Annex A
A1. Geographical descriptions of countries in NOWPAP region
A1.1. Geographic overview on Korean peninsula
The Republic of Korea (ROK) covers an area of 98,480 km2, around 44% of the total Korean peninsula.
Located in Eastern Asia, South Korea lies on the southern half of the Korean peninsula sharing a land
border only with North Korea. The ROK’s land is covered by three water bodies. To the east is the East
Sea (Sea of Japan), to the west is the Yellow Sea, and to the south is the South China Sea. These three seas
together share a border of 2,413 km2 with South Korea. The south and the west have an irregular coastline.
One of the important features of the Korea geography is the large number of islands. Situated in the
southwestern corner, Jeju is the largest island with a land area of 1,825. The South Korean geography
holds a very important position as a bridge between China and the Japanese archipelago (Figure A1.1).
The topography of South Korea is covered with a large number of mountains. The highest mountain in
South Korea is the 1,950 m Halla Mountain in Jeju Island. The Taebaek Mountains, the Sobaek
Mountains, and the Jiri Massif are the three other important mountain ranges in Korea. The Korean
peninsula is stable with no active volcanoes and no strong earthquakes. According to the history of the
Republic of Korea there was a volcanic activity on Mountain Halla between 918 AD and 1392 AD.
Figure A1.1 Map on NOWPAP area (left map) and Korea Peninsular (right map).
The Nakdong River is South Korea's longest river (521 km). The Han River, which flows through Seoul,
is 514 km long, and the Kum River is 401 km long. Other major rivers include the Imjin, which flows
through both North Korea and South Korea and forms an estuary with the Han River; the Bukhan, a
tributary of the Han that also flows out of North Korea; and the Seomjin. The major rivers flow north to
south or east to west and empty into the Yellow Sea or the Korea Strait. They tend to be broad and shallow
and to have wide seasonal variations in water flow.
The ROK climate during winters is long, cold and dry. January is the coldest month of the year. Seoul's
average temperature during the winters is between -5°C and -2.3°C. The climate of Korea ranges from 5°C to 5°C during this time of the year. However, Jeju, the largest island of South Korea, has an average
temperature around 2.5°C in January. The reason for this bitter cold is mainly the cold Siberian air. The
Korea climate during the short summer is hot and humid. The average temperature in August ranges from
20°C to 26°C. This is hottest time of the Korea climate. The average temperature of Jeju in July is around
25°C. According to the climate of Korea, the rainy season is for a month. It is usually from late June to
late July. The southern part of Korea is the first to receive the Monsoon which then slowly moves north.
There is some rainfall during the retreating of the Monsoon in September. The average annual
precipitation in Seoul and Busan, which are the major cities in Korea, is 1370 mm and 1470 mm,
respectively. From June to September there are two to three typhoons that hit the Korean peninsula.
Humidity is between 80% and 90% during July, and between 30% and 50% from January to April. Two of
the mild season of the Korean climate is spring and autumn.
35o 10'N
MASAN
JINHAE
Haengam Bay
Danghangpo
Gaduk Is.
Jinhae Bay
Dangdong
KOREA
o
34 55'
GEOJE
Study area
5
0
10 km
128o 45'E
128 o 25'
Masan
o
ay
nB
sa
Ma
35 10'
Changwon
Jinhae
35 05'N
Haengam
o
Jinhae Bay
N
0
o
128 25'E
2 km
128 o 30'
Figure 3-2 Map showing Masan Bay and Jinhae Bay (enlarged map) in Korea.
A1.2. Geographic overview on Chinese part of NOWPAP region
The NOWPAP region that surrounds Jiaozhou Bay mainly includes the five north-eastern provinces:
Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong and Jiangsu from North to South (Figure A1.2). The total land
surface area of the basin and the total length of the coastline is about 1.0 million km2 and 6054 km,
respectively. The terrestrial area of NOWPAP region of China accounts for 10.8% of the entire area of
country.
Figure A1.2 Geographical Outline of the Chinese part of NOWPAP Region
There are seven major rivers of the region, namely Songhua River, Liao River, Yellow River, Yangtse
River, Huai River and Hai River. Their average total water discharge in the major harbors of this region
was calculated about 1193.4 billion tons/year (Table A1.1, Fig. A1.3).
Table A1.1 Annual discharges of major rivers of NOWPAP region in China
Items
Songhua Liao
River
River
Hai
River
Yellow
River
Huai
River
Yangtse
River
Area (104 m2)
55.7
22.9
26.4
75.2
26.9
180.9
Length(km)
2,308
1,390
1,090
5,456
1,000
6,300
Annual precipitation(mm)
527
473
559
475
889
1,070
Average discharge( billion m3)
76.2
14.8
22.8
66.1
62.2
951.3
Mohe
Shileke
River
Erguna
River
Heihe
Heilongjiang
River
Hailaer
Heilongjiang
Jiamusi
Daqing
Harbin
Songhua
Jilin
Jilin
Inner Mongolia
River
Changchu
n
Liaoning Tonghu
Jinzh
ou
Liaohe Shenya
ng
Zhangjiako
Beijing
u
Tianjin
River
Datong
Qinhuangda
Bohai Sea Dalian
Hebei
o
a
Pyongyan
g
Seoul
Yantai
Shijiazhuan Shandong
Taiyuan
Shanxig
Jinan
Qingda
Changz
hi
Yellow
zhenzh
Henan
Anhui
ouRiver
Nanyan
g
o
Lianyungang
Jiangsu
Huanghai Sea
HuaiheHefeiYangtz
Nanjing
Xiangfa
Shangh
Figure A1.3 The scheme of major rivers and cities of China in NOWPAP region
n
e River ai
River
Climate of Jiangsu province and Shandong province belong to warm temperate zone half moist continent
monsoon climate, four seasons distinct. South wind is popular in Summer of Shandong province and
Jiangsu province is often attacked by Typhoon. The average value of annual temperature of the two
provinces is above 5 ℃. The annual precipitation value of Jiangsu province is about 1000mm, while
550～950mm of Shandong province.
The other three provinces belong to temperate continental monsoon climate with more drought and cloudy
days in spring and hot and rainy days in summer. The winter days last longer than other provinces of
China. Among these three provinces, annual precipitation of Liaoning province is most abundant with
600-1,100 mm.
The relief of Jiangsu province, Shandong province and Liaoning province are mainly hilly and plain while
mountainous areas cover vast parts in the other two provinces. The difference of terrain in the surrouns of
study area, Quingdao, is presented at the satellite image picture below (Fig. A1.4). Besides, water area of
Jiangsu province is quite large with 17% of the whole province.
Figure A1.4 Terrain in the region surrounding Jiaozhou Bay
The vegetation rate of Liaoning province, Heilongjiang province and Jilin province is separately 31.8%,
43.6% and 42.5%. Contrast with the three provinces, the vegetation rate of the other two provinces is
much lower with 23.0% of Shandong province and 14.8% of Jiangsu province.
Of the five provinces, Heilongjiang and Liaoning province is abundant in protected natural areas with a
total number of 190 and 95 separately, covering 6.18 million hectares occupying 13.6% area of whole
province and 2.65 million hectares occupying 10.4% area of the whole province separately (2008).
Secondly, there are 75 protected natural areas with 1.10 million hectares in Shandong province, covering
about 6.6% area of whole province. At last, number of Jilin and Jiangsu provinces is relatively fewer with
34 and 30 separately covering 2.24 million hectares and 0.57 million hectares.
A2. Economics of countries in NOWPAP region
A2.1. Economical overview on Korea
A2.1.1. Population
The Republic of Korea's total population was estimated to be 48,456,369 with a density of 498 people/km2
in 2007. Seoul, the capital city in Korea, is one of the most populated cities in the world with a population
of over 10 million. Korea’s population grew by an annual rate of 3% during the 1960s, but growth slowed
to 2% over the next decade. In 2005, the rate stood at 0.21% and is expected to further decline to 0.02%
by 2020 (Figure A2.1). In the 1960s, Korea's population distribution formed a pyramid, with a high birth
rate and relatively short life expectancy. However, age-group distribution is now shaped more like a bell
because of the low birth rate and extended life expectancy. Those aged 15 and younger will make up a
decreasing portion of the total, while senior citizens (65 and older) will account for some 15.7% of the
total population by the year 2020.
Population (thousand)
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1960 1966 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Survey year
Figure A2.1 Changes in total Korean populations from 1960 to 2005.
The rapid industrialization and urbanization in the 1960s and 1970s has been accompanied by continuing
migration of rural residents into the cities, particularly Seoul, resulting in heavily populated metropolitan
areas. However, in recent years, an increasing number of Seoulites have begun moving to suburban areas.
The other populated cities in Korea are Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, and Ulsan. The
majority of the South Korean population is concentrated to the northwest of the country. As shown in
Table A2.1, the urbanization in Korea have been progressed for the last decades.
Table A2.1 Temporal trend of urbanization in Korea for the past decade
Survey year
Urban population (thousand)
Urbanization rate (%)
1998
41,200
87.5
1999
41,579
87.6
2000
42,375
88.3
2001
42,805
88.7
2002
43,256
89.3
2003
43,713
89.8
2004
43,853
89.9
2005
43,959
90.1
2006
44,233
90.3
2007
44,610
90.5
A2.1.2. Economic and industrial activities
The Republic of Korea developed rapidly from the 1960s, fueled by high savings and investment
rates, and a strong emphasis on education. The nation became the 29th member country of the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1996. An outward-oriented economic
development strategy, which used exports as the engine of growth, contributed greatly to the radical
economic transformation of Korea. Based on such a strategy, many successful development programs
were implemented. As a result, from 1962 to 2007, Korea's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased
from US$ 2.3 billion to US$ 970 billion, with its per capita GNI soaring from $87 to about $20,045
(Figure A2.2).
Korea is the world's largest shipbuilding nation; for semiconductors, the third largest; digital
electronics, the fourth. Korean textile, steel and petrochemicals are fifth in terms of volume, and
automobiles are also fifth in the world. Korea's shipbuilding sector has been the industry leader for the
past four years, accounting for 40% of the world's total shipbuilding orders. As a major auto manufacturer,
Korea produces over 3.8 million vehicles annually. Since Korea first started exporting cars in 1976, the
nation's auto industry has developed at a remarkable speed. Riding on the increased popularity of Korean
automobiles all over the world, some Korean car companies have begun extending manufacturing bases to
overseas locations.
1000
GDP (US$ billion)
800
600
400
200
0
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2007
Survey year
Figure A2.2 Changes in annual average of the gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Korea from 1960
to 2007.
A2.1.3. Energy consumption
Because of rapid economic growth propelled by the heavy and chemical industries, Korea’s energy
consumption has increased sharply since the mid-1970s. Total primary energy consumption, which stood
at 43.9 million tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE) in 1980, increased nearly five-fold to 231.5 million TOE in
2006, to rank Korea as the 10th largest energy consuming country in the world. Energy consumption per
capita also increased rapidly from 1.1 TOE in 1980 to 4.8 TOE in 2006.
With poor indigenous energy resources, Korea has to rely almost entirely on imports to meet its energy
needs. In 2006, the dependency rate on imported energy, including nuclear energy, was 96.8%, and its cost
amounted to 66.7 billion USD, which accounted for 22.1% of total inbound shipments. Korean energy
resources are limited to low-quality anthracite, which accounted for less than 1% of total primary energy
supply.
Demand for oil has been growing since the 1970s, except immediately after the two oil crises of 1973 and
1979 (Figure A2.3). Coal consumption has increased at an annual average rate of 6.9 percent for the past
thirty years, but the main use of domestic anthracite has shifted dramatically from residential heating to
power generation. Gas was introduced in 1986 in the form of LNG imports and now accounts for 13.3%
of final energy consumption. Petroleum is Korea’s primary source of energy, which accounted for 76% of
the total energy consumption in Korea surveyed in 2007 (Figure A2.4). The next dominant energy group
was nuclear with a proportion of 14%. The others occupied about 10%.
Figure A2.3 Changes in annual pattern of energy cosnumption in Korea from 1980s to 2006.
Figure A2.4 Primary energy consumption in Korea surveyed in 2007.
Over the past decade, consumption growth was led by the commercial, public service, industry and
transport sectors although all sectors recorded decreases in final consumption during the 1997-1998 Asian
economic crisis. Energy conservation and efficiency policies are aimed at all components of primary
energy production to enduse. In public procurement, the government gives preference to commodities that
are produced using clean technology. Despite nationwide efforts by the government to encourage energy
conservation and higher energy efficiency, the high rate of increase in energy demand is expected to
persist in the future because further economic growth is expected.
A2.1.4. Transportation
Mobile vehicle is the most important pollution source in the air through combustion and fuel evaporation.
These emissions contribute greatly to air pollution nationwide and are the primary cause of air pollution in
many urban areas. The numbers of motor vehicles in Korea have rapidly increased since 1980. The
number of motor vehicles in Korea totaled about 16.5 million in 2007 (Figure A2.5). The Ministry of
Environment’s goal is to reduce 14 ton of the air-polluting substances in the vehicle sector by 2014, to
dramatically improve the air quality of the metropolitan area. To accomplish this action, the Ministry of
Environment has carried out a program to reduce emissions from in-use diesel vehicles running on the
road. In accordance with the special act, the Ministry of Environment conducted a pilot project for in-use
diesel vehicles owned by public and non-profit organizations from 2004 to 2005. Since 2006, this program
has been implemented in the fullfledged manner. Under the special act, the in-use diesel vehicles in Seoul
are obligated to undergo stricter and more detailed vehicle inspections under new emission standards. The
Ministry of Environment has also started operating natural gas vehicles (NGVs) in replacement of diesel
buses with long operation length and high emissions discharge. As of May 2004, 4,876 diesel vehicles
were replaced with NGVs, and 20,000 diesel vehicles, which account for 48% of the total diesel vehicles
nationwide, will be replaced with NGVs by 2007. Also, as a policy to control in-use diesel vehicles that
are not subject to the replacement, the Ministry is promoting another project to encourage the attachment
of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) and Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC).
Motor vehicle registration (thousand)
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Survey year
Figure A2.5 Changes in number of registered motor vehicles in Korea.
A2.2. Economical overview of China
The major cities include Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Dalian, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang and
Shanghai, whose locations have been noted in Figure 3.6. The red line is the coastline of the appointed
region. The GDP from the related provinces is up to 8,958 billion RMB, which 29.6% of the nationwide
total, and industrial output keep increasing up to now.
The areas of the five Provinces are 102,000 (Jiangsu) to 469,000 (Heilongjiang) km2, GDP per capita are
3,103 (Heilongjiang) to 5,640 (Jiangsu) USD/person, Population are 27.34 (Jilin) to 94.17 (Shandong)
million, referring to Table A2.2.
Table A2.2 Territory and major economic index of the main provinces in 2008 (exchange rate
approximately about 1 US$ : 7 RMB)
Province
Area (km2) GDP per capita, USD/person Population (million)
Jiangsu
102,000
5,640
76.77
Shandong
157,000
4,714
94.17
Liaoning
148,000
4,457
43.14
Jilin
187,000
3,357
27.34
Heilongjiang 469,000
3,103
38.25
The GDP of Heilongjiang Province is 831 billion RMB in 2008, which had increased by 17.4% than year
2007. Heilongjiang Province is abundant in green food, which is the major industry in this region.
The GDP of Jilin Province is 642.4 billion RMB in 2008, among which the wealth from enterprises
accounts for 22.8%. The preponderant industry of Jilin Province is resources exploitation and
manufacturing industry, including petrol and natural gas exploitation, tobacco manufacturing, black metal
smelt, and transportation devices manufacturing, etc.
The GDP of Liaoning Province is 1,346 billion RMB in 2008, which had increased by 22.2% than year
2007. The major industries of Liaoning Province are metallurgy industry, oil and petrifaction industry and
electronics manufacturing industry, etc.
The GDP of Shandong Province is 3,107 billion RMB in 2008, which had increased by 19.6% than year
2007. The branch industry includes petroleum and natural gas exploitation industry, food manufacturing
industry, textile industry, chemical materials manufacturing industry, non-metal mineral manufacturing
industry, and wiring manufacturing industry, whose production value account for the 57.0% of the whole.
The GDP of Jiangsu Province is 3,031 billion RMB in 2008, which had increased by 18.6% by the year
2007. The added production value of heavy industry is beyond that of light industry, focused on textile
industry, electronics industry, chemicals manufacturing industry, etc.
The Gross Domestic Product refer Table A2.3 by five Provinces in 2008
Table A2.3 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Region in 2008 (unit in billion RMB)
Province
Gross
domestic
Product
Primary
Industry
Secondary
Industry
Industry
Construction
Tertiary
Industry
Jiangsu
3031.3
210.0
1666.4
1506.9
159.5
1154.9
Shandong
3107.2
300.3
1770.2
1610.2
160.0
1036.7
Liaoning
1346.2
130.2
751.2
673.6
77.6
464.7
Jilin
642.4
91.7
306.5
268.7
37.8
244.3
Heilongjiang
831.0
108.9
436.6
392.8
43.8
285.5
The total energy consumption in 2008 is equivalent to 2.85 billion tons standard coal, that is 1.46 billion
tons more than that in 2000 with an average annual rate of 9.39%. Of which, coal occupies 68.7%,
petroleum occupies 18.7%, natural gas occupies 3.8% and water-electricity and nucleus energy occupies
8.9%. The changes of total consumption of energy of China refer to Figure A2.5.
High-grade energy including petroleum, natural gas, water-electricity and nucleus energy occupied about
30.8% of the whole energy consumption during 2005-2008, among which the clean energy consumption
has increased by 7.0% than in 2000. However, the energy consumption level is still lower than developed
Fig.3.1 The Change of Total Consumption of
countries such as Japan and USA. The composition of energy consumption of China in 2008 refers to
Energy of China
Figure A2.6.
Billion tons of SCE
3
2.25
2.5
2.46
2.65
2006
Year
2007
2.85
2
1.5
1.39
1
0.5
0
2000
2005
Figure A2.5 Change of total consumption of energy of China
2008
Fig.3.2
The Composition of Energy Consumption
of China
Hydro-power
8.9%
NaturalGas
3.8%
Crude Oil
18.7%
Coal
68.7%
Figure A2.6 The composition of energy consumption of China
The numbers of civil vehicles owned of the five Province are 0.99 (Jilin) to 4.26 (Shandong) million,
including Passenger Vehicles 0.74 (Jilin) to 3.29 (Shandong) million, Trucks 0.22 (Jilin) to 0.83
(Shandong), and others in 2008, referring to Table A2.4.
The Total Traffic Volumes of the five Province are 311.1 (Jilin) to 2445.9 (Shandong) million tons,
including 74.2 (Jilin) to 179.7 (Shandong) million tons by highways, referring to Table A2.5. Total
numbers of passengers are 415.7 (Heilongjiang) to 2135.9 (Shandong) million persons, including 53.2
(Jilin) to 120.0 (Liaoning) million persons by highways, referring to Table A2.5.
Table A2.4 Number of Civil Vehicles Owned in 2008 (Million)
Province
Total
Jiangsu
3.50
Shandong
Passenger
Trucks
Others
2.92
0.50
0.08
4.26
3.29
0.83
0.14
Liaoning
1.95
1.45
0.44
0.06
Jilin
0.99
0.74
0.22
0.02
Heilongjiang
1.26
0.91
0.31
0.04
Vehicles
Table A2.5. Traffic Volumes by Region in 2008
Province
Freight traffic
Numbers of passengers
(Million ton)
(Million persons)
Total
Highways
Total
Highways
Jiangsu
1397.1
55.8
1833.8
88.5
Shandong
2445.9
179.7
2135.9
56.7
Liaoning
1213.5
191.4
901.1
120.0
Jilin
311.1
74.2
560.3
53.2
Heilongjiang
539.8
177.9
415.7
100.1
A2.3. Economical overview of China
A2.3.1 Population
Population data of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region are listed in Table A2.6. The largest
population in the NOWPAP region is Aichi (7,403 thousand) followed by Hokkaido (5,586 thousand) and
Hyogo (5,535 thousand). Although total population of Japan increased from 94 million in 1960 to 128
million in 2008, trend of population growth varies in regions. Aichi, Hyogo and Fukuoka increased more
than one million while Akita, Yamagata, Shimane and Yamaguchi decreased more than 100 thousand. As
for population density, Aichi (1,447 people km-2) and Fukuoka (1,043 people km-2) are by far more
populated than the other prefectures.
Table A2.6 Population data of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region
Prefecture
Region
Hokkaido
Hokkaido
Aomori
Akita
Tohoku
Yamagata
Niigata
Hokuriku (N)
Toyama
Ishikawa
Hokuriku (S)
Fukui
Aichi
Kyoto
Hyogo
Chubu
Kinki
Tottori
Shimane
Chugoku
Yamaguchi
Fukuoka
Saga
Japan
Kyushu
Population in
Population in
1960
2008
(
in
(in thousand)
thousand)
Population
Population
growth from density in 2008
1960 to 2008
(people
per
(in thousand) km2)
83,457
5,039
5,535
496
66
8,919
1,427
1,392
-35
156
11,434
1,336
1,108
-228
97
6,652
1,321
1,188
-133
179
10,363
2,442
2,391
-51
231
2,046
1,033
1,101
68
538
4,186
973
1,168
195
279
4,190
753
812
59
194
5,116
4,206
7,403
3,197
1,447
4,613
1,993
2,629
636
570
8,396
3,906
5,586
1,680
665
3,507
599
595
-4
170
6,708
889
725
-164
108
6,114
1,602
1,463
-139
239
4,845
4,007
5,054
1,047
1,043
2,440
943
856
-87
351
377,944
94,302
127,692
33,390
338
Area
(km2)
(Source: JAPAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2010)
A2.3.2 GDP
GDP indicates the level of economic activities, and therefore, it is often correlated with atmospheric
deposition of contaminants. GDPs in 2007 of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region are listed in
Table A2.7. The largest GDP is Aichi (315,016 million USD), followed by Hyogo (162,167 million USD),
Fukuoka (156,872 million USD) and Hokkaido (156,427 million USD). According to SNA (system of
national accounts) statistics, main industries of these prefectures consist of the followings; Aichi:
manufacturing (35%), service (18%), wholesale and retail (15%), Hyogo: manufacturing (25%), service
(22%), real estate (14%), Fukuoka: service (25%), wholesale and retail (18%), manufacturing (16%),
Hokkaido: service (25%), government service (16%), real estate (12%).
Table A2.7. Nominal GDP of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region
Prefecture
Region
Hokkaido
Hokkaido
Aomori
Akita
Tohoku
Hokuriku (N)
Kyoto
Hyogo
Hokuriku (S)
Chubu
Kinki
Saga
39,908
315,016
85,532
162,167
16,942
Chugoku
Yamaguchi
Fukuoka
76,097
28,035
Tottori
Shimane
32,275
39,444
Fukui
Aichi
156,427
35,667
Toyama
Ishikawa
(million USD)
38,731
Yamagata
Niigata
Nominal GDP in 2007
21,239
49,494
Kyushu
Japan
156,872
25,522
4,368,817
(1 USD=118 JPY)
(Source: Annual Report on Prefectural Accounts)
A2.3.3 Energy
Trend of energy consumption by sector is shown in Figure A2.7. Total energy consumption of three
sectors (transport sector, commercial and residential sector, industrial sector) in 2008 was 14,726 PJ,
which is equivalent to 352 million tones of oil equivalent (TOE). All sectors substantially increased energy
consumption from 1965 to 2008. The increase of transport sector is from 800 PJ in 1965 to 3,475 PJ in
2008 (334%), commercial and residential sector is from 800 PJ to 4,978 PJ (522%), and industrial sector
is from 2,800 PJ to 6,273 PJ (124%).
Energy consumption (PJ)
18,000
16,000
14,000
Transport sector
12,000
10,000
Commercial and
residential sector
Industrial sector
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
2008
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
0
Figure A2.7 Trend of energy consumption by sector in Japan (Source: Energy in Japan 2008)
Figure A2.8 shows the trend of component ratio of primary energy supply in Japan. In 1965, energy
supply was mostly dependent on coal and oil. In 1970s, nuclear power and natural gas started to be
introduced proactively and in 2008 the share became to account for 10.4% for nuclear power and 18.6%
for natural gas. Consequently, the total share of coal and oil decreased from 85.2% in 1965 to 64.7% in
2008.
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
New energy/Geo
thermal, etc.
Hydro
Nuclear power
Natural gas
Coal
Oil
65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 08
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20
Figure A2.8 Trend of Japan’s primary energy supply component ratio (Source: Comprehensive Energy
Statistics)
A2.3.4 Transportation
Progress of motorization affects the atmospheric environment. The growth of registered motor vehicles in
Japan was remarkable from 1966 to 2008 (Figure A2.9). Some 79 million of motor vehicles were
registered in 2008, which is 71 million or 874% larger than that in 1966.
(thousand)
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1966 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
Figure A2.9 Trend of motor vehicles registered in Japan
(Source: Automobile inspection & registration information association)
Table A2.8 lists the number of registered motor vehicles of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region in
2008. The largest number is Aichi (4,974 thousand), followed by Hokkaido (3,668 thousand), Fukuoka
(3,214 thousand) and Hyogo (2,961 thousand).
Table A2.8 Number of registered motor vehicles of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region
Prefecture
Region
Hokkaido
Hokkaido
Aomori
Akita
Tohoku
Hokuriku (N)
Kyoto
Hyogo
Hokuriku (S)
Chubu
Kinki
Saga
Japan
873
4,974
1,335
2,961
454
Chugoku
Yamaguchi
Fukuoka
1,812
644
Tottori
Shimane
817
878
Fukui
Aichi
3,668
919
Toyama
Ishikawa
(thousand)
986
Yamagata
Niigata
Motor vehicles in 2008
543
1,059
Kyushu
3,214
653
79,003
(Source: Automobile inspection & registration information association)