.26
845. 162
1289.98
1734.81
2179.63
2624.45
])69.27
3514.10
3958.92
4403.74
-
3
4
5
20
191.c73546
235.755766
280.2379B6
324.72UL06
369.202426
413.684646
30
lY~). 721768
240.203988
284.68G20B
329.:68428
37-'3.650648
418.132868
-
-
6
7
8
9
( k~;)
200 .169990
244.652210
289.134430
333.61665J
378.098870
422.5131090
40
50
;,,:ilonewtofls
:
35.5858
80.0680
124.550
169.032
213.515
257.997
302.479
346.961
391.444
435.926
.8%444 13.344(:,66 17.792388
22.241110 26.689332 31.137554
35.585776 40.033998
53. 378664 57.826f386 62.275108 66.723330 71.171552 7.5 .61(1774
80.067996 84.516218
)7. 86~:'884 1-:..1:2.309106 106.757328 111.205550 115.653772 120.101994 124.350216 128.998438
l~ 2. 3,13L)4 146.791326 151./39548 155.687770 16U.13Syg2 1€>4. 584214 169.032436 173.480658
. ~; l i
,0 S.""
31. 1376
75.619P
120.102
164.584
209.066
253.549
298.031
342.513
386.995
431.477
kN
2
:.. "'+"+2, 222
n
7
,::
"" .....
26.6893
71. 1715
115.054
160.130
204.618
249. 100
293.583
338.065
382.547
427.029
iN)
kilonewtons
1
9
kilonewtons
4.448222
-
8
2)
i
1000 kips)
to
Basis:
578 269
1023.09
1467.91
1912.74
2357.56
2802.38
3247.20
3092.02
4130.85
-
533.787
978.609
1423.43
1868.25
2313.08
2757.90
3202 72
3047 54
4092.36
-
489.304
934.127
1378.95
1823.77
2268.59
2713.42
3158.24
3603.06
4047.88
-
7
(NI
newtons
100
200
])0
400
500
600
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
lbf
S~3.78664
'884
1,1
.43104
1868.25324
2313 .(,7544
2757.C39764
32J2.71984
3647.54204
4C':92. 364 24
578.2G8%
lO23.()YIOb
1467.[11326
1912.73546
2357.55766
2802.37'186
3227.)0)06
lGY2.0/426
4136.84646
622. 75108
1067.57328
1512.39548
1957.21768
2402.83938
2846.86208
3291.68428
37Y .50648
4131.32868
204.618212
249.100432
29J.S82652
338. c'64872
382.547092
427.U29312
60
203.066434
253.548654
298.030874
342.513094
386.995314
431.477534
70
213.514656
257.996876
302.479096
316.961316
391. 44 3536
435.925756
80
217.962878
262.445098
306.927318
351.409538
395.891758
440.373978
9U
(k~)
667.23330
1112.05550
1556.07770
YlOIJd990
2<J4G.52210
28C11 .34430
333G.1G650
3780.98870
4225.81,:)90
711.)]552
115b .S377/.
IG01.3'J992
2046.18212
2491
32
2935.82652
31WL64872
382~J.4 7092
4270.29312
756.19774
1201.01994
1645.84214
2090.66434
2535.48654
2980.30874
3425.13094
3869.9 314
4314.77534
800.67996
1245.50216
1690.32436
2135.14656
2579.%876
3024.79096
3489.61316
3914.43516
4359.25756
845.16218
1289.98438
1734.80658
2179.62878
2624.45098
3069.27318
_,514.09538
3958.91758
4403.73978
- 75-
PI~ESSURE/STR[SS
TABLE 8.12:
0)
Pound-force per square foot (up to 1000 Ibf/ft 2 ) to kilopascals
Basis: 1 Ibf/ft 2 ~ 47.8803 Pa
Ibf/ft 2
0
20
10
3J
so
40
kilo p o s c o l s
-
0
100
0.4788
5.2668
10.0549
14.8429
19.63J9
24.4189
29.2070
33.9950
38.783J
43.5710
-
4.7880
9.5761
14.3641
19.1521
23.9401
28.7282
33.5162
38.3J42
43.0922
47.8803
200
)J()
400
SOO
600
700
800
900
1000
TABLE 8.13:
0.9576
5.7456
10.5337
15.3217
20 1097
24.8977
29 .6858
34.4738
39.2618
44.0498
-
PRESSURE/STRESS
1.4364
6.2244
11.0125
15.8005
20.5885
25.3765
3'J.I646
34.9526
39.7406
44.5286
80
90
(k P a)
I. 9152
6.7032
11.4913
16.2793
21 0673
25.8553
3J.6434
35.4314
40.2194
45 0074
-
-
70
60
2.3940
7.1820
II. 970 I
16.7581
21.5461
26.3341
31. 1222
35.9102
40.6982
45.4862
2.8728
7.6608
12.4489
17.2369
22.0249
26.8129
31.6010
36.3890
41. 1770
45.96SO
-
3.3516
8.1396
12.9277
17.7157
22.5037
27.2917
32.0798
36.8678
41. 6558
46.4439
-
-
3.83'J4
8.6185
13.4065
18.1945
22.9825
27.7706
32.5586
37.3466
42.1346
46.9227
-
4.3'J92
9.0973
13.8853
18.6733
23.4613
28. ,-'94
33.: 374
37.8254
42.6134
47.4015
-
(2)
Pound-force per square inch (up to 1000 Ibf/in. 2 ) to kilopascals
Basis: 1 Ibf/in. 2 ~ 6.894 76 kPa
Ibf/in 2
20
10
0
l<. ;
0
100
689.476
1378.95
2068.43
2757.90
3447.38
4136.85
4826.33
5515.81
6205.28
6894.76
200
)J()
400
SOO
600
700
800
900
1000
TABLE
Basis:
"ton/in. 2
ic
f.0
100
per
0
.t n c h ( up
I
r5
790
965. 266
1654. 74
2344 22
3033 69
3723.17
4412.64
5102. 12
5791. 60
6481. 07
-
60
'"
'n
80
90
-' 13. 685
1103 16
1792.64
2482. II
3171.59
3861.06
4550.54
5240.02
5929.49
6618.9'
-
482.633
1172. II
1861. 58
255 I. 06
3240.54
39JJ.O 1
4619.49
53J8.96
5998.44
6687.91
-
55 1.581
1241. 06
19JJ.53
2620.01
3JJ9.48
3998.96
4688.43
5377.91
6067.39
6756.86
-
620.528
1310.00
1999.48
2688.96
3378.43
4067.91
4757.38
5446.86
6136.33
6825.81
k Pc
344. /38
1034. 21
1723.69
2413. I'
3102.64
3792.12
4481. 59
5171.07
5860.54
6550.02
-
-
!3 )
to
13.7895
=
I c Pa sC o i s
-
-
square
2
toni/in.
206.843
896.318
1585.79
2275.27
2964.75
3654.22
4343.70
5033. 17
5722.65
6412. 12
137.895
827.371
1516 85
2206.32
2895.80
3585.27
4274.75
4964.23
5653.70
6343. 18
PRESSURE/STRESS
8.14:
T on- f o r c e
68.9476
758.423
1447.90
2137.37
2826.85
3516.33
4205.80
4895.28
5584.75
6274.23
so
40
JJ
1 00
ton i./··, n . 2)
tom ega pas c a I s
MPa
2
3
4
5
megapascals
(>.:Fa)
C
7
8
9
%.5265 110.3160 124.10SS
82./370
68.9475
55.1580
41.3685
27.5790
13.7895
262.0005
248.2110
234.4215
22:::
206.8425
151.6845 165.4740 179.2635 193.0530
137.895
399.8955
386.106U
]')8.5278
372.3165
344.7375
330.'9430
317.1565
303.3690
289.5795
275.790
524U01O 537.1905
0.2115
441.2640 455.0535 168.3430 48~.632S 49G.4220
427.474S
113.685
620.:)275 634 . 3170 648.1065 661.3960 675.6855
SG'l. -)C'~,'5
592.9485 6Cb.7380
579.1590
551.580
799.7910 813.5E05
786.0015
708.4225 "772.2120
744.6330
730.8435
703.2645
717.0540
689. 'l'150
841.1595 854.9490 868.7385 382 . l ) LOO 896.3175 9lCJ.l070 ():23.8965 937.6860 951.4755
827.3700
992.8440 lD06 .6335 1820.4230 lC34.2J25 1~:J4e. n020 1061. 7915 lU75.5810 1089.3705
965.2650 979.0545
.1075 1185.8970 1199.6865 1213.4760 1227 .2655
1103.16,.10 1116.9495 1130.7390 1141.:0285 1158.3130 11
1241.0550 1254.8445 1268.6340 1282.4215 1296.2130 1310.0C2~ Un.7920 1331.',815 1351. 3710 1365.16D5
LJ78.9500
1.6320
- 76-
TABLE 8.15
CONVERSION FACTORS FOR UNITS USED IN THF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
(Conversion factors are taken to six significant figures where appropriate.)
Me t r Lc to Imperial
Imperial to Metric
Length
1 km
0.621 371
49.7097
1. 093 61
3.280 84
0.039 370 1
1 m
1 mm
miL
chain
yd
ft
In.
1.609 344
20.1168
0.9144
0.3048
304.8
25.4
km
m
m
m
mm
mm
1 yd 2
1 ft?
1 in. 2
2.589 99
0.404 686
4046.86
0.836 127
0.092 903
645.16
km 2
ha
m2
m2
m2
mm 2
1 acre ft
1 yd 3
1233.48
0.764 555
m3
m3
1 ft 3
0.028 316 8
28.3168
16 387.1
16.3871
4.546 09
568.261
28.413 0
m3
1
1
1
1
mile
chain
yd
ft
1 in.
Area
1 km 2
1 ha
1 m2
mi1e 2
acre
yd 2
ft 2
in. 2
0.386 102
2.471 05
1.195 99
10.7"'39
O.C)l 550
1 mm 2
1 mi1e 2
1 acre
Volume, Capacity, Modulus of Section
1 m3
0.810 713 x 101. 307 95
35.3147
1 mm 3
*1 9,
61. 0237 x
0.035 314
0.219 969
1. 759 76
0.061 023
0.035 195
*1 m1
3
acre ft
yd 3
ft 3
in. 3
10- 6
7
ft3
1 in. 3
7
1
gal
pt
in. 3
f1 oz
1 gal
1 pt
1 f1 oz
in. 4
1 in. 4
416 231
mm 4
0.416 231 x 10- 5 m4
ft/s
mile/h
mile/h
1 ft/s
1 mi1e/h
0.3048
1.609 344
0.447 04
i
mm 3
m1
i
m1
m1
Second Nomerit of Area
1 mm 4
2.402 51 x 10- 6
Velocity, Speed
3.280 84
2.236 94
0.621 371
1 m/s
1 km/h
m/s
km/h
m/s
Acceleration
1 m/s 2
*Note:
3.2<:;0 84
0.3048
According to a recent decision of the CSA Commi ttee on Metric Practice Guide, the
symbols for litre (shown as £) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by
L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre).
-77-
TABLE 8.15
(cont'd)
Metric to Imperial
Imperial to Metric
Volume Rate of Flow
35.3147
19.0053
0.810 713 x 10- 3
2.118 88
13.198 2
791.891
*1 £/s
ft 3/s
10 6 gal/d
acre fc/s
ft 3/min
gal/min
gal/h
Equivalent Temperature Value (OC
=
5/9
1 ft 3/s
1 ft 3/min
1 gal/min
1 gal/h
10 6 gal/d
1 acre £t/s
0.028 316
0.471 947
0.075 768
0.001 262
0.005 261
1233.48
8
2
8
68
m3/s
£/s
£/s
£/s
m3/s
m3/s
K-273.15)
°F-32
9/5 °C+32
Temperature Interval
=
1 K
=
1.8 of
0.555 556°C
5/9 °c = 5/9 K
Mass
1 tonne
(t)
1 kg
1 g
1 tonne (t)
0.984 207
19.684 1
2.204 62
0.035 274
1.102 312
long ton
cwt
Ib
oz
short ton
1 long ton
1 cwt
1 Ib
1 oz
1 short ton
1.016 05
50.8023
0.453 592
28.3495
0.907 184
t
0.671 969
3.547 99
Ib/ft
Ib/mile
1 Ib/ft
lIb/mile
1.488 16
0.281 849
kg/m
g/m
0.204 816
0.029 494
0.003 277 06
Ib/ft 2
oz/yd 2
oz/ft 2
1 Ib/ft 2
1 oz/yd 2
1 oz/ft 2
4.882 43
33.9057
305.152
Ib/ft 3
Ib/yd 3
long ton/yd 3
short ton/yd 3
1
1
1
1
kg
kg
g
Mass/Unit Length
1 kg/m
1 g/m
Mass/Unit Area
1 kg/m 2
1 g/m 2
Density (Mass/Unit Volume)
1 kg/m 3
1 t/m 3
3
1 t/m
0.062
1. 685
0.752
0.842
428
56
48
777
Ib/ft 3
Ib/yd 3
long ton/yd3
short
ton/yd 3
16.0185
0.593 278
1. 328 94
1.186 553
kg/m 3
kg/m 3
t/m 3
t/m 3
* Note: According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide, the
symbols for litre (shown as £) and mil1ilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by
L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre).
-78-
TABLE 8.15
(cont'd)
Metric to Imperial
Imperial to Metric
Mass/Unit Time
1 kg/s
1 t/h
1 t/h
Ib/s
ton/h
short ton/h
1 Ib/s
1 ton/h
1 short ton/h
23.7304
3417.17
l b- ft 2
1 Ib'ft 2
100.361
0.100 361
224.809
0.224 809
0.112 404
tonf
1 tonf
tonf
1 1bf
1 tonf
Ibf
(short ton)
Ibf
tonf (short ton)
9.964 02
4.448 22
8.896 44
kN
Ibf'ft
b f ' in.
tonf·ft
kip' ft
1 Ibf'ft
1 Ibf·in.
1 t onf : ft
1 kip'ft
1. 355
0.112
3.037
1. 355
N'm
N'm
kN'm
kN'm
Ibf/ft
tonf/ft
shcyt tonf/ft
1 Ibf/ft
1 tonf/ft
1 short
14.5939
32.6903
29.187 808
N/m
kN/m
kN/m
tonf/in. 2
tonf/ft 2
Ibf/in. 2
Ibf/ft 2
1 short
tonf'/Ln '
1 ksi
15.4443
107.252
6.894 76
47.8803
13.789 514
MPa
kPa
kPa
Pa
MPa
6.894 757
MPa
1 kW·h
1 Btu
3.6
1. 055 06
1055.06
1. 355 82
MJ
kJ
J
J
2.204 62
0.984 207
1.102 312
=
0.453 592
1.016 05
0.907 184
kg/s
t/h
t/h
Moment of Inertia
Ib·in.
2
1 Ib·in. 2
0.042 140 1
292.640
Force
1 MN
1
kN
1 N
1 kN
kN
N
Moment of Force, Torque
1 N'm
1 kN'm
0.737
8.850
0.329
0.737
562
75
269
562
l
82
985
03
82
Force/Unit Length
1 N/m
1 kN/m
1
kN/m
0.068 521 8
0.030 590 1
0.034 260 8
Pressure, Stress, Modulus of Elasticity II pa
1 MPa
1 kPa
1 MFa
1 MPa
0.064 749
0.323 85
145.038
20.8854
0.072 519
145.0376
Work, Energy, Heat (l J
1 MJ
1 kJ
1 J
0.277 778
0.947 817
0.737 562
tonf/in. 2
tonf/ft 2
Ibf/in. 2
Ibf/ft 2
short tonf/in 2
ksi
tonf/ ft
1 N/m 2 )
1
1
1
1
1 W's)
kW'h
Btu
ft· 1bf
1 ft ·lbf
- 79-
TABLE 8.15
(cont'd)
Metric to Imperial
Imperial to Metric
Power, Heat Flow Rate
1 kW
1 W
1. 341 02
3.412 14
0.737 562
hp
Btu/h
1 hp
f't Lbfv s
1 Btu/h
r
1 ft
v
l b f zs
0.745 700
745.700
0.293 071
1. 355 82
kW
W
W
W
Intensity of Heat Flow (Heat Loss from Surfaces)
1 W/m 2
= 0.316 998
Btu/(ft 2·h)
1 Btu/(ft 2·h)= 3.154 59
Thermal Conductance (Heat Transfer Coefficient)
1 Wj(m 2.oC) = 0.176 110
Btu/(ft 2.h.oF)
1 Btu/
(ft2.h. OF)
5.678 26
1 Btu/
(ft·h·oF)
1. 730 73
W/ (rn- °C)
Thermal Conductivity
1 W/(m'oC)
= 0.577 789
Btu/(ft·h.oF)
Calorific Value (Mass and Volume Basis)
1 kJ/kg
(l J/g)
1 kJ/m 3
0.429 923
Btu/1b
1 Btu/1b
2.326
0.026 839 2
Btu/ft 3
1 Btu/ft 3
37.2589
kJ/kg
(J/g)
kJ/m 3
1 Btuf l b- OF)
1 Btu/
(ft3. OF)
4.1868
kJ/ (kg. °C)
67.0661
kJ/(m 3 • 0 C)
Thermal Capacity (Mass and Volume Basis)
1 kJ/ (kg' °C) = 0.238 846
1 kJ/(m 3. 0 C) =0.014 910 7
Btu/(lb.oF)
Btu/ (ft 3. OF)
Illumination
1 Ix
0.092 903
1m/ft 2
1 1m/ft 2
10.7639
Ix
0.092 903
cd/ft 2
1 cd/ft 2
10.7639
cd/m 2
Luminance
1 cd/m 2
-80-
PART 9.
SI UNITS FOR USE IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
UNITS FOR ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING
Quantity
SI
Unit
Symbol
m
Recommended Unit
Typical Application
Symbol
m
metre
Area
m3
*
Volume,
Capacity
m3
centimetre
Snowfall, glass pane dimensions.
mm
millimetre
Spans; dimensions in buildings; depth
and width of sections; displacement,
settlement, deflection, elongation;
slump of concrete, size of aggregate;
radius of gyration; eccentricity,
detailed dimensions generally, rain
fall.
\.1m
micrometre
Thickness of coa:ings (paint,
galvanizing, etc.) thin sheet
materials size of fine aggregates.
m2
square metre
Small land areas; area of
cross-section of earthworks.
cm2
square centimetre
Area in special applications.
mm 2
square mt l l imetre
Area of cross-section of structural
and other sections, bars, etc.
m3
cubic metre
Volume, capacity (large quantities);
volume of earthwork, excavation,
concrete, timber, fluids, etc.
mm 3
cubic millimetre
Volume, capacity (small quantities).
9-
litre
Volume of fluids and containers for
fluids only.
1 91 ml
cm3
centimetre to
third power
Geometric properties of structural
section.
first moment
of area
mm 3
millimetre to
third power
cm"
centimetre to
fourth power
Geometric properties of structural
sections.
second moment
of area
mm 4
millimetre to
fourth power
Modulus of
section
m"
Moment of
inertia
s
Levels, over-all dimensions; spans,
column heights, etc.
cm
Length
m2
Remarks
Name
s
second
h
hour
Time used in methods of test; unit
used for coherent derived units
involving time.
Time
Temperature
"No t e :
K
d
day
a
year
DC
degree Celsius
Time used in methods of test.
Temperature
value is
normally
measured in DC
DC ~ 273.15 K
According to a recent decision of the CSA Co:nmittee on Me t r i c Practice Guide, the symbols for litre
(shown as 9,) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replacec by L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre).
-81-
UNITS FOR ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING (Cont'd)
Quantity
Temperature
interval
Base
Temperature
"Degree
Day"
SI
Unit
Symbol
K
Recommended Unit
Typical Application
Symbol
Name
°c
degree Celsius
Calculations involving thermal
expansion; temperature value and
temperature interval in test methods,
etc.
Remarks
1 K = 1°C
18°C used for calculation of
degree-day tables. (See NRC/DBR
publication BR Note 98: Converting
Heating Degree-Days From Below 65°F
to below 18°C by D.W. Boyd.)
Velocity and speed in general;
velocity of fluids.
1 m/s = 3.6 km/h
Wind speed.
Mass of quantities of materials in
general.
Mass of large quantities of
structural steel, reinforcement,
concrete, ratings of lifting
equipment.
1 t = 10 3 kg
Mass of samples of material for
testing.
Mass per unit length of sections,
bars, and similar items of uniform
cross-section.
also known as
"linear density"
Mass per unit length of wire and
similar material of uniform
cross-section.
Mass per unit area of slabs, plates,
and similar items of uniform
thickness or depth; rating for
load-carrying capacities of floors
(for display on notices, not for use
in calculations).
also known as
"area density"
Mass per unit area of thin sheet
materials, coatings, etc.
Density of materials in general;
mass per unit volume of materials in
a concrete mix.
Forces in columns, piles, ties,
pre-stressing tendons, etc;
concentrated forces, axial forces;
reactions, shear force,
gravitational force (load).
Transverse force (load) per unit length
on a beam, columns, etc; force
distributed in a linear direction.
al so known as
"mass per unit
volume "
-82-
UNITS FOR ARCHITECTURE
AND
ENGINEERING (Cont'd)
SI
Unit
Symbol
Symbol
Force per
unit area
N/m2
kN/m2
kilonewton per
square metre
Uniformly distributed loads on floors,
under footings, wind load, snow load,
dead and live load, etc.
Moment of
force or
torque
N'm
kN'm
kilonewton metre
Bending moment; torsional moment;
overturning moment; tightening torque
for high-strength bolts, etc.
Pressure
Pa
kPa
kilopascal
Dressure in fluids and gases
Stress
modulus of
elasticity
Pa
MPa
megapascal
Modulus of elasticity; stress
(ultimate, proof, yield, permissible,
calculated, etc.) in structural
material.
Quantity
Recommended Unit
Typical Application
Remarks
Name
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 MPa = 1 N/mm L
= 1 MN/m 2
UNITS FOR USE IN ACOUSTICAL ENGINEERING
Frequency
Hz
kHz
MHz
GHz
kilohertz
megahertz
gigahertz
1 Hz =
1 revolution
per second
1 pW is the reference quantity for
sound power level, i. e.,
Sound power
W
W
pW
watt
picowatt
S0und power level, L
=
W/m 2
Sound
intensity
W/m 2
watt per square
metre
pW/m 2
picowatt per
square metre
=
actual ¥ower (W) dB
10 log
10- 1 (W)
10
1 pW/m 2 is the reference quantity for
sound intensity level, i.e. ,
Sound intensity level
= 10
log
10
L
I
=
actual intensity (W/m 2)
dB
10- 12 (W/m 2)
20 ~Pa is the reference quantity for
sound pressure level, i.e.,
Sound
Pressure
Sound pressure level
Pa
~Pa
micropascal
= 20
log
10
L
p
=
actual pressure (Pa) dB
20 x 10- 6 (Pa)
- 83-
UNITS FOR USE IN ESTIMATING AND SPECIFICATION
Quantity
SI
I
Recommended Unit
Unit I
Symbol , Symbol
Name
m
metre
m
I
Length
mm
millimetre
square metre
Area
m3
*
Timber cross-sections; thicknesses,
diameters, gauges of sheet metal,
fasteners; all building product
dimensions.
Site clearing, paving, brickwork,
roofing, glass areas, wall and floor
finishes, surface treatment, paintwork,
plastering, membranes, lining
materials, insulation, reinforcing
mesh, forrnwork; areas of all building
components.
square
centimetre
Small areas in special applications.
rnrn 2
square
mi11imetre
Small areas in special applications.
cubic metre
Excavation, filling, waste removal;
supply of concrete, sand, all bulk
materials supplied by volume and large
quantities of timber.
m3
litre
Liquid materials and containers for
same.
kg
kilogram
All bulk materials supplied by mass.
t
tonne
Large masses, aggregates, structural
steel and reinforcement.
All calculations involving time;
labour time, plant hire, testing
periods.
£
Mass
Time
s
h
hour
Stress
Pa
MPa
megapascal
* Note:
Remarks
Trenches, curbs, fences, timber
lengths, pipes and conduits; length
of building materials generally.
cm2
Volume
kg
Typical Application
Replaces sq ft,
sq yd, square.
Brickwork to
be specified
by wall area x
wall thickness.
Replaces cu ft
and cu yd
1 m3 = 10 3 £
1 t = 10 3 kg
1 h
= 3.6xI0 3
Concrete strength grade, steel
strength grades.
According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide, the symbols for
litre (shown as 1,) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) ar.d
mL (for millilitre).
5
- 84-
UNITS FOR USE IN LAND SURVEYING
Quantity
SI
Unit
Symbol
Recommended Unit
Typical Application
Symbol
metre
Boundary and cadastral surveys; survey
plans; heights, geodetic surveying;
contours.
km
kilometre
Geographical and statistical purposes.
mm
millimetre
Measurements carried out on maps,
plans and photographs.
m2
square metre
Small land areas, area in general.
ha
hectare
m
m
Remarks
Name
Length
m2
Areas on boundary and cadastral survey
plans; other survey plans.
Area
1 ha = 10 4 m2
1 km 2 = 102 ha
"Conc cs s i on'
will probably
be retained as
a legal term,
expressed in ha
m3
mm 2
square millimetre
m3
cubic metre
General applications.
Q,
litre
Small liquid volumes
°
,
"
degree
minute
second
DC
degree Celsius
Measurement carried out on maps, plans
and photographs.
* Volume
Plane
angle
rad
Temperature
K
UNITS
= 10 3
10
180 rad
=
cd
cd
candela
Luminous
flux
1m
1m
lumen
Illuminance
Ix
Ix
lux
cd/m 2
cd/m 2
Luminance
candela per
square metre
Temperature
interval
10C = 1 K
Used in the determination of
illumination levels and lighting
layouts.
Replaces foot candle (lm/ft 2) and phot
(1 ph = 10 4 Ix).
Replaces stilb (l sb
Q,
'IT
FOR USE IN ILLUMINATION ENGINEERING
Luminous
intensity
*Note:
Bearings shown on boundary and
cadastral survey plans; geodetic
surveying.
1 m3
= 104 cd/m 2).
According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide, the symbols for
litre (shown as ~) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) and
mL (for millilitre).
-85-
UNITS FOR USE IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
Quantity
SI
Unit
Symbol
m
Recommended Unit
Typical Application
Symbol
m
Remarks
Name
metre
Pipe and channel lengths, storage
depths of reservoirs, aquifer
thickness, drawdown in wells, height
of potentiometric head, hydraulic
head, piezometric head, level meters,
staff gauges.
Length
km
kilometre
mm
millimetre
square metre
Area
measurement
ha
Cross-sectional area of small diameter
pipes.
1
m2
square kilometre
Large catchment areas.
1
km 2
hectare
Instantaneous
volumetric
flow rates
cubic metre per
second
~/s
mIls
Pressure
Pa
kPa
MPa
Work
J
kJ
MJ
*Note:
metre per second
litre per second
millilitre per
second
kilopascal
megapascal
kilojoule
megajoule
= 10 4
1 ha
square millimetre
litre
mls
Cross-sectional area of channels and
larger diameter pipes, surface areas
of reservoirs, smaller catchment areas.
Small areas in special applications.
Volume
mls
Pipe diameters, radius of ground water
wells, height of capillary rise, depth
of irrigation watering, rainfall
precipitation, evaporation.
square centimetre
cubic metre
Velocity
Longer pipes and channels.
= 106
m2
mm L
= 10 2 ha
Land areas, irrigation areas.
Water distribution, irrigation
diversions, sewage, storage capacity,
underground basins. As far as
possible the cubic metre should be the
preferred unit of volume for
engineering and scientific purposes.
The litre and its multiples and
submultiples may be used for domestic
and industrial supplies where an
interface with the public exists.
1 m3
= 1000
~
Domestic supply, domestic billing.
All recommended units of volume can
be expressed 'per day' (£/d) , 'per
year' (£/a) , etc., if the context
implies the total volume delivered
over the particular period.
River or stream flow velocity, pipe
flow velocity.
Flow in pipes, channel flow, flow in
rivers and streams, sludge flow,
irrigation spray demand. Attention is
drawn to the remarks opposite 'Volume'.
Lesser flow rates.
Hydraulic head is measured in metres.
Work done, energy available, quantity
of heat. The kilowatt hour is a unit
for the measurement of electrical
energy only.
1 Pa
1 MJ
= 1 N/m2
=
0.277 778 kW'h
According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide, the symbols for litre
(shown as ~) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre).
- 86-
UNITS FOR USE IN HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING (Cant' d)
Quantity
Power
SI
Unit
Symbol
W
Recommended Unit
Typical Application
Symbol
Remarks
Name
kW
kilowatt
Sewage
contribution
Heat flow meters, motor powers, rate
of doing work.
cubic metre per
person per day
* Concentra-
mg/£
milligram per
litre
tions
UNITS FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Mass
kg
kg
t
*
m3
kilogram
tonne
m3
cubic metre
£
litre
Volume
Masses of structures, machines, etc.
Generally the kilogram is to be used
in calculations, specifications, etc.
However, masses of the order of 10 kg
and greater may conveniently be
expressed in tonnes.
Volumes of fuel oil tanks, water tanks
and containers. Gas volumes.
Generally the cubic metre is to be
used in calculations, specifications,
etc. The 1itre will only be used
where an interface with the public
arises, or when the volumes concerned
are less than 1 m3.
1 t
10 3 kg
=
1 m3
=
10 3 £
Mass per
unit length
kg/m
kg/m
kilogram per metre
Mass per
unit area
kg/m 2
kg/m2
kilogram per
square metre
Evaluation of the masses of walls,
floors, glass, plates, sheets, etc.
known also as
"area density"
Density
kg/m 3
kg/m 3
kilogram per
cubic metre
Evaluation of the masses of structures
and materials.
known also as
"mass per unit
volume"
kg/s
kg/s
kilogram per
second
t/h
tonne per hour
Rate of transport of material on
conveyors. Rate of gas flows in
special cases.
m/s
metre per second
km/h
kilometre per hour
km/h
kilometre per hour
Mass per
unit time
Velocity
Speed
Acceleration
Force
Pressure
*Note:
m/s
m/s
m/s 2
m/s 2
metre per second
squared
Evaluation of the masses of structural known also as
"linear density"
sections, cables, etc.
Calculations involving rectilinear
motion, wind velocities.
1 m/s
=
3.6 km/h
The speed of cars and vehicles of
all descriptions.
1 m/s
=
3.6 km/h
Kinematics and calculation of
dynamic forces.
Standard
gravitational
acceleration
g = 9.806 65 m/s 2
1 N
N
kN
kilonewton
Calculations involving dynamic
forces, forces in cables.
Pa
kPa
MPa
kilopascal
megapascal
Bearing pressures, stresses in
materials, vapour pressure.
=
1 Pa
1 kg'm/s 2
=
1 N/m2
According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Metric Practice Guide, the symbols for litre
(shown as £) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) and mL (for millilitre).
-87-
UNITS FOR USE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Cont'd)
Quantity
Recommended Unit
SI
Unit
Symbol
Typ i ca l Application
Remarks
Name
Symbol
I
Momentum
kg·m/s
rad/s
I
kg·m/s
kilogram metre
per second
Evaluation of impact and dynamic
forces
rls
revolutions per
second
Calculations involving rotational
motion.
The revolution
per second will
be used for
describing
machinery speeds.
Calculations involving rot' tional
bending moments in
structural sections, torque in
engine drive shafts, axles, etc.
Also known as
"moment of
force."
Angular
veloci t y
Torque
N'm
I r/min
revolutions per
minute
N'm
kN·m
MN'm
newton metre
kilonewton metre
meganewton metre
motion,
I
Moment of
inertia
kg'm 2
kg'm 2
kilogram metre
to second power
Dynamic
viscosity
Pa's
Pa's
pascal second
mm 2/s
square mi11imetre
per second
Kinematic
viscosity
m2/s
I
I
Rotational dynamics. Evaluation of
the restraining forces required for
propellers, windmills, etc.
Shear stresses in fluids.
The centipoise
(cP) = 10- 3 Pa·s
will not be used.
Computing Reynolds number.
The centistoke
(cSt) = 10- 6 m2/s
will not be used.
I
I
m3/s
m3/s
cubic metre per
second
Flow (general)
Comparatively
high rate
9.ls
litre per second
Flow (general)
Comparatively
low rate fluids
only.
cubic metre per
second
Flows in pipes, air conditioning
ducts and the like.
9.ls
litre per second
Fluids only
kg/m 3
\lg/m 3
microgram per
cubic metre
J
J
kJ
joule
kilojoule
megajoule
*
Volume
flow rate
m3/s
Concentration
Enthalpy
Latent
heat
Sensible
heat
MJ
kW'h
Work,
Energy
W
Power
W
mW
kW
MW
*Note:
kilowatt hour
watt
milliwatt
kilowatt
megawatt
Pollution control
Thermal energy calculations.
Mechanical and electrical energy.
Electrical metering purposes only.
1 kW·h
= 3.6
Power input, output, rating, etc. ,
of heavy power plant. Power in
general (mechanical, electrical,
thermal, etc.); input, output rating,
etc. , of motors, engi.ne s , heating
and ventilating plant and other
equipment in general. Heat flow ratE
through wall s , windows, etc.
According to a recent decision of the CSA Committee on Mc t.r i c Practice Guide, the symbol s for
litre (shown as 9.) and millilitre (shown as ml) are to be replaced by L (for litre) and
mL (for millili tre).
MJ
- 88-
UNITS FOR USE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Cont'd)
Quantity
SI
Unit
Symbol
K
Recommended Unit
Typical Application
Symbol
K
kelvin
Expression of thermodynamic
temperature, calculations involving
units of temperature.
°c - 273.15 K
Temperature
Temperature
interval
Remarks
Name
K
°c
degree Celsius
°c
degree Celsius
Most commonly used temperature scale.
Will be used in meteorology,
engineering and all facets of
building and construction.
Heat transfer calculations.
Coefficient
of linear
expansion
l/K
lrC
reciprocal degree
Celsius
Expansion of material subjected to
a change in temperature; expressed
as a ratio per degree Celsius.
Heat flux
density,
intensity
of heat
flow
W/m 2
W/m 2
watt per square
metre
kilowatt per
square metre
Flow of heat through buildings,
walls and other heat transfer
surfaces.
Transmission calculations.
kW/m 2
lK
Thermal
conduct ivity, heat
transfer
coefficient
W/m'K
W/m'oC
watt per metre
degree Celsius
Estimation of thermal behaviour of
materials and systems.
Heat transmission calculations.
k-value
Thermal
conductance
W/m 2·K
W/m 2 : °c
watt per square
metre degree
Celsius
Heat transmission calcula:ions.
U-value
Thermal
resistivity
m'K/W
m'oC/W
metre degree
Celsius per watt
Heat transmission calculations.
Thermal
resistance
m2'K/W
m2.oC/W
square metre
degree Celsius
per watt
Heat transmission calculations.
Heat
capacity
J/K
JrC
joule per degree
Celsius
Thermal behaviour of materials.
Heat transmission calculations.
Specific
heat
capacity
J/kg'K
kJ/kg'oC
kilojoule per
kilogram degree
Celsius
Heat transmission calculations.
Specific
energy
J/kg
kJ/kg
kilojoule per
kilogram
MJ/kg
megajoule per
kilogram
Heat and energy contained in
materials. Calorific values of
fuels.
Psychrometric calculations
Specific
sensible
heat.
Specific
latent
heat
Specific
volume
m3/kg
m3/kg
cubic metre per
kilogram
Moisture
content
kg/kg
kg/kg
kilogram per
kilogram
gram per kilogram
g/kg
Calculations involving fluids.
Psychrometric calculations.
R-value
=
1°C
- 89-
UNITS FOR USE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (Cont'd)
Quantity
SI
Unit
Symbo
Permeability
Permeance
Reconunended Unit
Typical Application
Symbol
Name
ng/Pa·s·m
nanogram per
pascal second
metre
Water vapour transmission
ng/Pa·s·m 2
nanogram per
pascal second
metre squared
Water vapour transmission through
walls, etc.
UNITS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Electric
current
(intensity
of electric
current)
A
Electric
charge.
Quantity of
electricity
C
Electric
potential.
Potential
difference.
Electromotive force
v
Electric
field
strength
Capacitance
kA
A
rnA
vA
kC
C
vC
nC
pC
MV
kV
mV
vV
Vim
F
megavolt
kilovolt
millivolt
microvolt
megavolt per metre
kilovolt per metre
millivolt per metre
microvolt per metre
F
farad
millifarad
microfarad
nanofarad
picofarad
Current
density
ampere per square
metre
kA/m2
Magnetomotive
force.
Magnetic
potential
difference
kilocoulomb
coulomb
microcoulomb
nanocoulomb
picocoulomb
MV/m
kV/m
mV/m
vV/m
mF
vF
nF
pF
Magnetic
field
strength
kiloampere
ampere
mi11 iampere
microampere
Aim
A
ampere per metre
kA/m
kiloampere per
metre
A
rnA
The voltage on a unit with
capacitive tJ~e characteristics
may be related to the amount of
charge present (e.g., electrostatic
precipitators). Storage battery
capacities.
The electric field strength gives the
potential gradient at points in space.
This may be used to calculate or test
electrical parameters such as
dielectric strength.
The electric field strength gives the
potential gradient at points in space.
This may be used to calculate or test
electrical parameters such as
dielectric strength.
Electronic components. Electrical
design and performance calculators.
Design of cross-sectional area of
electrical conductor.
kiloampere per
square metre
Aim
kA
Service rating of an electrical
installation. Leakage current.
kiloampere
ampere
mi11 iampere
Magnetic field strength used in
calculation of magnetic circuitry
such as transformers, magnetic
amplifiers and general cores.
Used in the calculations involved
in magnetic circuits.
Remarks
-90-
UNITS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (Cont'd)
Quantity
Flux of
magnetic
induction.
Magnetic
flux
SI
Unit
Symbol
Typical Application
Name
Symbol
Wh
m\llb
milliweber
Used in the calculations involved in
magnetic circuits.
T
T
mT
)JT
nT
tesla
millitesla
microtesla
nanotesla
Used in the calculations involved
in magnetic circuits.
kiloweber per
metre
Used in the calculations involved
in magnetic circuits.
henry
millihenry
microhenry
nanohenry
picohenry
Used in analysis and calculations
involving transformers.
Magnetic
flux
density.
Magnetic
induction
Magnetic
vector
potential
Recommended Unit
Wh/m
Sel£inductance.
H
kWh/m
H
mH
)JH
nH
pH
Mut.ua l
inductance
H/m
Permeabi l i, t y
Q
Resistance
henry per metre
)JH/m
microhenry per
metre
nH/rn
nanohenry per
metre
GQ
Q·m
Resistivity
S/m
Permeability gives the relationship
between the magnetic flux density
and the magnetic field strength.
gigaohm
megohm
kilohm
ohm
milliohm
The design of electrical devices with
fini te res is tance such as motors,
generators, heaters.
kS
S
mS
llS
megasiemens
kilosiemens
siemens
millisiemens
microsiemens
The design of electrical devices with
finite resistance such as motors,
generators, heaters.
GQ·m
MQ·m
kQ·m
Q·m
mQ·m
llQ·m
nQ'm
gigaohm metre
megohm metre
kilohm metre
ohm metre
milliohm metre
microohm metre
nanoohm metre
The design of electrical devices with
finite resistance such as motors,
generators, heaters.
MS/m
megasiemens per
metre
kilosiemens per
metre
siemens per metre
microsiemens per
metre
The design of electrical devices with
finite resistance such as motors,
generators, heaters. A parameter for
measuring water quality.
Design of motors and generators.
kQ
Q
mQ
S
I
H/m
MQ
Conductance,
Admittance,
Susceptance
i
~IS
Conductivity
kS/m
S/m
llS/m
Reluctance
WI
WI
reciprocal henry
Permeance
H
H
henry
Remarks
-91-
UNITS FOR USE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (Cont'd)
SI
unit
Symbol
Quantity
Impedance,
Reactance
Typical Application
MQ
kQ
mQ
megohm
kilohm
milliohm
The design of
electrical motors,
generators and
transmission lines.
W
TW
GW
MW
kW
W
mW
IJW
terawatt
gigawatt
megawatt
kilowatt
watt
milliwatt
mierowatt
The useful power in
an electrical
circuit.
TV'A
GV'A
MY'A
kV'A
V'A
mV'A
IJV'A
teravolt ampere
gigavolt ampere
megavolt ampere
kilovol t ampere
volt ampere
millivolt ampere
microvolt ampere
V'A
Apparent Power
Remarks
Name
Symbol
n
Active Power
CONST~~TS
Reconunended Unit
The total vOlt-amperes
in an electrical
circuit
Reactive power
is expressed
in vars (var) .
FOR GENERAL USE
Name
Value
Symbol
100.0
Standard atmosphere pressure
Unit
kPa
Absolute zero (temperature)
Standard acceleration due to gravity
g
Velocity of sound in air (Po' 20°C, 50%, R.H.)
9.806 65
344
m/s
Specific volume of perfect gas at STP
vo
22.414
m3/kmol
Characteristic gas constant for air
F!
287.045
J/kg'K
461. 52
J/kg'K
a
Characteristic gas constant for water vapour
Natural logarithms
e
2.718 281 828 5
Pi
11
3.141 592 653 6
-92-
APPENDIX A
NAMES AND ADDRESSES
OF MEMBERS OF METRIC CONVERSION COMMITTEES
METRIC COMMISSION
I. friedman
Sector Plan Manager, Sector 5
Metric Commission
Bonaventure Building
301 Elgin Street
Ottawa, Onto KIA OH5
(613) 996-7996
SECTOR
CO~1ITTEE
NO. 5.1
CONSTRUCTION
~lcmbers
S.D.C. Chutter (Chairman)
18 Wren Road
Ottawa, Onto KlJ 7H7
(613) 745-4786
S.R. Kent (Co-Chairman)
Building Research Group
207 Queen's Quay West
Toronto, Onto M5J lA7
(416) 366-7059
P. Bishin
lrder of Architects of Quebec
1825 Dorchester Blvd. W.
Montreal, P.Q. H3H lR4
(514) 937-6168
D. E. Blogg
Quantity Surveyor
89 Lexington Avenue
Rexdale, Onto M9V 2G9
(416) 226-4111
R. Brophy
Director of Planning &Construction
Dept. of Public Works &Services
Confederation Building
St. John's, Nfld.
B.A. Cruikshank
Canadian Construction Association
85 Albert Street
Ottawa, Onto KIP 6A4
(613) 236-9455
J.N. Galli
Vice-President
ff.NCO
I Yonge Street
Toronto, Ont. ~15E lE7
(416) 361-4877
R.G. Hunter
Sales Manager
Otis Elevator Company Limited
P.O. Box 650
Hamilton, Onto L8N 3Ml
(416) 527-9271
I. Kalin, Supervising Architect
Buildings Division, Engineering
&Architecture Branch
Dept. of Indian &Northern Affairs
365 Laurier Avenue West
Ottawa, Onto KIA OH4
(613) 992-1042
- 93-
SECTOR COMMITTEE NO. 5.1
CONSTRUCTION (Cont'd)
Members (Cont'd)
W.M. McCance
Director of Research
Housing &Urban Development
Association of Canada
15 Toronto Street
Toronto, Onto M5C 2E3
(416) 364-4135
J. Westeinde
Vice-President
Thomas Fuller Construction Co. Ltd.
2700 Queensview Drive
Ottawa, Onto K2B 8H6
(613) 820-6000
J.S. Torrance
Department of Public Works
Sir Charles Tupper Building
Confederation Heights
Riverside Drive
Ottawa, Onto KIA OM2
(613) 998-4600
Advisers
W. Barr
Standards Engineer
Standards and Records Department
Underwriters' Laboratories of Canada
7 Crouse Road
Scarborough, Onto MIR 3A9
(416) 757-3611
L. Loshak
Central Mortgage &Housing Corporation
National Office
Montreal Road
Ottawa, Onto KIA OP7
(613) 746-4611
K.C. Ford
Manager, Metric Conversion
Canadian Standards Association
178 Rexdale Boulevard
Rexdale, Onto M9W lR3
(416) 744-4000
G.W. Slee
Construction Consultant
9 Caesar Avenue
Ottawa, Onto K2G OA8
(613) 225-9120
P.M. Jones
Canadian Government
Specifications Board
c/o Dept. of Supply and Services
88 Metcalfe Street
Ottawa, Onto KIA OS5
(613) 992-1419
C. S. Strelka
Research Officer
Division of Building Research
National Research Council of Canada
Montreal Road, Building M-20
Ottawa, Onto KIA OR6
(613) 993-2607
-94-
INTERGOVERNMENTAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE
ON METRIC CONVERSION
- MEMBERS, ASSOCIATES, ALTERNATES
Federal
Newfoundland
R.F. West, Chainnan
Director, Special Technical Programs
Public Works Canada
Sir Charles Tupper Building
Ottawa, Ont. KIA OM2
(613) 998-4600
T.E. Bursey
Assistant Deputy Minister (Technical Services)
Department of Public Works and Services
Confederation Building
St. John's, Newfoundland
(709) 722-0711
P. Grunstra, Secretary
Metric Conversion Program
Public Works Canada
Sir Charles Tupper Building
Ottawa, Onto KIA OM2
(613) 998-4600
B.T. Burke
Director of Maintenance
Provincial Department of Public Works
P.O. Box 54
Halifax, N.S.
Prince Edward Island
Man i toba
G. Jenkins
Director of Engineering
Department of Public Works Prince Edward Island
P.O. Box 2000
01arlottetown, P.E.I.
(902) 892- 7431
R. Gemmel
Chief of Research
Nani toba Department of Public Works
1700 Portage Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J OEI
(204) 888- 3280
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Sas ka tchew an
D. Jonsson
Provincial Consulting Architect
Department of Supply & Services
Box 6000
Fredericton, N.B.
(506) 453-2140
D. Rew
Assistant Executive Director
Public Works Branch
Department of Government Services
1942 Hamilton Street
Regina, Saskatchewan
(306) 565-6972
Ontario
Alberta
W. Olinoski
Manager, Standards and Metric Conversion
Ontario Hydro
800 Kipling Avenue
Toronto, Ontario. M3Z 5S4
(416) 231-4111
E. Luck
Assistant Director, Engineering Branch
Alberta Housing and Public Works
14th Floor, College Plaza
8215-ll2th Street
Edmonton, Alberta
Quebec
British Columbia
G.E. Clairmont
Chief, Studies & Research
Quebec Department of Public Works
Place Capitale
150 St. Cyrille
Quebec City, Quebec
(418) 643-7718
W. E. Mills
Senior Mechanical Engineer
Department of Public Works British Columbia
Parliament Buildings
Victoria, B.C.
(604) 387-3514
-95-
INTERGOVERNMENTAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE
ON METRIC CONVERSION - MH1BERS, ASSOCIATES, ALTERNATES, (Cont'd)
Northwest Territories
Yukon Terri tory
H.O. Barfod
Assistant Chief
Project Management Division
Department of Public Works
Government of the Northwest Territories
Yellowknife, N.W.T. XOE lHO
(403) 873-7246
K.J. Baker
Director of Highways and Public Works
Government of the Yukon Territory
Box 2703
Whitehorse, Y.T.
INTERDEPARTMENTAL
CO~~ITTEE
FOR METRIC CONVERSION
SUB-COMMITTEE ON DES IGN AND CONSTRUCTION
R. F. West, Chairman
Director, Special Technical Programs
Department of Public Works
Sir Charles Tupper Building
Riversi de Dri ve
Ottawa, Onto KIA OM2
(613) 998-4600
J.P. Fink
Project Milllager, Metrication
Ministry of Transport
Area 19B, Transport Canada Building
Place de Ville
Ottawa, Onto KIA ONS
(613) 992-7902
J.S. Torrance, Secretary
Metric Conversion Program
Department of Public Works
Sir Charles Tupper Building
Riverside Drive
Ottawa, Onto KIA OM2
(613) 998-4600
S.C. Jones
Director, Construction Engineering,
and Design
S Centre Block North
National Defence Headquarters
Ottawa, Onto KIA OK2
(613) 992-5132
G.W. Baker
Director, Facilities Maintenance
Property Administration Branch
Department of public Works
Sir Charles Tupper Building
Riverside Drive
Ottawa, Onto KIA OM2
(613) 998-8714
I. Kalin
Supervising Architect
Architectural Services Section
Engineering & Architectural Branch
Dept. of Indian & Northern Affairs
17th Floor, Journal Building
Ottawa, Onto KIA OH4
(613) 992-1042
H.G. Dutz
Chief, Highway Division
Canadian Surface Transportation
Administration
Floor 29, Area G
Transport Canada Building
Ottawa, Onto KIA ON5
(613) 996-6181
L. Loshak
Central Mortgage & Housing Corpo ra t i on
National Office
Montreal Road
Ottawa, Onto KIA OP7
(613) 746- 4611 ext. 199
C.S. S't re l ka
Division of Building Research
National Research Council
Ottawa, Ont. KIA OR6
(613) 993-2607
-96-
CANADIAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION
COMMITTEE ON METRIC PRACTICE GUIDE
T. Wildi, (Chairman)
Professor
Universite Laval
Cite Universitaire
Quebec 10, Quebec
(418) 656-3525 or
(418) 656-2981
G.E. Anderson, Director
Legal Metrology and Laboratory
Services Branch
Standards Directorate
Department of Consumer and
Corporate Affairs
Ottawa, Onto KIA OC9
(613) 992-3819
W.B. Dodd
2213 Webster Avenue
Ottawa, Onto K14 7Hl
(613) 996-1730
C.S. Edgar
Chief Engineer
Litton Business Systems of Canada
Rock Island, Quebec
JOB 2KO
(819) 876-2721
K.C. Ford
CSA
178 Rexdale Blvd.
Rexdale, Onto M9W lR3
(416) 744-4013
(Liaison ASTM E380)
J .M. Bell
Ministry of Education
Curriculum Development Branch
Mowat Block
Queens Park
Toronto, Onto
(416) 965-5653
M.G. Bowen (For Minutes &Agenda Only)
Forestry Officer
Metric Conversion Program
Forest Management Institute
Environmental Management Service
396 Cooper Street
Ottawa, Onto KIA OH3
(613) 995-7010
C.A. Bryant
Canadian Industries Limited
Plastics Division
134 Kennedy Road, South
Brampton, Onto
(Representing: Society of
Plastics Industry)
(416) 451-1630
Jean-Yves Chartrand
Bureau de Normalisation du Quebec
710 place d'Youville
Quebec, GIR 4Y4
(418) 643-5804
K. Cole (ASSOCIATE)
Dept. of Management Information
Systems
401 Bay Street, Suite 2800
Toronto, Onto M5H 2Y4
(416) 367-8447
(Liaison, CAC ISO TC 97)
N. Ganapathy
Metric Commission
301 Elgin Street
Ottawa, Onto KIA OH5
(613) 996-7996
E. Green
Mechanics Sections
Division of Applied Physics
National Research Council of Canada
Ottawa, Onto KIA OSI
(613) 993-2351
(Liaison CAC ISO TC 12 &TC 19)
National Defence Headquarters
101 Colonel By Drive
Ottawa, Onto
Attention: DEMPS-4
Mr. A.H. Grundy
(613) 992-2825
(Liaison CAC TC 19)
L. Loshak
Co-ordinator (Development Programs)
Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation
Architectural &Planning Division
Montreal Road
Ottawa, Onto KIA OP7
(613) 746-4611
S.M. McDowall
Manager, Product Quality Engineering
Chrysler Canada Limited
P.O. Box 1621
Windsor, Onto N9A 4H6
(519) 252-3651
(Representing Motor Vehicle Mfgs. Assoc.)
-97-
L.P. Mahon
Supervisor, Engineering & Drafting Stds.
Canadian General Electric Co. Ltd.
107 Park Street
Peterborough, Onto K9J 7B5
(705) 742-7711
H.O.E. Meysick, Professor
St. Clair College of Applied Arts
and Technology
2000 Talbot Road
Windsor 22, Onto
(519) 966-1656
(Liaison CAC ISO TC 19)
Peter Moore
Shell Canada Resources Ltd.
P.O. Box 880
Calgary, Alta. T2P 2K3
(403) 261-3600 Ext. 124
R.K. Odell, (ASSOCIATE)
Standards Council of Canada
350 Sparks Street
Ottawa, Onto KIR 7S8
(613) 238-3222
(Liaison ANMC)
R.P. Preston
Dragon - R.R.2
Rigaud, Quebec. JOP 1PO
Res: (514) 451-4742
H. Preston-Thomas, (ASSOCIATE)
Division of Physics
National Research Council
Montreal Road
Ottawa, Ont.
(613) 993-9192
(Liaison CCU/CIPM/CGPM)
Guy W.-Richard
CP 10 002
Ste. Foy, Quebec. GIV 4C6
(418) 643-3261
(Liaison CAC ISO TC 12 &TC 19)
G.W. Slee
786 Island Park Drive
Ottawa, Onto KIY OC2
(613) 729-3057
(Representing: Canadian Institute
of Surveying &Canadian Institute
of Quantity Surveyors)
Sidney V. Soanes
64 Airdrie Road
Toronto, Onto M4G 1M2
(416) 421-9988
(Liaison CSC IEC TC 25)
C.S. Stre l ka , (ASSOCIATE)
Division of Building Research
National Research Council of Canada
Montreal Road
Building M-20
Ottawa, Onto KIA OR6
(613) 993-1231
B.G. Young
Dept. 810
Northern Telecom Ltd.
P.O. Box 3116, Station C
Ottawa, Ont .
KIY 4H7
(613) 238-2030
Ext. 320
(Liaison CAC ISO TC 19)
A.C. Whittier
Physics and Analysis Division
Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.
Sheridan Park
Mississauga, Onto L5K 1B2
(416) 823-9040
For 2234.5 Articles Only
Russel Hastings
Advance Engineering Manager
Clark Equipment Co.
Industrial Truck Division
Battle Creek, MI. U.S.A. 49016
(616) 964-5520
-98-
CSA B 78/SC8 - BUILDING DRAWINGS
C.S. Strelka, Chairman
National Research Council of Canada
Division of Building Research
Building M- 20
Ottawa, Onto KIA OR6
B.M. Deibert (Secretary Non-voting)
Standards Administrator
Canadian Standards Association
178 Rexdale Boulevard
Rexdale, Onto M9W lR3
L.W. Bourdeau
Architecture and Planning
Professional Standards and
Services Group
Central Mortgage and Housing
Corpora tion
Montreal Road
Ottawa, Onto KIA OP7
G.\'1. Lord
P.O. Box 3396, Station "0"
Edmonton, Alta. T5L 4J2
N. Masika
J.L. Richards and Assoc. Ltd.
664 Lady Ellen Place
Ottawa, Ont.
J. Radisch
Chief, Architectural Resources
National Capital Operations
Department of Public Works
66 Slater Street, Room 1700
Ottawa, Onto KIA OM3
R.A. Sargent
Aluminum Company of Canada
1 Place Ville Marie
P .0. Box 6090
Montreal, Que.
H.S. Craig
Engineering Services Branch
Westminster Hospital
P.O. Box 5701
London, Onto N6A 4S2
Dominion Bridge Company
P.O. Box 280
Montreal, Que.
S.S. Kearns
Chairman, Civil Technology
Dawson Col I ege
350 Selby Street
Westmount, Que.
D. Wes twood
School of Architecture
Carleton University
Colonel By Drive
Ottawa, Onto
S.R. Kent
Building Research Group
207 Queen's Quay West
Toronto, Ont. M5J lA7
J. F. I'Ihite
-99-
REGIONAL METRIC CO-ORDINATORS (C.M.H.C.)
Mr. Michael A. Birtles
St. John's Regional Office
P.O. Box 9400
Postal Station "B"
St. John's, Nfld. AlA 2Y3
(709) 754-0050
Mr. .J. Shimwell
Toronto Regional Office
Suite 1108
145 King Street West
Toronto, Ont.
M5Il IJ8
(416) 361-0420
Ms. Kim Stewart
Charlottetown Regional Office
Kent Place
180 Kent Street
Charlottetown, P.E.I. CIA IN9
(902) 892-9181
Mr. Jim Smithson
Winnipeg Local Office
870 Portage Avenue
Winnipeg, Manitoba R3G OP2
(204) 774-7491
Mr. E.B. Lelacheur
Halifax Regional Office
Pontac House
Historic Properties
Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J IS9
(902) 429-9612
Mr. Blair Roma
Fredericton Regional Office
Suite 449
Kings Place
440 King Street
Fredericton, N.B. E3B 5H8
(506) 455-7970
Mr. Jim Duranssault
Bureau regional de Montreal
Porte 900
Place du Canada
Montreal, Quebec H3B 2N2
(514) 283-4469
Mr. Roy W. Nichol
Regina Local Office
P.O. Box 1186
Regina, Saskatchewan
(306) 569-5880
S4P 3B6
Mr. W.C. Robbins
Edmonton Regional Office
Room 1104
10506 Jasper Avenue
Edmonton, Alberta T5J 2W9
(403) 425-4134
Mr. Joe K. Smith
Vancouver Regional Office
Sui te 240
Bank of Montreal Bldg.
2609 Granville Street
Vancouver, British Columbia
(604) 732-4211
V6H 3H3