Name ______________________
WHI SOL Narrative Review
(to follow Narrative Review questions 58- 100)
WHI Voorhees
Byzantine Empire
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Location – Modern Turkey
Constantinople (why it was chosen as capital)
Protection from Eastern Frontier by geography, Peninsula
Distanced from Germanic invasion
Crossroads of trade
Capital of Byzantine Empire till Ottomans takes over
Preserved Classical Greco Roman Culture
Justinian
 Codified Roman Law (Justinian’s Code)
 Reconquered many former Roman Territories
 Expanded Trade
Byzantine Achievements In Art and Architecture
 Icons (Religious Image Paintings)
 Mosaics
 Hagia Sophia (Domed Church)
Byzantine Culture
 Preserved Greco Roman Traditions (libraries)
 Greek Language
 Greek Orthodox Christianity
Split of the Church
 Eastern Church -Centered in Constantinople -Use of Greek language
o Close to seats of power after Constantinople became capital
 Western Church -Centered in Rome -Used Latin
o Farther from Constantinople power base
Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and Russia
 Trade routes between black and Baltic seas
 Adoption of orthodox Christianity by Russia
 Greek alphabet in the Slavic languages (Cyrillic)
 Church architecture
1.
Where is the Byzantine Empire? _________________________________________
2. Why was Constantinople chosen as the capital?
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3. What did Justinian do?
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World History
Voorhees
2014
4. What is the domed church built by Justinian? ________________________________
5.
How did Byzantines preserve Greco-Roman culture?
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6. What types of Christianity are there after the church split?
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7.
Where is the Orthodox Church centered? _________________________________________
8. What language does the Orthodox Church use? _____________________________________
9. Where is the Catholic Church centered? __________________________________________
10. What language does the Catholic Church use? ______________________________________
11. Who is the leader of the Catholic Church? _________________________________________
12. What religion does the Byzantine Empire adopt? ____________________________________
13. What region is highly influenced by the Byzantine Empire? _____________________________
Islam
Origins
 Muhammad, The Prophet
 Mecca and Medina on the Arabian peninsula, early Muslim cities
Spread of Islam –
 Across Asia and Africa, into Pain
Beliefs –
 Monotheistic – Allah
 Qur’an (Koran) religious book
 Five Pillars of Islam
Geographic Influences on Islam
 Diffusion along trade routes
 Spread all over Asia etc due to weak empires and religions in the area
 Political Unity of first Muslim Empire was short
 Arabic language spread with Islam
Turning Points for Islam
 Division of the Religion to two factions, the Sunni and the Shi’a
 Muslims take the city of Jerusalem
 Muslims lose the Battle of Tours to Franks
Cultural contributions
Architecture (Dome of the Rock-Jerusalem), Mosaics, Arabic Alphabet, Universities, Arabic Numerals,
Algebra, Medicine
14. Who founded Islam? ______________________________________________________
15. Where did Islam spread? ___________________________________________________
World History
Voorhees
2014
16. What is Islam’s holy book? ___________________________________________________
17. How did Islam spread? ______________________________________________________
18. What language is used by Muslims? _____________________________________________
The Middle Ages
Foundations of Early medieval society
 Classical Heritage of Rome
 Christian Beliefs
 Customs of Germanic Tribes
Influence of Roman Catholic Church
 Roman Authority declines, but church authority increases
 Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman culture
 Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet
 Pope Anointed Charlemagne Emperor in 800 AD
 Parish Priests served religious and social needs of the people
Feudal Society
 Fiefs (pieces of land given by lords to vassals)
 Vassals (get land in exchange for service)
 Serfs (tied to the land; must work it)
 Very little room for advancement
 Manors (estates of the lords) are self-sufficient
Charlemagne
 Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe
 Pope Crowned Charlemagne, a Frank, Emperor
 Power of the church was established in political Life
 Roman Culture was revived (Charlemagne built church, schools, and roads)
Invasions/Migrations: Areas of Settlement
 Anglos and Saxons from Continental Europe to England
 Magyars from central Asia to Hungary
 Vikings from Scandinavia to Russia
Influence of Invaders
 Manors with castles provided protection from angles, Saxons, Magyars and Vikings
 Invasions disrupted trade, towns fell apart and feudal system strengthened
1. What two factions of Islam exist? ________________________________________________
2. What city is important to Jews, Muslims, and Christians? _______________________________
3. What battle did Muslims lose to the Franks? ________________________________________
4. What type of math did Muslims work to expand? _____________________________________
5. What institutions preserved learning in the Middle Ages? _______________________________
6. Who was anointed Emperor in 800CE? ___________________________________________
7. How did Charlemagne revive Roman culture? _______________________________________
World History
Voorhees
2014
8. Who invaded England? ______________________________________________________
9. Who migrated into Hungary? __________________________________________________
10. Who came from Scandinavia? _________________________________________________
11. What are the estates of the lords called? ___________________________________________
12. Why did lords build castles in the Middle Ages? _____________________________________
13. Who fights for the lords in exchange for land? ______________________________________
Major Trade Routes in the Eastern Hemisphere 1000–1500CE
Trade Routes
 Silk Road Across Asia to Mediterranean Sea
 Maritime Routes Across Indian Ocean
 Trans-Saharan Desert routes across north Africa
 Western European sea and river trade
 South China Sea and Lands of Southeast Asia
 Northern European Links with the black Sea
Goods
 Gold From West Africa
 Spices from lands around the Indian Ocean
 Textiles from India, China, Middle East
 Porcelain from China
 Amber from the region around the Baltic
Technology
 Paper from China through the Muslim world to Byzantium and Western Europe
 New Crops (sugar from India)
 Waterwheels and Windmills
 Navigation tools: Compass, Lateen sail
Ideas
 Spread of religions
 Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam
JAPAN
Location
 Mountainous Japanese Archipelago
 Sea of Japan or East Sea between Japan and Asian Mainland
 Close to China and Korea
Culture
 Writing, Architecture, Buddhism
Shinto= Ethnic Religion unique to Japan
o Importance of natural feature, forces of nature, and ancestors
o State religion, worshipping the emperor
o Coexistence with Buddhism
World History
Voorhees
2014
Africa
Axum
 Location relative to Ethiopian Highlands and the Nile River
 Christian
Zimbabwe
 Location relative to Zambezi and Limpopo rivers
 Prosperous Empire
West Africa Kingdoms
 Location of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires relative to Niger river and Sahara
 Important gold and salt for trade
 Timbuktu is center of trade and learning
 Role of Animism and Islam
14. What trade goods came from Africa? ____________________________________________
15. What good came from the region around the Baltic? __________________________________
16. What trade route connected China and Rome? ______________________________________
17. What trade route carried gold and salt across Africa? __________________________________
1. Where did paper come from? __________________________________________________
2. Where did sugar come from? __________________________________________________
3. What new navigation tools were invented? _________________________________________
4. Where did Buddhism originate? ________________________________________________
5. Where did Islam originate? ____________________________________________________
6. What country greatly influenced Japan? __________________________________________
7. What is the ethnic religion of Japan? _____________________________________________
8. What religion did China spread to Japan? __________________________________________
9. What Christian African kingdom is located in Ethiopian highlands? ________________________
10. Which kingdom is located in south-eastern Africa? ___________________________________
11. What is the leading city of Western Africa? _________________________________________
12. Around what river did Ghana, Mali, and Songhai develop? ______________________________
World History
Voorhees
2014
The Americas
Maya
 Mexico and Central American Rainforest,
 Economy based on Agriculture and trade
 Human sacrifices elementary to religion (polytheistic)
 Chichén Itza is leading city
 One king ran group of city-states
Aztec
 Arid valley in central Mexico
 Human Sacrifice
 Economy based on Agriculture and conquest
 Tenochtitlan is capital city
 Montezuma ruled as an emperor
 Polytheistic religion
Inca
 Andes Mountains in south America Economy based on high altitude agriculture
 Machu Picchu “city in the clouds”
 Road system to link empire together
 polytheistic
Accomplishments of all three
 Calendars, Math, Writing Systems
13. What is the Aztec city? ______________________________________________________
14. What is the Mayan city? _____________________________________________________
15. What is the Incan city? ______________________________________________________
16. What type of religion did the American civilizations practice? ____________________________
17. What was the basis of American economies? _______________________________________
18. List three achievements of the American civilizations.
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Nation States
England
 William the conqueror, Leader of the Norman Conquest, Unites most of England
 Common Law had its beginnings during the Reign of Henry II
 King John Signed the Magna Carta, Limiting the Kings power and granting certain rights to all citizens
 The Hundred Years’ War between England and France helped define England as a country
France
 Hugh Capet Established French Throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over
much of France
 The Hundred Years war with England solidified national identity
 Joan Of Arc was a unifying factor
World History
Voorhees
2014
Spain
 Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled Muslim Moors
 Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Charles V
Russia
 Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow and expanded Russia as
a nation
 Power was in the hands of the Tsar
 Orthodox church
Crusades
 Pope Urban's Speech Springs Crusades
 Christians Capture Jerusalem in first Crusade
 Establishment of Crusader states
 Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin
 Sack of Constantinople by western crusaders
Effects of Crusades
 Weakened power of pope and nobles
 Stimulated Trade
 Left legacy of bitterness between the Christians, Jews and Muslims
 Weakened Byzantine empire
Mongol Armies
 Invaded Russia, China, and Muslims and created an empire
Ottoman Turks
 Constantinople falls to the Turks in 1453 ending Byzantine Empire, thus begins Ottoman Empire
Bubonic Plague
 Plague killed millions in Europe
 Population declined
 Scarcity of labor (labor became more valuable)
 Towns freed from feudal obligations
 Decline of church influence
 Disruption of Trade
Church Scholars
 Worked in monasteries
 Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin
18. Who conquered England and united it? __________________________________________
19. Under whose rule did Common Law begin? _______________________________________
20. Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta? _________________________________________
21. Who fought in the Hundred Years’ War? _________________________________________
22. Who established a dynasty in Paris that would eventually rule all of France? _________________
23. Who helped the French win the Hundred Years’ War? ________________________________
24. What couple helped unite Spain? ______________________________________________
World History
Voorhees
2014
25. What Spanish king expanded Spain’s empire into the Americas? _________________________
26. Who defeated Mongol rule in Russia? ___________________________________________
27. What is the title of Russian rulers? _____________________________________________
28. Who made a speech encouraging the Crusades? ____________________________________
29. What Muslim leader took back Jerusalem? ________________________________________
30. What are the effects of the Crusades? ____________________________________________
31. Where did the Mongols create their empire? _______________________________________
32. Who defeated the Byzantine Empire in 1453? ______________________________________
33. What killed 1/3- 1/2 of Europe’s population in the 1300’s? _____________________________
34. What are the effects of the Bubonic plague? _______________________________________
35. Who translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin, the language of learning in Europe?
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The Renaissance
 Economic effects of crusades led to increase demands for Middle east products, and encouraged the use
of credit and banking (trade, money, sponsors)
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Florence, Venice, Genoa
Had Access to trade routes connecting Europe
Served as trade centers
Were initially independent city states government as republics
 Machiavelli
 The Prince
o Early Modern Treatise on Government
o Supported Absolute power of the ruler
o Maintains that the end justifies the means
o Advises that one should do good if possible, evil only when necessary
 Artists
 Da Vinci – Mona Lisa, Last Supper
 Renaissance perspective
 Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel, The David
 Petrarch – Sonnets and humanist literature
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Humanism
Celebrated the individual
Stimulated the study of Greek and roman literature
Supported by wealthy patrons
World History
Voorhees
2014
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Northern Renaissance –
100 Years’ War prevented early start in North
Thinkers merged humanism with Christianity
Movable type printing press by Gutenberg
 Christian Humanists (Northern)
 Erasmus wrote The Praise of Folly
 Sir Thomas Moore wrote Utopia
34. How did the Crusades lead to the Renaissance? _____________________________________
35. What three Italian city-states were the birthplaces of the Renaissance? _____________________
36. What kind of government did the city-states have? ___________________________________
37. What did Machiavelli write? __________________________________________________
38. What type of ruler does The Prince support? _______________________________________
39. What did Leonardo da Vinci create? ____________________________________________
40. What did Michelangelo create? _______________________________________________
41. What did Petrarch do? _____________________________________________________
42. What philosophy focused on the individual and stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature?
_____________________________________________________________________
43. Who supported the Renaissance? ______________________________________________
44. Who invented the Printing press? ______________________________________________
45. Who wrote The Praise of Folly? _______________________________________________
46. Who wrote Utopia? ________________________________________________________
47. ___________
48. ___________
Renaissance
49. ___________
50. Do you think the Renaissance was the high point for humanity so far? (explain)
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World History
Voorhees
2014