QUARTERLY CHRONICLE OF MICROSCOPICAL
SCIENCE.
Kolliker's and Siebold's Zeitschrift for Wissench. Zoologie.
Part II, 1868.
1. "A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Ttenite," by
Johannes Feuereisen, of Dorpal. One plate, forty-five pages.
2. "Anatomy of the Bed-bug {Cimeas lectularius, L.), by
Dr. Leonard Landois, of Greifswald.—This is a detailed
memoir of nineteen pages, illustrated by two plates, and is a
worthy successor to the author's treatises on the anatomy of
the Pediculi infesting the human species. The various glands
of the insect—salivary, Malpighian, and stink-glands—are
carefully described and figured. Dr. Landois has examined
especially the secretion of the last. He finds that it crystallizes from an ethereal solution in colourless prisms, and has
a powerfully acid reaction. Its chemical formula appears to
be CsoHjgO^ The name Cimicin acid is given to this body.
3. " On the Tunics which surround the Yelk of the Bird's
Egg," by W. von Nathusius, of Konigsborn.—This is a
memoir of forty-six pages, illustrated by five large plates, and
worthy of more detailed notice than we can now give to it.
4. " On the Genus Cynthia as a Sexual Form of the Mysidian
Genus Siriella" by Prof. Dr. C. Claus. Four pages, one plate.
5. " On the Snake-like Amphibians {Cacilid); a Contribution to the Anatomical Knowledge of the Amphibia," by Prof.
Leydig, of Tubingen. Eighteen pages, two plates.
6. " On Deposits of Tyrosin on Animal Organs," by Carl.
Voit.—This notice, as explanatory of an appearance not unfrequently met with in ill-preserved preparations of animal
tissues, is of some interest, amongst others, to the microscopist.
Some years since specimens of fish which had been kept
in weak spirit were sent to Herr Voit to determine the nature
of a peculiar deposit upon the surface of the scales, which
was so copious as entirely to destroy the value of the specimens.
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269
The deposit in question was composed of a multitude of
snow-white globular masses about the size of a pin's head.
When viewed under the microscope, the globules were seen
to be formed of groups of minute radially disposed needles.
They could be easily detached from the scales, and consequently afforded a tolerably pure material for chemical examination. They were very difficultly soluble in cold water,
insoluble in alcohol and ether, whilst they were readily dissolved in cold hydrochloric acid and alkalies. From the
ammoniacal solution, by evaporation, the characteristic
acicular bundles of tyrosin were readily procurable. Decomposed by concentrate dnitric acid, they afforded a yellowsolution, which on evaporation left a yellow-brown residuum, which when moistened with a solution of caustic
soda gave a deep reddish-yellow colour, which became
brown on evaporation, and finally black (Scherer's test).
From these and other indications no doubt could be entertained that the crystalline material was tyrosin, and further
investigation only confirmed this conclusion, and proved the
distinction of the deposit in question from xanthoglobulin and
leucin.
Leucin and tyrosin, as is well known, occur in many animal
organs, even when quite freshly prepared, and the demonstration by Kiihne, that albuminous matters can be transformed into these products by the action of the alkaline
pancreatic juice, is extremely interesting. Stadeler and
Frerichs have shown their presence also in the lower animals,
and especially in the Crustacea, Arachnida, and Insects. But
with respect to fish, they were unable to procure leucin and
tyrosin from the Ray and from several organs of the Dogfish,
although a small quantity of leucin was procurable from the
spleen and pancreas, and some tyrosin from the spleen of the
latter
It is consequently impossible to assign the
deposit of tyrosin in the preparations above referred to to
any pre-existing in the fish.
From many considerations it is obvious that in these and
in numerous other cases cited the tyrosin is the product of
decomposition of the albuminous substances, although it
would seem that putrefaction, or an approach to it, is unnecessary to produce the effect, as the author cites an instance
of some smoked ham in which the intermuscular substance
was studded with innumerable white points, standing in
strong contrast with the red flesh, and which had been
regarded by the dealer as encysted Trichinae, but on examination by the author proved to be nothing more than minute
deposits of tyrosin.
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In this case it was indeterminable whether the deposit had
being formed during life, or whether it was the product of
incipient putrefaction before the smoking. But this seemed
to be unlikely, as the ham appeared quite fresh, and tasted
and smelt quite sweet. The author is convinced that similar
deposits of tyrosin will often be met with, and it seems
useful to bear the likelihood of such an occurrence in mind
•when the microscope may be called upon to determine the
nature of doubtful appearances in ham or pork.
Max Schultze's Arctav—Part III has not yet been received
in this country.
Bibliotheque Universelle. June.—" On the Contractile Tissue
of Sponges," by N. Lieberkiihn.—In a recent supplement to
his numerous investigations of Sponges, Lieberkiihn has paid
special attention to the ciliated embryos of the Spongilise.
The ova present a perfectly regular segmentation. They are
situated, like the embryos, in lacunae of the parenchyma of
the body. It is there also that the spermatic cells are found.
To observe the embryos, Lieberkiihn divides the Spongilla
into thin sections, which he leaves to soak in water for a day.
The embryos, up to the moment when they commence their
independent life, remain in the envelope formed by the contractile tissue of the sponge, in which they turn about by
means of their ciliary coat. During this period the cavity of
the body, which is filled with liquid, is formed. A portion
of the spheres of segmentation which have not undergone
much modification are crowded together in the posterior part
of the body, where they form an opaque mass. The cilia of
the embryo are very long, and implanted upon still amorphous
sarcode, and not upon true cells. The mass of the embryo
properly so called, however, is formed by contractile and
nucleated cells, a portion of which enclose siliceous spicules
in their interior. This tissue is identical with the contractile
parenchyma of the sponge itself.
July.—" On Inflammation and Suppuration," by J. Cohnheim.—The labours of Herr Virchow on connective tissue
have inaugurated a new era in histology, in which all authors
are agreed in attributing to the stellate corpuscles of this
tissue an extreme importance.* Perhaps this importance
may have been exaggerated; at any rate, a reaction against
the ideas of the school of M. Virchow is beginning to make
itself felt. The corpuscles of the pus, on the origin of which
anatomists have so much disserted, are considered generally
at present, with Herr Virchow, as resulting from the ab* See Translation of Franz Boll's paper on the Lachrymal Glands in this
number of the Journal.
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271
normal multiplication of the stellate cells of connective
tissue. The labours of Herr Cohnheim have, however, conducted him to a very different result. He has assured himself that the colourless corpuscles of the blood, the amceboid
movements of which are well known, possess the property of
passing through the wall of the capillaries •without tearing
them. They appear to make themselves a way by the dilatation of " stomata" in the vascular epithelium, or perhaps
even they may actively pierce the wall. It is, therefore,
right to consider whether there may not exist between the
colourless corpuscles of the blood and the corpuscles of pus
something more than a simple resemblance of form, and
whether they are not actually identical one with another.
M. Cohnheim gives his adhesion to the affirmative, and he
tests his theory by an ingenious experiment. He impregnates with a coloured substance the amoeboid corpuscles of a
lymphatic sac in a frog, whose cornea he has previously put
into an inflammatory condition by a lesion; then he searches
with the microscope, among the globules of the pus of the
cornea, for the cells impregnated with the colouring matter.
As a matter of fact he finds them there, which appears singularly favorable to his view of the matter. The globules of
pus would then be lymphatic corpuscles extravasated from
the capillaries, although one cannot affirm that these corpuscles are not capable of multiplying themselves outside of
the circulatory system.
Comptes Rendus. May.—" The Tactile Corpuscles."—M.
Rouget believes he has demonstrated the actual structure of
these bodies, which have so often baffled anatomists. He
prepares the tissues by soaking them for some time in acidulated water. He then acts on the specimens with strong
nitric acid; this, he says, stains the nerve-fibres, and not the
adjacent structures. Preparations made in this way lead him
to believe that the nerve-fibres are not simply coiled round
the cone-like corpuscle, but absolutely enter its substance,
and penetrate it.
We shall shortly notice M. Rouget's observations more
fully, since he has recently published them, illustrated by
two plates, in the ' Archives de Physiologie,' a publication
which we are glad to see has just made its appearance under
the distinguished direction of MM. Brown-Sequard, Charcot,
and Vulpian.
"Development of Bacteria."—1V1. Bechamp,inanote,which
was read to the Academic on May 4, entered into a long
account of the developmental relations of Bacteria and Microzymata. Indeed he considered the latter to be the first stage
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of the former. The Microzymata are normally simply minute
spherical bodies. In this state they exist normally in the
human body. But when the tissues are exposed to the air
they grow into chains and become Bacteria. MM. Bechamp
and Estor seem to think it a proof of these Bacteria being
normal constituents of the body, that they are found in the
liver. But after all, what is to prevent any'organic germs
from reaching the inmost centre of the liver, through the
mouth, stomach, and gall-duct ?
July.—" On the Existence of Capillary Arterial Vessels in
Insects. By Jules Kiinckel.*—Zoologists supposed that the
circulation of the blood in insects was limited to certain currents detected by Carus in transparent larvae, when in 1847
M. Blanchard proved that the tracheae of these animals fulfilled the function of arteries, by conveying, in a peripheral
space, the nutritive fluids to all the organs. He ascertained,
by means of delicate injections, the existence of a free space
between the two membranes composing the trachese: the
injected fluid expelled the blood and replaced it.
After having verified and confirmed M. Blanchard's discovery, M. Agassiz insisted upon the evidence of the demonstration. Seeking afterwards to complete this discovery, he
paid particular attention to the termination of the trachese.
In a memoir published in 1849,f this naturalist distinguished
the ordinary trachete terminating in little ampullae, and the
trachese terminated by little tubes destitute of a spiral filament, which he named the capillaries of the tracheae. M.
Agassiz expresses himself as follows :—" In the grasshoppers
which I injected by the dorsal vessel I found in the legs the
muscles elegantly covered with dendritic tufts of these vessels (the capillaries of the tracheae) all injected with coloured
matter; and in a portion of a muscle of the leg of an Acridium fiavovittatum, submitted to a high magnifying power, I
observed the distribution of these little vessels, which has a
striking resemblance to the distribution of the blood-vessels
in the bodies of the higher animals."
Nearly twenty years have passed since the period when
M. Agassiz announced these facts, which appear to have been
but little understood; for the authors who have written on
the anatomy and physiology of insects have not even mentioned them.
The direct observation of the phenomenon of circulation
was wanting; no one had succeeded in detecting the move* Translated in the ' Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,' Sept., 186S.
•j- ' Proo. American Association,' 181-9, pp. 140—143; translated in
'Ann. des Sci. Nat.,' '6' ser., xv, pp. 358—362.
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273
ment of the blood either in the peritracheal space or in tlie
capillaries; and M. Milne-Edwards indicated as a fact to be
regretted that " the existence of currents in the tubiforin
lacunae had not yet been ascertained." Having been led, by
general researches upon the organization of the Diptera, to
study the apparatus of circulation and respiration, I .have
frequently examined the tracheae. 1 always saw, without
difficulty, the globules between the two coats; but, the
animals being dead, the blood was motionless. In pursuing
my investigations of the distribution of the tracheae in the
muscles, I was too much struck by the character of this distribution not to dwell upon it. Having succeeded in removing a muscular bundle from a living Eristalis, without tearing
it, and brought it quickly into the focus of a powerful microscope, I had the surprise of seeing the blood imprisoned
between the two membranes of the tracheae running in this
peritracbeal space, and penetrating into the finest arterioles.
I observed the course of the blood-globules with the same
facility as in the capillaries of the mesentery or the membrane
uniting the digits of a frog. I was, therefore, fortunate
enough to see the circulation of the blood in the capillaries
of insects.
I have been able to convince myself of the existence of a
system of arterial capillaries in all insects : the most delicate
arterioles creep, not only through the muscles, but also over
the other organs. In general the blood thus observed by
transmitted light presents a rosy tint very favorable for
observation. When the blood abandons the trachea and its
arterioles, which I have frequently seen, they lose their
coloration. The trachea, recognisable by its spiral filament,
may always be perceived; but it is very difficult to distinguish the arterioles, so delicate and transparent are their
walls.
The difficulties of the experiment are great. The insect
must be quickly opened, a muscular bundle must be taken
from the living animal, and this bundle conveyed under the
microscope; and then, under favorable conditions, the blood
is seen flowing rapidly through the arterioles. For these
investigations a considerable magnifying power is necessary.
I have been singularly aided by the very perfect immersionobjectives which M. Nachet was kind enough to place at my
disposal.
It is necessary to give a precise explanation of the structure
of the arterioles and their mode of distribution.
The tracheae, as is well known, are composed of two
coats: the inner coat forms the envelope of 'he aeriferous
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canal; the outer coat, or peritracheal membrane (peritoneal
membrane of the Germans), surrounds the former envelope, leaving an interval, the peritracheal space. But at the
point where the tracheae penetrate between the muscular
fibres, the inner coat disappears, and the aeriferous canal
terminates cacally, whilst the outer coat or peritracheal
membrane becomes the wall of the blood-vessels or arterial
capillaries. It is not only the spiroid thickening of the
inner coat, or spiral filament, that disappears, it is the inner
coat itself that stops and suddenly closes the aeriferous canal.
In this way we see, starting from a more or less voluminous
tracheal stem, very delicate blood-vessels, in larger or smaller
number, which divide and stibdivide regularly to their
extremities.
The blood retained in the peritracheal space remains
throughout its course in contact with oxygen; it reaches the
capillaries perfectly vivified, and is a true arterial blood.
The capillaries are not in communication with venous capillaries ; the blood diffuses itself through the tissues, nourishes
them, and falls into the lacunae ; the lacunar currents convey
it again to the dorsal vessel.
Thus, to sum up, the trachete of insects, which are aeriferous tubes in their central portion and blood-vessels in their
peripheral part, become at their extremities true arterial
capillaries.
August.—" Note on the Microzymata contained in Animal
Cells," by M. A. Estor.—The author makes additional remarks as to the evolution of Microzymata, or molecular granulations, normally in cells of animals. These Microzymata, in
the conditions specified, group themselves two and two, or in
still larger numbers ; then elongate slowly, at length in such
a manner as to represent true Bacteria. These facts are the
results obtained from a great number of experiments made
on different animals. The following observation shows that
the same transformations may take place in man. A cystic
growth, cut out three days before, and filled with a halfliquid, greenish matter, was submitted to a microscopic
examination. Microzymata at all periods of development
were observed: isolated granulations, others associated, others
a little elongated, and lastly true Bacteria.
Robin's Journal de l'Anat. et de la Physiol —" Micrographic
Society of Paris."—The reports given in ' Robin's Journal'
of the meetings of this Society are very interesting, and show
that a great deal of real work is being done by its members.
M. Balbiaui drew attention, at the February meeting, to
the tubular prolongations of the nucleolus in certain cells,
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275
which, he said, Lubbock had noticed in the ova of Myriapods, though he had not regarded them as tubes. As to the
question of the movements of cells, they are of two sorts—
amoeboid or movements of reptation, and movements of contraction. These last may be observed in the ovules of Myriapods and of Arachnida. Thus, in the ovule of Phalangium,
the central globule possesses several vacuoles, called generally nucleoli by the German authors. The greater part regard them as solid bodies, but La Valette St. George considers them as vacuoles. If one examines one of these ovules
without the addition of any liquid, on a preparation closed
with wax, one sees one of these vacuoles enlarge. It
becomes sufficiently voluminous to be excentric relatively to
the nucleus, and to make the surface bulge. It bursts
then, and is replaced by a depression, and finally disappears.
Several of these vacuoles enlarge and burst successively in
the same way, which can be confirmed by looking for two
hours at the same preparation. This is very different to
movements of reptation. A German botanist, Dr. Cohn, has
seen similar vacuoles. M. Mecznikow has observed them in
the cells of the salivary glands of insects. It is vacuoles
similar to these which communicate with the tubes which M.
Balbiani described in various cells.
M. Balbiani has discovered what he considers to be Psorosperms in the Myriapod Geopbyllus. This is interesting, as
widening the area of habitat of these parasitic growths. M.
Balbiani considers the fungoid growths whichoccurin the Silkworm disease to be Psorosperms. If these bodies, which are
clearly vegetable, be identified with the Psorosperms of Fish,
then must we be very careful to draw a sharp line between Psorosperms and Pseudonavicells—the bodies which result from
the breaking up of the Gregarinse; for it requires very much
more proof than we at present possess to admit the Gregarinae into the group of half-plants half-animals which has
been brought to light by Cienkowski's observations on
Monad-forms, and De BaryJs on Myxogastres. At present
the Gregarinse are known almost solely in the active animal
form.
At the May meeting M. Lionville described corpuscles
from serosities of blisters and burns, which are active, and
capable of developing movements. They are minute vesicles,
with a black central point; others appear as irregular corpuscles. M. Lionville has also detected vibriones in urine
taken fresh from its passage. M. Vulpian remarked that
the observations of these motile corpuscles in serosities
tended very much to lessen the significance of Hallier's
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recent observations.* M. Balbiani stated that the epidermic
cells of the skin often contain Bacteria, and may thus be the
means of introducing them into blisters, pustules, &c.
Miscellaneous.—"Action of the Poison of Snakes on the
Blood."—Dr. Halford, of Melbourne, some time since drew
attention in this Journal to the remarkable abundance of
white corpuscles in the blood of animals killed by snakebites. Dr. Joseph Jones, of New York, relates some careful
experiments on the action of the poison of the American
copperhead snake in the ' Medical Record.3 Of several cases
observed the following appears to have been the most fully
studied. The dog lived six days, and directly after being
bitten alteration of the red blood-corpuscles was noticed
about the wound. A post-mortem examination was made
thirty hours after death.
The fore-leg which had been struck by the "copperhead was
infiltrated by the bloody serum ; all the fibrous tissues of the
leg and thigh beneath the skin, up to the abdomen and
beyond, were greatly infiltrated with dark purplish-black
serum. Under the microscope this presented numerous oilglobules and altered blood-corpuscles, with ragged star-like
edges; long acicular crystals were also seen floating amongst
the altered blood-corpuscles. The blood, from the swollen
infiltrated cellular structures of the head and nose, where
the snake inflicted the severest bite, presented a peculiar
appearance; thousands of small acicular crystals were mingled with the altered blood-corpuscles, and as the bloody
serum and effused blood dried, the blood-corpuscles seemed
to be transformed into crystalline masses, shooting out into
crystals of hamatin in all directions. The blood-vessels of
the brain were filled with gelatinous coagulable blood, which,
presented altered blood-corpuscles and acicular crystals.
The muscular system everywhere presented a dark purplish colour. The heart was filled with coagulated nlack
blood. When spread upon a glass slide, the blood-corpuscles almost immediately commenced to assume a crystalline
form. Blood-vessels of brain filled with dark blood ; membranes and structures of brain presented a normal appearance ; there were no lesions of the brain recognisable to the
eye. The exterior fibrous sheath of the spinal cord presented
a red appearance, as if the colouring matters of the blood
had been effused; structure of spinal cord natural; vertebral
arteries filled with coagulated blood.
From this and other cases in which the blood was examined of the living animal, Dr. Jones concludes that the
* Vide Rev. M. J. Berkeley's Address in this number of the Journal.
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special toxic effect of the poison of the snake is due to its
destructive effects on the red blood-corpuscle.
Mr. Frank Bucldand also, in a recent note on this subject,
arrives at a similar conclusion. He says that the poison
seems to " curdle" the blood.
" The Microscopical Illumination of Diatoms."—A paper
read before the Society Philomathique, of Paris, on April
18th, on the above subject, contains one or two points of interest. The author, M. Freminau, makes the following
remarks:—"The ordinary method of examining the Diatomacese consists in illuminating the object by means of
oblique light, so arranged that the reflected bundle strikes it
at an angle of 45°. This method he considers most unsatisfactory. Here, then, are three other ways of illuminating,
say Navicula. The first consists in passing solar light
directly through the object, and protecting the retina by a
blackened glass placed over the objective. This mode, he
says, gives the stride very well. The second consists in employing the solar spectrum, reflecting from the mirror the
light between orange-yellow and greenish-yellow. The third
consists, whatever may be the magnification, in illuminating
the Navicula directly, as opaque objects are illuminated, but
by a somewhat different process. We place, says the author,
an equilateral prism on the level of the stage, and then we
direct a bundle of rays—either white or spectral—between
the preparation and the object, and we see the strise black
upon a coloured ground. These processes do not require
great experience for their satisfactory employment, but may
readily be adopted by the amateur. These methods, says the
author, have given me valuable assistance in the examination
of Diatomaceee, and they are equally applicable to other substances. He suggests the following substitute for solar
light:—A hemispherical condenser is placed in front of a
conical reflector, and a lamp is set between the two. This
lamp should be a magnesium lamp, or a lamp in the centre
of whose flame a cylinder of solid magnesia has been placed.
British Association.—1. " On the Homologies and Notation
of the Teeth of Mammalia," by W. H. FLOWER, F.R.S. The
author stated that he proposed to bring before the meeting
an endeavour to ascertain how much of the generally adopted
system of classification of the homologies and notation of
the teeth of the mammalia, a system mainly owing to the
researches of Professor Owen (whose labours in this department of anatomy he gratefully acknowledged), stands the
test of renewed investigations, how much seems doubtful and
requires further examination before, it can be received into
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the common stock of scientific knowledge, or how much (if
any) is at actual variance with well ascertained facts. One of
the most important of the generalisations alluded to is the
division of the class mammalia in regard to the times of
formation and the succession of their teeth, into two groups;
the Monophyodonts, or those that generate a single set of
teeth, and the Diphyodonts, or thos^hat generate two sets
of teeth; the Monophyodonts including the orders Monotremata, Edentata, and Cetacea, all the rest of the class being
Diphyodonts. The teeth of the former group are more simple
and uniform in character, not distinctly divisible into sets to
which the terms incisor, canine, premolar, and molar, have been
applied, and follow no numerical law. The group is, in fact,
equivalent to that which the term Homodont has been applied
by some authors. On the other hand, in the Mammalian orders
with two sets of teeth, these organs are said to acquire fixed
individual characters, to receive special denominations, and
can be determined from species to species, being equivalent
to the Heterodonts. The author then showed that among
the Homodonts the nine-handed Armadillo was certainly a
Diphyodont, having two complete sets of teeth, and among
the Hetorodonts many were partially, and probably some
completely, Monophyodonts. Moreover, that almost every
intermediate condition between complete Diphyodont and
simple Monophyodont dentition existed, citing especially
the Sirenia, Elephants, Rodents, and Marsupials. He then,
by the aid of diagrams, showed particularly two modes of
transition between monophyodont and diphyodont_dentition—
one in which the number of teeth changed was reduced to a
single one on each side of each jaw, as in marsupials, and
the other in which the first set of teeth, retaining their full
number, were reduced to mere functionless rudiments, and
even disappearing before birth, as in the case of the seals,
especially the great elephant seal. These observations showed
that the terms " monophyodont" and lC diphyodont/' though
useful additions to our language as a means of indicating
briefly certain physiological conditions, have not, as applied
to the mammalian class, precisely the same significance that
their author originally attributed to them. The classification
and special homologies of the teeth of the heterodont mammals
was next discussed. Certain generalisations as to the prevailing number of each kind of teeth in different groups of
animals were sustained, but deviations were shown from some
of the rules laid down—such as that when the premolars fall
short of the typical number, the absent ones are from the
fore-part of the series. The general inference was that,
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279
although in the main the system of notation of the mammalian teeth prepared by Professor Owen was a great advance
upon any one previously advocated, we must hesitate before
adopting it as final, and complete in all its details, and need
not relax in our endeavour to discover some more certain
method of determination.
Professor Huxley gave an account of the observations
which form the the subject of his paper in this Journal.
Other papers relating to microscopical science were the
Eev. A. M. Norman's, on " A New Sponge (Oceanapia)
from the Shetlands," and on " Hyalonema boreale of LovJn."
That by Mr. Moggridge, on the " Muffa," appears in another
part of the Journal; whilst the President's (Rev. M. J.
Berkeley) Address we have also given in full, since it contains a valuable review of some recent speculations in cryptogamic botany. There was, we regret to state, a very marked
absence in the Department of Anatomy and Physiology, of
papers on histological subjects.
Medical Meeting at Oxford.—A most interesting and carefully arranged series of preparations, under nearly 120
microscopes, was exhibited by Dr. Lionel Beale at the August
meeting of the British Medical Association at Oxford. The
seriea was described in an illustrated catalogue presented to
each member, and formed, perhaps, the most complete histological exhibition ever arranged.