History Today, "Russia`s Climate and Geography"

5XVVLD¶V&OLPDWHDQG*HRJUDSK\
3XEOLVKHGRQ+LVWRU\7RGD\KWWSZZZKLVWRU\WRGD\FRP
+RPH!5XVVLD¶V&OLPDWHDQG*HRJUDSK\
5XVVLD¶V&OLPDWHDQG*HRJUDSK\
%\-RKQ(WW\
3XEOLVKHGLQ+LVWRU\5HYLHZ,VVXH6HSWHPEHU
5XVVLD$JULFXOWXUDO(QYLURQPHQWDO+LVWRU\
-RKQ(WW\H[DPLQHVKRZIDUKLVWRU\KDVEHHQPRXOGHGE\HQYLURPHQW
0RGHUQWH[WERRNVRQ5XVVLDQKLVWRU\RIWHQLQFOXGHDQLQWURGXFWRU\FKDSWHURQWKHFRXQWU\¶V
FOLPDWHDQGQDWXUDOJHRJUDSK\:ULWHUVLWVHHPVEHOLHYH5XVVLD¶VSK\VLFDOHQYLURQPHQWLV
HLWKHUVRVLJQLILFDQWRUVRZLGHO\PLVXQGHUVWRRGWKDWVWXGHQWVPXVWUHFHLYHDQH[SOLFLW
GHVFULSWLRQ1DWXUDOJHRJUDSK\DQGFOLPDWHDUHQRWDOZD\VLPSRUWDQWLQDUHJLRQ¶VKLVWRU\
KRZHYHUDQGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRRYHUVWDWHWKHLPSDFWWKDW5XVVLD¶VJHRJUDSK\KDVKDGRQLWV
KLVWRU\7KHZLQWHUGHIHDWVRI1DSROHRQDQG+LWOHUIRULQVWDQFHZHUHPRUHWKDQMXVWVHDVRQDO
FRLQFLGHQFHV1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHQDWXUHRI5XVVLD¶VSK\VLFDOHQYLURQPHQWKDVXQGRXEWHGO\
KDGDVLJQLILFDQWLPSDFWRQLWVKLVWRU\LQUHFHQWFHQWXULHV
5XVVLD¶V6L]H
7KRXJK5XVVLDLVQRZVPDOOHUDWVTXDUHPLOHVWKDQERWKWKH7VDULVW(PSLUH
EHIRUHDQGWKH8665LQERWKDURXQGVTXDUHPLOHVVLQFHWKH
H[SDQVLRQRI0XVFRY\DQGWKHGD\VRI,YDQ,9WKHILUVWµ7VDURI$OOWKH5XVVLDQV¶5XVVLDKDV
DOZD\VEHHQDPRQJWKHZRUOG¶VODUJHVWQDWLRQV5XVVLDLVSUHVHQWO\WKHODUJHVWFRXQWU\LQWKH
ZRUOG±DOPRVWWZLFHDVELJDVWKHQH[WODUJHVW&DQDGDDQGWLPHVODUJHUWKDQWKH8.±
DQGLWVVL]HKDVDOZD\VEHHQWKHEDVLVRILWVFRORVVDOSRWHQWLDOVWUHQJWK
<HWLQIDFW5XVVLD¶VVL]HFUHDWHGFHUWDLQVLJQLILFDQWZHDNQHVVHV*RYHUQLQJODUJHFRXQWULHVLV
VWLOOSUREOHPDWLFLQWKHDJHRILQVWDQWPDVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQEXW5XVVLDQJRYHUQPHQW
GHYHORSHGDWDWLPHXQGHU3HWHUWKH*UHDWZKHQWKHUHZDVOLWWOHDOWHUQDWLYHWR
FHQWUDOLVHGDXWKRULW\3RRUURDGVQRUDLOZD\VDQGXQIDYRXUDEOHFOLPDWHPHDQWWKDWPLG
VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\5XVVLDQPHVVHQJHUVFRXOGH[SHFWWRWUDYHODPD[LPXPRIPLOHVLQ
KRXUV'HOLYHU\RIPHVVDJHVWRDQGIURPWKHHPSLUH¶VH[WUHPLWLHVFRXOGWKXVWDNHPDQ\
GD\V(YHQLPSURYLQJFRPPXQLFDWLRQVGLGQRWDOWHU5XVVLDQDXWRFUDF\,Q,WDO\DQG
)UDQFHVSHQWPRUHWKDQWZLFHDVPXFKSHUFDSLWDDV5XVVLDRQSROLFLQJWKHHPSLUHDQG
5XVVLDSRVVHVVHGRQO\IRXUVWDWHRIILFLDOVIRUHYHU\LQKDELWDQWV/DFNLQJDQHWZRUNRI
VWDWHFRQWUROWKHJRYHUQPHQWEHFDPHUHOLDQWXSRQWKH2UWKRGR[&KXUFK¶VLQIUDVWUXFWXUH
5XVVLD¶VVL]HDQGWKHOHQJWKRIKHUERUGHUVQHDUO\PLOHVWRGD\FRPELQHGZLWKWKH
GLIILFXOW\RIJRYHUQLQJWKLVKXJHDUHDKDVFUHDWHGPDQ\SUREOHPVIRULWVUXOHUV'HVSLWHWKH
DZNZDUGQHVVRIORFDOFRQWUROLQDFHQWUDOLVHGV\VWHP5XVVLDKDVQHYHUWROHUDWHGSUREOHPV
RQLWVPDUJLQV5XVVLILFDWLRQRIQRQ5XVVLDQVZDVDWWHPSWHGLQWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\WR
DYRLGSUREOHPVDWWKHHGJHRIWKHHPSLUHQRWDEO\LQ3RODQGEXWWKHDUP\KDVDOVRRIWHQ
EHHQXVHGWRVWUHQJWKHQPDLQWDLQRUUHWDNHFRQWURO%HWZHHQDQG5XVVLDQWURRSV
ZHUHXVHGDOPRVWWLPHVWRVXSSUHVVORFDOXQUHVW*LYHQWKDW5XVVLD¶V(XURSHDQODQG
ERUGHUVDUHVWUDWHJLFDOO\ZHDNDQGODFNQDWXUDOGHIHQFHVIRUHLJQDWWDFNVKDYHFRPH
KWWSZZZKLVWRU\WRGD\FRPSULQW
5XVVLD¶V&OLPDWHDQG*HRJUDSK\
VXUSULVLQJO\LQIUHTXHQWO\1RQHWKHOHVVERUGHUGLVSXWHVEURXJKWZDUZLWK7XUNH\DQG
DQG-DSDQ6RYLHWWURRSVZHUHXVHGLQ+XQJDU\LQDQG3UDJXHLQ
,QGHHG5XVVLDWRGD\UHPDLQVDMHDORXVJXDUGLDQRIFRQWUROLQ&KHFKQ\D
5XVVLD¶V/RFDWLRQ
5XVVLD¶VVL]HDQGORFDWLRQKDYHGHFLGHGLWVVWUDWHJLFRXWORRNVLQFHWKH0LGGOH$JHV,W
LQKDELWVODQGRQWZRFRQWLQHQWV(XURSHDQ5XVVLDEHLQJGLYLGHGIURP$VLDE\WKH8UDO
0RXQWDLQVEXWVLQFHWKHUHLJQRI3HWHUWKH*UHDW5XVVLD¶VRXWORRNKDVSUHGRPLQDQWO\EHHQ
ZHVWZDUG7KHUHDIWHU5XVVLDQVH[SDQGHGVRXWKDQGHDVWILUVWLQVHDUFKRIIXUVDQGODWHUDV
VXLWDEOHDJULFXOWXUDOODQGUDQVKRUW)URPDURXQGRQZDUGV5XVVLD¶VIURQWLHUVH[SDQGHG
QRUWKWRWKHHDVWDQGZHVWODUJHO\XQRSSRVHGWKRXJKZDUVDJDLQVW6ZHGHQDQG1DSROHRQ
IRUH[DPSOHDGGHGVPDOOEXWVLJQLILFDQWWHUULWRULHVWRWKHHPSLUH'HVSLWHKHUZHVWHUO\VWDQFH
5XVVLDKDVJHQHUDOO\KHOGDQDPELJXRXVDWWLWXGHWRZDUGV(XURSH,QWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\
5XVVLDQ6ODYRSKLOHVSUL]HG2UWKRGR[\DVMXVWRQHH[DPSOHRI5XVVLDQVXSHULRULW\'HVSLWH
WKLV5XVVLDQUXOHUVIURP3HWHUWKH*UHDWWKURXJKWR-RVHI6WDOLQDQG0LNKDLO*RUEDFKHYKDYH
DOOORRNHGWRWKH:HVWIRULQVSLUDWLRQH[DPSOHRUMXVWLILFDWLRQ7KLVLVSHUKDSVGXHWR5XVVLD¶V
ORFDWLRQRQWKHQRUWKHDVWHUQHGJHRI(XURSH
5HPRWHQHVVHQVXUHGWKDW5XVVLD¶VJRYHUQPHQWZDVQRWWHPSHUHGE\D(XURSHDQVW\OH
UHQDLVVDQFHRUDUHOLJLRXVUHIRUPDWLRQLQWKHHDUO\PRGHUQSHULRG5XVVLDZDVFORVHHQRXJK
WRWKHLQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQWRDSSUHFLDWHPDVVLYH(XURSHDQGHYHORSPHQWVEXWVXIILFLHQWO\
GLVWDQWWRTXHVWLRQZKHWKHUVXFKFKDQJHZRXOGEHVXLWDEOHIRURUZHOFRPHLQ5XVVLD
$OH[DQGHU,,,DQG1LFKRODV,,DOORZHGVRPHOLPLWHGLQGXVWULDO
PRGHUQLVDWLRQLQ5XVVLDEXWWKH\DWWHPSWHGWRFUHDWHDSHUPHDEOHEDUULHUDORQJ5XVVLD¶V
(XURSHDQIURQWLHUVZKLFKFRXOGILOWHURXWWKHGDPDJLQJZHVWHUQLVLQJVLGHHIIHFWVRIWKHVH
FKDQJHV)DLOXUHWRDFKLHYHWKLVFRQWULEXWHGWRWKHGHFOLQHRIWKHWVDUV¶SRZHUDQGWKHVSUHDG
RIUHYROXWLRQDU\DFWLYLW\
5XVVLD¶V5HVRXUFHV
5XVVLDLVODYLVKO\HQGRZHGZLWKQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVEXWLQGXVWULDOGHYHORSPHQWZDVKLQGHUHG
XQWLOWKHWZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\E\WKHLU6LEHULDQLQDFFHVVLELOLW\5XVVLDQRZSURGXFHVSHUFHQW
RIWKHZRUOG¶VQDWXUDOJDVDQGRLOLVDOVRDYDOXDEOHFRPPRGLW\5XVVLDLVVHOIVXIILFLHQWLQDOO
PDMRULQGXVWULDOUDZPDWHULDOVDQGFRQWDLQVUHVHUYHVRIOHVVHVVHQWLDOEXWQHYHUWKHOHVV
VLJQLILFDQWQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHVLQFOXGLQJGLDPRQGVDQGJROG
6RLO7\SHV
5XVVLDLVOHVVJHQHURXVO\IXUQLVKHGZLWKVXLWDEOHDJULFXOWXUDODUHDV7KHFRXQWU\FDQEH
GLYLGHGURXJKO\LQWRWKUHHPDLQ]RQHV
7KHWXQGUDRUSHUPDIURVWLVIRXQGQRUWKRIWKH$UFWLF&LUFOHDQGFDQQRWVXSSRUWKXPDQOLIH
,WLVWRRFROGIRUWUHHVVLQFHWKHVXEVRLOLVSHUPDQHQWO\IUR]HQVRPHWLPHVWRDGHSWKRI
VHYHUDOKXQGUHGPHWUHV0RVVHVOLFKHQVDQGORZVKUXEVDUHWKHRQO\QDWXUDOYHJHWDWLRQ
/DQGKXQJHUGURYHSHDVDQWVLQWRWKHVHDUHDVDQGWKH6RYLHWLQGXVWULDODQGSULVRQFDPS
HQWHUSULVHVDOVRDWWUDFWHGZRUNHUV
5XVVLD¶VWDLJDSHUFHQWRI(XURSHDQ5XVVLDUHSUHVHQWVQHDUO\DTXDUWHURIWKHZRUOG¶V
WRWDOIRUHVWHGDUHD7KHWDLJDLWVHOIFDQEHVXEGLYLGHGE\VRLODQGYHJHWDWLRQEXWLWJUDGXDWHV
KWWSZZZKLVWRU\WRGD\FRPSULQW
5XVVLD¶V&OLPDWHDQG*HRJUDSK\
IURPQHHGOHOHDYHGWUHHVDQGSHUPDIURVWLQWKHQRUWKWREURDGOHDYHGWUHHVLQWKHVRXWK7KH
VRLOLQWKLVVRXWKHUQ]RQHLVERJJ\PDUVK\DQGODFNLQJQDWXUDOSODQWIRRG
7KHVWHSSHLVDKXJHSODLQVWUHWFKLQJIURP+XQJDU\WR0RQJROLDWRWDOOLQJDTXDUWHURIDELOOLRQ
DFUHV7KHVRLO±FDOOHGEODFNHDUWKEHFDXVHRILWVGDUNFRORXU±LVRQHRIWKHZRUOG¶VPRVW
SURGXFWLYH1RWUHHVJURZKHUHXQOHVVSODQWHGDQGRQO\EUXVKDQGJUDVVRFFXUQDWXUDOO\
7KLVUHJLRQLVWKHKHDUWRI5XVVLD¶VDJULFXOWXUH
5XVVLD¶V&OLPDWH
7KHGHYHORSPHQWRILQWHUQDWLRQDOWUDGHDQGQDYDOZDUIDUHOHG5XVVLDWRWKHUHDOLVDWLRQLQWKH
VHYHQWHHQWKFHQWXU\WKDWLWZDVVLJQLILFDQWO\GLVDGYDQWDJHGVLQFHLWVPDLQODQGZDVVHUYHGE\
RQO\RQHLFHIUHHSRUW5XVVLD¶VDYHUDJHDQQXDOWHPSHUDWXUHLVž&5XVVLDFRQWDLQVDOORI
WKHZRUOG¶VYHJHWDWLRQ]RQHVH[FHSWDWURSLFDOUDLQIRUHVW,WVVL]HPHDQVWKDWLWKDVD
FRQWLQHQWDOFOLPDWH7KHFROGHVWZHDWKHULVH[SHULHQFHGLQWKHQRUWKDQGHDVW\HWVXPPHU
ZHDWKHUSDWWHUQVPHDQWKDW9HUNKR\DQVNLQ6LEHULDKDVWKHHDUWK¶VZLGHVWWHPSHUDWXUH
UDQJHZLWKDUHFRUGORZRIž&DQGDUHFRUGKLJKRIž&
7KH(IIHFWVRI5XVVLD¶V*HRJUDSK\DQG&OLPDWH
5XVVLD¶VJHRJUDSK\DQGFOLPDWHKLQGHUHGKHUGHYHORSPHQWWKURXJKWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\DW
DWLPHZKHQWKHUHVWRI(XURSHZDVPRGHUQLVLQJ7KHFRXQWU\ZDVXQOLNHO\WRH[SHULHQFHD
(XURSHDQVW\OHDJUDULDQUHYROXWLRQDQGWKXVLWZRXOGKDYHEHHQDOPRVWLPSRVVLEOHIRU5XVVLD
WRXQGHUJRDVSRQWDQHRXVLQGXVWULDOUHYROXWLRQ$JULFXOWXUHZDVWRRSUHFDULRXV
3HUYHUVHO\WKHUHJLRQVZRUVWVXLWHGWRDJULFXOWXUHUHFHLYHWKHKLJKHVWOHYHOVRIUDLQIDOO
:KHUHDVSUHFLSLWDWLRQLQ:HVWHUQ(XURSHLVGLVWULEXWHGHYHQO\WKURXJKWKH\HDU-XO\DQG
$XJXVWWHQGWRGHOLYHUDURXQGSHUFHQWRIDQQXDOUDLQLQ(XURSHDQ5XVVLD,QWKHVLQ
WKHVRXWKDQGZHVW5XVVLD¶VPRVWSURGXFWLYHVRLOUHJLRQVUDLQIDOOSDWWHUQVGURXJKWVLQHDUO\
VXPPHUDQGRUGRZQSRXUVDURXQGKDUYHVWWLPHFRQVSLUHGWRUXLQRQHKDUYHVWLQWKUHH
(YHQZKHQWKHKDUYHVWZDVJRRG\LHOGVZHUHSRRUFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHUHVWRI(XURSH%\WKH
QLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\5XVVLDQ\LHOGVWKHQXPEHURIJUDLQVKDUYHVWHGIRUHYHU\RQHVRZQKDG
EDUHO\LQFUHDVHGVLQFHWKH0LGGOH$JHVZKLOHDYHUDJH:HVWHUQ(XURSHDQ\LHOGVKDG
LQFUHDVHGE\IRXUDQGDKDOIWLPHV$PDMRUUHDVRQIRUWKLVZDVWKDWIDUPHUVVLPSO\GLGQRW
DWWHPSWWRLPSURYHSURGXFWLRQ&RPPXQLFDWLRQVZHUHVRSRRUWKDWDQ\SRWHQWLDOPDUNHWLQD
FLW\ZDVWRRIDUDZD\IRULQGLYLGXDOIDUPHUVWRVXSSO\)DUPLQJZDVVRGLIILFXOWWKDWPDQ\
5XVVLDQVYLHZHGLWDVVRPHWKLQJWRHVFDSHIURP
(YHQDIWHUWKH(PDQFLSDWLRQ5XVVLD¶VSHDVDQWIDUPHUVIHOWQRLQFOLQDWLRQWRVHHNEHWWHU
UHVXOWV7KHSHDVDQW¶VFRPPXQHRUPLUWKHZRUGDOVRPHDQVµXQLYHUVH¶WDXJKWKLPDOOKH
QHHGHGWRZRUNKLVODQG+LVRQO\RWKHUVRXUFHRINQRZOHGJHSHDVDQWVZHUHXVXDOO\LOOLWHUDWH
ZDVWKH&KXUFKZKLFKVWXOWLILHGZLWKVXSHUVWLWLRXVEHOLHIVDERXWWKHQDWXUDOZRUOGHQVXUHG
WKDWDQ\ZLVGRPDERXWLPSURYLQJDJULFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHVZRXOGKDYHEHHQUHMHFWHGRULJQRUHG
$GGHGWRWKLVWKHXQSUHGLFWDELOLW\RIZHDWKHUSDWWHUQVDQGWKHODFNRIDILQDQFLDOLQFHQWLYH
PHDQWWKDW5XVVLD¶VIDUPHUVGLGQRWVSHQGWLPHPRQH\RUHIIRUWWU\LQJWRLQFUHDVH
SURGXFWLRQ
5XVVLD¶VVKRUWJURZLQJVHDVRQVL[PRQWKVRQWKHVWHSSHFRPSDUHGZLWKDURXQGQLQH
PRQWKVLQ:HVWHUQ(XURSHPHDQVWKDWDJULFXOWXUDODFWLYLW\PXVWEHDQH[WUHPHO\LQWHQVLYH
KWWSZZZKLVWRU\WRGD\FRPSULQW
5XVVLD¶V&OLPDWHDQG*HRJUDSK\
EXUVWRIZRUNLQWKHZDUPHUPRQWKVZKLFKPLJKWRUPLJKWQRWSD\RIIDWKDUYHVWWLPH
5XVVLDQSHDVDQWIDUPHUVNQHZWKDWWKHRQO\ZD\WRFRPSOHWHDOOWKHQHFHVVDU\ZRUNLQWKH
WLPHDYDLODEOHZDVWRSRROODERXU7KLVEDVLFNQRZOHGJHZDVSDUWRIWKHLGHRORJ\EHKLQG
6WDOLQ¶VKDWHGFROOHFWLYLVDWLRQSURJUDPPHRIWKHV%\QHFHVVLW\WKHUHIRUHSHDVDQW
IDPLOLHVJUHZWRLQFOXGHVHYHUDOJHQHUDWLRQVOLYLQJDQGZRUNLQJWRJHWKHU
)HUWLOLVLQJWKHVRLOFRXOGKDYHLPSURYHGSHDVDQWV¶\LHOGVVLJQLILFDQWO\+RZHYHUORQJVQRZ\
ZLQWHUVDQGIUHTXHQWIRRGVKRUWDJHVPDGHLWGLIILFXOWWRNHHSOLYHVWRFNKHDOWK\$ODFNRI
PDQXUHDQGVORZGHFRPSRVLWLRQLQ5XVVLD¶VFROGFOLPDWHPHDQWWKDWODQGUHFRYHUHGYHU\
VORZO\7KHVLPSOHVWZD\WRILQGIHUWLOHVRLOZDVWRORRNIRUYLUJLQODQG7KHWRWDODUHDEHLQJ
IDUPHGLQFUHDVHGIURPWRPLOOLRQDFUHVEHWZHHQDQGZLWKQHZIDUPV
GHYHORSLQJLQWKHQRUWKDQGHDVW+HUHWKHODQGZDVOHVVIHUWLOHDQGODUJHUIDUPVZHUHQHHGHG
WRSURGXFHWKHVDPHXQUHOLDEOHUHVXOWV7KHSRSXODWLRQZDVLQFUHDVLQJVLJQLILFDQWO\IURP
PLOOLRQLQWRPLOOLRQE\IRUH[DPSOHDQGWKLVFRPELQHGZLWKµODQGKXQJHU¶
FUHDWHGPDVVGLVVDWLVIDFWLRQ/DWHUWVDULVWSROLFLHVWHQGHGWRPDNHLWKDUGHUIRUSHDVDQWVWR
OHDYHWKHLUPLUDQGDVIDPLOLHVJUHZLQVL]HPDQ\SHDVDQWVIRXQGWKHPVHOYHVIDUPLQJSORWV
ZKLFKZHUHVLPSO\WRRVPDOOWRIHHGWKHPDGHTXDWHO\
:LWKRXWDQDJULFXOWXUDOVXUSOXVILUVW5XVVLDFRXOGQHYHUKDYHVXSSRUWHGDµQDWXUDO¶LQGXVWULDO
UHYROXWLRQDV%ULWDLQGLG6WDOLQ¶VGULYHWRPRGHUQLVHZLWKWKHILUVWWZR)LYH<HDU3ODQV
DQGDQGWKHIRUFHGFROOHFWLYLVDWLRQRIWKHVVXFFHHGHGLQWUDQVIRUPLQJWKH
8665LQWRDQLQGXVWULDOLVHGQDWLRQEXWWKHVHSROLFLHVZHUHGULYHQE\WKH6RYLHWJRYHUQPHQW
7KHUHDIWHUWKH8665VHHPHGDEOHWRFRQTXHU5XVVLD¶VQDWXUDOJHRJUDSK\DQGFOLPDWHDQG
EXLOGFLWLHVZKHUHKXPDQVKDGQHYHUOLYHGEHIRUH,WWRRNDFRORVVDODQGSDLQIXOHIIRUWWKRXJK
IRUWKH6RYLHWSHRSOHWRRYHUFRPH5XVVLD¶VQDWXUDOREVWDFOHVWRPRGHUQLVDWLRQ
5XVVLD¶VJHRJUDSK\DQGFOLPDWHKDYHXQGRXEWHGO\FDXVHGSUREOHPVIRUWKHVWDWHLQUHFHQW
FHQWXULHVEXWWKHVHLVVXHVDVZHOODVWKHGUDPDWLFVFDOHRIWKHPRGHUQLVLQJRSHUDWLRQEHIRUH
WKH*UHDW3DWULRWLF:DURUWKHVKRFNLQJEUXWDOLW\RIWKHZDULWVHOIFDQGLVWUDFWWKHVWXGHQW¶V
DWWHQWLRQIURPWKHKDUGVKLSVZKLFKWKHFRXQWU\¶VSK\VLFDOHQYLURQPHQWLQIOLFWHGXSRQ
LQGLYLGXDOV7KHPDMRUFRQVHTXHQFHRI5XVVLD¶VJHRJUDSK\DQGFOLPDWHKDVDOZD\VEHHQ
YHU\VLPSOH\HWYHU\VLJQLILFDQW
,QDIDPLQHRFFXUUHGLQDQDUHDRIDURXQGVTXDUHPLOHVLQWKHIHUWLOHDUHDV
DURXQGWKH5LYHU9ROJD,WDIIHFWHGEHWZHHQDQGPLOOLRQSHRSOHDQGNLOOHGDQHVWLPDWHG
7KRXJKPDQ\RIWKHVHFDVXDOWLHVRFFXUUHGDVDUHVXOWRIGLVHDVHDVWXG\RIWKLV
IDPLQHDQGRIPDQ\RWKHUVLQ5XVVLDQKLVWRU\OHDGVWKHKLVWRULDQWRDQLQHVFDSDEOH
FRQFOXVLRQ$Q\VWXG\RIWKHJHRJUDSK\DQGFOLPDWHRI5XVVLDWKURXJKLWVUHFHQWLQFDUQDWLRQV
UHPLQGV:HVWHUQVWXGHQWVRIDNLQGRIGLVWUHVVZKLFKWKH\ZLOOSUREDEO\QHYHUH[SHULHQFH,W
LVLPSRUWDQWWRUHDOLVHDQGWRUHPHPEHUWKDWEHFDXVHRIQDWXUDOJHRJUDSK\DQGFOLPDWH
5XVVLD¶VSHRSOHKDYHVWUXJJOHGWRIHHGWKHPVHOYHVDGHTXDWHO\7KLVNLQGRISHUSHWXDO
IXQGDPHQWDOFRQFHUQIRUVXFKDODUJHSURSRUWLRQRIWKHFRXQWU\¶VSRSXODWLRQLVSHUKDSVRQH
H[SODQDWLRQZK\5XVVLD¶VUXOHUVKDYHIRXQGLWUHODWLYHO\HDV\WRH[HUWVXFKVWULFWFRQWURORYHU
WKHLUSHRSOH
)XUWKHU5HDGLQJ
56KHUPDQDQG53HDUFH5XVVLD+RGGHUDQG6WRXJKWRQ
53LSHV5XVVLD8QGHUWKH2OG5HJLPH3HQJXLQ
*75RELQVRQ5XUDO5XVVLD8QGHUWKH2OG5HJLPH8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV
KWWSZZZKLVWRU\WRGD\FRPSULQW
5XVVLD¶V&OLPDWHDQG*HRJUDSK\
+6HWRQ:DWVRQ7KH'HFOLQHRI,PSHULDO5XVVLD0HWKXHQ
-RKQ(WW\WHDFKHV+LVWRU\DW&DLVWRU*UDPPDU6FKRROLQ/LQFROQVKLUH
6RXUFH85/KWWSZZZKLVWRU\WRGD\FRPMRKQHWW\UXVVLD(VFOLPDWHDQGJHRJUDSK\
KWWSZZZKLVWRU\WRGD\FRPSULQW