PRE-VARISCAN
AND VARISCAN EVENTS
IN THE ALPINE-MEDITERRANEAN
MOUNTAIN BELTS
Regional Contributions
Edited by
H. W. FLÜGEL, F. P. SASSI
and P. G R E C U L A
Alfa Publishers Bratislava
H . W . F L Ü G E L ( G r a z , A u s t r i a ) , F . P . SASSI ( P a d o v a , Italy)
and P. G R E C U L A (Kosice, C S S R ) , editors
Editorial
Board:
A . A . B E L O V (Moscow, U S S R )
G . V . D A L P I A Z ( P a d o v a , Italy)
F. E B N E R (Leoben, Austria)
M . J U L I V E R T ( B a r c e l o n a , Spain)
G. K E L L I N G (Keele, UK)
A . R A M O V S (Ljubljana, Yugoslavia)
Y . G . T E N C H O V (Sofia, Bulgaria)
H . T O N G I O R G I (Pisa, Italy)
IGCP Project No. 5: Correlation
events of the Alpine-Mediterranean
of pre-Variscan and
mountain belt
Variscan
The publication was sponsored and issued by the Slovak geological office Bratislava for IUGS
— IGCP Project No. 5 in the framework of the edition Mineralia slovaca — Monography.
Chairman of the editorial board of the Mineralia slovaca — Monography: Ing. Jan Kuran, C S c ,
president of the Slovak geological office, Bratislava, CSSR. Editor-in-chief: Ing. Jan Bartalsky,
C S c , director of the Geological Survey, Spisska Nova Ves, CSSR.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form without
written permision from Alfa Publishers, Hurbanovo nam. 3, 815 89 Bratislava, Czechoslovak!;]
Department of interior publications — J. Koutny, chief
© 1987 by Alfa Publishers Bratislava
Printed in
Czechoslovakia
397
Pre-Variscan and Variscan e v e n t s in the
Alpine-Mediterranean mountain belts
Edited by Fliigel. Sassi and Grecuia
Mineralia slovaca — Monography,
19<S7
Alia Bratislava, pp. 397 — 4 0 6
Results of biostratigraphical investigations in Western Yugoslav Pale­
ozoic realized in IGCP Project No. 5
A . R A M O V Š 1 . J . SREMAĆ 2 and E . K U L E N O V I Ć '
'School
of Science
and
Technology,
Kardelj,
-Department
of
Geology
and
Institut of Geology
Aškerćeva
Paleontology,
41000
-
'Republic
12,
Committee for
Energy
61000
Faculty
Zagreb,
and
and
Ljubljana,
Paleontology,
University
Edvard
Yugoslavia
of Sciences,
Socialističke
revolucije
4,
Yugoslavia
Industry,
71000 Sarajevo,
Yugoslavia
Abstract
In Slovenia. N o r t h - W e s t Yugoslavia, t h e L o w e r D e v o n i a n beds have b e e n proved by a
rich c o n o d o n t fauna. T h e new r e c o n s t r u c t e d a p p a r a t u s of Belodella is the most interest­
ing c o n o d o n t e l e m e n t . T h e L o w e r C a r b o n i f e r o u s c o n o d o n t fauna was investigated. 32
new localities of t h e C a r b o n i f e r o u s c o n t i n e n t a l flora in the clastic sediments of the Sava
folds were discovered and i n v e s t i g a t e d ; in t h e W e s t e r n K a r a v a n k e Mts. S t e p h a n i a n flora
was d e t e r m i n e d . T h e c o n t i n e n t a l G r o d e n (Val G a r d e n a ) Beds were studied in details.
A very interesting Middle P e r m i a n reef limestone (= Neoschwagerina limestone) may
have resulted in t h e formation of a mixed inorganic/organic build u p , corresponding to
caicisponge/algal/cement reefs. T h e U p p e r C a r b o n i f e r o u s and P e r m i a n c h o n e t a c e a n
b r a c h i o p o d s have been s t u d i e d , four new g e n e r a have b e e n described. T h e Permian
b r a c h i o p o d s have b e e n studied in the Velebit Mts. T h e Permian/Triassic b o u n d a r y was
studied in Slovenia and C r o a t i a . In Bosnia m a n y very i m p o r t a n t new localities with a
rich L o w e r D e v o n i a n c o n o d o n t fauna w e r e discovered. A new reconstructed a p p a r a t u s
of Belodella was discovered. T h e microfacies of the well k n o w n Bellerophon Beds at Han
Orahovicu has been studied.
Introduction
In the I G C P Project N o . 5 a Yugoslav w o r k i n g g r o u p investigated in detail the D e v o n i a n .
C a r b o n i f e r o u s and P e r m i a n beds in S l o v e n i a , the P e r m i a n b r a c h i o p o d s in C r o a t i a , and t h e
Lower D e v o n i a n beds (previously, u n d e f i n e d C a r b o n i f e r o u s and P e r m i a n ) in Bosnia. C o n o d o n t s a n d P e r m i a n B r a c h i o p o d s w e r e s t u d i e d in g r e a t e s t detail.
S t r a t i g r a p h i c c o r r e l a t i o n forms ( S C F ) and r e m a r k s on the S C F forms in Yugoslavia
were given by R a m o v s et al. (1984), for the I G C P Project N o . 5 in Newsletter 6. 8 1 — 1 0 9 .
In addition to the e x h a u s t i v e d a t a we p r e s e n t t h e results of o u r further investigations on
the W e s t e r n Yugoslav Paleozoic which h a v e not b e e n published so far. T h e s e investigations
led to new and very i m p o r t a n t c o n c l u s i o n s on the stratigraphical subdivision of D e v o n i a n
and U p p e r Paleozoic b e d s . Also microfacies studies have b e e n u n d e r t a k e n .
398
Pre-Variscan
and
Variscan
events
Paleozoic in Slovenia
Devonian
In the Central K a r a v a n k e Mts. (Solcava a r e a : Pavliceve stene, Mali and Veliki vrh; Fig. 1)
a new Lower D e v o n i a n conodont fauna has been discovered. T h e conodonts were investigated in detail, and the first reconstructed D e v o n i a n skeletal apparatus in Slovenia was
found. These c o n o d o n t s a r e : Belodela with a new reconstructed a p p a r a t u s , Ozarkodina
excavata
wiirmi (Bischoff and S a n n e m a n n ) ,
Ozarkodina remscheidensis remscheidensis
(Ziegler), Oneotodus beckmanni (Bischoff and S a n n e m a n n ) , Panderodus unicostatas (Branson and M e h l ) , Polygnathus cf. dehiscens (Philip and J a c k s o n ) and Polygnathus linguiformis
( H i n d e ) ( R a m o v s , unpublished). It has been p r o v e d that the Lower Devonian, the U p p e r
Emsian and the Lower Middle Devonian are r e p r e s e n t e d by light grey massive
S t r o m a t o p o r o i d a and Hiliolitida limestone. Crinoidal limestone occurs, too.
Carboniferous
In the,Central K a r a v a n k e Mts. (Jezersko area), a u t o c h t h o n o u s Lower Carboniferous reddish,
grey and yellowish limestones contain a m o n o t o n o u s c o n o d o n t fauna. T h e following species
were
determined:
Gnathodus
bilineatus
bilineatus
(Roundy),
G.
pseudosemiglaber
( T h o m s p o n and Fellow), Paragnathodus commutatus commutatus (Branson and M e h l ) , P.
commutatus nodosus (Bischoff), P. commutatus mononodosus ( R h o d e s , Austin and D r u c e ) ,
P. commutatus punctatus (Bischoff), Polygnathus s p . , Spathognathodus campbelli R e x r o a d .
T h e y prove the Pericyclus and Goniatites stages. T h e lowermost Carboniferous could not
be defined a n y w h e r e in Slovenia.
Kolar-Jurkovsek and J u r k o v s e k . 1985 have started a systematic study of the Paleozoic
macroflora in clastic sediments of the Sava folds. Because of the insufficient paleontological
evidence, the age of these sediments has not been yet clearly d e t e r m i n e d , except in a few
places. T h e r e was no agreement on the stratigraphie position of the rock succession: some
Biostratigraphicul
investigations
in
Western
Yugoslavia
399
authors compared them with the Gailtal B e d s , and others with the Hochwipfel Beds. Consequently, and for practical reasons only, they have been ranged as " P e r m o c a r b o n i f e r o u s " .
T h e authors examined 32 localities in the area b e t w e e n Jance and Polsnik from where they
collected some h u n d r e d specimens of t h e Carboniferous macroflora in which Catamites and
gymnospermae associated with rare lycopods p r e d o m i n a t e d . In a preliminary r e p o r t , the
results of the examination of the macroflora from three localities in the Sava folds area were
given. A total of 18 U p p e r C a r b o n i f e r o u s taxa were described and d o c u m e n t e d . T h e Sigillaria elegans (Sternberg) B r o n g n i a r t , which was found in the Litija locality, proves the
Namurian-Lower Westphalian age, and the Lepidodendron sp. (Bergeria state of preservation) from the Jance locality most probably belongs to the U p p e r Carboniferous. From a
rich fossiliferous b e d , south of Litija, the following species have been described: Sigillaria
cf. boblayi Brongniart, Stigmaria cf. ficoides (Sternberg) Brongniart, Catamites haueri Stur,
Calamites cf. cistiiformis Stur, Catamites s p . A, Catamites sp. B, Catamites sp. C. Cordaites
s p . , and Artisia sp. T h e flora from the Sava folds contains some species characteristic of the
E u r o - A m e r i c a n province, and indicates a swamp e n v i r o n m e n t .
In the K a r a v a n k e Mts. t h e U p p e r Carboniferous is characterized partly by shallow
marine and partly by continental s e d i m e n t a t i o n ( A u e r i n g type sediments = molasse f a d e s ) ;
it is very rich in calcareous algae, fusulinids, molluscs, brachiopods, bryozoans; trilobites
are very frequent. Continental plants, very rich in individuals but poor in species, were
found only in one o u t c r o p in the Planina pod Golico village, Jesenice area. D a r k fossiliferous shale'alternates with fine-grained micaceous s a n d s t o n e . The sequence is only about 1 m
thick. Wagner has identified the following: Polymorphopteris polymorpha (Brongniart)
Wagner, Pecopteris sp. cf. hemitelioides Brongniart, Pecopteris fruct. indet.. Pecopteris sp.
indet., Annularia stellata ( V o n Schlotheim) W o o d , Acitheca polymorpha (Brongniart).
Lepidodendron cf. scutatum L e s q u e r e u x , Sigillaria brardi Brongniart, Calamites carinatus
Sternberg. No pteridosperms could be found, so this flora could not be dated more accurately than Stephanian.
Pecar (1985) studied the U p p e r Carboniferous ( K a r a v a n k e ) and the Permian chonetacean brachiopods in Slovenia ( u n p u b l i s h e d ) . Within the chonetacean Anopliidae family two
genera were found: Pygmochonetes(T) and Costachonetes. In the Rugosochonetidae family
the Neochonetes (Neochonetes) and Neochonetes (Sommeriella) subgenera were established.
It is higly interesting to note that two distinct c h o n e t a c e a n with a median lobe were found
in the same Gzhelian B e d s . O n e of t h e m belongs to the already known genus, while the
other form will be described as a new genus. T h e already known genus with the median
lobe is present also in the Lower Permian Trogkofel limestone which also contains the
possible descendant of the o t h e r , the new Gzhelian chonetacean genus with the median
lobe.
In the U p p e r Permian 2 a z a r limestone a n o t h e r , coarse costate chonetacean species has
been discovered (the study of this species is a continuation of the investigation by R a m o v s ,
1985, p. 497). This species is difficult to place a m o n g the already known chonetacean
genera, but it belongs to the new Volakochonetes genus ( R a m o v s and Pecar, Manuscript in
preparation for Geologija).
Permian
T h e most interesting new results of research on the Permian in Slovenia concern the significant discovery of a Lower P e r m i a n c o n o d o n t association. T h e Neogondolella slovenica
Ramovs has been described as a new platform element of the enantiognathiform. hibbardelliform, hindeodelliform, ozarkodiniform and pollognathiform elements. This assemblage is
accompanied by the Anchignathodus minutus (Ellison) and the A. cf. latidentatus Kozur.
Pre- Variscan and Variscan events
400
T h e s e conodonts were found only in one locality in some beds of the u p p e r Lower
Permian which is represented by dark gray sandstones and shales with small black linestone
lenses. T h e highly developed Pseudofusulina (Pseudofusulina cf. rakoveci Kochansky-Devidé), accompanied by a crinoid Palermocrinus togatus Sieverts-Doreck in white and
reddish limestones and marls proves that the entire section belongs to the Misselina zone
( R a m o v s , 1982a).
Pecar (1985) initially proposed the division of the lower part of Trogkofel limestone in
the classical locality of Dolzanova soteska (Dolzan G o r g e , K a r a v a n k e Mts.) into four m e m bers (from below upwards): the Shale M e m b e r , Reef M e m b e r O n e , the L a y e r e d M e m b e r ,
and Reef M e m b e r Two (unpublished).
Skaberne (unpublished) studied in detail the continental G r ô d e n (Val G a r d e n a ) Beds
in Western Slovenia. In the Ziri region in Western Slovenia, the Val G a r d e n a ( G r ô d e n )
sandstones overlie discordantly dark gray shales probably of U p p e r Carboniferous age. T h e
thickness of Val G a r d e n a sandstones varies from 200 m to 1 420 m over a distance of less
than 25 km.
Mlakar (unpublished) divided the Val G a r d e n a sandstones into six superpositional
units. According to the lithostratigraphic classification they correspond to the formations
which have not been definitively defined yet. With thorough field and laboratory work it
was possible to define vertical and lateral relations of clastic lithofacies and vertical changes
i r t t h e composition of lithical grains are considerable and can be used for lithostratigraphical
correlation. In the lower part of Val Gardena sandstones volcanic source material prevails,
while in the upper part metamorphic source material is d o m i n a n t . T h e difference does not
exist only in the composition of terrigenous grains, but also in the diagenetical evolution of
Val G a r d e n a sandstones.
Val G a r d e n a sandstones in Western Slovenia were formed in a continental, mostly
fluvial, sedimentary environment with numerous s u b - e n v i r o n m e n t s : braided and m e a n d r i n g
s t r e a m s , fluvial fans and playa lakes. The deposition began in the depression of a preexisting
paleorelief. The investigated area is interpreted as the south-western margin of a filled-up
river valley whose axis extends south-easterly. Material was generaly transported along the
axis to south-east. The tectonic events which caused a relative uplift or a subsidence which
resulted in a change of the river profile relative gradient had the most important influence
on the sedimentation of Val G a r d e n a sandstones. T h e greatest differentation was observed
in the lower part, and a lesser one in the middle and upper parts of Val G a r d e n a sandstones.
At the time of the sedimentation at least two to three distinct renewals of the relief can be
documented.
Continental sedimentation of Val Gardena sandstones e n d e d with the U p p e r Permian
marine transgression which produced dolomites and limestones having the characteristics
of lagoon and restricted shelf environments ( R a m o v s and S k a b e r n e , 1985).
Macrofossils are not mentioned in the Val G a r d e n a Beds. T h e pollen assemblage contains rather abundant monosaccate pollen grains of Crucisaccites variosulcatus Djupina associated with a small number of Cordaitina grains. Bitaeniate forms of Corisaccites and
Lueckisporites are presumed to occur, but could not be distinguished reliably enough (Jelen,
Budkovic and G r a d , 1981).
With respect to the mineral deposits in the Middle Permian beds the uranium deposits
in Zirovski vrh and the Skofje copper deposits should be m e n t i o n e d ( D r o v e n i k , 1984).
T h e Zirovski vrh uranium deposits ate localized in the lower part of the G r ô d e n (Val
G a r d e n a ) sequence where the colour of clastic rocks is predominantly gray. T h e ore-bearing
zone, nearly 125 m thick, includes more than 100 lenticular and elongated ore-bodies running along paleochannels. Pitchblende, coffinite and n u m e r o u s sulfide minerals are found
in clastic rocks which contain anthracitized and silicified plant r e m n a n t s . Sulfide sulfur is
' S - e n r i c h e d ; ô-' S values are spread over a very broad range, from + 2,52 %o to — 36.8 %<>.
:
:
4
Biostratigraphical investigations
in
Western
Yugoslavia
401
In the upper part of the G r o d e n (Val G a r d e n a ) clastic s e d i m e n t a r y rocks, where the
red coloured varieties p r e d o m i n a t e , n u m e r o u s o u t c r o p s with primary or secondary copper
minerals extend in a nearly 90 km long belt. In the Škofje copper deposits lenticular, more
or less concordant ore-bodies contain chalcopyrite, b o r n i t e , chalcocite and pyrite in dark
gray, gray as well as in green clastic rocks. 6 S oscillates from — 8,79 % to — 37,93 %o.
In the continental G r o d e n (Val G a r d e n a ) clastic rocks the two types of deposits belong
to the group of red bed deposits. T h e bleaching of primary red s e d i m e n t s , ore fabrica, the
association of mineralization with c a r b o n a c e o u s material, mineralogical characteristics and
a sulfide-sulfur isotope composition, all indicate a diagenetic origin of u r a n i u m and copper
minerals.
T h e very interesting Middle Permian reef limestone (= N e o s c h w a g e r i n a limestone) in
the surroundings of Bled, in the Julian A l p s , has been studied additionally by Flugel,
Kochansky-Devide and Ramovš (1984) with respect to microfacies and paleontological
criteria.
Allochthonous carbonates (limestone breccia r e p r e s e n t e d by cement-rich litho/bioclastic rudstones; matrix-rich poorly sorted litho/bioclastic rud/floatstones; coarse-grained
lithociastic packstones) are present in far greater quantities than a u t o c h t h o n o u s carbonates
(calcisponge
boundstones
and Archaeolithoporella/cakisponge
b o u n d s t o n e s with synsedimentary botryoidal carbonate c e m e n t s ; bioclastic crinoidal p a c k s t o n e s ) in the Straža
q u a r r y - T h e Straža is characterized by fine arenitic bioclastic grainstones with foraminifera
and algae.
T h e biota of these limestones consist of calcareous algae ( s o l e n o p o r a c e a n s , dasycladac e a n s , epimastoporids) and problematical algae (Archaeolithoporella, Tubiphytes), smaller
foraminifera (about 30 species), fusulinid foraminifera (with Neoschwagerina craticulifera
and the first report of the subgenus Minojapanella (Wutnella) from E u r o p e , calcisponges
(sphinctozoans and inozoans: new species: Uvanella telleri Flugel), b r a c h i o p o d s (above 12
species also including fixosessile types such as Leptodus nobilis). b r y o z o a n s (predominantly
Cystoporida and P h a b d o m e s o n i d a ) , as well as molluscs (gastropods, pelecypods, rare amm o n i t e s ) , ostracods. rare trilobitea. rare rugose corals and a b u n d a n t crinoids (including
Palermocrinus togattts) and echinoids. tube-like microfossils of various systematic position,
can be attributed to nine morphological types.
W
0
T h e limestone breccia is characterized by a rather uniform composition (with regard
to the microfacies of the lithoelasts). by equigranular lithoclasts, by comparable sorting
within different fades types, and by the p r e d o m i n a n c e of subangular and r o u n d e d lithoclasts
of medium to high sphericity values. Interparticle voids within the litho/bioclastic rudstones,
as well as intraskeletal voids within the calcisponge/algal limestones are filled with botryoidal
and radiaxial-fibrous cements which differ from the granular c e m e n t s of pelsparitic clasts.
T h e Straža quarry and Straža hill exhibit different depositional p a t t e r n s (allochthonous
sedimentation together with small areas of a u t o c h t h o n o u s calcisponge/algal framework in
the Straža quarry and shallow-water platform c a r b o n a t e s in the Straža hill). T h e depositional
sites of the allochthonous faeies tvpes can be c o m p a r e d neither with back-reef environments
nor with fore-reef breccia. Both the litho/bioclastic rud- and the float-stones and calcisponge/algal boundstones were affected by a c o n t e m p o r a n e o u s synsedimentary c e m e n t a t i o n :
growth and coalescence of botryoids together with algal colonization and the growth of
calcisponges may have resulted in the formation of a mixed inorganic/organic build up,
corresponding with calcisponge/algal cement reefs.
In the amphitheatric limestone wall behind the Bohinjska Bela village reef limestone
prevails (calcisponge/algal reef); breccia, however, could not be o b s e r v e d . Small coral patch
reefs, brachiopod and Neoschwagerina lenses are the most characteristic features in this
locality.
Pre-Variscan
402
Permian—Triassic
and
Variscan
events
boundary
R a m o v s (1982b) studied the Permian-Triassic b o u n d a r y : The uppermost Permian and the
lowermost Triassic outcrop in Slovenia in K a r a v a n k e M t s . , especially in their western part,
in the Ljubljana area (Central Slovenia), in the surroundings of Idrija and C e r k n o (W.
Slovenia), and in the Sava folds. In the mentioned areas sedimentation proceeded concordantly accross the Permian-Triassic b o u n d a r y with but a short interruption. At that time no
tectonic movements took place in the Southern Alps and the Western Dinarids. T h e faunistic boundary in the Permian transition is less characteristic. In the Permian, as well as the
lowermost Triassic, the a m m o n i t e s are extremely rare. In the uppermost Permian strata
there are no brachiopods of the Caucasus and I n d o a r m e n i a type. T h e corals (Waagenophyllum) also do not extend into the Permian-Triassic b o u n d a r y . In the youngest Permian strata
there are only typical calcareous algae ( G y m n o c o d i a c e a e ) , small foraminifers and remains
of echinoderms. Only for the Travnik locality (near Idrija) it is characteristic that some
Staffella and Nankinella fusulinid foraminifers still occur some meters below the PermianTriassic boundary. Palynological research of the U p p e r Permian rocks in Slovenia appears
to have been unsuccessful.
In all the sections examined up to date in Slovenia the Permian-Triassic b o u n d a r y is
placed at the end of the sedimentation of Permian character (black and dark gray well
bedded limestone or dolomite) with G y m n o c o d i a c e a e and small foraminifers, m a r k e d by a
thin marly or clayey bed. It is followed by a light gray banded sparitic lowermost Triassic
dolomite or dolomitic limestone which, according to present knowledge, does not contain
any fossils.
Paleozoic of Croatia
Permian
In Croatia (in the area of Brusane and Baske Ostarije — Velebit M t . ; Fig. 2) a rich
brachiopod fauna collected in the Middle Permian limestones was studied in most detail
(Sremac, in print in Paleont. jugosl., Z a g r e b ) . Thirty-eight different forms have been described, including the new family: Ramovsiinidae (Strophalosiacea) with Ramovsina n. gen.
T h e new family is characterized by the pecular quadri-lobed cardinal process and by hollow
spines on interarea. T h e new g e n u s : Megatschernyschewia (Tschernyschewiidae) with several new forms: M. longiseptata lata Sremac and M. kochanskae Sremac, as well as the
new species of Enteletes (E. salopeki Sremac) and Martinia (M. velebitica Sremac), and the
new subspecies of Keyserlingina (K. filias Sremac) have been also determined. Most of the
specimens from Lika belong to the Indo-American type of fauna which colonized the U p p e r
Paleozoic tropic and subtropic seas of E u r o p e , Asia and America. Two main types of
brachiopod communities can be distinguished:
1. Reef-type community, characterized by large specimens with thick shell-walls, often
asymmetrical in shape and o r n a m e n t a t i o n . Most of the adult brachiopods lived unattached
a m o n g the main reef-builders (Calcispongiae, Hydrozoa, Bryozoa), together with gastropods, cephalopods and bivalves. Coral communities (Waagenophyllum sp.) have been
found sporadically. T h e reef type fauna is characterized by a small number of taxa, but by
an enormously large n u m b e r of specimens.
2. Calm marine environment enabled colonization of the much larger n u m b e r of
brachiopods, predominantly productoid taxa. Productoids (1 or 2 representatives of each
form) were anchored by spines in the muddy substrate. Large shells (Ramovsina) were also
supported by gutter. A t t a c h e d forms (Keyserlingina and Leptodus) with a large n u m b e r of
Biostratigraphical investigations
in
Western
Yugoslavia
403
Fig. 2. Index map of Croatia showing the
Paleozoic beds. 3 — Permian
specimens have been found in the separate s t r a t u m .
T h e sedimentation of the Permian in the Velebit Mt. e n d e d with the " b o r d e r d o l o m i t e " .
Permian-Triassic
boundary
C o n t i n u o u s transition from the U p p e r Permian " b o r d e r d o l o m i t e " into the Triassic has been
observed in Banija region, S o m o b o r s k a gora m o u n t a i n and Velebit Mt. ( R a m o v s and
Kochansky-Devide, 1981, 327—330).
Paleozoic in Bosnia
T h e data on the Paleozoic of N o r t h - W e s t Bosnia ( S a n a - U n a Paleozoic), the Paleozoic of
Central Bosnia, the Paleozoic near Kljuc in West Bosnia, and the Paleozoic of East Bosnia
were published by Kulenovic, in 1983.
In the years 1982—1985, the Paleozoic of South-East Bosnia was frequently studied
(Fig. 3). T h e presence of the L o w e r Paleozoic, a b o v e all of the Lower D e v o n i a n , assigned
till 1982 only to the non-subdivided Carboniferous and the Permian, changed our understanding of the stratigraphical d e v e l o p m e n t , as well as of the structural characteristics of
the Paleozoic of South-East Bosnia.
Devonian
In the valley of the Kamenicka r e k a river on the northwestern side of the Klek M t s . , dark
gray limestone intercalations in the elastics which were formerly attributed to the Carboniferous and the Permian contain the following c o n o d o n t s : Belodella triangularis reconstructed a p p a r a t u s . (Stauffer, 1940), lcriodella s p . , Oneotodus beckmanni Branson and
S a n n e m a n n , Ozarkodina remscheidensis remscheidensis (Ziegler), O. cf. stygia (Flajs), Pandorinellina cf. optima M o s k a l e n k o , Pedavispesavispesavis (Bischoff and S a n n e m a n n ) . T h e y
prove the Lower Devonian age. Fine-grained reddish elastics with a Styliolina have been
discovered in this area for the first time.
On the opposite side of the Klek Mts. (south-east slope) near the Boskovici village the
404
Pre-Variscan
and
Variscan
events
intercalated gray limestone contains: Belodella triangularis Stauffer. Hindeodella sp.,
Oneotodus cf. beckmanni Bischoff and S a n n e m a n n , and Panderodus unicostatus (Branson
and M e h l ) . it was assigned to the Lower D e v o n i a n .
Limestones outcropping in elastics in several places on the right valley slope of the
Vrbicka rijeka River belong partly to the U p p e r Silurian and the Lower Devonian. A
similar position shows the profile below Gorazde—Cajnice at the Podkozara village
(Ramovs and Kulenovic, 1982).
Recent investigations ( R a m o v s . unpublished) confirmed the Lower Devonian in some
other localities in North-East Bosnia. On the slope above the Drazanica valley the Lower
Devonian reddish, gray and black limestones have been established by the following conodonts: Oneotodus' . beckmanni Bischoff and S a n n e m a n n . Ozarkodina excavata wurmi (Bischoff and S a n n e m a n n ) . Ozarkodina inclinata inclinata ( R h o d e s ) , Ozarkodina remscheidensis remscheidensis ( Z i e g l e r ) , Ozarkodina cf. transitans (Bischoff and S a n n e m a n n ) , Panderodus gracilis (Lindstrom and Z i e g l e r ) , and Panderodus unicostatus (Branson and Mehl).
The following ramiform c o n o d o n t elements occur: hindeodelliform, ligonodiniform, plectospathodiform. prioniodiniform, and trichonodelliform elements.
On the right slope of the Kolakovici potok Brook near the village of Kolakovici the
Lower D e v o n i a n has been proved by the following conodonts: Belodella triangularis (Stauffer). Icriodus postwoschmidti M a s h k o v a . Ozarkodina excavata wurmi (Bischoff and Sann e m a n n ) . Ozarkodina remscheidensis remscheidensis (Ziegler), and Panderodus unicostatus
(Branson and Mehl).
In the surroundings of this o u t c r o p the age of bedded reddish limestone could not be
prosed bv c o n o d o n t s .
The Lower Devonian limestone interpreted as of basinal environment shows, in SouthEast Bosnia, a d e v e l o p m e n t similar to that in the Central Karavanke Mts.
The U p p e r Emsian and the Middle D e v o n i a n , represented by the Klek limestone, is
well developed on the Klek Mts. It contains corals and stromatoporids (Kostic-Podgorska. 1958). A new locality of the U p p e r Emsian and Middle Devonian platform massive
carbonates was discovered on the right slope of the Kolakovici potok Brook. Turnsek has
preliminarily d e t e r m i n e d the following fossils: S t r o m a t o p o r o i d a : Actinostroma stellulatum
Nicholson,
Anostvlostroma
lozvense
Yaworsky,
Stachyodes cf.
costulata
Lecompte.
Stromatopora
concentrica
Golffuss.
Stromatopora sp..
Stromatoporella iaminata
(Bar1
Biostratigraphical investigations in
Western
Yugoslavia
405
gatzky); T a b u l a t a : Caliapora reducta Y a n e t , Placocoenites gradatus ( L e c o m p t e ) , Thamnopora
polyforata
(Schlotheim) ;
Heliolitida:
Heliolites
porosus
(Goldfuss);
Rugosa:
Hexagonaria cf. articla ( M e e k ) .
The d e t e r m i n e d fossils lived in t h e central reef area. N u m e r o u s fragments of fossils and
pieces of limestone forming h a r d breccias suggest a fore-reef breccia, or a breccia
s e d i m e n t e d between reefs.
Clastic Carboniferous has not been p r o v e d by fossils.
Permian
In the surroundings of the H a n O r a h o v i c a village a larger complex of black and dark gray
shales and sandstones is overlain with t h e Middle Permian G r o d e n (Val G a r d e n a ) strata.
R a m o v s (unpublished) supposes that this formation as well as t h e dark shales and sandstones
n e a r the Klek M t s . , can be i n t e r p r e t e d as an equivalent of t h e Lower Permian clastic
Trogkofel Beds of the K a r a v a n k e M t s . and t h e Ljubljana Beds in the Sava folds (Central
Slovenia). It is possible that this type of s e d i m e n t a t i o n began in the U p p e r Carboniferous
and continued t h r o u g h o u t t h e L o w e r P e r m i a n . No p a l y n o m o r p h s could be found in t h e
three samples t a k e n for pollen analysis in the surroundings of t h e Han Orahovica village.
Violet reddish and wine-red G r o d e n (Val G a r d e n a ) shales and fine grained sandstones
contain, in the u p p e r part of t h e section, lenses of gray dolomite and dolomitic marl, thick
up to 40 cm. T h e same observation could be m a d e in the Karavanke Mts., so this sequence
cannot be interpreted as the lowest part of t h e U p p e r Permian Bellerophon Beds.
Microfacies of the well known Belerophon Beds at Han Orahovica has been studied by
R a m o v s ( u n p u b l i s h e d ) . Very rich and partly nearly a u t o c h t h o n o u s macrofauna and microf­
lora are limited only to thin layers. T h e p r e - d o m i n a n t beds, however, contain resedimented
fossils: fragments of lammelibranchs and b r a c h i o p o d s , remains of crinoids, gastropods and
calcareous algae. Very rare are Nautiloids. Very characteristic Permocalculus fragilis biolite
a n d Permocalculus fragilislGymnocodium bellerophontis biolite occur in some thin layers.
Locally dense packed calcareous algae c o m p o s e the intrabiomicrite. Some beds represent
a fine micritic limestone with sporadic fossils. In the algal limestone a very small foraminifer
Glomospira is r a t h e r frequent, but it could not be observed in o t h e r types of the U p p e r
Permian limestone.
T h e paleoecological analyses of microflora and macrofauna and some descriptions of
the Bellerophon fauna were p r e s e n t e d by Kostic and Podgorska (1958. 114—117).
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