Bio EOC Topics for Chemistry
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Be able to use the periodic table and determine the Atomic Mass (mass number), Atomic
Number, # protons, # neutrons, # electrons for an element.
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Calculate charges and mass of a proton, neutron, electron or the overall charge of an
atom.
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Draw diagram of an atom showing numbers and locations of subatomic particles and
energy levels.
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What makes an atom stable (non-reactive) or. unstable atom (reactive)?
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How many electrons does an atom need to become stable?
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What is an ion? How do you determine its charge?
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Know how ionic and covalent bonds are formed. What are the differences and similarities
between them?
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What determines if atoms will combine (be reactive)? How does an unstable atom become
stable?
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Given its atomic number, determine the number of covalent bonds an atom will form.
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How many bonds are needed for C, H, O & N to become stable?
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Differentiate between a chemical formula, chemical equation, structural formula.
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What is an Isomer? Compare the chemical formulas of glucose, fructose, and galactose.
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Compare and contrast between molecules and molecular compounds.
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Given a chemical formula with a coefficient and subscripts, determine the number of atoms
or molecules in the formula.
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Identify the reactants and products in a chemical equation.
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Identify the chemical equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
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Determine if an equation is balanced based on the Law of Conservation of Matter.
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What is a solution composed of? What is a solute? What is a solvent?
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Apply the terms above to the definition of acidic, basic and neutral solutions.
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How does the hydrogen ion concentration affect the pH of a solution?
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What is neutralization? How does adding or reducing H+ concentration affect the pH?
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Know examples of physical vs. chemical changes.
U
P
U
P
Bio EOC Questions for Chemistry:
Note: Because the most important elements in living things have a smaller atomic mass, this reduced periodic
table will be all you need to help answer some of the following questions.
Note: These questions may or may not be the same form or content as the questions on the EOC
test. They are provided as a study guide and to help remind you of concepts that you have
learned this year.
1) How many protons are in an atom of fluorine?
a. 7 b. 8 c. 9
d. 10
2) How many neutrons are in an atom of fluorine?
a. 7 b. 8 c. 9
d. 10
3) How many electrons are in an ion formed by fluorine?
a. 7 b. 8 c. 9
d. 10
4) The reactivity of an atom is determined by
a. The number of electrons in the outermost energy level
b. The number of neutrons in the atoms innermost energy level
c. The number of protons minus the number of electrons in the nucleus
d. The number of electrons in the innermost energy level
5) Given the Periodic Table above, which of the following elements would NOT be reactive?
a. H
b. B
c. He
d. N
6) Covalent bonds are bonds in which atoms share electrons to fill the outer energy level.
Covalent bonds can be used to form molecules that are stable and nonreactive. The
number of covalent bonds needed for stability is equal to the number of electron vacancies
in the outer energy level of the atom. Covalent bonds are represented in a structural
formula by lines between the atoms.
Which of the following atoms would need to form 3 covalent bonds to become stable?
a. C
7)
b. K
c. P
d. F
Which of the following structural formulas would indicate a compound that would be
stable and
nonreactive?
a. H
b.
H — C = N— H
c. O = C = O
d. H—C – C – N
I
I
I
H–C–H
O H
I
O
8) Ionic bonds are bonds between atoms in which one atom donates electrons to another
atom in order to become stable. In this bond, the resulting atoms become oppositely
charged and attracted to each other. Which of the following atoms would combine to
form an ionic bond?
a. K and Cl
b. C and H
c. O and P
d. O and H
9) Nitrogen (N2) makes up 78% of the atmosphere and is the main source of nitrogen needed
in organic compounds like proteins and nucleic acids. Most organisms cannot break down
nitrogen gas into usable forms because it takes too much energy to break the bonds
between the atoms. How many covalent bonds join the two atoms?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. none, the atoms are joined by an ionic bond
10) Which of the following atoms would lose 2 electrons to become a 2+ charged ion?
a. Na
b. Mg
c. S
c. Cl
11) Which of the following is a molecule but not a molecular compound?
a. CO2
b. O2
c. H2O
d. C6H12O6
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
12) What type of bond is present between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a molecule of water
(H2O) ?
a. covalent
b. ionic
B
B
13) Water is considered the universal solvent. This is because it has partial positive and negative
charges on the hydrogen and oxygen molecules, respectively. The partial charges allow
water to be attracted to and surround charged molecules causing them to separate and
dissolve. Which of the following molecules would NOT dissolve in water?
a. a fatty acid
b. glucose c. salt (NaCl)
d. an amino acid
14) Which of the following groups of elements are most common in living things?
a. K, Mg, C, O
b. H, N, O, S c. N, H, C, O
d. O, F, C, Cl
15) A chemical formula tells you the number and type of atoms in a molecule. In addition, it
can tell you the number of molecules involved in the reaction. How many total atoms are in
3H2SO4?
a. 3
b. 7
c. 10
d. 21
B
B
B
B
A chemical equation identifies the reactants and products of a chemical reaction. Given the
following reaction:
ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 Æ 6 CO2 + 6H2O
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
16) What are the products of the reaction?
a. C6H12O6 and 6O2
b. 6 CO2 and 6H2O
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
c. ATP
B
17) Which of the following would be considered an acid?
a. a solution with a pH of 7
b. a solution with a higher concentration of OH- than H+ ions
c. a solution composed of water and 2% NaOH
d. a solution with a higher concentration of H+ than OH- ions
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
18) Which of the following solutes would you add to a beaker of 10% HCl and water to
neutralize the solution to a pH of 7?
a. Nitric acid
b. lemon juice
c. NaOH
d. more HCl
19) Which of the following equations is balanced?
a. H2 + Cl Æ 2HCl
b. 2H2O2 Æ 2H2O + O2
c. NH3 + O2 Æ Na + H2O
d. Fe + 3O2 Æ Fe2O3
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Answers: 1.C, 2.D, 3.D, 4.A , 5.C , 6.C, 7.C, 8.A, 9.C, 10.B, 11.B, 12.A, 13.A, 14.C, 15.D, 16.B, 17.D,
18.C, 19.B
Bio EOC Topics for Biochemistry:
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Identify the four most common elements in living things.
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What is the most abundant inorganic compound in living things?
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Identify structural formulas of the four types of organic compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids,
Proteins and Nucleic acids.
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What foods contain the organic compounds listed above?
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Compare and contrast the major elements found in Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic
acids.
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Which organic compounds does each of the following chemical indicators identify? Biuret,
Benedict’s solution, and iodine. How could you test for lipids?
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Carbohydrates:
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What is the basic unit of a carbohydrate?
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Compare and contrast simple sugars or monosaccharides vs. polysaccharides.
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What are the general functions of carbohydrates? (structural and energy)
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What are the polysaccharides cellulose, glycogen and starch composed of (which
simple sugar)?
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What types of organisms synthesize each of the above polysaccharide?
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What is the function of each of the above polysaccharides?
Lipids:
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What are the structural components? (unsaturated and saturated fatty acids and
glycerol)
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What are the function of lipids? (use in cell membranes, amount of energy compared to
carbohydrates (3to1, steroids or sex hormones)
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What are the health implications of unsaturated fats compared to saturated fats?
Proteins:
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What is the basic unit of a protein?
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What differentiates one amino acid from the next? One protein from the next?
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What are the functions of proteins? (structural and enzymes)
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Be familiar with the terms: peptide bond, dipeptide, 3-D structure.
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Review the structure and function of enzymes. Be familiar with the terms substrate and
active site. Be familiar with common names of enzymes like sucrase, lipase, protease
and nuclease.
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U
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•
U
U
U
U
U
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What is denaturation? How does it affect the function of a protein?
Nucleic acids:
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Nucleotides are the basic units of nucleic acids.
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What are the functions of DNA, RNA and ATP?
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ATP is unique in that it is composed of only one nucleotide.
Hydrolysis vs. (dehydration) synthesis: Definition--Reactants and products of each process for
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Bio EOC Questions for Biochemistry:
Note: These questions may or may not be the same form or content as the questions on the EOC
test. They are provided as a study guide and to help remind you of concepts that you have
learned this year.
1)Fill out the following chart by listing the four major groups of organic molecules. What are the
subunits used to synthesize larger molecules of each group? The first answer has been given to you.
GROUP
carbohydrates
UNITS USED TO SYNTHESIZE
MOLECULES IN THE GROUP
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
For the next two questions, the answers are either
synthesis.
2)
a) hydrolysis or
b) dehydration
If the puzzle pieces to the left are being ADDED to the puzzle,
the picture is analogous to _______________________ of organic
compounds.
3) If the puzzle pieces are being TAKEN AWAY from the puzzle, the
picture is analogous to _______________________ of organic
compounds.
4) Fill in information about 3 major polysaccharides found in living things:
POLYSACCHARIDE
TYPE OF ORGANISM
THAT SYNTHESIZES
THE
POLYSACCHARIDE
(plant or animal)
starch
glycogen
cellulose
MONOSACCHARIDE
(or simple unit) USED
TO SYNTHESIZE THE
POLYSACCHARIDE
FUNCTION OF THE
POLYSACCHARIDE IN
THE ORGANSIM
(What does it do?)
5) If the disaccharide below is hydrolyzed, how many water molecules must be added?
Maltose
Glucose
+ _______________
Glucose
(#water molecules)
6) If the glycerol and fatty acids below are synthesized to form a triglyceride, how many water
molecules
must be removed?
triglyceride
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
Fatty Acid
G
l
y
c
e
r
o
l
+
_______________
(water molecules)
Questions 7-10. Match the following groups of organic molecules with the statement below
that describes their function.
a) proteins
b) lipids
c) nucleic acids
d) carbohydrates
7) The group of organic molecules that function to store energy, insulate tissues, and
cushion bones and organs in an animal. One type makes up a structural component of
cell membranes.
8) The group that contains many diverse molecules that function in many different ways.
Some form cellular structures, some function to transport materials across cell
membranes and others speed chemical reactions. The units of these molecules are
joined by peptide bonds.
9) Another group of energy storage molecules that range from simple to most
complex. One representative functions as protection for plant cell walls and
another is a reactant in cellular respiration.
10)A group of linear molecules that carry genetic information or help produce proteins
needed by the cell.
Use the following diagram to help answer questions 11-12.
11) Which of the following terms refers to the reactants in the above reaction?
a) substrateb) enzyme c) product d) enzyme-substrate complex
12)Which of the molecules in the picture on the previous page is not altered during the
reaction?
a) substrate
b) enzyme
c) product
d) reactants
13)Carbohydrate loading or “Carbo-loading,” is a technique used by athletes before a
major event. For example, runners will eat a dinner of pasta the night before a
marathon. The purpose of this technique is to store an excess of
a. Proteins in their muscles
c. DNA in their cells
b. Fats in their tissues
d. glycogen in their liver
14) Identify the following using the following key: fatty acid, glucose, DNA, triglyceride,
protein, amino acid, polysaccharide, phospholipid bilayer (or cell membrane).
15) Denaturizaton of proteins halts the function of a protein by disrupting bonds in the 3dimensional makeup of the protein. An enzyme that is denatured will lose its function
when denatured because the active site is changed. The substrate will no longer be
able to attach to the active site.
Which of the following methods could be used to denature a protein? (there are two
answers to the question)
a. adding an acid or a base
c. adding water
b. heating the protein
d. cooling a protein
16)Denaturization and hydrolysis of proteins are different because
a. denaturization changes the 3-D structure of a protein while hydrolysis breaks
peptide bonds.
b. denaturization breaks peptide bonds while hydrolysis changes the 3-D structure
c. denaturization combines amino acids to form larger proteins while hydrolysis
breaks them apart
d. hydrolysis combines amino acids to form larger proteins while denaturing breaks
them apart
17) Which terms would most likely be included in an explanation of the use of an enzyme
during digestion of meat?
a. Photosynthesis, glucose and dehydration synthesis
b. Proteins, hydrolysis and amino acids
c. Protein synthesis, urea and denaturing
d. Fatty acids, glycerol and respiration
18) The weakest bonds in a molecule of DNA exist between the
a. Deoxyribose sugars c. nitrogenous bases
b. Phosphate groups
d. 5 carbon sugars
19) Given the following chemical equations:
20) Glycogen is best described as a
a. Complex carbohydrate that is often stored in red blood cells
b. Complete protein necessary for the synthesis of cell membranes
c. Polysaccharide that is synthesized and
stored within the human liver
d. by-product of sucrose digestion within the
pancreas
21) Gastric protease is found in the stomach.
Intestinal protease is found in the small intestine.
When gastric protease moves into the small
intestine, its activity will most likely
a. Increase
b. Decrease
c. Increase initially and then decrease
d. Stay the same
Answers:
1)
GROUP
UNITS USED TO SYNTHESIZE
MOLECULES IN THE GROUP
1) carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (simple
sugars)
2) lipids
3 fatty acids and glycerol
(triglyceride)
3) proteins
Amino acids (20 different types)
4) nucleic acids
nucleotides
2) synthesis
3) hydrolysis
4)
POLYSACCHARIDE
TYPE OF ORGANISM
THAT SYNTHESIZES
THE
POLYSACCHARIDE
MONOSACCHARIDE
(or simple unit) USED
TO SYNTHESIZE THE
POLYSACCHARIDE
FUNCTION OF THE
POLYSACCHARIDE IN
THE ORGANSIM
(What does it do?)
(plant or animal)
starch
Plant
Glucose
Energy storage
glycogen
Animal
Glucose
Energy storage
cellulose
Plant
Glucose
Structural /forms
cell wall
5) one
6) Three
7) B
Fatty acid
Protein
8) A
DNA
9) D
10) C
11) A
12) B
Phospholipid
layer
13) D
14)To the right
15) A and B
16) A
17) B
18) C
polysaccharide
19) 3
20) C
21) B
Triglyceride
Amino acid
Glucose