FORM 3 SCIENCE
CHAPTER 6 LAND AND ITS RESOURCES
1. Various minerals found on Earth’s crust
a.
Minerals
b.
Natural element
(non / less reactive)
Mercury
- Platinum
Silver
- gold
Compound
i.
Limestone
ii. Malachite
iii. Galena
iv. Hematite
Metal compounds
(combination of metals and non-metals)
- metal oxide
- metal sulphide
- metal carbonate
Contents
- Calcium Carbonate
- Copper Carbonate
- Lead Sulphide
- Iron Oxide
Compound
v. Cassiterite
vi. Bauxite
vii. Quartz / Sand
viii. Calcite
Contents
- Tin Oxide
- Aluminum Oxide
- Silicon dioxide
- Calcium carbonate
c. Most compounds are hard, do not dissolve in water but decompose when heated.
- Only Potassium and Sodium compounds dissolve in water and do not decompose when heated.
- Those undissolve / undercompose are very stable.
2. Metal Reactivity
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Zinc
Iron
Tin
Lead
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Platinum
Gold
+ carbon →
+ sulphur →
+ oxygen →
Pure natural elements
(Non-reactive)
3. Effect of heat on compound
i. Lime water → cloudy
ii. Bicarbonate Indicator → yellowish
→ Metal Oxide + Carbon Dioxide
heated
a. Metal Carbonate
Compounds
metal carbonate
metal sulphide
metal oxide
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b. Metal Sulphide + Oxygen
heated
→ Metal Oxide + Sulphur Dioxide
(All metal carbonate / metal sulphide decompose when heated except potassium / sodium
compounds)
c. Metal Oxide → do not decompose (very stable)
(All metal oxide do not decompose when heated except mercury oxide / silver oxide)
→ Mercury + Oxygen
i. Mercury oxide heated
ii. Silver oxide → Silver + Oxygen
heated
4.
5. Uses of Calcium Compound
a. Limestone
- to manufacture cement /
(Calcium
glass
carbonate)
- to extract tin / iron
- to make quicklime /
antacid
b. Marble
- to make statues /
(Calcium
monuments
carbonate)
- for flooring and building
c.
Quicklime
(Calcium
oxide)
- to neutralize acidic soil /
water
- as a drying agent
- to make slaked lime
d.
Slaked
Lime
(Calcium
hydroxide)
- to make concrete, plasters
and mortar
- reduce acidity of soil /
water
- to soften hard water.
6. Petroleum
a. Is crude oil formed from the dead organism settled at the bottom of the seabed millions of years
ago. Under high temperature and pressure without oxygen between two layers of non-porous
rocks
b. Consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons.
c. Hydrocarbon is made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
d. Different components of petroleum (hydrocarbons) can be separated by fractional distillation
because different components has different boiling points.
e. All components are insoluble in water but burn easily in air.
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7. a. A Fractional Distillation of Petroleum in the Laboratory
i. Porcelin chips/Glass wool – to prevent petroleum from spilling out during heating
Fraction
Temperature range / ˚C
Colour
Viscosity
Colour of flame
Soot produced
1
Petrol
50 - 100
Colourless
Not viscous
Pale yellow
A little
2
Naphtha
100 - 150
Yellow
Less viscous
Yellow
A little
3
Kerosene
150 - 200
Dark yellow
Viscous
Orange
A lot
4
Diesel
200 - 250
Brownish
Very viscous
Orange
A lot
b. The higher the boiling point of the fractions:
− The darker the colour
− The more viscous it is
− The harder it is to burn with a darker flames
− The more soot is produced during burning
c. To study the effect of boiling point on the colour of the distillate
Hypothesis : The higher the boiling point, the darker the colour of the distillate.
Relationship: The colour of the distillate become darker with the boiling point.
Variables
Manipulated: boiling point
Constant : volume of the petroleum
Responding: colour of the distillate
Inference : Higher boiling point produces darker colour of the distillates.
Conclusion : The boiling point affects the colour of the distillates.
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8. Fractional Distillation of Petroleum in Industry
a. The heavier fractions which made up of larger molecules can be broken up into smaller, lighter
fractions by a process called cracking process using high temperature and pressure.
b. The burning of petroleum
Hydrocarbon + Oxygen 
→ Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
[petroleum]
c. Various fractions can also be used to make
i. Synthetic materials such as plastic, nylon, rayon, and synthetic rubber.
ii. Chemical substances such as fertilizers, explosive, pesticides, cosmetics, and detergent.
d. Petroleum industry has helped
- To create more job opportunities and attract foreign investment.
- To build the country’s socio-economy infrastructure
- Is one of Malaysia’s main exports.
9. Other natural fuel resources
a. Natural gas
i. Usually found above the petroleum in the ground.
ii. It is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases with low boiling points.
iii. About 90% of natural gas is methane follow by ethane, butane (Malaysia) and propane
iv. Burns completely, producing more energy but less soot.
b. Coal - burns in air to produce energy and a lot of soot,
c. Wood - from woody plants such as mangroves to make charcoal and firewood.
- produce a lot of soot
10. Ways to conserve natural source of energy.
a. Use alternative energy such as wind, solar, water or biomass.
b. Use public transport.
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