Diploma Unit B - Element B7 - Physical agents 2 - Radiation
February 2014
NEBOSH DIPLOMA
IN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND
SAFETY
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RMS Publishing
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Fourth Edition November 2013
Unit B
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Hazardous agents in the workplace
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ELEMENT B7
PHYSICAL AGENTS 2 –
RADIATION
2
LEARNING OUTCOMES
B7.1 Outline the nature of the different types of ionising
and non-ionising radiation
B7.2 Explain the effects of exposure to non-ionising
radiation, its measurement and control
B7.3 Explain the effects of exposure to ionising radiation,
its measurement and control
B7.4 Explain the different sources of lasers found in the
workplace, the classification of lasers and the control
measures
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CONTENTS
CONTENTS
B7.1
B7.1
B7.2
B7.3
B7.4
The nature and different types of ionising and
non-ionising radiation
Non-ionising radiation
Ionising radiation
Lasers
B7.2
B7.3
B7.4
The nature and different types of ionising and
non-ionising radiation
Non-ionising radiation
Ionising radiation
Lasers
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Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety
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Diploma Unit B - Element B7 - Physical agents 2 - Radiation
February 2014
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Basic concepts - wavelength, energy, frequency
• Radiation is a form of energy
• The types of radiation are grouped and labelled according
to the amount of energy they have
• Some of these forms of energy are transmitted by waves
called electromagnetic waves
• The distance between wave peaks is the "wavelength”
• The number of wave peaks passing a given point in one
second is the "frequency”
• The higher the peaks, the greater the frequency, the more
energy they carry
Basic concepts - wavelength, energy, frequency
• The more energy they carry, the greater the harm they can
do to the human body
• Radiation can be arranged according to its frequency or
wavelength into a series called the electromagnetic
spectrum
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The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
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The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Electromagnetic wave
Electromagnetic spectrum - wavelength, frequency and energy
Source: RMS.
Source: Olympus.
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The differences between ionising and non-ionising
radiation
• Ionising radiation is that radiation, typically alpha and beta
particles and gamma and x-rays, which has sufficient
energy to produce ions by interacting with matter
• Whereas non-ionising radiation does not possess sufficient
energy to cause the ionisation of matter
Ionisation
Source: RMS.
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Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety
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Diploma Unit B - Element B7 - Physical agents 2 - Radiation
February 2014
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The nature and types of ionising radiation
• Alpha particles
• Beta particles
• Neutrons
• X-rays
• Gamma rays
X-ray generation machine
Source: BBC.
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The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The nature and types of non-ionising radiation
Non-ionising radiation wavelengths
The nature and types of non-ionising radiation
Ultraviolet radiation
• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is emitted from very hot bodies, for
example electric arcs and the sun
• It can also be created by an electric discharge through
gases
• It has a wavelength of between 100 to 400 nm
• This part of the electromagnetic spectrum is further
subdivided into three regions according to wavelength
Radiation
Wavelength
Ultraviolet (UV)
100 - 400 nm (nanometre)
Visible light
400 - 780 nm (nanometre)
Infrared (IR)
780 - 1,000,000 nm (1 mm)
Microwave and radio frequency
1 mm - 100 m
Source: RMS.
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The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The nature and types of non-ionising radiation
UV radiation wavelengths
The nature and types of non-ionising radiation
Visible light
• Visible light is that part of the electromagnetic spectrum visible
to the human eye
• The human eye is sensitive to a range of wavelengths from ~
400 nanometres (the blue end) to ~ 750 nm (the red end),
which sets the limits of the range of the electromagnetic
spectrum that relates to visible light
• It can therefore be described by its wavelength (colour) and its
amplitude (intensity)
• In common with the rest of the electromagnetic spectrum, it is
a form of energy that has the characteristics of wave motion
Region
Wavelength nanometre (nm)
UV-A
315 - 400
UV-B
280 - 315
UV-C
100 - 280
Source: NRPB (HPA), Advice on protection against ultraviolet radiation.
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Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety
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Diploma Unit B - Element B7 - Physical agents 2 - Radiation
February 2014
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The nature and types of non-ionising radiation
Infrared (IR)
• Infrared radiation (IR) relates to the range of invisible
radiation wavelengths from about 780 nanometres, just
longer than red in the visible spectrum, to wavelengths of 1
millimetre, on the border of the microwave region of the
electromagnetic spectrum
• This part of the electromagnetic spectrum is further
subdivided into three regions according to wavelength
The nature and types of non-ionising radiation
Microwave radiation
• Microwaves are the name given to the electromagnetic
radiation between the infrared and radio wave region of the
electromagnetic spectrum, with wavelengths typically in the
1mm to 10cm range
• Microwaves are actually just radio waves of shorter
wavelength and therefore higher frequencies
• As they constitute the highest frequency radio waves they
have significant energy related to them
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The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
The nature and types of non-ionising radiation
Particulate and non-particulate types of ionising radiation
Particulate ionising radiation
• Particulate ionising radiation refers to the radiation energy
carried by moving particles
• Ionising radiation in the form of a particle includes very
small (sub-atomic) particles such as electrons, protons and
neutrons
Non-particulate ionising radiation
• Non-particulate ionising radiation refers to the radiation
energy carried by electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic waves can vary in energy, frequency and
wavelength
Radio wave radiation
• This part of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from a wavelength
of approximately 1 mm to thousands of kilometres, there is no defined
upper limit to the radio wave wavelength category
• If microwaves are considered to be in a separate category the
remaining part of the radio waves range from approximately 10 cm
upwards
• Radiation relating to these electromagnetic waves contains little
energy
• At the longer wavelengths of this range the photon character of the
energy is not apparent and the waves appear to transfer energy in a
smooth manner
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The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
THE ROLE OF THE RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
ORGANISATIONS
Carbon 14 radioactive decay
Role of the International Commission for Radiological
Protection
• The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
was founded in 1928 to advance for the public benefit the science
of radiological protection
• The ICRP provides recommendations and guidance on protection
against the risks associated with ionising radiation from artificial
sources, as widely used in medicine, general industry and nuclear
enterprises, and from naturally occurring sources
• Reports and recommendations are published four times each year
on behalf of the ICRP as the journal
Source: RMS.
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Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety
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Diploma Unit B - Element B7 - Physical agents 2 - Radiation
February 2014
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
THE ROLE OF THE RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
ORGANISATIONS
THE ROLE OF THE RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
ORGANISATIONS
Role of the Health Protection Agency/Health Protection Scotland
Role of the Health Protection Agency/Health Protection Scotland
The Health Protection Agency
• The Health Protection Agency's (HPA) role is to provide an
integrated approach to protecting UK public health through the
provision of support and advice to the NHS, local authorities,
emergency services, other ‘arms-length’ bodies, the
Department of Health and the devolved administrations
Advisory groups
• Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation (AGNIR)
• Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation (AGIR)
• Radiation, Risk and Society Advisory Group (RRSAG)
Health Protection Scotland
• Health Protection Scotland (HPS) was established by the
Scottish Government in 2005 to strengthen and co-ordinate
health protection in Scotland
• HPS is organised into specialist groups with expertise
provided by a multi-disciplinary workforce and includes
doctors, nurses, scientists and information staff
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The nature and different types of ionising and non-ionising radiation
THE ROLE OF THE RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
ORGANISATIONS
CONTENTS
Role of the Environment Agency/Scottish Environment
Protection Agency
B7.1
• The Environment Agency and the Scottish Environment
Protection Agency (SEPA) are the environmental regulators
for England and Wales and Scotland respectively
• Their main role is to protect and improve the environment
• This is done by assisting organisations to understand their
environmental responsibilities, enabling them to comply
with legislation and good practice
B7.2
B7.3
B7.4
The nature and different types of ionising and
non-ionising radiation
Non-ionising radiation
Ionising radiation
Lasers
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Non-ionising radiation
SOURCES OF NON-IONISING RADIATION GENERATED IN
WORKPLACES AND NATURALLY OCCURRING
Ultraviolet
Workplaces
• Curing with UV
• UV sources in photocopiers and laser printers
• UV Lasers
• Welding
• Germicidal lamps used in water treatment, research and
food processing
• Diagnostic lighting such as foetal/neonatal transilluminators
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ELEMENT B7
PHYSICAL AGENTS 2 –
RADIATION
PART ONLY
SAMPLE
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Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH Diploma in Occupational Health and Safety
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