JECRC UNIVERSITY
SYLLABUS
FOR
M.Sc. ZOOLOGY
Semester Paper
code
I
TAXONOMY AND EVOLUTION
Zol -102
STRUCTURE
AND
INVERTEBRATES
BIOCHEMISTRY
IV
4
FUNCTION
OF
4
Zol -105
Zol -106
SEMINAR
1
Zol -201
BIOLOGY OF CHORDATES
4
Zol -202
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
4
Zol -203
GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
4
Zol -204
Zol-205
MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
PRACTICAL
Zol-206
SEMINAR
1
Zol -301
SPECIAL PAPER I/II/III
4
Zol -302
SPECIAL PAPER I/II/III
4
Zol -303
SPECIAL PAPER I/II/III
4
Zol -304
SPECIAL PAPER I/II/III
4
Zol-305
PRACTICAL
3
Zol-306
SEMINAR
1
Zol -401
ELECTIVE PAPER I
4
Zol -402
ELECTIVE PAPER II
4
Zol -403
ELECTIVE PAPER III
4
Zol -404
ELECTIVE PAPER IV
4
Zol-405
PRACTICAL
3
Zol-406
SEMINAR
1
AND
COMPUTER
4
3
AND
PROJECT TRAINING/DISSERTATION
20
4
3
OR
Zol-401
20
4
BIOSTATISTICS
APPLICATION
PRACTICAL
Zol -104
III
Credits/paper Total
credits
Zol -101
Zol -103
II
Title of the paper
20
20
20
SEMESTER-I
ZOL 101 - TAXONOMY AND EVOLUTION
Credit-4
Credit-I
15 hours
Definition and basic concepts of biosystematics and taxonomy- Importance and applications of
biosystematics in biology. Definition and understanding of various taxonomic categories.
Species concepts and species categories –subspecies and infra species. Modern trends in
taxonomy- Chemotaxonomy. Cytotaxonomy. Molecular taxonomy. Neotaxonomy. Theories of
biological classification. hierarchy of categories
Credit-II
15 hours
Taxonomic procedures; collection, preservation, curetting and process of identification. Different
kinds of systematic Publications. Taxonomic characters of different kinds. Quantitative and
Qualitative analysis of variation. Process of typification, different zoological types and their
significance. Theories of biological classification.
Taxonomic Keys: their kinds, merits and demerits. Use of taxonomic keys. International Code
of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Interpretation and application of important rules,
Zoological nomenclature and formation of scientific names of different taxa.
Credit-III
15 hours
Concepts of evolution and theories of organic evolution with an emphasis on Darwinism
Neo- Darwinism : Gene pool, Gene frequency, Hardy-Weinberg law of genetic equilibrium.
Detailed account of destabilizing forces- Natural selection, Mutation, Genetic drift, Migration,
Meiotic drive.
Variation, Mimicry
Credit-IV
15 hours
Genetics of speciation- Isolation; Isolating mechanisms- prezygotic and postzygotic isolating
mechanisms, factors affecting isolation and mechanism and role in evolution. Phylogenetic and
biological concepts of species. Patterns and mechanisms of reproductive isolation. Models of
speciation (Allopatric, sympatric, parapatric, peripatric) Co-evolution and sexual selection,
altruism, gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL (ALL LATEST EDITIONS)
 The Biology of Biodiversity, M.Kato, Springer.
 Principle of Animal Taxonomy; G.G Simpson. Oxford IBH Publishing Company.
 Elements of Taxonomy. E. Mayer.
 The diversity of life (The College Edition), E.O.Wilson. W.W.Northern & Co.
 Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy. V.C. Kapoor. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt.
LTD.
 Advancement in Invertebrate Taxonomy and Biodiversity. Rajeev Gupta. Agrobios International.
 Evolution of the vertebrates, Colbert. E.H. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York.
 Genes and Evolution. Jha A.P.John Publication, New Delhi
 Evolutinary Genetics. Smith,J.M. Oxford University Press, New York.
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Evolution. Strikberger, M.W.Jones and Barlett Publishers, Boston London
Evolution and population genetics, Rashmi Sisodia, Paragon, International Publishers.
Z-102 – STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF INVERTEBRATES
Credit-4
Credit-I
15 hours
Organization of Body: Uni and multi cellular organisms,
Body cavity: Acoelome, Pseudocoelome , Coelome ( schizo and enterocoelous )
Fate of Blastopore
(Protostome, Deuterostome) and Blastomeres (Determinate and
Indeterminate blastomeres)
Type of cleavage (Spiral and Radial)
Type of symmetry: Body planes, Asymmetry, Radial, biradial, bilateral symmetry
Segmentation: Pseudo, superficial and metameric
Locomotion:
Flagellar, ciliary movement in Protozoa and Hydrostatic movement in
coelenterate, annelid and echinodermata,
Credit-II
15 hours
Nutrition and Digestion in invertebrates and lower Metazoa. Filter Feeding in Polycheata,
Mollusca and Echinodermata.
Respiration: respiratory organs in invertebrates (Gills, book lungs and trachea). Mechanism of
respiration, respiratory pigments.
Credit-III
15 hours
Excretion: Excretory organs in invertebrates (Coelomoducts, Nephridia and Malphigian tubules,
organ of bojanus, green gland), Mechanism of excretion
Nervous System : Primitive type (Coelenterata and Echinodermata) and Advanced type
(Annelida, Arthropoda (Crustacea and insecta) and Mollusca (Cephalopoda))
Credit-IV
15 hours
Reproduction: Asexual (Paramecium, Obelia) and sexual reproduction (annelida, arthropoda
and mollusca)
Larval forms of invertebrates, Evolutionary significance of larval forms.
Organization and general characters of Minor Phyla: Entoprocta, Ctenophora, Rhyncoela,
Bryozoa, Rotifera, Phoronida
SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL (ALL LATEST EDITIONS)
 Invertebrate structure and function. Barrington, E.J.W. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. London.
 Invertebrate Zoology Barnes, RD. W.B.Saunders Co., Philadelphia
 A Biology of higher invertebrates, Russel-Hunter, WD. McMillan Co. Ltd., London
 Animal Parasitism. Cad. C.P.Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey.
 Student Text Book of Zoology. Vol.I.II and III. Sedgwick. A Central Book Depot, Allahabad.
 Text book of Zoology. Parker, T.J., Haswell. W.A.Macmillan Co., London.
 Invertebrates Richard C. Brusca , Gary J. Brusca and Nancy J. Haver
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Invertebrate Zoology Lab Manual Robert L. Wallace, Walter K. Taylor
ZOL-103 – BIOCHEMISTRY
Credit-4
Credit-I
15 hours
Bioenergetics -types of chemical bonds, pH, Acid, Base, Buffer, Concept of free energy. Laws
of thermodynamics and biological system, Enthalpy, Entropy.
Enzymes -Classification- (I.U.B. system), Specificity of enzyme action, Mechanism of enzyme
action, Enzyme kinetics - Michaelis-Menten equation, Enzyme inhibition ,Allosteric enzymes,
Iso-enzyme and ribozyme, conenzymes and cofactors, Factors influencing enzyme action.
Vitamins-Classification, structure, occurrence and functions of fat soluble vitamins,
Classification, structure, occurrence and biological functions of water soluble vitamins
Phenolics and alkaloids: structure, biological properties and functions
Credit-II
15 hours
Carbohydrates-Monosaccharides-Classification with examples, Biological roles of
monosaccharides, Disaccharides -Structure and biological roles, Polysaccharides Hompolysaccharides – Structure and biological roles, Heteropolysaccharide - Structure and
biological roles
Carbohydrate Metabolism: Glycolysis, Fate of pyruvic acid, Citric acid cycle, Electron
transport system and oxidative phosphorylation; Redox potential, Chemiosmotic hypothesis;
inhibitors of electron transport chain, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis;
regulation of glycogen synthesis and breakdown, Pentose-phosphate pathway (HMP pathway),
Regulation of metabolism.
Credit-III
15 hours
Proteins -Amino acids –Classification, Peptide bond and peptides, Structure of protein -Primary
structure, Secondary structure (α-helix –parallel & antiparallel and β pleated sheet), Tertiary
structure, Quarternary structure. Brief note on protein domains, motifs, folds and Ramachandran
plot. Biological roles of proteins.
Protein Metabolism : Transamination, Deamination, Decaboxylation, fate of ammonia
(Ornithine cycle).
Amino acid metabolism : Biosynthesis and degradation of amino acids.
Credit-IV
15 hours
Lipids -Fatty acids – structure, nomenclature. Classification and Biological roles of lipids.
Prostaglandins – Chemical nature and functions.
Lipid Metabolism: β-oxidation of fatty acids, Biosynthesis of fatty acids, Biosynthesis of
cholesterol.
In born errors of metabolism
SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL (ALL LATEST EDITIONS)
 Deb A.C. Fundamentals of Biochemistry, New Book Agency Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta.
 Nelson D.L. and Cox M.M. Lehninger Principles of biochemistry, MacMillan/Worth Publishers.
2000
 Stryer L. Biochemistry. W.H.Freeman and Co. New York, 2001
 Voet D. VoetJ.G. and Pratt C.W. Fundamentals of Biochemistry. Johan Wiley and sons Inc. New
York, 1999
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Harper's biochemistry by Murray, Granner, Mays Rodwell, McGraw Hill Publication, 2000
Biochemistry, Berry, A.K. Emkey Pub. New Delhi.
H.S. Srivastava, Element of Biochemistry, Rastogi Publications Meerut.
Jain,J.L.Fundamentals of Biochemistry ,S.Chand publishers New Delhi.
Lenhninger, A.L. (2008), Principles of Biochemistry, Vth edition, CBS publishers and
distributors, Delhi
Oser, B.L, (1965) Hawk’s Physiological Biochemistry, Mc Graw Hill Book Co.
Eric E. Conn, Paul K. Stumpf, George Bruening, Roy H. Doi, (latest ) Outlines of
Biochemistry, Vth edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, (2007).
Devlin,T.M. (2006), A Text of Biochemistry with clinical correlations, John Wiley & Sons
ZOL 104-BIOSTATISTICS AND COMPUTER APPLICATION
Credit-4
Credit-I
15 hours
Introduction : Biostatistics: Definition, Terms, Applications, Role of biostatistics in modern
research.
Data collection: Types of data: - Primary, secondary, qualitative, quantitative
Methods of data collection and classification:- Types of sampling method- Advantages and
disadvantages of census and sampling method, Classification of data, Tabulation, Methods of
classification, Class intervals- exclusive and inclusive method, Diagrammatic and graphical
presentation of data, Bar diagram – (types), Pie diagram, Histograms, Frequency polygon,
Frequency curve (types- skewness, kurtosis, ogive)
Credit-II
15 hours
Statistical Methods: Measures of central tendency and dispersal, Mean, median, mode, quartile;
Range, Mean deviation, Quartiles deviation, variance, Standard deviation, Standard error, degree
of freedom, Standard error of mean.
Probability distributions : Basic concepts and definition: Laws of probability, Probability
distribution: -Binomial, Poisson and Normal
Credit-III
15 hours
Correlation and Regression Types of correlation, Methods to measure correlation, types of
Regression analysis, differences between regression and correlation analysis.
Statistical inference : Difference between parametric and non-parametric statistics; Testing of
hypothesis, Errors, Student’s t-test, F-test, Testing goodness of Fit, Chi-square test, Chi-square
distribution and characteristics, Applications of Chi-square test. Yate’s correction. Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA) One-way classification. Two-way classification. Variance and coefficient
of variation
Credit-IV
15 hours
Computer Application : Introduction to computers: Computer application, basics, organization,
PC, mainframes and Super-computers, concept of hardware and software, concept of file, folders
and directories, Commonly used commands. Introduction in MS Office software concerning
Word processing, spread sheets and presentation software. Networking fundamentals, client,
server, LAN, WAN, Flp, TelNET, INTERNET, ICNET,WWW, HTML, e-mail, intoduction to
MEDLINE, CCOD and PUBMED for accessing biological information.
SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL (ALL LATEST EDITIONS)
 Agarwal, B.L. (1996) Basic statistics, New Age International(P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi.
 Bailey, N.T.J. (1981) Statistical methods in Biology. Hodder and Stongtton, London.
 Campell, R.C. (1978), Statistics for biologists. Blacker and Sons Publishers, Bombay.
 Gupta, C.B. and Gupta, V. (2002) Statistical methods. Ikas Publishing House, New Delhi.
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Rostogi, V. B. (2009) Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Ane’s Students Edition New Delhi.
Zar, J.H.(2003) Biostatistical Analysis - Fourth edition. Pearson Education. Delhi.
Snedecor, H. W. and Cochran, W. G. Statistical Methods. Affliated East-West Press, New Delhi.
LIST OF PRACTICALS FOR SEMESTER I
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Composition assessment of taxonomic diversity in a habitat. (grassland, arid land, wet land etc.)
Use of taxonomic keys to identify at least 6-10 orders of insects (upto order level only).
Visit river/pond/ sea for study of zooplankton.
Collection, Preservation and curation of specimens
Identification of animals (Fishes/insects/any other) up to family/ generic / species level- minimum
specimens.
Preparation of dichotomous (simple bracket) keys; minimum ten sets from the identified
specimens.
Invertebrates
Identification, classification & study of distinguishing features of representatives from various
groups.
Phylum Protozoa- Polystomella, Formanifera, Opalina, Paramecium(Fission & conjugation)
Vorticella, Euglena, Trypanosoma,Monocytsis,Plasmodium.
Phylum Porifera-Sycon L.S & T.S, Spicules, Spongin fibres, Leucosolenia, Euplectella
Phylum Cnidaria- Obelia,( polyp & Medusa), Millepora, Physalia, Pennatula, Metridium,
Madrepora, Alcyonium, Gorgonia, Aurelia.
Phylum Helminthes- Ascaris, Taenia, Planaria Phylum Annelida- Pontobdella, Aphrodite, Leech,
Polygordius, Chaetopterus, Neries, Heteroneries, Arenicola.
Phylum Arthropoda- Cyclops, Peripatus, Balanus, Lepas, Hippa, Belostoma, Limulus, Eupagurus,
Julus, Scolopendra, Praying mantis.
Phylum Mollusca- Murex, Bulla, Cardium, Arca, Turritella, Pinctada, Cypraea, Octopus,
Nautilus.
Phylum Echinodermata- Echinus, Holothuria, Antedon, Asterias
Minor Phyla- Bugula, Plumatella, Crestatella, Pectinella,Phoronis, Dendrostoma
Larval Stages: Planula, Redia, Miracidium, Sporocyst,Cercaria,Metacercaria Trochophore,
Nauplius, Zoea, Mysis, Phyllosoma, Trilobite larva of Limulus, Velligar, Bipinnaria,
Echinopluteus, Auricularia, Tornaria
Mounting: Hydra, Obelia, paramecium, different zooplanktons.
Determination of pH of different solutions.
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Identification of unknown carbohydrates (Glucose, Fructose, Lactose, Maltose,
Sucrose, Dextrin & Starch) by suitable tests.
Qualitative estimation of protein, carbohydrate and lipid in various tissues/food materials
Quantitative estimation of glycogen, glucose and ascorbic acid, sialic acid, total proteins, total
lipid, phospholipids and cholesterol.
Estimation of Enzymes: Acid and alkaline phosphates
Preparation of frequency tables, bar diagrams , histograms, frequency curves, ogives and pie
diagrams.
Calculation of standard deviation and coefficient of variation.
Estimation of significance between samples using Student’s t-test, F-test and Chi-square test.
Plotting of regression lines, calculation of correlation and regression analysis .
Analysis of variance (One-way & Two –way classification).
SEMESTER-II
ZOL-201 – BIOLOGY OF CHORDATES
Credit 4
Credit-I
15 hours
Origin and outline classification of the chordates.
Salient features and Interrelationships of Hemichordata, Urochordata and Cephalochordata.
Life – histories of- Pyrosoma, Salpa. Doliolum and Oikopleura
General characters of Agnatha: Ostracoderms and Cyclostomes.
The early Gnathostomes (Placoderms).
Credit-II
15 hours
A general account of the Elasmobranchii, Holocephali, Dipnoi and Crosspterygii.
Adaptive radiation in bony fishes.
Adaptive radiation of Amphibia.
Parental care in Amphibia, Neoteny in Amphibia
Basic types and outline classification of reptiles.
Living reptiles: a brief account of Rhynchocephalia.
Credit-III
15 hours
Birds. Origin of flight: Flight adaptations. Flightless Birds.
Origins of mammals: Primitive mammals (Prototheria and Metatheria).
General account on adaptive radiations in Eutherian mammals excluding detailed reference to
individual orders.
Organogenesis : Morphogenetic processes in epithelia and mesenchyme in organ formation,
Morphogenesis of the brain. Development of the eye, heart.
Embryonic adaptations : Development and physiology of extra-embryonic membranes in
amniotes. Evolution of viviparity. Development and types and physiology of the mammalian
placenta.
Credit-IV
15 hours
Metamorphosis in Amphihia: Structural and physiological changes during metamorphosis,
Endocrine control of metamorphosis.
Regeneration: Types of regeneration (physiological, reparative and compensatory hypertrophy)
regenerative ability in chordates. Morphological and histological process in amphibian limb
regeneration
SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL (ALL LATEST EDITIONS)
 Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. Kent. C.G.
 Evolution of chordata structure Smith. H.S. Hold Rinehart and Winstoin Inc., New York.
 Text Book of Zoology, Sedgwick, A.A. Students Vol.II.
 Elements of chordate anatomy, Weichert. C.K. and Presch W. McGraw hall Book Co., New
York.
 An Introduction of vertebrates anatomy. Messers. H.M.
 The Biology of Hemichordata and Protochordata. Barrington, E.J.W. Olter and Boyd.
Edinhourgh.
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Vertebrate Body. Romer A.S. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
Vertebrate Paleontology. Romer. A.S.University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Chordata structure and function. Waterman. A.J.Macmillan Co. New York.
Vertebrate evolution. Joysey.K.A. and T.S.Kemp. Oliver and Boyd. Edinbourgh.
The Phylogeny of vertebrate. Lovtrup.S.JohnWiley and Sons. London
ZOL 202 – TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
Credit-4
Credit I
15 Hours
Principle and application of:-Light microscopy and micrometry, Phase contrast microscopy,
Interference microscopy, Polarized microscopy, Fluorescence microscopy, Transmission electron
microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, Confocal scanning microscopy
Ultracentrifugation :Differential and density gradient
Credit II
15 Hours
Principle and application of:Electrophoresis: Agarose, PAGE, isoelectro-focussing points and capillary electrphoresis
Chromatography: Paper, TLC, GLC, HPLC, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography
X-ray diffraction, Lamberts – Beer’s Law and Colorimetery,
Spectrophotometery:fluorescence,UV,NMR,, ESR.
Flow cytometery/fluorescence activated cell sorter
Credit III
15 Hours
Principle and application of : radiation techniques in biology, Radioisotopes and half life of
isotopes, Tracer techniques in biology, Auotoradiography, Geiger Muller counter, Scintillation
Counter
Principles and technique of :-Nucleic acid hybridization and cot curves, Sequencing of nucleic
acids, Blotting techniques (southern,northern and western), Polymerase chain reaction, Screening
of genomic and complementary DNA libraries
Assay : Definition and types - Chemical assays, Biological assays-in vivo and in vitro assays.
Credit IV
15 Hours
Principles of cytological and cytochemical techniques : Fixation chemical basis of fixation by
formaldehyde, gluteraldehyde, chromium salts, mercury salts , osmium salts, alcohol and
acetone, Chemical basis of staining of carbohydrate, protein lipids and nucleic acids.
Principles and techniques of Genetic Engineering : Basic techniques, Cutting and joining of
DNA molecules, Changing genes: site directed mutagenesis, Cloning strategies, DNA
transformation techniques and their application in agriculture, health, medicine and industry,
Introducing genes in animal cells, Application of recombinant DNA technology, Hybridoma
Technology.
Cell Culture techniques: Design and functioning of tissue culture laboratory, Cell proliferation
measurements, Cell viability testing, Culture media preparation and cell harvesting methods
Suggested reading material
• Animals Cell Culture - A practical approach, John R.W.Masters, IRL Press.
• Introduction to Instrumental analysis. Robert Braun. McGraw Hill International Edition
• Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ,(6th edition), K Wilson and J
Walker (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2007
• Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd edition), P Sheeler and D E Bianchi, John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
1987
• Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th edition), G Karp, John Wiley &
sons, Inc., 2005.
• Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age Int. Pub. New Delhi. 2000
• Bioinstrumentation, J G Webster, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2004
• Methods in Modern Biophysics, B Notting, Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2003
• Spectroscopy for the Biological Sciences, G G Hames, John Wiley & Sons Inc.2005
ZOL 203 – GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
Credit-4
Credit-I
15 hours
Digestion and Metabolism : Nature of food-stuff, Various types of digestive enzymes and their
action in alimentary canal, Absorption and assimilation of food, Nervous and hormonal control
of digestion.
Circulatory system: Composition and function of blood, blood groups , Haemopoiesis, blood
clotting, Blood volume, blood volume regulation, homeostasis, anatomy of heart structure,
Myogenic heart, cardiac cycle, ECG – its principle and significance,.
Gas Exchange and Acid-base Balance : Respiratory organs (lungs), respiratory pigments.
Mechanism of breathing, Physiology of respiration, Oxygen and Carbon dioxide transport in
blood, The role of hemoglobin, control of breathing.
Credit-II
15 hours
Excretory system : Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial environments, physiology of
excretion-Functional architecture of nephron, formation and regulation of nitrogenous end
products, formation of urine and its hormonal control, Role of kidney in osmoregulation,
counter- current multiplier system, Waste elimination, micturition, Electrolyte balance, acid-base
balance.
Muscle Function and Movement : Types and properties of muscles, Anatomy of muscle,
Regulation of contraction, Excitation-contraction coupling, Molecular theory of muscle
contraction , cori cycle, muscle fatique, tetani.
Credit-III
15 hours
Nervous system: Functional architecture of neurons, Origin and propagation of nerve impulse
through neuron (myllenated, non-myllenated), Action potential, Synapses and neurotransmitters,
Reflex arc and reflex action.
Sensory Transduction : Sensing the environment, Auditory receptors, Chemoreceptors; taste
and smell, Mechanorceptors tactile systems and escape responses, Vision and Photoreception,
Thermoreception and infrared detection.
Credit-IV
15 hours
Stress Biology : Basic concepts of environmental stress and strain, Adaptation, Acclimation
and acclimatization, Concept of Homeostasis, Physiological response to oxygen deficient stress,
physiological response to body exercise, Meditation, yoga and their effects.
Endocrinology: Aims and scope of endocrinology, Discovery of hormones. Hormones as
messengers. Classification of hormones, endocrine glands (Pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, thyroid,
testes, ovary). Neuroendocrine system and neurosecretion, General principles, structure and
hormone action. neuroendocrine regulators in insects.
Suggested reading material
 Animal Physiology Mechanisms and Adaptation. Eckert, R.W.H. Freeman and Company, New
York
 General and Comparative Animal Physiology, Hoar, W.S.Prentice Hall of Indian.
 Animal Physiology: adaptation and Environment, Schiemdt Neilsen. Cambridge
 Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology, Prosser, C.L.Wiley-Liss Inc., New York.
 Animals and Temperature: Phenotypic and Evolutionary Adaptation. Johnson, I.A., &
A.F.Bennett (eds.) Cambridge Univ.Press, Cambridge, UK.
 Physiological Animal Ecology. Louw, G.N.Longman Harloss, UK.
 General and Comparative Endocrinology, E.J.W.Barrington. Oxford. Clarendon Press.
 Comparative Vertebratic Endocrinology. P.J.Bentley. Cambridge University Press.
 Text Book of Endocrinology, R.H.Williams. W.B. Saunders.
 Endocrine Physiology. C.R.Martin. Oxford Univ. Press.
 Comparative Endocrinology, A. Gorbman et al. John Wiley & Sons.
ZOL 204 - MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Credit-4
Credit-I
15 hours
DNA replication : Prokaryotic and eurokaryotic DNA replication, Mechanics of DNA
replication, Enzymes and Accessory proteins involved in DNA replication, Models of DNA
replication, Inhibitors of DNA replication
Recombination and repair : Holiday junction, gene targeting, gene disruption, FLP/FRT and
Crelox recombination, RecA and other recombinases, DNA repair mechanisms
Credit-II
15 hours
Transcription of mRNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes : Structural organisation and life
span of mRNA; monocistronic and polycistronic mRNA
Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription, Promoter (Pribnow, TATA, CAAT and
GC box), enhancer and silencer Sites, Transcription factors; Transcription activators and
repressors, Characteristic features of RNA polymerases of phages, prokaryotes and eukaryotes
and their functions, Post transcriptional modification of RNA- Capping, Polyadenylation ,
Splicing, RNA editing: site specific deamination and role of gRNAs
mRNA transport
Credit-III
15 hours
Genetic code : Characteristics of genetic code, Start codons and stop codons, Degeneracy of the
code: Wobble hypothesis and isoacceptor tRNAs
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Aminoacylation of tRNA & initiation, elongation
and termination of protein synthesis, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases & initiation, elongation and
termination factors, Translational proof-reading, Differences in protein synthesis between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes, Translational inhibitors in prokaryotes and eukaryote – role of
tetracycline, streptomycin, neomycin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, puromycin and diphtheria
toxin, Post- translational modification of proteins: protein folding (role of chaperones) and
biochemical modifications.
Credit-IV
15 hours
Molecular mapping of genome: Genetic and physical maps, Physical mapping and map-based
cloning, Southern hybridization, fluorescence in situ hybridization( FISH) for genome analysis.
Molecular markers in genome analysis (RFLP, RAPD and AFLP).
Transgenic animals and knock-outs : Production, Applications, Cloning of animals by
nuclear transfer, Embryonic stem cells, Care and breeding of experimental animals including
bioethics.
Suggested reading material
 Benjamin Lewin (2004): Genes, Vol. VIII, Pearson Prentice Hall, Singapore
 Brown, T.A. (2006): Genomes 3.Garland Science, New York.
 Elliott, W. H and Elliott, D. C. (1997): Advanced molecular Biology, Viva Books,
New Delhi
 Freifelder, D. (2003): Molecular Biology, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi
 Gupta, P. K. (2005): Cell and molecular Biology, Rastogi Publications, New Delhi
 Kumar, H. D. (2001): Molecular Biology, Vikas publications, New Delhi
 Malacinski, G. M. (2005): Essentials of Molecular Biology, Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi
 Mayers, R.A (Ed) (1995). Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: A Comprehensive
Desk Reference.VCH Publishers, Inc., New York
 Russel, P. J. (2009): Cell and Molecular Biology, Cengage learning
 Veer Bal Rastogi (2008): Fundamentals of Molecular Biology, Ane Books India
 Molecular Biology of the Gene. I.D Watson, N.H. Hopkins, J.W. Roberts, J.A. Steiz and AM
Weiner The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co., Inc., California.
 Molecular Cell Biology, J. Darnell H.Lodish and D. Baltimore Scientific American Books, Inc.,
USA.
 Molecular Biology of the cell. B.Alberts, D.D.Bray, J.Lewis, M.Rafif, K. Roberts and
J.D.Watson. Garland Publishing inc., New York.
 Old R. W. and Primrose S. B. Principles of Gene Manipulation An introduction to genetic
engineering. Blackwell Scientific Pub li- cation. London, 1989.
 Lodish H, BerkA, Zipurjky S. L., Matsudaira P, Baltimore D. and Darnell 3. Molecular Cell
Biology W.H. freeman and company New York, 2000.




De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis Jr, E.M.F., Cell andiEMolecular Biology. K. M. Varghese
Cop. Bombay, 1998.
Glick B. R. and Pasternak 1.1. Molecular Biotechnology Principles and Applications of
Recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington, 1998.
Karp G. Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts and experiments. John Wiley and sons. Inc. New
York, 1999
Cooper, G .M. The cell A molecular approach. ASM Press, Washington DC, 2000.
LIST OF PRACTICALS FOR SEMESTER II
 Museum specimens:
Lower Chordates: Salpa Asexual and Sexual stage, Doliolum oozoid, Botrylus, Herdmania, and
Amphioxus.
Cyclostomata: Petromyzon, Myxine,
Pisces; Rhinobatus, Pristis, Trygon, Chimaera, Polydon, Acipenser, Amia, Lepidosteus, Protopterus,
Lepidosiren, Neoceratodus,Notopterus, Exocetus, Echeneis, Pleuronectes, Diodon, Tetradon,Ostracion,
Syngnathus, Hippocampus, Anguilla, Labeo.
Amphibia: Icthyophis, Necturus, Proteus, Ambystoma, Axolotal, Salamander, Siren, Alytes, Pipa, Bufo,
Hyla, Rhacophorus.
Reptilia: Testudo, Chelonea, Sphenodon, Calotes, Hemidactylus, Phryosoma, Draco, Varanus,
Chamaleon, Cobra, Hydrophis, Viper, Pit Viper, Krait, Eryx, Gavialis, alligator, crocodile.
Aves: Talor Bird, Indian koel, Jungle fowl, Pavocristis, Columba, parrot, Wood packer, Bubo, ostrich,
Archéoptéryx.
Mammals: Ornithorhynchus, Echidna, Macropus, Hedgehog, Manis, Loris, Bat.
 Microscopic Slides:
Lower Chordates: Herdmania spicules, ascidian tadpole larva, Amphioxus :T. S. passing through oral
hood, pharynx, testes, ovary, intestine and caudal regions, Ammocoete larva (whole mount).
Pisces: Placoid scale, Cycloid scale, Ctenoid scale.
Amphibia: V S skin of Frog, T S passing through stomach, duodenum, intestine, liver, pancreas, lung,
kidney, testes, ovary.
Reptelia: V S skin of lizard.
Aves: V S skin of bird, contour feather, down feather.
Mammals: V S skin of mammals, T S passing through stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, testes,
ovary, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, lung, bone, spinal cord.
Comparative Osteology:
Comparative account of Axial and Appendicular skeletons of Frog, Varanus, Fowl and Rabbit (both
articulated and disarticulated).
Skull of Reptiles (Anapsida and Diapsida).
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pH meter and measurement of pH
Paper chromatography of amino acids, mixtures, identification of unknown amino acids and
sugars.
Thin layer chromatography of amino acids and sugars.
Photometric determination of haemoglobin in blood sample.
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Determination of RBC,WBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC of the given sample of blood.
Demonstration of the blood clotting time, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, haemolysis and
crenation.
Determination of the glucose in serum/plasma.
Determination of SGPT and SGOT.
Squash and smear preparations of testis of cockroach / grasshopper aceto-orecin and Fuelgen
staining of these preparations.
Study of mitosis in onion root tip and meiosis in testes of insect or mammal.
Study of giant chromosomes in the salivary gland of Chironomus larva or Drosophila
Study of prepared microscope slides, including those showing various cell types, mitosis, meiosis
and giant chromosomes.
SEMESTER-III
LIST OF SPECIAL PAPERS (Any one is to be taken)
I Cell and Molecular Biology
II Environmental Biology
III Reproductive Biology
SPECIAL PAPER- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
CMB301- CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
credit-4
credit-I
15 hours
Biomembranes: Universality of biomembranes, composition ( phospholipid. Intrinsic and
extrinsic proteins). Fluidity of biomembranes. Cell junctions (Gap, tight and demosomes etc.).
Transport across cell membrane : Mechanism of diffusion, Facilitated diffusion. Osmosis and
water channels/ movement, Uniporter-catalyzed transport. Difference between uniport-catalyzed
transport and passive diffusion, Intracellular ion environment and membrane electric potential.
Active transport - P-class ion pumps, F-class and V-class ion pumps and ABC superfamily. Ca
++
+
+
ATPase pump and Na /K ATPase pump.Cotransport by symportors and antiporters. Receptor
mediated endocytosis.
credit-II
15 hours
Cytoskeleton : Microfilaments; Actin cytoskeleton. Myosin(a) Structure and mechanism of
movement with actin. (b)Conformational changes in myosin during movement. Microtubules:
Microtubules structure and microtubule assembly from organizing centers, Microtubule
dynamics, Microtubule associated proteins (MAP’s) and cross-linking of microtubules,
Microtubules and mitosis, Cilia and Flagella- Structure and movements.
credit-III
15 hours
++
Cell-Cell adhesion and communication, Cadherin mediated Ca dependent homophilic
++
cell-cell adhesion. N-CAM’s mediate Ca independent homophilic cell-cell adhesion.
Cadherin containing junctions. Gap junctions and connexins. Cellmatrix adhesion.
Integrin-in cell matrix and cell-cell interaction. Integrin and cell to substratum
attachment. Collagen-Basic structure and assembly. Non-collagen components of
extracellular matrix (Laminin, fibronectin and cell surface proteoglycans).
Plant cell wall. Auxin and cell expansion. Cellulose fibril synthesis and orientation.
Plasmodesmata.
credit-IV
15 hours
Cell-Cell Signaling: Endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signaling. Receptor ProteinsCell Surface receptors and intracellular receptors. Cell Surface receptors-G-protein
coupled receptors, ion channel receptors, tyrosine kinase-linked receptors and receptors
with intrinsic enzymatic Activity. Second messenger System - cAMP and IP3, DAG 7.5
MAP kinase cascade, JAK/STAT and TGF –β / Smad signaling, NF-kB signaling.
Signaling from plasma membrane to nucleus (a) CREB links cAMP signals to
transcription (b) MAP kinase. Signal- Mediated transport through Nuclear Pore, Nuclear
pore complex 8.2 Nuclear exports signals and transport of cargo proteins from nucleus to
cytosol. Nuclear localization signal and transport of cargo proteins from cytoplasm to
nucleus.
CMB302 - CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
credit-4
Credit I
Cell Cycle : Bacterial cell cycle (Helmstetier - Cooper or I+C+D model). Partition and
cytokinesis. Eukaryotic cell cycle – G l, S, G 2 and M phases. Cell cycle and check
points. Molecular basis of cell cycle regulation, (a) Cyclins and cyclin - dependent
kinases.(b) Regulation of CDK cyclin activity.
Credit II
Cell Death: Apoptosis and necrosis. Apoptosis-its characteristics. Genes involved in
apoptosis.
Aging: The biology of senescence, Maximum life span and life expectancy. Causes of
aging: (a) General wear and tear and genetic instability.(b) Free radicals, oxidative
damage and antioxidants. (c) Telomerases and aging. Cancer; Tumor cells and onset of
cancer. Proto-oncogenesis and tumor suppressor genes. Mutation causing loss of cell
cycle. Mutations affecting genuine stability.
Credit III
Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes. Molecular definition of gene. Chromosomal
organization of genes and non-coding DNA. Mobile DNA. Functional re-arrangements in
chromosomal DNA. Organizing cellular DNA into chromosomes. Morphological and functional
elements of eukaryotic chromosomes. Genetic analysis in Cell Biology. Mutation: type and
causes. Isolation and analysis of mutants. Genetic mapping of mutations. Molecular
cloning of genes defined by mutations.
Credit IV
Regulation of Gene expression, Operon concept. Catabolic repression Positive and Negative
regulation. Inducers and corepressors. Regulation by attenuation: his and trp operons. DNA
binding proteins and gene regulation. DNA binding domains. Homeodomain proteins. Zinc
finger proteins. Winged-helix (Forked head) proteins. Leucine-Zipper proteins. Helix
Loop helix proteins.
CMB303 -CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
credit-4
Credit I
Cytokines: Properties of cytokines, General structure of cytokines, Function of
cytokines, Cytokines related diseases. Bacterial septic shock, Bacterial toxic shock and
similar diseases, Lymphoid and myeloid cancers, Chagas disease. Immune system in
health and disease, Immune response to infectious disease.
Credit II
Viral infections (a) Viral neutralization by humoral antibody. (b) Cell - mediated
antiviral mechanism. (c) Viral evasion of host defense mechanisms.
Bacterial infections (a)Immune responses to extra cellular and intracellular
bacteria.(b)Bacterial evasion of host defense mechanism.
Protozoa and diseases. Diseases caused by helminthes.
Credit III
Vaccine: Active and passive immunization.
Designing vaccines for active
immunization. Whole organism vaccine. Attenuated viral or bacterial vaccines.
Inactivated viral or bacterial vaccines.
Polysaccharide vaccines. Recombinant vector vaccines. DNA vaccines. Synthetic
peptide vaccines. Multivalent peptide vaccines. AIDS: Structure and types, genome
organization,
replication,
opportunistic
agents
and
therapeutic
agents.
Immunodeficiencies – Lymphoid and myeloid lineage.
Credit IV
Hypersensitivity: Type I, II, III and IV, In vivo and in vitro, Autoimmunity , Organ
specific autoimmune disease, Systemic autoimmune disease.
Tumor immunology: Tumor antigen. Tumor evasion. Immune system against tumors.
Therapies. Transplantation immunology . Acute ,hyperacute and chronic rejection .
Tissue matching( HLA typing ) Graft Vs host (GVH) reaction. Xenotrasplantation.
Immunosuppressive drugs, role of monoclonal antibodies in transplantation.
CMB304 -CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
credit-4
Credit I
Immunology :Introduction - Innate and adaptive immunity, Cells and organs of the immune
system (Primary lymphoid organs, Secondary lymphoid organs , B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes
and Antigen presenting cells), Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses (CMI),
Antigenecity, immunogenecity and Haptens, Factors influencing immunogenicity, Recognition
of antigen by B-and T-lymphocytes, Antigens,
Antibodies : Structure and functions of Antibody Molecules, Molecular structure of Ig,
Immunoglobulin classes (lgG, lgM, IgE and lgD and their biological activities.Generation of
Antibody diversity.
credit-II
15 hours
Antigen-Antibody Interactions : Strength of Antigen Antibody Interactions, Cross reactivity,
precipitation reactions ,agglutination reactions, Immunotechniques -Detection of molecules
using ELISA, RIA, Western Blot, Immunoprecipitaion. Monoclonal antibodies-Hybridoma
Technology and Applications, Production of monoclonal antibodies, Clinical uses of monoclonal
antibodies, Catalytic monoclonal antibodies (abzymes).
credit-III
15 hours
Immune effector Mechanisms : Cytokines & Antagonists, Compliment System-components &
functions, Compliment activation and regulations(classical ,alternate and
lectin pathways), Inflammation & hypersensitivity.
Major Histocompatability Complex ( MHC) : General organisation and inheritance of MHC,
MHC genes & molecules, Antigen processing and presentation –Endogenous and Exogenous
pathways.
credit-IV
15 hours
Immune system in Health and Diseases : Immune responses during bacterial (Tuberculosis)
parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections. Autoimmune diseases (organ specific and
systemic), Primary Immunodeficiency diseases( Bruton’s disease, Di-george Syndrome &
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Secondary immunodeficiency Diseases (AIDS).
Orgin,means of infection, course of infection, structure and types of HIV, viral multiplication,
mutation, diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy and AIDS vaccine.
Suggested Reading Material
 Das Gupta, Modern Immunology
 Janis Kuby (1997): Immunology. WH Freeman,New York
 Roit, Essentials of Immunology.
 Abbas AK Lichtman, AR. and Pahes, J.S. Molecular Immunology, WB Saunders & Co, London
 Cruse. J.M.and Lewis, RE. Atlas of Immunology, CRC Press, New York.
 Old R. W. and Primrose S. B. Principles of Gene Manipulation An introduction to genetic
engineering. Blackwell Scientific Pub li- cation. London, 1989.
 Twyman R. M. and Wisden W. Advanced Molecular Biology A Concise Reference Viva Books
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi: 1999
 Meyers R.A. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology A comprehen- sive desk Reference. VCH
Publishers, Inc. New York, 1995
 Lodish H, BerkA, Zipurjky S. L., Matsudaira P, Baltimore D. and Darnell 3. Molecular Cell
Biology W.H. freeman and company New York, 2000.
 De Robertis E.D.P. and De Robertis Jr, E.M.F., Cell and Molecular Biology. K. M. Varghese
Cop. Bombay, 1998.
 Freifelder D. Molecular Biology, Naroja Publishing House, New Delhi, 1997.
 Karp G. Cell and Molecular Biology. Concepts and experiments. John Wiley and sons. Inc. New
York, 1999
 Malacinski G.M. and Freifelder D. Essentials of Molecular Biology Jones and Bartlett Publishers
Boston, 1999
 Cooper, G .M. The cell A molecular approach. ASM Press, Washington DC, 2000.
 Watson, J.D., Hopkins, N.H. Roberts, J.W Steitz, J.A. and Weiner A.M. Molecular Biology of the
Gene. The Benjamin/Cumings Pub. Co. Inc. California
PRATICALS:
1. Operation of various microscopes : Use of occulometer-standardization and measurements of cell
height, nuclear diameters and tabular diameters
Use of occular grid- standardization and counting of cells or nuclei in cross section or epithelium
2. Preparation of biological tissues and sectioning for :Paraffin wax histology by microtome Freshfrozen by cryostat Ultra-thin sectioning by ultratome
3. Cytochemistry :3.1 Carbohydrate (a) PAS method (b) Alcian blue method 3.2 Proteins (a) Mercury
bromophenol blue method (b) Ninhydrin method 3.3 Lipids (a) Phosphomolybic acid method (b) Copper
phthalocynin n method 3.4 Nucleic acid (a) Feulgen method (b) Methyle green- Pyronin method.
4. Biochemical methods :4.1 Determination of pK value of buffer 4.2 Determination of absorption
maximum of a solution 4.3 Determination of relationship between absorption and various concentration
of a solution using a colorimeter, spectrocolorimeter/spectrophotometer. 4.4 Preparation of standard curve
for proteins, lipids and carbohydrates 4.5 Quantitation of enzymes - alkaline and acid phosphatase
5. Separation and Preservation of serum : Liquid storage , Using preservative. Sterilization, By
freezing , By lyophilization
6. Permanent slides: Types of cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar epithelial cells, blood cells, nerve
cells, muscle cells), connective tissues of various types. adipose tissue, mitotic & meiotic chromosomes
and their different phases . Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and cancer cells of various types.
7. Separation techniques : Separation of proteins and DNA by agarose electrophoresis,
Separation of proteins and isoenzymes on SDS-PAGE and PAGE
Electroeluting of proteins,DNA/RNA from electrophoretic gels
Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography
Separation of phospholipids by TLC
8. Chromosomal Techniques : Preparation of salivary gland chromosomes from Drosophila /
Chironomous larva and stain with acetocarmine/aceto-orcein/ fuelgen
Preparation of mammalian chromosomes from bone marrow or testis and stain with Giemsa stain.
9. Precipitation techniques : Immunodiffusion method , Immunoelectrophoresis method
10. Histology of organs of immune system.
11. Bleeding of animals and preparation of serum.
12. Demonstration of agglutination reaction.
13 Demonstration of ELISA technique.
SPECIAL PAPER - ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
ENV301 : ENVIRONMENT & NATURAL RESOURCES
Credit-4
Credit-I
15 hours
Environment and climate, Earth (core, mantle, tectonic plates); Atmosphere- structure and
composition;
Clouds and their formation
Cloud categories: low, middle, and high clouds: Cirrus (Ci), Cirrocumulus (Cc), and Cirrostratus
(Cs), Altocumulus (Ac), Altostratus (As), and Nimbostratus (Ns), Cumulus (Cu), Stratocumulus
(Sc), Stratus (St), and Cumulonimbus (Cb).
Element and factors of climate : External factors: solar radiation, Internal factors.
Global climate changes – causes and consequences.
Human population : Exponential growth – geometric growth or geometric decay-Malthusian
growth model –population momentum age structure – population pyramid, age structure diagram
Types of population pyramid, Population explosion.
Credit-II
15 hours
Ecosystem : Ecosystems-a) types, natural & artificial, agroecosystems, City ecosystems and
Spacecraft ecosystems. Functions of Ecosystems, Ecological energetics - Fixation and utilization
of energy- Primary production, factors affecting & measurements of primary production,
Lindmann’s work, Single channel, Y shaped and universal energy flow models, Place of man in
the food chain, Nutrient cycling, selection, diversity, decomposition and stability.
Development of ecosystems, Types and factors controlling, changes in the trends of ecological
attributes,
Human impact on ecosystems, Human settlements, Human cultural evolution, Environmental
crisis, Environmental protection and sustainable development.
Credit-III
15 hours
Resources of the Earth – Renewable & Non renewable
Natural resources-Renewable and nonrenewable natural resources. Depletion of natural resources
and its effects. Aquaculture. economically important crustaceans, mussels, oysters, clams and sea
weeds(in Brief). Marine products - Food value of fish, Fish meal, fish body oil, Fish liver oil,
Fish maw and other products. Forest products -major and minor products of both plant and
animal origin,
Economically important insects and their products-Honey, Lac and Silk.
Mineral resources with special reference to India.
Water as a resource –Characteristics of water. Major water compartments.
Hydrological cycle.
Water management and conservation – Rain water harvesting techniques.
Energy resources : Conventional energy sources (coal, Oil and natural gas and oil shale)
Non conventional energy sources -solar energy, wind energy,geothermal energy, hydropower,
biomass, biogas,Tidal energy, Energy from waste, Hydrogen, and Nuclear energy. Energy crisis
Credit-IV
15 hours
Biomes: Desert, Grassland, Tundra, Tropical and temperate forests, Deciduous and evergreen
rain forests; Ecozones of India
Species interactions: Herbivory, Carnivory, parasites, Prey –Predator, Commensalisms,
mutualism and Symbiosis
Conservation: Environmental degradation, role of men in changing the environment, IUCN
classification of endangered species, red data book, Restoration of wildlife populations by
reintroduction (Soft and hard release) and Captive breeding, in situ and ex situ conservation
National and international organizations
ENV302 : ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Credit-4
(60 Hrs)
Credit-I
15 hours
AIR POLLUTION : Primary air pollutants: occurrence, sources and sinks of the following
pollutants: (a) compounds of carbon, (b) compounds of sulphur, (c) compounds of nitrogen, (d)
gaseous halogens, (e) ozone, (f) mercury, (g) particulate matter
Method of sampling and monitoring of the following gaseous air pollutants (Two methods for
each pollutant)-(a) Oxides of Carbon, Hydrocarbons, (b) SO2, H2S, Mercaptans, (c) Oxides of
Nitrogen, Ammonia, (d) Ozone
Sample collection – settlement, filtration, particle count, evaluation by optical
microscopy, particle size analysis – projected diameter and statistical diameter
(Ferete’s diameter and Martin’s diameter). Interaction of air pollutants in the atmosphere
Secondary pollutants: photochemical-smog, Acid rain, and green house effect,
Effect of air pollution: (a) On materials, buildings, metals etc., (b) On vegetation, (c) On weather
and atmospheric conditions, (d)On human health- a brief survey of major air pollution episodes.
Acid rain , Global warming : The green house effect, green house gases, potential effect of
global warming, Noise pollution-sources, effects and abatement.
Credit-II
15 hours
WATER POLLUTION : Types and effects of water pollution, Plant nutrients and cultural
eutrophication, Toxic inorganic and organic materials, Biocides: Classification and types of
Biocides- Fungicides, Pyrethroids and pesticides. Effects of Biocides, Biological magnification
Toxic effects on non target organisms- hazards to man.
Heavy metals sources and effects of the following in the ecosystem and human population
Thermal pollution-sources, effects- cooling towers as control measures. Oil spills-sources
effects and control. Hazards of Radioactive materials in the environment, Biological effects of
ionizing radiations, Nuclear waste disposal. Carcinogens in the environment
Credit-III
15 hours
Water pollution abatement technology: (a) Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment systems
(b) Principles of design and operation of (1) screens (2) Grit chambers (3) Sedimentation tanks
(4) Oxidation ponds and (5) algal pond.
Design and operation of biological treatment systems: (1) Aerated lagoons (2)Activated sludge
process (3) Trickling filters (4) sludge digest.
Sewage and sewage treatment: composition, bacteriology of sewage treatment, stabilisationproperties of sewage, categories of sewage, use of effluents in irrigation
Air pollution- abatement technology: basic principles of design and working of: (a) Bag filters
(b) Inertial collection- cyclones (c) Electrostatic precipitators (d) Scrubbers (e)Adsorption (f)
Device for controlling automobile emissions
Credit-IV
15 hours
TERRESTRIAL POLLUTION : Solid waste- garbage, rubbish, ashes, debris, street litter,
agricultural waste, mining waste, industrial waste, e-waste etc. Problems of solid waste disposal,
consequences of solid pollution.
Solid waste disposal methods: Sanitary land fill, plasma gasification, deep well injection,
incineration, recycling biogas.
ENV303 : ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY Credit-4
Credit-I
15 hours
Environmental Health and Toxicology :Introduction of Environmental Health and Toxicology,
Fundamentals of Toxicology: Toxicants of Public Health (Pesticides, metals, solvents,
Radiation), Dose & Toxicity
Movement, distribution and fate of toxins: Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, Translocation
of Xenobiotics: Absorption, Biotransformation, Excretion
Measuring toxicity (Acute , Sub Chronic and Chronic), Environmental impact assessment
(EIA); Process and Methods, Risk Assessment, Sustainable Development
Credit-II
15 hours
Environmental Management: Solid Waste Management, E-Waste & Hazardous Waste,
Legislative approach for Waste management, Bioterrorism / Biological warfare
Climate disasters: Tsunami, earth quack, cyclone
Environmental awareness and education regarding conservation of wildlife
Impact of tourism related activities on environment, Basic principles of ecotourism, Island
ecology and tourism, Pollution related to tourism- solid and liquid waste from tourist destination
Wildlife: History, causes of depletion, Techniques of studying - Radiometry, photographic
identification of animals and remote sensing
Wildlife of India- Wild life schedules, Ecozones, National parks, sanctuaries, reserves
Management, special protection programs ( Tiger, Rhino, Lion tailed macaque, elephant)
Credit-III
15 hours
Microbial Interaction with Xenobiotic Inorganic Pollutants: Persistence and
Biomagnification of xenobiotic molecules, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins, Synthetic
Polymers, Microbial Interaction with some Inorganic pollutants, Acid mine drainage, Microbial
Conversions of Nitrate, Microbial Methylations, Microbial Accumulation of Heavy Metals and
Radionuclides
Biodegradability Testing and Monitoring the Bioremediation of Xenobiotic Pollutant :
Biodegradability and ecological side effect testing, Biosensor detection of Pollutants,
Bioremediation, Environmental modification for bioremediation, Microbial Seeding and
Bioengineering Approaches to the Bioremediation of Pollutants, Bioremediation of Marine Oil
pollutants, Bioremediation of air pollutants.
Microorganisms in Mineral and Energy Recovery and Fuel and Biomass Production:
Recovery of metals, Recovery of Petroleum, Production of Fuels, Production of Microbial
Biomass, Single-cell protein production
Credit-IV
15 hours
Microbial Control of Pests: Microbial control of plant and animal pests, Microbial control of
weeds and cyano bacterial blooms, Genetic engineering in biological control, Frost protection,
Bacillus thuringiensis pesticide, other applications
Environment awareness: Earth summits, Carbon footprint and carbon tax, Global warming,
ozone layer depletion
ENV304 : ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
Credit-4 (60 Hours)
Credit-I
15 hours
Habitat Conservation : Forest Ecology -Major vegetation types, Tropical rain forests; Shola
forests (Cloud forests) ; Mangroves.
Deforestation and its consequences : Need for scientific management and conservation of forests,
Social forestry and agro forestry, Habitat destruction, Fragmentation and Degradation causes and
consequences, Wetlands and waterfowl conservation.
Ocean acidification; Ocean Warming and Coral Bleaching.
Credit-II
15 hours
Biodiversity conservation : The richness of biodiversity, The importance of biodiversity (Direct
and indirect values), Reasons for high species diversity in the tropics. Biodiversity of India, The
threatened biodiversity with special reference to critically endangered vertebrates from India.
Loss of biological diversity and Causes of extinction. Endemism. Keystone species and
Keystone resources–Exotic species introductions, invasive species, disease and over
exploitations, Global hotspots - hotspots in India,- Western ghats and Sreelanka, Indo Burma,
and Eastern Himalayas.
Credit-III
15 hours
Strategies of conservation: Concept of minimum viable area and minimum viable population,
National Parks, aims and objectives -Briefly mention the important national parks in India with
special reference to Rajasthan. Sanctuaries-Major sanctuaries in India and Rajasthan. Biosphere
Reserves –Their aims and objectives, briefly mention them-with special reference to Rajasthan.
Conservation strategies at the global level-Role of World conservation union, CITES, WWF and
other international conventions and protocols. IUCN categories of threatened animals and red
data book. Wildlife management in India; Role of Government and non governmental agencies.
Briefly mention wildlife protection act 1972 and its amendments and schedules. Endangered
species -strategies of conservation with special reference to India -Project Tiger, Project
Elephant, Project hangul, Operation Rhino. Crocodile breeding project, Project Sangai, Gir lion
project, Himalayan Musk deer project.
Ex situ conservation -Zoo, Aquarium, Seed bank, Gene bank, Pollen bank, etcIn situ conservation.- National parks, sanctuaries, Biosphere reserves,Community reserves and
other protected areas.
Credit-IV
15 hours
Environmental Impact : Aims and objectives of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),
Environmental management systems-ISO-14000 standards, Cost benefit analysis of
environmental protection incorporating, environmental costs and benefits of designing projects.
Development and displacement of rural communities, ethical and socio -economic problems,
Disappearing culture and traditions, Impact on environment. Urban environment and new
problems.
Ecotourism - Importance of Ecotourism, visitor impact, visitor management, control and safety
rules – threats to local culture, ecolodges. Economic & Ecological effects of ecotourism.
Restoration of ecology and degraded rural landscape- Illustrate with case studies
from India. Environmental protection movements – Global, national, and local, historical,
present social pressure group agencies like green, and Chipco movement, Narmada Bachao.
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Environmental biology
Ecological concepts. Cherrett, J.M. Blackwell Sci. Publi. Oxford U.K.
Fundamentals of ecological modeling. Jorgension. SE. Elsevier. New "
Ecological Methodology Charles J. Krebs.
Ahluwalia & Sunita Malhotra-Environmental Science-Ane books Pvt. Ltd
Ananthakrishnan, T.N. - Bioresource Ecology- Oxford and IBH.
Bailey J.A.-Principles of wildlife management -John Wiley and sons, New York
Cunningham &Cunningham 2003- Principles of Environmental Science:, Tata
McGraw Hill
Franco K.G-- Man and the changing environment
Krebs, C., Ecology, Harper and Row publishers, New York
Odum H. T. System ecology, an Introduction- John wilsy & Sons, New york.
Ramakrishnan, P. S.-Ecology and sustainable development-National book trust
India
Smith R.I. - Elements of ecology- Harper and Row publishers, New york.
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Ecological Census Techniques - A Handbook (2nd edition) Edited by William J. Sutherland CUP
August 2006
PRACTICALS
• Mark important sanctuaries and national parks of Rajasthan on map, and write details of any three
 Estimation (biochemical/ GC/TLC) of any environmental toxicants
 Bacterial examination of water – MPN index.
 Study of microbial diversity (bacteria and fungi) in soil, air and water.
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Bioassay Studies and Insecticides
Fish/Daphnia bioassay test to find out the toxicity of heavy metals/pesticides
Bioassay- Determination of LC50 (in fish) and LD50 (in mice) of any toxicant.
Determination of the concentration of the following insecticides in water: DDT, Methyl parathion
Estimation of the following metals in effluent and sediment samples – Copper, Zinc,
Chromium (Hexavalent)
Water Evaluation Analysis
Determination of chloride in the given water sample.
Estimation of total hardness of given water sample.
To determine the acidity of water.
To determine the alkalinity of water.
To estimate total solid in water.
To estimate total dissolved solid in water sample.
To determine the dissolved oxygen in given water sample.
To determine the BOD of given water sample.
To determine the free CO2 of given water sample.
To estimate the Calcium hardness of water.
To estimate Magnesium hardness of given water sample.
Species diversity indices and indicator species
Estimation of salinity, phosphates, sulphates, silicates and nitrates in water samples
Separation and identification of soil arthropods using Berlese funnel.
Soil Analysis
Determination of organic matter in soil sample.
Determination of Co3- & HCo3- in soil sample.
Estimation of chlorophyll in plant material.
Determination of moisture content of soil sample.
Determination of water holding capacity of soil sample.
FIELD STUDY-A study tour of at least five days duration (need not be at a stretch) to observe
the ecology and behaviour of animals should be under taken. The places of visit include inter tidal
region, fresh water bodies, lakes, rivers, hill streams ,wetlands, mangroves, forests grasslands,
drinking water treatment plants, and sewage treatment plants.
A report of the field study is to be included in the practical record to be submitted at the time of
Examination
SPECIAL PAPER - REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY
END 301-ENDOCRINE GLANDS I
Credit 4
Credit-I
15 hours
Historical background. scope and status of endocrinology, Endocrine glands an overview,
Study of the following major endocrine glands of vertabrates.
Pituitary General, developmental and comparative anatomy; functional cytology of the pituitary
gland of mammalian and submammalian vertabrates; adenohypophyseal hormones. their
chemistry and physiology, chromatophore regulation among vertabrates; neurohormonal
peptides: their chemistry and phyletic distribution; formation, storage, release and transport o
neurohypohyseal principles; effects of hypophysectomy.
Credit-II
15 hours
Thyroid General, developmental and comparative anatomy; evolution of throidal function,
biochemistry biological actions of thyriod hormones and their interrelationship with other
endocrine secretions; effects of thyroi dectomy; calcitonin its chemistry and physiology.
Parathyroid General, developmental and Comparative anatomy; biochemistry and physiology
of the parathyroid hormone; effects of parathyoidectomy.
Credit-III
15 hours
Pancreatic Islets General, developmental comparativeanatomy; biochemistry and physiology of
insulin and glucagon; effects of pancreactomy.
Pineal General, developmental and comparative anatomy; biochemistry and physiology of the
pineal principles
Credit-IV
15 hours
Adrenal General developmental and Comparative anatomy anatomy; chromaffin tissue
biochemistry and physiology of catecholamines: the sympathetico-chromaffin complex;
steroidogenic tissue structure and nomenculture of steroid hormones; biochemistry and
physiology of adrenal steroids; effects of adrenalectomy
Hormonal imbalance and major endocrine diseases: Gigantism, Acromegaly , Dwarfism,
Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, Goitre, Crypotorchidism, Hypogonadism, Amenorrhoea,
Diabetes mellitus, Tetany.
ZOL 302- ENDOCRINE GLANDS II
Credit 4
Credit-I
15 hours
Endocrine glands and their Hormones (Brief account)
Hormone secreting tissues –skin, liver, kidney, heart.
General classes of chemical messengers- Peptide, thyroid, steroid hormones, neurotransmitters
and pheromones
Physical characteristics of hormones – latency, post-secretory modification and halflife
Synthesis and delivery of hormones- storage, secretion and transportation.
Physiological roles of hormones.
Control of hormone secretion.
Credit-II
15 hours
General mechanisms of Hormonal action
Cell signalling
Receptors and transducers; types of receptors, regulation of receptor number, receptor activation
Second messengers of hormone action, receptor signal transduction
Eicosanoids and hormone action
The gonadal hypophyseal hypothalamus relationship.
Credit-III
15 hours
Neurohormones :Gases as neural messengers, Endorphins- physiological roles, mechanism of
action and pathophysiology, Brain hormones and behavior, Neuroendocrine pathophysiology.
Vertebrate neuroendocrinology: Ultrastructure and function of the neurosecretory cell.
hypothalamo-hypopyseal relationship, hypothalamus in relation to higher nervous centres, other
neurosecretory systems in vertebrates, the urophysis, the subcommisural organ and the pineal
complex.
Credit-IV
15 hours
Endocrine integrations: Diffuse effects of hormones: neoplastic growth; migration in birds and
fishes:.birdplumage; hibernation; osmoregulation; blood pressure regulation.
Pheromones
ZOL 303- ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND REGULATORY PROCESSES
Credit 4
Credit-I
15 hours
The female reproductive system: Comparative anatomy and physiology of the mammalian and
sub mammalian ovary and ductal system. Follicular growth, kinetics and atresia, ovarian
hormones, two cell theory of estrogen biosynthesis. Autocrine, Paracrine and endocrine
regulation of ovarian functions.
Credit-II
15 hours
The male reproductive system: Comparative anatomy and physiology of the mammalian and
sub mammalian testis and the sex accessory glands; Functional Organization of testis,
spermatogenic cycle. Testicula androgens, autocrine, paracrine and endocrine regulation of
testicula functions. Semen and its, biochemical nature
Credit-III
15 hours
Role of thyroid, pineal and adrenal glands in reproduction , Breeding seasons and reproductive
cycles, Hormonal regulation of reproductive behaviour, Biology of Sex-determination and Sex
differentiation, Biology of spermatozoa and ovum: structure, development and function.
Fertilization -Pre-fertilization events, biochemistry of fertilization and post-fertilization events.
Credit-IV
15 hours
Implantation and its hormonal regulation, delayed implantation, Placenta as an Endocrine tissue:
foeto-placental unit. Gestation and its hormonal regulation, Parturition and its hormonal
regulation. The mammary gland: Endocrinology of lactation. Prostaglandins: Chemistry,
mechanism of action and their role in reproduction.Miscellaneous factors affecting reproduction:
nutrition. light, temperature, pheromones, environmental disruptors.
ZOL 304- REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Credit 4
Credit-I
15 hours
Fundamental aspects of control of fertility in males: Mechanical, Surgical, Chemical,
Immunological methods.
Control of fertility in Insects. Induced spawning in Fishes
Credit-II
15 hours
Fundamental aspects of control of fertility in females: Natural. Mechanical. Surgical.
Chemical. Immunological. Emergency contraception. Techniques for improvement of breeding
in animals.Anatomy and physiology of the endocrine and neuroendocrine structures of annelids,
arthropods and Mollusca with special reference to their role in reproduction.
Credit-III
15 hours
Reproductive dysfunctions in males and females.
Diagnosis of male infertility: Semen analysis: Physical examinations, microscopic
examinations, biochemical analysis, Immunological tests. Sperm function tests: Sperm
mitochondrial Hypo-osmotic swelling test, acrosome, reaction. Zona binding assays. Acrosome
intactness test. hamster- oocyte penetration test. Endocrinological diagnosis.
Diagnosis of female infertility : Monitoring of ovarian and reproductive cycles. Endometrial
biopsy. Ductal blockage. Endocrine diagnosis
Credit-IV
15 hours
Assisted reproductive technology (ART) :
Super ovulation, oocytc collection.
Collection and preparation of sperm for assisted fertilization.
Insemination.
In vitro fertilization and related techniques (IVF, GIFT, ZIFT, TET, ICSl).
Cryopreservation of semen, oocytes and embryos.
Cloning, transgenic animals.
Teratological effects of Xenobiotics
Pre-natal diagnosis
Impact of aging, hormone replacement therapy
Hormonal bioassay: ELISA. Radio immunoassay (RIA). Radioreceptor binding assay.
Suggested Reading Material
 Gorbman, A. and Bern, H.A. A Text Book of Comparative Endocrinology, John Wiley and Sons
Inc., New York, 1962 (Indian Edition- WileiEastern Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1974.)
 Turner, C.D.: General Endocrinology: Saunders and Co. Philadel phia, 1974. Toppan Co. Pvt.
Ltd., Singapore, 1974.
 ,Nalbandov AS.: Reproductive Physiology. W. H. Freeman and Co., New York, 1964. Indian
Edition Taraporevala & Sons Pvt. Ltd., Bombay, 1970).
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Barrington: E. J. W. An Introduction to General and Compartive Endocrinology. Clarenden Press,
Oxford, 1963.
Cole, H. H. and Cupps P. T. Repoduction in Domestic animals. Academic Press, New York.
Dorfman, R. 1. Methods in Hormone Research (Vols. I and II) Academic Press, New York, 1962.
Edwards, R. G. Research in Reproduction (all Vols.) International planned Parenthood Federakrn,
Londan 1969 (onwards).
Clover TD.and Barratt c.L.R. Male Fertility and Infertility, Cam bridge University Press,
Cambridge, 1999.
Guraya, S. S. Biology of ovarian follicles in Mammals. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
Hawk, P. B. Oser, B. L. and Summerson, W. H. Practical Physi ological Chemistiy. McGraw-Hill
Book Co., New York, 1954.
Karlson, P. Mechanism of Hormone Action. Academic Press, New york 1975
Knobil E. and Neill J.D. Encyclopedia of Reproduction Vol. I to IV. Academic Press, New York,
1998.
Mason, S. S. Introduction to Clinical Endocrinology. Black-Well Scientific Publication: Oxford,
1957.
Nieschlag F. and Behre H.M. Andrology Male reproductive Health and dysfunction. SpringerVerlag, Berlin-2001
Norman AW. and Litwack G. Hormones. Academic Press, New-York, 1997.
Parkes. A. S. Marshall's Physiology Reproduction Vols. 1; Part I (1956) and 2 (1960) IT(1952)
and m (1966) Longmans, Green and Co., London.
Pinon, Jr. R. Biology of Human Reproduction. University Science Books California, 2002,
Williams, R. H. : Text Book of Endocrinology. W B. Saunders and Co. Philadelphia, 1962
(Indian Reprint Khothari Book Depot: Bombay, 1973).
Young, W. C. : Sex, and Internal Secretions Vols. I and II.
Bentley, P. J. Comparative vertebrate endocrinology
Bern, H. A. Text book of comparative endocrinology
Harris, G. W. 1995. Neural control of the pituitary gland, Edward Arnold, London.
Practicals:
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Dissection and gross examination of various endocrine gland of representative
vertebrates.
Microscopical study of various endocrine glands of representative vertebrates through
microtechnical procedure.
Study of estrous cycle in mouse or rat by the vaginal smear technique
Surgical procedures: castration, ovariectomy, adrenalectomy, thyroidectomy and
hypophysectomy.
Hormonal bioassays : Bioassays for estrogens, androgens and antiestrogens; Biochemical
estimations of cholesterol and ascorbic acid content in adrenal tissue; glycogen content in
uterine tissue; fructose content in male sex accessory glands.
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Sperm count and motility.
Study of the sex chromatin.
Study of microscopic slides of endocrine and related structures.
Dissection of male and female reproductive systems.
Histology of the genital organs in normal and pathological conditions.
Biochemical investigations of the reproductive glands with special reference to their
markers
Induction of superovulation and colIection of oocytes.
Demonstration of in-vitro fertilization (GIFT, ZIFT, TET, ICSI, etc.)
Pregnancy test : the Ascheim Zondek pregnancy test.
SEMESTER IV
Elective Papers
ZOL 401 – GENETICS
ZOL 402 – MICROBIOLOGY AND APPLIED ZOOLOGY
ZOL 403 – ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
ZOL 404 – DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
ZOL 405 – PRACTICAL / SEMINAR
OR
ZOL401 – PROJECT TRAINING/DISSERTATION
ZOL 401 - GENETICS
Credit 4
(60 Hours)
Credit I
15 Hours
Biochemical Genetics : Inborn errors of metabolism -Definition and mode of inheritance,
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, Diseases of amino acid metabolism, Disorders of lipid
metabolism, Disorders of nucleic acid metabolism, Mineral metabolism disorders.
Credit II
15 Hours
Developmental Genetics : Human embryo development- Cleavage, 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells, 16
cells, 32 cells, Morula,Blstula, Gatrula, Organogenesis, Gonadial differentiation, Placental types,
implantation, Formation of extra embryonic tissue, Study of human birth defects-Syndromology,
Dysmorphology, Neural tube defect, Anencephaly, Meningocele, Spina bifida, Herlequin
icthyosis.
Credit III
15 Hours
Reproductive Genetics : Spermatogenesis, oogenesis, Computer assisted Semen Analysis
(CASA), Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) IUI, IVF, ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT.
Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD).
Molecular Diagnosis : DNA fingerprinting, Linkage analysis - RFLP, blotting techniques
(southern, northern and western), Gene sequencing, Probes- Preparation and classification, insitu hybridization, FISH, mFISH, fiber, FISH, application of FISH.
Credit IV
15 Hours
Prenatal Diagnosis : Historical perspective, Non-invasive techniques- Ultrasonography, foetal
MRI, Invasive techniques- Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, fetal blood sampling, fetal
skin sampling, Chromosome analysis, metabolic disorders, DNA Analysis, Current knowledge of
prenatally diagnosed genetic disorders, haemoglobinopathies, coagulation disorders.
Treatment of genetic disorders.
Suggested Reading Material
 Gardnor: Principles of Gentics
 Griffith, T., Miller, Suzuki. (2002): An introduction to genetic analysis. 7th edition,
W.H. Freeman and Co. NY.
 Griffiths, A.J.F., Gelbart, W.M., Lewontin, R.C. and Miller, J.H. (2002): Modern
Genetics analysis, 2nd edition. W.H. Freeman and Co. New York.
 Mange, Elanine, Johnson: Basic Human Genetics
 Pierce Benjamin: Genetics- A Conceptual Approach
 Scriver et al. (2002): The metabolic and molecular basis of inherited diseases. 8th
edition, McGraw–Hill.
 Stratchan, T. and Read, A.P. (2001): Human molecular Genetics. John Wiley, New
York
 Strickberge: Genetics
 Tomarin Robert, H: Principles of Genetics
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PRACTICALS
Identification of male and female Drosophila.
Identification of wild and mutant forms of Drosophila
Monohybrid and dihybrid inheritance in Drosophila
Simple problems based on mendalism.
Identifications of blood groups in man.
Demonstration of sex chromatin.
Embryology of Frog
Embryology of Chick
ZOL 402- MICROBIOLOGY AND APPLIED ZOOLOGY
Credit 4
(60 hours)
Credit I
15 Hours
Introduction : History and scope of microbiology, Composition of the microbial world, Modern
age of micro biology.
Microbial Taxonomy and Phylogeny : Major characteristics (classic and molecular),
Numerical taxonomy, Phenetic classification, Bergey’s Manuel (mention major groups)
Bacterial cell structure and function : Plasma membrane and internal system - Cytometrix,
inclusions, ribosomes, nucleoid, Bacterial cell wall Peptidoglycan - structure-Gram positive and
gram negative cell wall- Mechanism of gram staining, Components external to cell wall; pili and
fimbriae, capsule and slime layers, Flagella and motility.
Credit II
15 Hours
Viruses : General structural properties, Types: DNA viruses, RNA viruses, and enveloped
viruses.
Microbial diseases : Human diseases caused by bacteria.
Human diseases caused by viruses.
Fungal diseases- Candidiasis
Credit III
15 Hours
Control of microorganisms : Disinfectants; (A) - physical- Heat, filtration and radiation
(B)-Chemical agents - Phenol and Phenolic compounds, alcohols, halogens and aldehydes.
Antibiotics- Penicillin’s, Cephalosporins, Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines.
Microbial drug resistance.
Microbial fermentation : Lactic fermentation-Homolactic and heterolactic fermenters, dairy
products ,cheese, Yogurt, kefir etc. Alcoholic fermentation-Alcoholic beverages.
Environmental microbiology : Aquatic microbes, Microbiological analysis of drinking water,
Waste water- microbial characteristics and treatment, Microbial Bioremediation.
Credit IV
15 Hours
Economic importance of Protozoa and Helminthes.
Economic importance of Arthropods: Beneficial and Harmful mites and ticks,
crustaceans, spiders, insects. Life cycles of Lac insect, Honey bee, Silk worm and
industries related to them. Some important parasites and pests
Important insect pest and their management. Edible Freshwater and Marine Fishes of
India. Pisciculture and products of fishing industry, Prawn fisheries. Economic
importance of mollusca: Pearl culture. Pearl industry in India.
Poultry, Dairy farming and Piggery. Leather industry, wool industry, Fur Industry.
Suggested Reading Material
 Gandhi-Microbiology and Immunology notes and cases-Blackwell publishing
 Hans G. Schlegel (2008): General Microbiology-Cambridge low price editions
 Kanika Sharma-Manual of microbiology tools and techniques-Ane’s student
 edition-Ane books Pvt. Ltd
 Mansi- Fermentation,Microbiology and Biotechnology-Taylor and Francis
 Pelczar, M.J, Reid, R.D. & Chan, E.C.S-Microbiology-TMH edition
 Prescot, Harley and Klein- Microbiolgy, IVth ed. McGraw-Hill
 Rao, A.S.-Introduction to microbiology-Prentice Hall of India.
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Tortora, Funke and Case - Microbiology : An Introduction Eight edition- pearson
education, Veerbala Rastogi-Fundamentals of Molecular biology-Ane books
Economic Zoology by G.S Shukla & V.B. Upadhyay, 1991-92 Rastogi Publications, Meerut,
India.
Fish& Fisheries by Kamaleshwar Pandey & J.P Shukla 2007. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India.
Fish & Fisheries of India by V.G. Jhingran 1982, Hindustan Pub, Corp. India.
A hand book on Economic Zoology by Jawid Ahsan and Subhas Prasad Sinha, S. Chand &
company Ltd. Ramnagar.
PRACTICALS
Selective isolation and enumeration of bacteria.
Bacterial staining technique –a.Simple staining of bacteria. b. Negative staining c. Hanging drop
technique.d. Gram staining.e. Endospore staining.
Turbidity test for contamination of milk.
Phosphate activity of milk.
Preperation of media and sterilization.eg: Nutrient agar, mac conkey agar,
sterilizationby wet anddry heat, disinfection.
Isolation of pure colonies of bacteria.
Bacteriological analysis of water e.g., fecal pollutants.
Antibiotic sensitivity test.
General introduction to stains, preservations and fixatives.
Museum specimens
Protozoa- Selected species of economic importance
Platehelminthes- Selected species of economic importance
Arthopoda- Mites, Ticks, Spiders, Insects
Life cycle of silk worm, honey bee, mosquitos, and other economic important species.
Permanent preparations- Whole mounts, various mouth parts/Appendages
Visit to fish industry/Poultry farm/ Dairy/ Leather industry etc.
ZOL 403- ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Credit 4
(60 hours)
Credit I
15 Hours
Introduction : Definition, branches, scope and importance of biotechnology;
Animal cell and tissue culture : Culture media – natural and artificial. Culture methods –
primary explantation techniques, various methods of cell and tissue culture, Tissue and organ
culture. Equipments required for setting the animal cell laboratory;
Vectors for gene transfer (plasmids and phages).
Basic concepts in Genetic Engineering and Ethics of Genetic engineering
Credit II
15 hours
Protoplast fusion in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Recombinant DNA technology and hybridomas and their application,
Monoclonal antibodies and their applications.
Genomic and cDNA library : Construction, Screening –By DNA hybridization, Screening by
immunological assay, and screening by protein activity.
Blotting techniques- Southern blot, Northern blot, Western blot, Dot blot and Slot blot, FISH and
GISH, Chromosome walking.
DNA sequencing–Maxam and Gilbert’s chemical degradation method, Sanger’s
dideoxynucleotide synthetic method.
Credit III
15 hours
Transfection methods and transgenic animals : Definition, Methods - Electroporation, DNA
micro injection, Calcium phosphate, precipitation, Dextran mediated transfer, shot gun method,
virus mediated, lipofection method, engineered embryonic stem cell method, Transgenic animals
for human welfare.
Cloning: Cloning procedures (adult DNA cloning, Therapeutic cloning, Embryo cloning) –
Advantages and disadvantages of cloning.
Environmental biotechnology : Pollution control – cleaner technologies, toxic site reclamation,
removal of oil spill, reducing of pesticides and fertilizers, biosensors, biomonitoring. pest
control, waste water treatment, metal and petroleum recovery.
Credit IV
15 Hours
Polymerase Chain Reaction : Basic PCR – raw materials and steps involved. Inverse PCR,
Anchored PCR, Asymmetric PCR, PCR for mutagenesis and Real Time PCR, Applications of
PCR in Biotechnology and genetic engineering.
Molecular markers (brief notes)-RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, Minisatellites (VNTR), Microsatellites
(SSR), SNPs.
Animal and human health care : Vaccines, Disease diagnosis, Gene therapy, Transplantation
of bone marrow, artificial skin, artificial blood, Antenatal diagnosis, DNA finger printing,
Forensic medicine. elementary idea of Human Genome Project.
Suggested Reading Material
 Bernard R. Glick & Jack J. Pasternak-Molecular Biotechnology-Principles and
 applications of recombinant DNA- ASM press Washington D.C.
 Charles Hardin (2008): Cloning, Gene expression, and Protein purification Experimental procedures and process rationale - Oxford University Press.
 Chatterji, A.K. -Introduction to environmental biotechnology-Prentice Hall of India
 Colin Ratledge and Bjorn Kristiasen-Basic Biotechnology - Cambridge University
 press.
 Dominic, W.C. Wong-The ABCs of gene cloning-Springer international edition
 Dubey, R.C. -A text book of biotechnology-S. Chand & Co.
 Gupta. P.K. -Elements of biotechnology-Rastogi publications.
 Singh, B.D.-Biotechnology-Kalyani publishers.
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Sobti, R.C. & Suparna, S .Pachauri-Essentials of Biotechnology-Ane Books
Pvt.Ltd.
Wilson & Walker : Principles and techniques of Biochemistry and
Molecular biology- Cambridge low price editions.
PRACTICALS
 Isolation of plasmid DNA.
 Isolation of total RNA from tissues
 Separation of DNA by electrophoresis.
 Bacterial transformation.
 Cell immobilization
 Separation of proteins and DNA by agarose electrophoresis
 Separation of proteins and isoenzymes on SDS-PAGE and PAGE
 Electroeluting of proteins,DNA/RNA from electrophoretic gels
 Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography
 Separation of phospholipids by TLC
 Preparation of salivary gland chromosomes from Drosophila / Chironomous larva and stain with
acetocarmine/aceto-orcein/ fuelgen
 Estimation of DNA by Diphenyl Amine method
 Estimation of RNA by Orcinol method
 Estimation of Protein by Lowry’ method.
 Isolation of RNA fromYeast.
 Isolation of plasmid DNA.
 Isolation of genomic DNA.
ZOL 404 - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
Credit 4
Credit I
15 Hours
Introduction: Basic concepts of development : Potency, Commitment, Specification autonomous, conditional, Induction, Competence, Determination and differentiation,
Morphogenetic gradients
Environmental regulation of animal development: Environmental regulation of normal
development – types of polyphenism
Sex determination in Bonellia; primary and secondary sex determination, environmental
sex determination, Environmental disruptions of normal development (Teratogenesis),
Teratogenic agents - Alcohol, retinoic acid, bisphenol, heavy metals, pathogen, Environmental
oestrogens.
Credit II
15 Hours
Gametogenesis, fertilization and early development : Production of gametes, Cell surface
molecules in sperm-egg recognition in animals, Zygote formation, Cleavage and blastula
formation, Gastrulation and formation of germ layers in amphibian.
Credit III
15 Hours
Embryogenesis and Organogenesis : Axis formation in amphibians - primary embryonic
induction, Anterior posterior patterning in Amphibians - Hox code hypothesis, Anterior posterior
patterning in Drosophila - gap genes, bicoid gradient, segmentation genes, pair rule genes,
homeotic selector genes, realistor genes, Dorsoventral patterning and Left right patterning dorsal protein gradient, Limb development in chick, Insect wings and legs
Cellular and Molecular basis of development : Cellular interactions during development,
Epithelial - mesenchymal interactions, paracrine factors, RTK pathway, cell death pathways,
Cellular interactions concerned in fertilization, Cellular changes during blastulation and
gastrulation, Cellular interactions in organogenesis,Molecular basis of cellular differentiation –
cadherins.
Credit IV
15 Hours
Metamorphosis, Regeneration and Aging
Metamorphosis in Amphibians and Insects and their hormonal control, Types of regeneration Super, Hetero, Epimorphic, Morphallactic and Compensatory regeneration, Histological process
during regeneration, Ageing – cellular and extra cellular aging, Causes - Wear and tear,
Oxidative damage, Mitochondrial genome damage, genetically programmed aging.
Suggested Reading Material
• Development Biology S.F.Gilbert, Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts
• An Introduction to embryology, Balinsky, B.I.: W.B. Saunders Comp., ?
• Davidson, E.H.: Gene activity in early development. Academic Press, New York.,
• Modern embryology, Bodemer, C.W.: Holt Chart and Winston, Inc. New York; Chicago
• Principle of Animal Developmental Biology. Geol, S.C. Himalaya Publishers 1984.
• Metamorphosis, Etkin, W.L.I. Gilbert.: North-Holland Co., Amsterdam.
• Developmental Biology. R.M Twyman. Viva Books Private Limited. New Delhi.
• Principles of Development. Wolpert, L. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
• Balinsky, B. I. An introduction to Embryology.
• Berril, N. J. Developmental biology.
• Snustad, D. P., J. M. Simmons & J. B. Jenkins. Principles of Genetics.
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PRACTICALS
Life cycle of Drosophila.
Demonstration of sex chromatin.
Embryology of Frog
Embryology of Chick
Preparation of salivary gland ,polytene chromosome from drosophila larva.
Dosophila banding technique and Karyotyping.
Grass hopper – (testes –squash preparation) to study various meiotic stages