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Kenny%Fong:%Socialization%into%gender%roles%
!
!
Socialization!into!gender!roles:!
An!analysis!on!the!extent!to!which!children’s!books!perpetuate!gender!
stereotypes!pertaining!to!emotion!
!
KENNY!FONG*!
!
Abstract!
There% is% no% denying% that% emotions% are% central% to% our% existence% as% human%
beings.% Each% and% every% one% of% us% is% capable% of% feeling% and% expressing%
emotions% ranging% from% joy% to% sadness.% Nonetheless,% gender% stereotypes%
related%to%the%emotionality%and%the%types%of%emotions%expressed%by%men%and%
women% have% persisted.% Stereotypically,% women% are% often% perceived% as% being%
more%emotional%than%men.%Likewise,%women%are%traditionally%associated%with%
emotions% such% as% love,% fear% and% shyness,% in% contrast% to% men% who% are% often%
stereotypically% linked% with% emotions% such% as% anger% and% contempt.% These%
stereotypical%beliefs%about%the%emotional%differences%between%men%and%women%
are% the% central% focus% of% this% paper.% Specifically,% this% paper% investigated% the%
extent% to% which% gender% stereotypes% are% present% in% Australian% children’s%
books.% A% sample% of% 30% children’s% books% shortlisted% by% the% Children’s% Book%
Council%of%Australia%(CBCA)%was%examined%to%see%if%the%amount%and%types%
of% emotional% language% used% by% male% and% female% characters% reflected% the%
stereotypes.%This%involved%identifying%and%recording%the%number%and%type%of%
words% that% were% used% to% describe% the% emotion% of% all% male% and% female%
characters% in% each% book.% Overall,% it% was% found% that% the% male% and% female%
characters% featured% in% the% books% sampled% did% not% reinforce% the% gender%
stereotypes%on%the%emotionality%of%men%and%women.%%
"
1.!Introduction!
Children" construct" their" assumptions" and" ideas" about" gender" roles" from" a" range" of" sources,"
including" television," books," as" well" as" the" deliberate" teaching" of" norms" and" expectations"
associated" with" particular" genders" by" educators" and" parents" (Gooden" &" Gooden," 2001;""
Weitzman," Eifler," Hokada," &" Ross," 1972)." In" particular," books" have" been" noted" by" various"
scholars"(e.g."Gooden"&"Gooden,"2001;"Kok"&"Findlay,"2006;"Weitzman"et"al.,"1972)"as"playing"a"
central"role"in"socializing"children"into"gender"roles.""
Given" the" importance" of" books" in" children’s" learning" of" gender" roles," it" should" come" as"
little" surprise" that" the" presence" of" gender" stereotypes" in" children’s" books" has" come" under"
scrutiny." As" scholars" such" as" Hamilton," Anderson," Broaddus," and" Young" (2006)," as" well" as"
Oskamp," Kaufman," and" Wolterbeek," (1996)" have" noted," gender" stereotypes" perpetuated" in"
children’s"literature"can"have"a"powerful"effect"on"children,"influencing"their"behaviour,"as"well"
as"their"beliefs"about"what"they"can"do"in"life.""
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There" are" many" ways" in" which" books" can" perpetuate" gender" stereotypes." One" way" is" to"
depict" female" characters" as" being" more" emotionally" expressive" than" male" characters" and" to"
associate"male"and"female"characters"with"certain"kinds"of"emotional"words"(Tepper"&"Cassidy,"
1999)." Specifically," women" are" stereotypically" seen" as" being" more" emotionally" expressive" than"
males," and" unlike" men," who" are" traditionally" associated" with" emotions" such" as" contempt" and"
anger,"they"are"associated"with"emotions"such"as"love,"fear"and"shyness"(Plant,"Hyde,"Keltner,"&"
Devine,"2000;"Tepper"&"Cassidy,"1999).""
"
2.!Literature!review!
Researchers"have"attempted"to"detect"gender"stereotyping"in"children’s"books"through"various"
ways." One" of" the" most" common" methods" is" by" investigating" the" number" of" male" and" female"
characters"in"leading"roles,"pictures"and"titles"(Tepper"&"Cassidy,"1999)."The"study"of"Weitzman"
et" al." (1972)," which" is" regarded" as" the" seminal" study" in" the" research" on" gender" stereotypes" in"
children’s" books," was" one" of" the" first" to" have" used" this" method" (Tepper" &" Cassidy," 1999)." In"
Weitzman"et"al.’s"(1972)"study,"a"sample"of"award*winning"children’s"books"was"examined,"so"
as" to" determine" the" ratio" of" male" characters" to" female" characters." The" researchers" ultimately"
concluded" that" there" was" an" underrepresentation" of" female" characters" (Weitzman" et" al." 1972)."
However," a" more" recent" study" by" Gooden" &" Gooden" (2001)" found" that" the" representation" of"
females"in"children’s"books"has"increased"substantially."In"Gooden"&"Gooden’s"(2001)"study,"83"
children’s"books"regarded"as"notable"by"the"American"Library"Association"published"from"1995*
1999" were" examined" for" possible" areas" of" gender" stereotyping," such" as" the" number" of" male"
characters"and"female"characters"in"leading"roles."The"researchers"found"that"there"was"nearly"
an"equal"percentage"of"males"and"females"appearing"as"main"characters,"with"males"appearing"
in" that" role" 34%" of" the" time," and" females" appearing" in" that" role" 40%" of" the" time" (Gooden" &"
Gooden,"2001)."The"other"21%"consisted"of"either"male"and"female"characters"or"characters"with"
a"neutral"gender"in"the"main"role"(Gooden"&"Gooden,"2001).""
Another" commonly"used"method"of"investigating"stereotypes"in"children’s"literature"is"by"
looking"at"the"way"in"which"male"and"female"characters"are"depicted"(Tepper"&"Cassidy,"1999)."
This"involves"analysing"the"type"of"roles"played"by"the"male"and"female"characters"in"the"book,"
their"traits,"as"well"as"the"type"of"activity"in"which"they"are"shown"to"be"taking"part."One"such"
study"dealing"with"these"potential"areas"of"gender"stereotyping"was"conducted"by"Hamilton"et"
al." (2006)." As" part" of" their" investigation," they" analysed" and" coded" a" sample" of" 200" children’s"
books"selected"from"1995*2001"(Hamilton"et"al.,"2006)."Their"results"showed"that"characters"that"
were" female" were" three" times" more" likely" to" be" depicted" as" behaving" in" a" nurturing" or" caring"
way" (Hamilton" et" al.," 2006)." Likewise," 21" out" of" the" 23" female" characters" with" a" job" were"
depicted" with" jobs" considered" stereotypically" feminine" (Hamilton" et" al.," 2006)." A" more" recent"
study" by" Kok" &" Findlay" (2006)" also" investigated" the" type" of" activities" that" male" and" female"
characters"were"engaged"in."They"found"that"there"was"no"sign"of"stereotyping"in"this"area,"as"
male" and" female" characters" were" portrayed" equally" in" their" participation" of" ‘instrumental*
independent"activities’"and"‘passive*dependent"activities’"(Kok"&"Findlay,"2006)."
"
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The" type" of" language" used" in" children’s" books" is" another" potential," and" perhaps" more"
subtle,"source"of"gender"role"stereotyping"(Turner*Bowker,"1996)."Surprisingly,"there"had"been"
scant"research"conducted"in"this"area,"in"spite"of"the"fact"that"language"plays"a"central"role"in"the"
telling"of"the"book’s"story"(Turner*Bowker,"1996)."One"of"the"few"studies"conducted"in"this"area"
was"by"Turner*Bowker"(1996)"herself,"who"investigated"the"type"of"adjectives"used"to"describe"
male"and"female"characters"that"were"featured"in"a"sample"of"award*winning"children’s"books."
Turner*Bowker" (1996)" found" that" female" and" male" characters" were" described" with" adjectives"
that" reflected" gender" stereotypes," with" male" characters" being" frequently" described" as" brave,"
strong," furious" etc.," and" female" characters" being" described" with" adjectives" such" as" frightened,"
beautiful," weak" etc." Tepper" &" Cassidy" (1999)" also" conducted" a" study" on" the" way" language"
reinforces" gender" stereotypes" in" children’s" books," however" they" took" an" approach" that" was"
different" from" Turner*Bowker." Their" investigation" dealt" with" two" questions," namely" whether"
female" characters" would" be" associated" with" more" emotional" words" than" male" characters" and"
whether"male"and"female"characters"would"display"more"association"with"emotional"words"that"
are" stereotypically" regarded" as" appropriate" for" their" gender" (Tepper" &" Cassidy," 1999)." Their"
investigation" found" that" there" was" nothing" stereotypical" about" the" amount" of" emotional"
language"used"by"female"characters"and"that"there"was"nothing"stereotypical"with"relation"to"the"
emotional"words"associated"with"male"and"female"characters"(Tepper"&"Cassidy,"1999)."
This"present"paper"also"sets"out"to"explore"whether"or"not"the"language"used"in"children’s"
books" reinforces" the" gender" stereotypes" that" women" are" more" emotional" than" men" and" that"
emotions"such"as"anger"and"contempt"are"male"emotions,"whereas"emotions"such"as"joy"and"fear"
are"female"emotions."
"
3.#Hypotheses#
#
In" determining" the" two" hypotheses" of" this" report," the" researcher" looked" to" the" results" of" the"
studies" conducted" by" Tepper" and" Cassidy" (1999)," as" well" as" Kok" and" Findlay" (2006)." Kok" and"
Findlay’s"(2006)"study,"which"was"briefly"summarised"in"the"literature"review,"is"one"of"the"very"
few"studies"that"have"been"conducted"on"gender"stereotyping"in"Australian"children’s"literature"
during" the" past" 20" years." They" identified" three" other" studies" that" concentrated" specifically" on"
Australian"children’s"books,"namely"Bradley"and"Mortimer"(1972),"Healy"and"Ryan"(1975)"and"
Reeder" (1981)" (Kok" &" Findlay," 2006)." These" three" studies" found" that" male" characters"
outnumbered"female"characters"and"that"gender"stereotypes"were"evident"in"the"representation"
of"male"and"female"characters."These"findings"were"not"consistent"with"Kok"&"Findlay’s"study"
(2006)." However," given" the" relative" recency" of" Kok" and" Findlay’s" (2006)" study," the" researcher"
only" took" their" study" into" consideration" when" determining" the" hypotheses." In" light" of" these"
findings," as" well" as" Tepper" and" Cassidy’s" (1999)" finding" that" there" is" no" evidence" of" gender"
stereotyping"in"the"emotional"language"of"male"and"female"characters"in"(American)"children’s"
books,"this"paper"hypothesises"that:"
(1) Male" and" female" characters" will" be" associated" with" roughly" the" same" amount" of"
emotional" words," thereby" invalidating" the" stereotypical" belief" that" females" are" more"
emotional"than"male.""
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(2) Male" and" female" characters" will" be" associated" with" roughly" the" same" amount" of"
emotional" words" for" each" of" the" 11" emotional" categories." For" instance," the" gender"
stereotype" that" anger" and" contempt" are" male" emotions," whilst" joy" and" fear" are" female"
emotions"will"not"hold.""
"
4.!Methodology!
4.1#Background#
#
This" study" is" modelled" after" Tepper" and" Cassidy’s" (1999)" study." Nevertheless," the" study" was"
conducted" at" a" significantly" smaller" scale." Specifically," the" number" of" books" analysed" was"
reduced" from" 196" books" to" 30" books." Moreover," the" focus" was" shifted" from" award" and" non*
award" winning" American" children’s" books" to" Australian" children’s" books" that" have" been"
shortlisted"by"the"Children’s"Book"Council"of"Australia"(CBCA)."This"shift"in"focus"was"partly"
motivated" by" the" dearth" of" studies" that" have" been" conducted" on" the" presence" of" gender"
stereotypes" in" Australian" children’s" books." As" summed" up" by" Kok" and" Findlay" (2006," p." 250),"
“the"majority"of"studies"that"have"taken"place"in"this"area"have"dealt"with"American"children’s"
literature”." Consequently," this" study" will" focus" on" Australian" children’s" books," which" have"
clearly"not"received"the"amount"of"attention"they"deserve"in"this"field"of"study."In"addition,"the"
researcher" also" chose" to" centre" the" current" investigation" on" short*listed" children’s" books," as" it"
was" believed" that" children" will" have" a" higher" chance" of" being" exposed" to" such" books," as"
children’s" books" that" have" recognized" for" excellence" are" more" likely" to" receive" wider"
distribution"in"schools,"book"stores"and"libraries"(Oskamp,"et"al.,"1996;"Turner*Bowker,"1996).""
4.2#Procedure#
#
In"order"to"determine"if"Australian"children’s"books"perpetuate"the"stereotypes"pertaining"to"the"
emotional"differences"between"men"and"women,"data"was"gathered"on:"
(1) The"number"of"emotional"words"that"male"and"female"characters"were"associated"with."
(2) The"types"of"emotional"words"that"male"and"female"characters"were"associated"with."
"
Note"that"in"the"context"of"this"study,"a"character"is"‘associated’"with"an"‘emotional"word’"when:"
(1) The"character"is"using"a"word"to"describe"or"to"refer"to"his"or"her"emotion(s)."
Example:"Book"25:"“At"morning"tea"time,"I"(The"‘I’"here"refers"to"the"main"character,"who"
is"a"female)"was"so"mad"I"accidentally"chewed"my"best"hologram"sticker…”""
(Female"character,"associated"with"emotion"of"anger)"
Example:!Book"27:"“Maybe"that’s"why"I"like!her"so"much”."(Male"character,"associated"
with"emotion"of"like/love)"
"
(2) The"emotion"of"the"character"is"being"described"by"another"party"(i.e."another"character"
or"the"narrator)"through"the"use"of"a"word."
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Example:"Book"3:"“One"day"I"(Special"Kev:"The"main"character"of"the"book,"male)"gave"
my" turkey" to" Aunty" Pav" when" I" found" her" sitting" on" the" steps" looking" sad." (Female"
character,"associated"with"the"emotion"of"sadness)"
Example:"Book"14:"“They"(Frank,"Jai"[males],"Mai"and"Ivy"[females])"all"looked!nervous!
(2"male"and"2"female"characters"associated"with"the"emotion"of"fear/anxiety)"
"
(3) The"character"is"clearly"conveying"an"emotion,"although"it"is"not"directly"expressed"with"
a"single"word,"but"with"a"string"of"words"by"either"the"character"or"another"party."
Example:!Book"6:"“Puffling"(male"character)"jumped!up!and!down.!He!couldn’t!wait.”!
(Male"character,"associated"with"the"emotion"of"interest/excitement)."
Example:! Book" 11:" “‘It’s! spooky! in! here,’! shivered" Chook" (male" character)”" (Male"
character,"associated"with"the"emotion"of"fear/anxiety)."
!
The"data"was"gathered"by"reading"and"analysing"emotional"words"in"a"sample"of"30"children’s"
books"shortlisted"by"the"Children’s"Book"Council"of"Australia"(CBCA)."A"complete"list"of"these"
books" can" be" found" in" Appendix" 3." Whenever" the" researcher" came" across" a" male" or" female"
character"that"was"associated"with"(an)"emotional"word(s),"he"would"tally"the"emotional"word(s)"
in"either"one"of"two"tables,"depending"on"whether"the"character"was"a"male"or"a"female."The"two"
tables"were"identical;"however"one"was"specifically"constructed"for"male"characters,"whereas"the"
other"was"constructed"specifically"for"female"characters."A"blank"copy"of"the"table"is"provided"
below"for"reference."It"should"be"noted"that"the"researcher"did"not"discriminate"between"human"
and"non*human"characters"that"were"male"and"female."So"long"as"the"character"identified"by"the"
researcher"had"a"gender"and"was"associated"with"an"emotional"word,"he"or"she"was"included"in"
the"study."On"a"related"note,"the"gender"of"a"character"was"primarily"determined"by"his"or"her"
name."When"the"name"did"not"give"a"good"indication"of"the"character’s"gender,"the"researcher"
looked" at" either" the" pronoun" used" to" refer" to" the" character" or" the" way" the" character" was"
illustrated." In" cases" where" the" researcher" could" not" accurately" determine" the" gender" of" the"
character,"the"character"was"excluded."
"
"
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Kenny%Fong:%Socialization%into%gender%roles%
Emotional)Category)
(1))How)
to)Heal)a)
Broken)
Wing)
(2))Leaf)
(3)
Special
Kev
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Interest/ExcitementEnjoyment/joySurprise/astonishmentSadnessAngerDisgust/contemptFear/anxietyShynessShameGuilt/conscience/moralityLike/love-Total-number-of-emotional-words--(all-emotionalcategories)Total-number-of-characters-associated-with-anemotional-word-Total-number-of-characters-(featured-in-the-text,who-were)-not-associated-with-an-emotional-wordTotal-number-of-all-characters-in-the-book(Associated-and-not-associated-with-an-emotionalword)-
(4)
Applesauce
and the
Christmas
Miracle…….
(30)
Peggy
Grand
Total
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Table" 1:" Blank" copy" of" the" table" used" for" tallying" the" amount" of" emotional" words" associated" with" male"
and"female"characters"
As" can" be" seen" from" the" table" above," the" emotional" word" associated" with" the" character" was"
tallied"into"one"of"11"types"of"emotional"category."In"their"study,"Tepper"and"Cassidy"(1999)"also"
used"these"same"categories"(as"shown"in"Figure"1),"which"they"based"on"the"11"basic"emotions"
identified" by" Izard" (1991)." When" tallying" the" emotional" word" for" each" character," Tepper" and"
Cassidy’s" (1999)" “guiding" list" of" emotional" words”" was" used" as" a" reference" in" determining"
which"emotional"category"the"word"best"fits"into."A"copy"of"the"list"is"provided"below."After"all"
the"emotional"words"present"in"the"30"books"were"tallied"up,"the"data"from"the"two"tables"was"
analysed"and"compared."A"completed"copy"of"the"male"and"female"table"used"in"this"study"can"
be"found"in"Appendices"1"and"2"respectively.""
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Figure" 1" –" Emotional" word" categories" and" examples" of" corresponding" words" –" copied" verbatim" from"
Tepper"and"Cassidy"(1999,"p."272)"
"
5.!Results/Discussion!
!
5.1#Results#(Hypothesis#1)#
!
In" order" to" test" Hypothesis" 1," which" addresses" the" question" of" whether" female" characters" are"
associated"with"more"emotional"words"than"male"characters,"the"average"number"of"emotional"
words"per"book"was"calculated"for"male"and"female"characters"respectively."This"was"done"by"
dividing"the"grand"total"of"emotional"words"for"all"11"emotional"categories"(Table"3:"M:"118,"F:"
83)"by"the"total"number"of"books"sampled"(i.e."30)."As"shown"in"Table"2,"male"characters"were"
associated"with"an"average"of"3.93"emotional"words"per"book,"whereas"female"characters"were,"
on"average,"associated"with"2.77"emotional"words"per"book."It"should"be"noted"at"this"point"of"
the" discussion" that" the" total" number" of" male" characters" associated" with" emotional" words" did"
outnumber"the"total"number"of"female"characters"associated"with"emotional"words"(Table"3:"M:"
42," F:" 33)." Consequently," one" would" expect" that" the" males" would" be" associated" with" more"
emotional"words."However,"Tepper"and"Cassidy"(1999)"suggested"that"children"who"read"such"
books" will" not" be" concerned" with" the" fact" that" there" are" more" male" characters" than" female"
characters."In"their"words,"“they"(the"children)"will"simply"absorb"the"fact"that"they"are"seeing"
many" instances" of" males" being" associated" with" emotional" words”" (Tepper" &" Cassidy," 1999," p."
277)."However,"in"order"to"investigate"if"there"were"any"differences"in"the"amount"of"emotional"
words"associated"with"male"and"female"characters,"taking"into"account"the"overall"imbalance"of"
males" and" females" associated" with" emotional" words" in" each" emotional" category," the" average"
number" of" emotional" words" per" character" was" calculated" for" male" and" female" (Table" 3)."
Specifically,"the"grand"total"of"emotional"words"was"divided"by"the"total"number"of"characters"
of"the"gender"in"question."As"shown"in"Table"3,"the"difference"is"minuscule."Males"and"females"
were"respectively"associated"with"an"average"of"1.55"and"1.24"words"per"character.""
!
!
!
!
!
Griffith%Working%Papers%in%Pragmatics%and%Intercultural%Communication%6"(2013),"1*19"
8"
Kenny%Fong:%Socialization%into%gender%roles%
Emotional)Category)
Interest/ExcitementEnjoyment/joySurprise/astonishmentSadnessAngerDisgust/contemptFear/anxietyShynessShameGuilt/conscience/moralityLike/love-
Male)
0.301.000.130.230.630.171.030.000.030.030.37-
Female)
0.230.800.000.400.370.100.670.000.000.000.20-
)Total)number)of)emotional)words))(all)emotional)categories))
3.93)
2.77)
Table"2"–"Average"Number"of"Emotional"Words"per"Book"
"
Emotional)Category)
Interest/ExcitementEnjoyment/joySurprise/astonishmentSadnessAngerDisgust/contemptFear/anxietyShynessShameGuilt/conscience/moralityLike/love)Total)number)of)emotional)words))(all)emotional)categories))
Male)
0.120.390.050.090.250.070.410.000.010.010.141.55)
Female))
0.100.360.000.180.160.040.300.000.000.000.091.24)
Grand)Total)(Male)))
930471953101111118)
42)
Grand)Total)(Female))
72401211320000683)
33)
34)
34)
76)
67)
Table"3"–"Average"Number"of"Words"Per"Character"
#
#
)
Emotional)Category)
Interest/ExcitementEnjoyment/joySurprise/astonishmentSadnessAngerDisgust/contemptFear/anxietyShynessShameGuilt/conscience/moralityLike/love-Total-number-of-emotional-words--(all-emotional-categories)Total-number-of-characters-associated-with-an-emotional-word-Total-number-of-characters-(featured-in-the-text,-who-were)-notassociated-with-an-emotional-wordTotal-number-of-all-characters-in-the-book--(Associated-and-notassociated-with-an-emotional-word)-
Table" 4" –" Emotional" words" associated" with" male" and" female" characters" in" short*listed" Australian"
childrenms"books"(2009*2013)"
"
%
#
#
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#5.2#Results#(Hypothesis#2)#
!
In" order" to" examine" if" male" and" female" characters" are" more" associated" with" emotional" words"
that" are" stereotypical" of" their" gender," the" number" of" emotional" words" that" was" used" by" males"
and" females" in" each" emotional" category" was" firstly" compared." Note" that" the" emotional"
categories" of" shyness," shame" and" guilt/conscience/morality" are" excluded" from" the" comparison"
below" as" the" number" of" emotional" words" recorded" for" these" three" categories" for" male" and"
female"were"too"small"to"allow"for"comparison."In"relation"to"the"results,"there"does"seem"to"be"
some" evidence" of" emotional" stereotyping," as" there" are" significantly" more" instances" of" males"
being"associated"with"emotional"words"in"the"anger"category."As"shown"in"Figure"2,"males"were"
found"to"have"been"associated"with"19"anger"words,"whereas"females"were"associated"with"only"
11."Similarly,"the"females"were"more"associated"with"emotional"words"in"the"sadness"category"(F:"
12,"M:"7)."Interestingly,"Figure"1"also"shows"that"male"characters"were"associated"with"emotional"
words" that" would" stereotypically" be" regarded" as" ‘feminine’" such" as" fear." For" instance," males"
were"associated"with"31"emotional"words"in"the"fear/anxiety"category,"whilst"the"females"were"
associated" with" 20" words" in" this" category." Likewise," male" characters" were" associated" with"
words"in"the"enjoyment/joy"category"30"times,"in"contrast"to"females"who"were"associated"only"
24"times."Also,"the"males"outstripped"the"females"in"relation"to"the"number"of"words"that"they"
were"associated"with"in"the"like/love"category."
An"examination"of"Tables"2"and"3"also"shows"that"there"was"no"considerable"difference"in"
the"average"number"of"emotional"words"that"male"and"female"characters"were"associated"with"
per" book," as" well" as" per" character," for" most" of" the" 11" categories." Nonetheless," the" males" were"
observed" to" have" been" associated" with" somewhat" more" anger" words" than" the" females," whilst"
the" females" were" more" associated" with" words" from" the" sadness" category." However," this" is"
counterbalanced" by" the" fact" that" males" were" more" associated" with" emotional" words" that" are"
traditionally"regarded"as"feminine"such"as"like/love.""
The"relative"percentage"of"words"dedicated"to"each"emotional"category"for"male"and"female"
was" also" respectively" calculated" (Table" 5)." This" was" calculated" by" dividing" the" grand" total" of"
emotional" words" for" each" emotional" category" by" the" total" number" of" emotional" words" for" all"
emotional" categories" and" multiplying" it" by" 100." For" instance," male" characters" were" associated"
with"31"words"in"the"fear/anxiety"category."This"was"divided"by"the"total"number"of"emotional"
words" that" male" characters" were" associated" with" for" all" emotional" categories" (i.e." 118)."
Subsequently,"the"resulting"value"(0.263)"was"multiplied"by"100."The"result"26.27%"indicates"that"
26.27%" of" the" emotional" words" associated" with" male" characters" came" from" the" fear/anxiety"
category."A"comparison"of"the"percentages"for"male"and"female"characters"shows"that"there"was"
no"significant"difference"for"most"categories."On"average,"the"difference"across"the"11"categories"
was"only"2.15%."There"was,"nonetheless,"a"significant"difference"between"males"and"females"in"
the"proportion"of"sadness"words"that"they"were"associated"with."While"14.46%"of"the"emotional"
words" associated" with" female" characters" came" from" the" sadness" category," only" 5.59%" of" the"
words"associated"with"male"characters"originated"from"this"category.""
"
"
"
Griffith%Working%Papers%in%Pragmatics%and%Intercultural%Communication%6"(2013),"1*19"
10"
Kenny%Fong:%Socialization%into%gender%roles%
Emotional-Category-
Male-(%)--
Female-(%)-
Interest/ExcitementEnjoyment/joySurprise/astonishmentSadnessAngerDisgust/contemptFear/anxietyShynessShameGuilt/conscience/moralityLike/loveTotal)Percentage:)
7.6325.423.395.9316.104.2426.270.000.850.859.32100.00)
8.4328.920.0014.4613.253.6124.100.000.000.007.23100.00)
Table"4"–"Relative"Percentage"of"Words"Dedicated"to"Each"Emotional"Category
Griffith%Working%Papers%in%Pragmatics%and%Intercultural%Communication%6"(2013),"1*19"
Kenny Fong: Socialization into gender roles
35
Emotional0words0associated0with0male0and0female0characters0in0short8listed0Australian0children's0books0(200982013)
30
Frequency
25
20
Grand?Total? (Male)?
Grand?Total? (Female)
15
10
5
0
Surprise/as
Interest/Ex Enjoyment
tonishmen Sadness
citement
/joy
t
Anger
Disgust/co Fear/anxie
ntempt
ty
Shyness
Shame
Guilt/cons
cience/mo Like/love
rality
Grand?Total? (Male)?
9
30
4
7
19
5
31
0
1
1
11
Grand?Total? (Female)
7
24
0
12
11
3
20
0
0
0
6
Emotional0Categories
Figure"2"–"Emotional"words"associated"with"male"and"female"characters""
Griffith'Working'Papers'in'Pragmatics'and'Intercultural'Communication'6"(2013),"1*19
Kenny Fong: Socialization into gender roles
5.3$Discussion$
$
The"above"results"support"hypothesis"1."Female"characters"were"not"found"to"be"more"emotional"
than" male" characters," as" indexed" by" the" amount" of" emotional" words" with" which" they" were"
associated."In"fact,"it"was"found"that"the"males"were"associated"with"more"emotional"words"per"
book" than" the" females." However," this" was" due" to" the" fact" that" the" total" number" of" male"
characters" associated" with" emotional" words" was" greater"than" the" number" of" female" characters"
associated" with" emotional" words." This" discrepancy" was" addressed" by" calculating" the" average"
number" of" words" per" character." Ultimately," no" significant" differences" were" found." These"
findings"confirm"those"of"Tepper"and"Cassidy’s"(1999)"study."
Hypothesis"2"was"also"supported."Whilst"there"was"some"evidence"of"gender"stereotyping"
(e.g."males"were"associated"with"more"anger"words"than"females),"this"was"counterbalanced"by"
the"fact"that"males"were"also"associated"with"more"emotional"words"that"would"stereotypically"
be"classified"as"‘feminine.’"In"relation"to"the"relative"percentage"of"emotional"words"with"which"
males" and" females" were" associated" for" each" category," the" difference" was" insignificant." The"
present"study"corroborates"the"findings"of"Tepper"and"Cassidy"(1999),"who"found"no"difference"
in"the"proportion"of"emotional"words"with"which"male"and"female"characters"were"associated"in"
the"like/love,"fear/anxiety"and"anger"categories.""
5.4$Weaknesses/limitations$
Although" the" above" findings" do" seem" to" suggest" that" there" is" an" absence" of" the" gender"
stereotypes"related"to"the"amount"and"type"of"emotional"language"used"by"males"and"females"in"
shortlisted" Australian" children’s" books" dated" from" 2009*2013," it" is" important" to" keep" in" mind"
that"the"present"study"does"have"a"number"of"limitations."The"sample"size,"for"instance,"was"far"
too"small"to"allow"for"any"concrete"conclusions"to"be"drawn."In"the"present"study,"only"30"books"
were" analysed," 27" of" which" contained" emotional" words" from" gendered" characters." This" is"
significantly" less" than" the" study" by" Tepper" and" Cassidy" (1999)," which" involved" 196" books."
Another"weakness"was"that"the"books"analysed"were"ones"that"had"been"awarded"recognition"
by"an"honorary"organization."Scholars,"such"as"Clark,"Kulkin"and"Clancy"(1999,"as"cited"in"Kok"
&" Findlay," 2006)" have" noted" that" books" receiving" awards" are" often" judged" by" people" who" are"
probably"conscious"of"the"problems"of"stereotyping."Consequently,"these"judges"may"very"well"
have"avoided"selecting"books"that"represent"females"and"males"in"a"stereotypical"way"(Clark,"et"
al.,"1999,"as"cited"in"Kok"&"Findlay,"2006)."As"noted"in"the"methodology,"short*listed"books"were"
specifically"chosen"because"it"was"believed"that"books"that"have"received"recognition"would"be"
distributed"more"widely"and,"as"such,"they"would"be"read"by"a"significant"number"of"children."
However," as" part" of" their" study," Tepper" and" Cassidy" (1999)" had" 47" parents" record" the" type" of"
books"that"their"children,"all"of"whom"were"in"pre*school,"read"over"a"period"of"one"week."They"
found"that"no"recent"Caldecott"Award*winning"books"were"on"the"list"(Tepper"&"Cassidy,"1999)."
As"such,"recognition"does"not"necessarily"mean"that"a"book"will"be"read"by"a"wide"number"of"
children."Perhaps"the"greatest"limitation"of"this"study"was"that"there"was"only"one"person"(i.e."
Griffith'Working'Papers'in'Pragmatics'and'Intercultural'Communication'6"(2013),"1*19
Kenny'Fong:'Socialization'into'gender'roles'
13"
the"researcher)"who"coded"all"the"emotional"words"associated"with"male"and"female"characters"
in"each"of"the"30"books."It"was"therefore"not"possible"to"determine"any"inter*rater"reliability.""
"
6.#Conclusion#
As" mentioned" at" the" beginning" of" this" paper," the" way" males" and" females" are" portrayed" in"
children’s" books" can" have" an" influence" on" a" child’s" development," insofar" as" it" can" affect" their"
attitudes"and"beliefs"about"the"appropriate"types"of"behaviours"of"people"of"their"own"gender,"
as"well"as"people"of"the"opposite"gender"(Hamilton"et"al.,"2006;"Turner*Bowker,"1996)."For"this"
reason," the" presence" of" gender" stereotypes" in" children’s" books" has" attracted" the" attention" of"
various"researchers"(Hamilton"et"al.,"2006)."Most"studies"have"explored"the"possibility"of"gender"
stereotyping" by" comparing" the" number" of" male" characters" to" female" characters," the" type" of"
activities"that"male"and"female"characters"are"seen"to"be"engaged"in"and"the"roles"in"which"they"
are" depicted" (Turner*Bowker," 1996)." This" paper" investigated" one" potential" area" of" gender"
stereotyping"that"has"largely"been"glossed"over"in"the"literature,"namely"the"emotional"language"
associated"with"male"and"female"characters"in"children’s"books."The"study"ultimately"found"that,"
overall,"the"30"books"sampled"did"not"perpetuate"the"gender"stereotypes"on"the"emotionality"of"
men"and"women.""
*Author#Notes:#
Kenny" Fong" was" born" in" Macau," but" spent" much" of" his" formative" years" in" Australia." He" is" currently"
studying" for" the" Bachelor" of" Arts" in" Languages" and" Applied" Linguistics." He" hopes" to" enrich" himself"
further"by"working"overseas"sometime"in"the"future.""
Contact"e*mail:"[email protected]"
"
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Griffith'Working'Papers'in'Pragmatics'and'Intercultural'Communication'6"(2013),"1*19
Kenny'Fong:'Socialization'into'gender'roles'
14"
References#
#
Bradley,"Denise,"and"Mortimer,"Mary."1972."Sex"role"stereotyping"in"children_s"picture"books."Refractory'
Girl"1:8*14."
"
Clark,"Roger,"Kulkin,"Heidi,"and"Clancy,"Liam."1999.The"liberal"bias"in"feminist"social"science"research"on"
children_s"books."In"Girls,'Boys,'Books,'Toys:'Gender'in'ChildrenCs'Literature'and'Culture,"ed."B.L"
Clark"and"M.R."Higonnet,"71*82."Baltimore:"John"Hopkins"University"Press."
"
Gooden,"Angela,"and"Gooden,"Mark."2001.""Gender"representation"in"notable"children_s"picture"books"
(1995*1999).""Sex'Roles"45(1*2):89*101."
"
Hamilton,"Mykol"C.,"Anderson,"David,"Broaddus,"Michelle,"and"Young,"Kate."2006."Gender"stereotyping"
and"under*representation"of"female"characters"in"200"popular"children’s"picture"books:"A"twenty*
first"century"update."Sex'Roles'55(11):'757–765"
"
Healy,"Patricia,"and"Ryan,"Penny."1975.The'Female'Image'J'Sexism'in'ChildrenCs'Books."Kensington:"
University"of"New"South"Wales."
"
Izard,"Carroll"E."1991.The'Psychology'of'Emotions."New"York:"Plenum"Press.""
"
Kok,"Jodi"L.Y.,"and"Findlay,"Bruce."2006."An"exploration"of"sex*role"stereotyping"in"australian"award*
winning"children_s"picture"books."Australian'Library'Journal"55(3)":248*261."
"
Oskamp,"Stuart,"Kaufman,"Karen,"and"Wolterbeek,"Lianna,."1996."Gender"role"portrayals"in"preschool"
picture"books.""Journal'of'Social'Behaviour'and'Personality"11(5):"27*39."
"
Plant,"E."Ashby,"Hyde,"Janet"S.,"Keltner,"Dacher,"and"Devine,"Patricia"G."2000."The"gender"stereotyping"of"
emotions."Psychology'of'Women'Quarterly"24(1):"81*92"."
"
Reeder,"Stephanie"O."1981."Sex*role"stereotyping"in"Australian"children_s"book"of"the"year"award"winners"
1950*1980."Reading'Time,"81:10*16."
"
Tepper,"Clary"A,"and"Cassidy,"Kimberly"W."1999."Gender"differences"in"emotional"language"in"children_s"
picture"books."Sex'Roles"40(3*4)"265*280."
"
Turner*Bowker,"Diane"M."1996."Gender"stereotyped"descriptors"in"children_s"picture"books:"Does"
jCurious"Janej"exist"in"the"literature."Sex'Roles"35(7*8):461*488."
"
Weitzman,"Lenore"J,"Eifler,"Deborah,"Hokada,"Elizabeth,"and"Ross,"Catherine."1972."Sex*role"socialization"
in"picture"books"for"preschool"children."American'Journal'of'Sociology"77(6):1125*1150."
Griffith'Working'Papers'in'Pragmatics'and'Intercultural'Communication'6"(2013),"1*19
Kenny Fong: Socialization into gender roles
Appendix((
Appendix(1:(Emotional(words(associated(with(male(characters(in(short6listed(Australian(children8s(books((200962013)(Part(1:(
Emotional)Category)
(1)$How$to$
Heal$a$Broken$
Wing$
(2)$
Leaf$
(3)
Special
Kev
(4))
Applesauce)
and)the)
Christmas)
Miracle)
(5))
Tom)
Tom)
(6))
Puffling)
(7))The)
Wrong)
Book)
(8)) (9))The)
Kip)) Terrible)
Plop)
(10))
Clancy)&)
Millie)
and)the)
Very)
Fine)
House)
(11))
Bear)&)
Chook)
by)the)
Sea)
(12))
Fearless)
(13))The)
Tall)and)
the)
Twelve)
Babies)
(14))
The)
Deep)
End)
(15))
Noni)
the)
Pony)
Interest/Excitement)
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
6$
0$
0$
Enjoyment/joy)
0$
0$
0$
3$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
13$
1$
0$
Surprise/astonishment)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
2$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Sadness)
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
2$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Anger)
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
7$
2$
2$
0$
0$
0$
6$
0$
0$
Disgust/contempt)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Fear/anxiety)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
3$
0$
13$
5$
0$
3$
1$
Shyness)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Shame)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Guilt/conscience/morality)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Like/love)
0$
0$
0$
0$
2$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
4$
0$
1$
0$
)Total)number)of)
emotional)words))(all)
emotional)categories))
Total)number)of)male)
characters)associated)
with)an)emotional)word))
Total)number)of)male)
characters)(featured)in)
the)text,)who)were))not)
associated)with)an)
emotional)word)
0$
0$
3$
3$
2$
3$
8$
2$
6$
0$
17$
10$
25$
5$
1$
0$
0$
2$
2$
1$
1$
1$
2$
2$
0$
2$
2$
7$
4$
1$
1$
0$
3$
2$
3$
1$
2$
2$
0$
2$
0$
1$
0$
1$
0$
Total)number)of)all)male)
characters)in)the)book))
(Associated)and)not)
associated)with)an)
emotional)word))
1$
0$
5$
4$
4$
2$
3$
4$
2$
2$
2$
3$
7$
5$
1$
Griffith'Working'Papers'in'Pragmatics'and'Intercultural'Communication'6"(2013),"1*19
16"
Kenny'Fong:'Socialization'into'gender'roles'
Emotional(words(associated(with(male(characters(in(short6listed(Australian(children8s(books((200962013)(Part(2:(
Emotional)Category)
(16))It's)
Bedtim
e)
William)
)
(17)Lo
ok)
See,)
Look)
at)Me!))
(18))
Maudie)
and)
Bear)
(19))The)
Runaway)
Hug)
(20))
Come)
Down,)
Cat!)
(21))
That’s)
Not)a)
Daffodil))
Interest/Excitement)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Enjoyment/joy)
1$
1$
2$
0$
0$
4$
Surprise/)
astonishment)
Sadness)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Anger)
0$
0$
0$
0$
Disgust/contempt)
0$
0$
0$
Fear/anxiety)
0$
0$
Shyness)
0$
Shame)
Guilt/conscience/)
morality)
(22))
The)
Last)
Viking)
(23))No)
Bears)
(24))
Rudie)
Nudie)
(25))The)
Terrible)
Suitcase)
(28))Too)
Many)
Elephant
s)inThis)
House)
(29))
It's)a)
Miroo
cool)
(30))
Peggy)
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
2$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
9$
0$
0$
0$
0$
30$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
4$
1$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
7$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
19$
4$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
5$
0$
0$
1$
0$
5$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
31$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
1$
Like/love)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
2$
1$
0$
0$
11$
)Total)number)of)
emotional)words))(all)
emotional)
categories))
Total)number)of)
male)characters)
associated)with)an)
emotional)word))
Total)number)of)
male)characters)
(featured)in)the)text,)
who)were))not)
associated)with)an)
emotional)word)
Total)number)of)all)
male)characters)in)
the)book)(Associated)
and)not)associated)
with)an)emotional)
word))
1$
1$
3$
4$
2$
4$
11$
0$
1$
0$
0$
5$
1$
0$
0$
118$
1$
1$
1$
2$
1$
1$
5$
0$
1$
0$
0$
1$
1$
0$
0$
42$
2$
0$
1$
1$
0$
2$
1$
2$
0$
4$
1$
0$
0$
2$
0$
34$
3$
1$
2$
3$
1$
3$
6$
2$
1$
4$
1$
1$
1$
2$
0$
76$
Griffith'Working'Papers'in'Pragmatics'and'Intercultural'Communication'6"(2013),"1*19
(26)W
ith)
Nan)
(27))The)
Pros)&)
Cons)of)
Being)a)
Frog)
Grand)
Total)
17"
Kenny'Fong:'Socialization'into'gender'roles'
Appendix(2:(Emotional(words(associated(with(female(characters(in(short6listed(Australian(children8s(books((200962013)(Part(1:(
Emotional)Category)
(1))How)
to)Heal)
a)
Broken)
Wing)
(2))
Leaf)
(3))
Special)
Kev)
(4))
Applesauce)
and)the)
Christmas)
Miracle)
(5))
Tom)
Tom)
(6))
Puffling)
(7))The)
Wrong)
Book)
(8))
Kip))
(9))The)
Terrible)
Plop)
(10))
Clancy)&)
Millie)
and)the)
Very)
Fine)
House)
(11))
Bear)&)
Chook)
by)the)
Sea)
(12))
Fearless)
(13))The)
Tall)and)
the)
Twelve)
Babies)
(14))
The)
Deep)
End)
(15))
Noni)
the)
Pony)
Interest/Excitement)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
6$
0$
0$
Enjoyment/joy)
0$
0$
0$
3$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
12$
3$
1$
Surprise/astonishment)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Sadness)
0$
0$
2$
3$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Anger)
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
6$
1$
0$
Disgust/contempt)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Fear/anxiety)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
10$
3$
Shyness)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Shame)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Guilt/conscience/morality)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Like/love)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
1$
0$
1$
1$
)Total)number)of)emotional)
words))(all)emotional)
categories))
Total)number)of)female)
characters)associated)with)an)
emotional)word))
Total)number)of)female)
characters)not)associated)with)
an)emotional)word)
Total)number)of)all)female)
characters)in)the)book)
(Associated)and)not)associated)
with)an)emotional)word))
0$
0$
3$
6$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
1$
0$
1$
24$
15$
5$
0$
0$
2$
3$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
1$
0$
1$
6$
3$
2$
0$
0$
1$
4$
4$
1$
1$
4$
0$
1$
0$
2$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
3$
7$
4$
1$
1$
5$
0$
2$
0$
3$
6$
4$
2$
Griffith'Working'Papers'in'Pragmatics'and'Intercultural'Communication'6"(2013),"1*19
18"
Kenny'Fong:'Socialization'into'gender'roles'
Emotional(words(associated(with(female(characters(in(short6listed(Australian(children8s(books((200962013)(Part(2:(
Emotional)Category)
)
(17)
Look)
See,)
Look)
at)
Me!)
(18))
Maudie)
and)Bear)
(19))The)
Runaway)
Hug)
(20))
Come)
Down,)
Cat!)
(21))
That’s)
Not)a)
Daffodil))
(22))The)
Last)
Viking)
(23))No)
Bears)
Interest/Excitement)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Enjoyment/joy)
0$
0$
2$
0$
0$
0$
Surprise/astonishment)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Sadness)
0$
2$
2$
0$
Anger)
0$
0$
0$
Disgust/contempt)
0$
1$
Fear/anxiety)
0$
Shyness)
(24))
Rudie)
Nudie)
(25))The)
Terrible)
Suitcase)
(26)With)
Nan)
(27))
The)
Pros)&)
Cons)of)
Being)a)
Frog)
(28))Too)
Many)
Elephan
ts)in)
This)
House)
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
7$
1$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
24$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
12$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
3$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
11$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
3$
1$
0$
2$
0$
0$
2$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
20$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Shame)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
Guilt/conscience/moral
ity)
Like/love)
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
0$
1$
0$
0$
0$
6$
)Total)number)of)
emotional)words))(all)
emotional)categories))
Total)number)of)female)
characters)associated)
with)an)emotional)
word))
Total)number)of)female)
characters)not)
associated)with)an)
emotional)word)
Total)number)of)all)
female)characters)in)
the)book)(Associated)
and)not)associated)with)
an)emotional)word))
0$
4$
5$
2$
0$
2$
3$
1$
6$
0$
1$
0$
2$
1$
83$
0$
1$
3$
1$
0$
1$
2$
1$
2$
0$
1$
0$
1$
1$
33$
0$
1$
1$
0$
1$
2$
2$
0$
4$
1$
0$
1$
1$
0$
34$
0$
2$
4$
1$
1$
2$
4$
1$
6$
1$
1$
1$
2$
1$
65$
Griffith'Working'Papers'in'Pragmatics'and'Intercultural'Communication'6"(2013),"1*19
(29))
It's)a)
Miroo
cool)
(30))
Peggy)
Grand)
Total)
Kenny Fong: Socialization into gender roles
Appendix(3:(List(of(the(30(books(sampled(
The"Australian"Children’s"Book"Council"of"Australia"(CBCA)"*"Book"of"the"Year"(Early"
Childhood)"Short"List"(2009*2013):"
Year
Author(s)
Book Title
2009
Graham, Bob
King, Stephen Michael
McKimmie, Chris
Millard, Glenda
How to Heal a Broken Wing
Leaf
Special Kev
Applesauce and the Christmas
Miracle
Tom Tom
Puffling
Sullivan, Rosemary
Wild, Margaret
2010
Bland, Nick
Booth, Christina
Dubosarsky, Ursula
Gleeson, Libby
Shanahan, Lisa
Thompson, Colin
The Wrong Book
Kip
The Terrible Plop
Clancy & Millie and he Very
Fine House
Bear & Chook by the Sea
Fearless
2011
Champion, Tom Niland &
Niland, Kilmeny
Dubosarsky, Ursula
Lester, Alison
Niland, Deborah
Norrington, Leonie
Ormerod, Jan
The Tall Man and the Twelve
Babies
The Deep End
Noni the Pony
It’s Bedtime, William!
Look See, Look at Me!
Maudie and Bear
2012
Bland, Nick
Hartnett, Sonya
Honey, Elizabeth
Jorgensen, Norman
McKinlay, Meg
Quay, Emma
The Runaway Hug
Come Down, Cat!
That’s Not a Daffodil
The Last Viking
No Bears
Rudie Nudie
2013
Allen, Emma
Cox, Tania
DeGennaro, Sue
Dubosarsky, Ursula
The Terrible Suitcase
With Nan
The Pros & Cons of Being a Frog
Too Many Elephants in This
House
It’s a Miroocool!
Peggy
Harris, Christine
Walker, Anna
More"information"concerning"these"books"can"be"found"via"the"Children’s"Book"Council"of"
Australia’s"website:"http://cbca.org.au/awardshistory.htm"
Griffith'Working'Papers'in'Pragmatics'and'Intercultural'Communication'6"(2013),"1*19