"!$#%'&(*)"!,+-!$/.10
23 %,45"!,36!76"89
: <;=3)">?!$@#%BACED3!$ F3G0HI>'J9J9JK)L*M?%,#<9-"N
O-P
Q 3NREG
ST %,%$)
U VWXYZ\[]\^
_a` U b\ Uced cfd cfc [Xhg d V
Wij_W[X d gjkV
^Wlj
mn5+o@3)p*G(8?!,%$ Nq3M?8 .
rts*s3u vxwby*zW{}|~fy*"vb
5y*y5
'<]`? c oY<
`'=o$q=}`' P =q
< U ==<o P
<=<<q[3 o<<_¡_¢=£Y¤¤
`'=o$q=}`' P =q
< U ==<o P
[X¥<oVq<¦R<§<¤o=
`'=o$q='t<£Y¥¥¨o¤o<
U Y<¤¨R][X=<Rp¥¨R
V£Y c 7 U "©£<<q`'=$R=
c U ¤ opo\
=<o¤ c O ¥L¥ P
ª v?«f"xvb¬{'|y<9®9
rps*u5¯±°Y²²<³
"!$#%'&(*)"!,+-!$/.10
23 %,45"!,36!76"89
: <;=3)">?!$@#%BACED3!$ F3G0HI>'J9J9JK)L*M?%,#<9-"N
o=´'¢¤¤¨R
µf¶L¶"·7¸§¹qº»¼½¸´·5¶"¾L¿"ÀÂÁÄÃ}·ÅºÀƺǴÈ7ºb¿RÉ
ÊE¸Rȵ9ÀÆÇ´Ë¸qÈ5Ì9Ç/Í7ÁƸ´ÎLÇ´ÀEÊÇ´¿¸q·ÅÇ/Í7¸´·ÅÉÏYʵ5ÐÑ9ÒÔÓ/Õ´ÐÖqÖ/×q×"Ø
d \^=R¨jo<X[Xo<¨=
Ù >bN´)"#+o
`?¥R-=o¤o¥¨RÚ P }Ûo¤£Y=C=<(¡o O Ú§o¤ qono}' O RY<R]`'=o=<¤<q=
O-P o=´'¢¤¨¤R
\<¥YR=¨<=q=R-=ÜB¡<¨pq<=¨o¤ P < P <op¨j<¦C=¨Ý£<¤L¥o<ܨ=]qÞ¡
O R<<qß<=¥<¤o<´¥RLRt<=àq<¥<W<¡¤¨<@9 P <op¨R9K¥<BR¡ O Ú§o¤-R¨x
áo¥¨R£<¤oR?¨(<Rt<¥¥L¥RßY"ÜâXY=o=<¤<q¥o P <¨=¦ã=R o<<Ý¥XR O R<YR
¤Üäå=j<¤<q=jj¥<Þ-ÛR¨I¤t¨RÝ<qÞ=<Þ ¥R-=o¤bÛo=q¨ Pçæ `}jè
éÜê¨
<oR<RÛR?<£YÞ=C¥<ß<=o¤b<§¦KoYã3= O ¤ P]O £Y<o P ¤ P R´ëqq¥jqåL¡
=<Ý$â=<j<¤<qR¥Y(`}ì<oí¤
<qÛoR¤o<¨Yéqq¥¨n3-¥ÜY§qÛoR-¥£¤¤ P
=q<<q
¥<(éÜä£Y<¥ O ¤¥¨RR
o=(<=<£<qRI¨Io=q=ܨ=X¥YÝ ¥R-=o¤
Ûo¥¨RÚ P t<¨å±Z=á¨e¥<nR¥==Úîe=q}¥<q=nÛ¥¨RRß/î q=q<Rq¤
RYR£<-=R=ßÜÚ¥1=<n<¤<qR}RY=RïE£<q-¥¤ P ´îR¥YI¥<Ô==ïE£<qße¥<å<¤oYq@
\<´î¥RYRo¥<q=
Ûo=RqR¨xqYípqx@Û¨p3¥o-t<¤¨@=Y}åY¤o¡
q¥o P to¥=Ô=¥qRp\<p$åL¥oIoÛo=Rq(¨j<R£<=R1±po=Þ<q¥o¤<
C¦o P o=otq¥q$£<<IÜ<¨§ãYR3R<<j¤q¤ P I<¤<qpojo<I=o£<<ã=3RR
ðñ¨=ߥ<¨'¦o P <o¥otq=Rq-<\@p<R<¨q'=<<¦ÝqÛo¤£Y=-`}ko=Ü\¥t¥=Rq<
¥Y=R<¤¨eRY<¨=<K$j$=t<Ûo¥¨RqÝã¥<Cq¡o O Ú§o¤=qox U áo¤ P ¥¨@o¤
R¥¨å=K$o=<§<`}ê<£<(¥å<§¦
RtoR]=å¥YÝo´¥£o¤f§<ݨ
`}an¥Y P < P <op¨=¨Ý£<¤L¥o<R?\< P p=§ÜBR¤¨¤x´îqRYC=<<YR\=qo
Ü<q=ÞÛ¥qR$]ßo<<Ú¥¨x5´î=R<¨Ût=q=¤¨£Y¥¨I¥q¥jÜBR=t@==¨R±£Y O £
£<<qR§o¨E=qRpo O £\¥<j< P =¨Ro?=<\<o=R£Y¤oR¨x
Ù +"ò59óp%,JfD3H1 N
\Ü£Y¤X¤¨¦(¥å´î¥q<±å=3Rqo¤f¥<o<¦ P £Ô=å¥Y($¤¨¤Ü<t3R<¤¨ =CV£Y c Å
P tR-¥W c U ¤ot'Ü<ÝB§£<-tåo P ¥Y<WC P < P p¨R<
oqR=´¥¨]Y=¦nY P R
o<T$<=¨Ý£<¤¥¨CR<K]ÜY§]=<R=Ro=§X O oR
xô=1'<¨= c <<W P oYÛ¨=Þpq<ÚÛR=Ú P BÜY¨E==<£<qRõtC¥±¥Y
-=R=Y=<¨Ô c U ¤ot
=<o¤ c O o¥= P ô¥nZB£<=]ðR<Y=oë?3=<¨-ÛR-=
o ¥< c LîE¡ðR<Y=oë§<RtoÜ<(<¥¨R-¥¤ P ´î<¤oYRt£Ypq=Ro¤ P <= P otq=
to<K-Û¨¥qjp'$5po P t£<-§o¨ O ¦E¨<\¥=¨<Rô"¥o¤¨¤o P $q<<fKVo£<=<
'£<=o Ü<Cq<<£<RI P 3R=¤¨ P <Ô=<o=q±o¤¤5¥YoY P o<X<oCoY P
tpq-¥Ü¨¥]pô<Xí¤¤¤ P =å P ,ot¤ P YR¤£Y<<Þ P ¤¨"Û¨<tÜÚ$^=R¨o* P
o£Y-¥R[Xo<¨=oYÔ P ,ot¤ P U £<¥Y*Ü<<*¥<£<Y£Y
=<<L©R´@<Ûo
=Y"Ü]po==£Y< o@¤¨Ûo*<¥¨R<q¥oTq£<¤¨T´Ûq@ÛoKY qT$oR
\<fR=Ro=§KÜ93R$=tRj£<Y<R5¥YB£<=<¨Rq9=<W^Ro¥tR-foY'<R P ?
Üo=£<<3¥R O-P ¥< c O ¥L¥ P ^R´¥RtR@o§Co<t^´ÛR¤¨<tR-B`'==oêL
c U ¤otoY O-P =<
Y¥Ú¥£Y=9ljq< P =¨R\oYC`'¤oYq§ P `' P RlK``Wö÷÷øoù
o<lK``Wö÷úûoüYf c U ¤otjojÜBR¤¤7å
Üo(o¤]£<<3=Re¨±o O-P U U
¥Y=£<oX U l(ý"¡ù-ûûoú
þ
ÿ
3)"5J?49+o"!$3F#9Ja"!2<#"!,3
h5J9%\mnN@+)L!,Mf"!$3
£<tRRo¤5§YRt
ûÆû
V P < P p¨jïE£L¥o<\(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K ÷ø
ûÂú
U <o£<¤o\[]tR-¥£< o<=qÛ¥¨To§=<t<L¥Rõ(K(K ÷ú
û
'ï£<¥¨o'E§=kjK(K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K ÷"ý
ûÆý
<¨=o¤o<TZ£Y<o P <<Ú¥¨<K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K ÷
K(K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K
Hx"8?!,fD5#+o*)
ûÚ÷
úYÚ÷
}ëqq¥o9¥<(to¥<¨< d o´¥hK(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K ûoø
úYÆû
\<=q´¡^tR<¤ U Y<=@îp¥¨
Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K ûý
*)x49X0
23 %,45"!,3
ýÚ÷ ?o=ïE£<K'ï£<¥¨<ejK(K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K!E û
mn9N@!/.F02 3%,4f!,3ç#?J C#<M 53)LH1#"!,3
Û
!"
ýÂú `'o=j=9¥<=Ú¥o (K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K!E ý
# K&%$ 8f5+"ò5N&$}#<?J ?Nq@#<>b!,%,!$"!$N
'
ýÆû
`'o=j9¥oY=¨=
üYÚ÷
=q¨ P o<=R<¨ P (KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K ý÷
üYÆû
`} }Ûo¤£Y=<ÔRRo<o P <¥ O ¤¨¨=RKK(K(KK(Kj(K(K ýý
"49J9!,N
`?o¥otq=R)(
jK(K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K
#
#<)"#H1-E)
Ú÷
¢ P
jK(K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K ü-ý
Æû
?o=ïE£<K}Û¤¨£Y¥¨To<X£<<X3RqX^q q<<RYRa(KK(Kj(K(K ü
*
Âú ljÜ\¥TL¥K`bo=otq¥q (KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K+o ú
d £<<q=<o¤x^q q<<RYRo]`'¤o<q[]o=T(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K+o ú
Æý d £<<q=<o¤x^q q<<RYRoX£<<X3RR KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K+"
, #<)"!,+-%,#"8?N
,- 8f5+"ò )L49+o"49)"]#?Jj& Qx49H1MbN
.
ùYÚ÷
<§¦==£<´¥£<á(jK(K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷øoø
/ 3H10ì49%"!W(%$#9- !7H±49%,#Y!,39N
: 5J9X0
2<#%,4f#Y"!$ 6#9J : 3H1M9#<)L!7Nq 1*
2
÷÷Ú÷6¥Ro P E§=(^¨=¦p?q K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷"ûoû
÷÷Æûq=¤¨£Y¥¨n9R=(jK(K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷"ûú
÷÷Âúñto=¨=CÜÚ¥nVK÷ K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷"ûü
Û¨
.
ACNq)L!,+oJ
43
8f)"E-; Ý5J5. Ù M9M9)L*#+L8
2
÷"ûÚ÷á<¨=o¤ =´¥£<]o<T O ¨§¤< q=R Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷úû
5
÷"ûÂú `bo¥¨R¤q=3<=jܨ=<R@o<p`'¤o<´
[Xo=ÞK(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷5-û
÷"û U ¤ P ¥¨ U <Y=-o§T¥pt¥<¨< d oq= KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷5- ý
. ACN@49%$"Nß#9J m!7NR+-4?N@NR!,3
/ ,
÷"ûÆûq=£<¤Ú¥\$=oâ¥YK\Y=R/¡_Z P Ý£<¤¥¨<KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷ Y÷
Û¨
6 7 8 :ÿ 9 ; 7=<> ? @
ûÚ÷
£<Y] qR]=Rt q¥=£<=R¤¥¨j÷ U K(K(KK(Kj(K(K ÷
úYÚ÷
`?o=R-¥o¤xo?<¤o<q\ÜÚ¥T=t¥<¨<,o´¥ÝKK(K(KK(Kj(K(K ûû
úYÆû
^R<¨ P Y=oí¤¨$\<Úëq=R-po¥Y<ߤ¨R<o=< K(KK(Kj(K(K ûoú
úYÂú
=q¨ P <R3R<Y<t=t¥<¨<Ý,oq= KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K û
úY
?o=ïE£<j<R3RY<<tT=t¥<¨<,o´¥ (KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K ûoü
úYÆý
=R´¥o$o¥<R´¡<tRY=oo¤x<<=@îp= (KK(Kj(K(K ûoù
úYÂü
g=oo¤3¥<o¤3$=qÛqW=<=q´¡<tR<<o¤ ÛoR= KK(Kj(K(K úø
úY
§<oTY¤o<´§o P $RÛq=<¥<R´¡<tRY=oo¤ $o=R]j(K(K úY÷
<Ú÷
oY=<oo9¥YKY=¦å=£<,oRj<q<=Ú P kýoø
(KK(Kj(K(K ú-ý
oY=<oo9¥YKY=¦å=£<,oRj<q<=Ú P
(KK(Kj(K(K úü
B
<Æû
<Âú
<
<Æý
<Âü
A
oY=<oo9¥YKY=¦å=£<,oRj<q<=Ú P
DCFE "G
DCFEkûoøø"G
DCFk
E ýoøø"G
*
ú"H
(KK(Kj(K(K ú
^R<¨ P Y=oí¤¨$\<Úëq=R-£<<]=3RRYìKK(K(KK(Kj(K(K
^R<¨ P tYÝ£< ´Û¤¨£Y¥¨o?=<j<¦å-1K(K(KK(Kj(K(K úù
JI
^R<¨ P Y=oí¤¨$\<Úëq=R-<¤o<´åo=q
Úî
!
(K(KK(Kj(K(K -ø
<B
^R<¨ P tYÝ£< o9¥YKY=¦å-on$\=´Ûq¥o¤f<¤o<qpo=R (K(K <÷
!
ýÚ÷ ^oo¥o o9¥<j<¨=¦åÜÚ¥TÞ<¤oYqã(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K!"
ýÆû \tqÛo¤£¥oT?=<¥o¥o¤¥o=ïE£<LKNM
´îR¥R]n¥<j<¤o<´Þ(K(K!- ü
ýÂú ?o=ïE£<jR-== O £Y¥¨n$=â<¨ë RR-=Ro<\¨n¥<j<¨=¦ (Kj(K(K!/
ý `?o=R-¥o¤Ûo=RÚ P po
)COEì÷÷ø"Gäo<]DCFEPøø"G Kj(K(K!- ù
ýÆý
c <ߥq= ==ïE£<jqÛo¤£¥oT}ß=¨Ý£<¤¥¨K(K(KK(Kj(K(K ýoø
üYÚ÷
}Û¤¨£Y¥¨nob=<KoàR¨Ý£Y=o¤¤ P ÛoR=oRT3o¥qE=o¤ Û¥q¨ P j(K(K ý
üYÆû
`?o=R-¥o¤Ûo=RÚ P
ýoù
üYÂú
`?o=R-¥o¤Ûo=RÚ P
üø
üY
`?o=R-¥o¤Ûo=RÚ P
üYÆý
^R<¨ P }ß<o¥Y¤o<´§o P <¨=¦åÜÚ¥ToR O q<<R]<¤<q (K(K ü-û
üYÂü
<§¦C==£<´¥£<(¨n¥Rp\'[X§XE£< O R K(K(KK(Kj(K(K üú
üY
U àqÝ£Y=o¤¨¤ P @ÛR=oqX3o¥qE=o¤ Û¥q¨ PåO ´$=Ûo¥¨RqYqÛq¤ K ü
Ú÷
<§¦C==£<´¥£<(¨][Xo§T£Y O q\$\<¨ë RR-=£Y<X qR<(K(K
B
Æû
Âú
DCOEPHø"G (K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K
DCOEkùø"G (K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K
DCOì
E ÷øø&Gê(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(K
&H
üY÷
&
ü"H
?o=ïE£<jqÛo¤£Y=nÜÚ¥RY§E¦o P o=op´¥qkK(KK(Kj(K(K üù
+
?o=ïE£<jqÛo¤£Y=o?=´Ûq¥o¤f=o£<<X qR]=£<¤=Y1K(Kj(K(K+où
Æý £<,oRj<q<=Ú P o<T ¥R-=o¤Ûo=q¨ P $o\¤Ü £<<]=3Rq]R¨pñQH ø
Âü £<,oRj<q<=Ú P o<T ¥R-=o¤Ûo=q¨ P $o\p¨n=£<YX=3Rq]R¨ptQYH ÷
B £<,oRj<q<=Ú P o<T ¥R-=o¤Ûo=q¨ P $o\<£<<T=3RqX=qt -H û
U àqÝ£Y=o¤¨¤ P @ÛR=oqÔ`}ì<=oí<¤=Y=¤ PCO q$o=Û¥¨RRqpq=
î
K oø
RH
\t
$=<j<=´
bRRo<o P <§ O ¨¤Ú¥qWÜÚ¥ FK(Kj(K(K ú
QH
Âù U àqÝ£Y=o¤¨¤ P @ÛR=oqX3o¥qE=o¤ Û¥q¨ P <=oí<¤jo<T¨=\<R¨Û=¨ÛqÔQH&
Ú÷øñljÜ\¥oXWZY K(jK(K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KQ-H ý
Ú÷÷6ljÜ\¥¥=$)W[Y æ IfèBܨ=TY¨ë R=q-q<§o-<¤oYqpo=RÝK(KQH ü
Ú÷"û ¤o oXW[Y æ S\Uè O q$jÛo=qRRtR (KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KQH*
Ú÷ú }Û¤¨£Y¥¨no^] K(jK(K(KK(K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KQH"H
HYÚ÷
U àqÝ£Y=o¤¨¤ P @ÛR=oqX=£Y,oqKYR<¨ P o<T3o¥qE=o¤3Û¥¨R¨ P K(K ùú
HYÆû
HYÂú
HY
HYÆý
HYÂü
HYB
TSVU
&
<§¦C==£<´¥£<(¨n¥Rp\'[X§XE£< O R K(K(KK(Kj(K(K ù
<o¤ Rt3<R-o?=´ÛR=o¤fo¥q¤q\C¥YKR¥==Úî
Kj(K(K ù-ý
`?o=R-¥o¤Ûo=RÚ P qÛo¤£¥oo¤Yߥ@o ¤¨<qK(KK(Kj(K(K ùü
^R<¨ P ´Û¤¨£Y¥¨nobt<o=R¤¨n=<j=R<o¥==½în=qo
4_a`cb4_/dR*o<8_/e
^¨ÛY<Ûo=q¨ P ¨-¥Þ¨=¥<RjR-== O £Y¥¨<
fH
*
ù"H
Kj(K(K ù
(K(K
Yotjo d Y YÆý O £YàRtR-¥Þ<§¦å¥£<q=£<= KK(Kj(K(K ùù
ùYÚ÷
d £<\==Rop¤¨<q\o<T<q<=Ú P R-=£<=j(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷øý
ùYÆû
<§¦C==£<´¥£<(¨n¥Rp\'[X§XE£< O R K(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷øoü
ùYÂú
<R¤¨L¥oåܨ==<j=<§¦C$
ùY
^R<¨ P
ùYÆý
<§¦C==£<´¥£<(¨][Xo§T£Y O q\$\<¨ë RR-=£Y<X qR<(K(KÝ÷øoù
ùYÂü
lj=o<¨R-o9¥<([Xo§TE£< O R\$\£<<]=3RR
ùY
o<oKb O ¨Y£<¥ß¥<j<¤o<´h(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷÷o÷
B
)SVUFEkøagÂøú-ûßoYhSVUOE aø gÂø-ý
Ti `n=<j<=/¡=Y§¦nR¨
"
Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷ø&H
8SVUFEkøagÂøú-û
î
Kj(K(KÝ÷ø
j(K(KÝ÷÷@ø
ùY
RH
[]@=£<RÔàR£Y¥¤¤ P @Ûq¥ooRX3o=R-¥o¤Ûo¥¨RÚ P KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷÷û
ùYÂù
bîY3R´¥qX§oY(b3o¥q-¥¤Û¥¨R¨ P ܨ=TRo§T=<§¦no¥op(KÝ÷÷@ú
)COE ùoø"G
÷øYÚ÷ç^R<¨ P ¨åÜÚ¥Üt<¤<q=
kj
K(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷÷@ü
lCOE "G j(K(KÝ÷÷m
o?<¦åq-§o¨<<ßÜBpY¤o<´¥)COk
E ùø"G K(KÝ÷÷5H
o?<¦åq-§o¨<<ßÜBpY¤o<´¥)COì
E ÷"ýoø&GìK(KÝ÷÷@ù
÷øYÆû oâ¨E=ߥ<j<q<=Ú P po
$ÜBt<¤oYq¥L ì÷"ýø
÷øYÂú `?o=R-¥o¤Ûo=RÚ P
÷øY ñ`?o=R-¥o¤Ûo=RÚ P
÷øYÆý`?o=R-¥o¤Ûo=RÚ P <oí¤q$ÜBp<¤o<´¥KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷"ûø
÷øYÂü?o=ïE£<jqÛo¤£Y=n=<í=
<¤o<´ÞÝ£<¤¨=<¤o<´@o
(K(KÝ÷"û÷
(Kj(K(KÝ÷"ûAH
÷÷Ú÷ç<o¤3Ûq¤R¨ P $Þ¥Ro P §=j<¦1j(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷"û
÷÷Æû to=¨=nb<q<=Ú P ܨ=TY¨ë R=q-o=nR¤£Y=Y
÷÷Âú U àqÝ£Y=o¤¨¤ P ¥R-=o¤Ûo=q¨ P
K(Kj(KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷"ûù
÷÷ to=¨=nb3o¥q-¥¤Û¥¨R¨ P $=âV(÷KoY] PO =¨]qYFK(KÝ÷úoø
R
÷÷Æý`?o=R-¥o¤Ûo=RÚ P ܨ=¥oto=op´¥q=o\ d ¨<÷o÷ ±Kj(K(KÝ÷ú÷
÷"ûÚ÷áÜÞ P <Ro¤5 O ¨=\n¥<=<=q´¡ O P < O ¤q
K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷úý
TnFehKK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷ú"
÷"ûÂú c O =¥¨C3R=¨Y\ob<o=R¤¨Ro£<<8n^o KK(K(KK(Kj(K(KÝ÷ú&H
÷"ûñ`bo¥¨R¤¥¥©Rq==¨R O-P =¤ÚÛ<Ý=<j=R¥q=R¥<R/¡ O P RïE£=<TÝ÷5 ø
÷"ûÆý oY=<oo?<jt¤¨¤op¥¨R¤¨R$=oâ¥Y=R/¡ O P R< Kj(K(KÝ÷5 ú
÷"ûÂü `bo¥¨R¤
£Y O q<R<¨ P qp<o=qÜÚ¥T P Y= P ot=¨Ý£<¤¥¨<nÝ÷5&
÷"ûBõ\<=q(<o=R¤¨ O ¨=ܨ¥To¨<R@o<Þ<¤o<qpoåK(Kj(K(KÝ÷5 ü
÷"ûÆû c O =¥¨C3R=¨Y$\o¥q¤qo=£Y<
îY¨
6 7 8 :ÿ 9 p qsr t=@
Ú÷
+
?£Y=¡n¥tR$o\<¨ë RR-<Ú¥¤ po=\=¥¨(K(KK(Kj(K(K oü
î¨
þ
u qsv ? w
s 7}| q~ 7 ÿ
ÿ y > z 7 ÿ q{ y
x ? +
ÿ
d ¥o¨¤ æ ÷ùù-ûè
YR±¥<Ií]<RÛq P o´î¥=o=¤on<¤o<q= OEP ð¤¨=àRqà@o
&
o< ð¤àRqà@o æ ÷@ùù Eèå=£<Y Y£<¤=o=oYñ=<R =<=q P @o¤=RåÜÚ¥¥YãY¡
h
%
i£<R¤¨ào÷ùù-ýoè´1¥o¥o¤
ot÷"ûøe´î¥=o=¤oC<¤o<´¥CÜBR=I$£Y<ñono[Xo§ ûøø&<
U Þ£<3=Rt¤¨'Ro O \Û´Üqå^./*
/
//1m/D/f
*A1./
"AN.^./1Þ
o
.//
/
"*f"&f&XA/* \\<=£<qRR$£<¤¨¤ P oY<¤¨Rt^<<¤¨R'tq=<Þ$'/î=¥o¤
<¤o<q}=@=§<q æ [Xo= P Z£Y¥¤¨Rq<÷ùù"H è?}t'=q<=Ú¥¨Ûo\¥@<<<¥q}¥¨p<o
¥Yå¤=q(=qé<´îãÛq¤R¨ P =]=<å<oݧoq\<pÛoR¤RÚ P =Rtp<¤¨¨=£<<o}e
( ?(
RÛoR P opõRtoY = ý÷á`9R-oÝ =<e3Rq£<¤o <ÆûoúL¡ P O Ú æ [X P
$£<<´¥¨±oW<K§ojoYãY¤o<´jå=R5qRqR-¥RÚ P ?o<±YR¤¨=Xo<¤¨ æ [X= P
TC=/¡
qÝo¤ÅÚ?ûoøøøè´Cðñ¨==<n^<Y¤R=R§<<¨ïE£<no¤¨<o9¥<åoq=£o¤W<¤<q(å=
po<£<<¦E<ÜX3R<Y<ߥY<q=R=t<¥¨no9¥< O ¨¥o¤¨<R¤¨L¥o =\<q=´$=
T?D=Cg<pp"©£<=Y=pB=<Rå</¡
¥Yp<¤o<´jåo(¨£<=£<o¤¤ P <=ÛYRe
÷
¥qq=<WÜB¥Y
´î¨¥q<R
ofEW<¤o<´¥LBÛoR P =po¤¨¤¥o<¨$=ê=<R¨B<o§o
æ []o= P q(o¤ÅÚfûoøoøø-è´t<qÞ=<R?¤¨<n<£<=¥¨±=£<<q(qÛo@o¤¨Rãpß<¤<q=(L
¤=qB<¨¥o<Rq O £YRY¥¤¨¤Å=<R=qåo¨<B=¨<¨í<@o-oRq£<Ý£<¤¥¨pf=<3R
¡ ag
<¤o<q=\nq=q£<¤ O ¨=o ñø Äûoý U ==Yp¨@o¤<Ú¥ æ U è/YÜ<§TBÜq¤¤ÜÚ¥<¨
¥Y( O ¨[]q=R£Y P1æ øYÂúù U è/3^R=Y¨¥j¥<R£<=R-<q=R´¥o]¥q§<<¨ï£YR= O Ú¡
oRÞ¥Ü=<Wå==ÚÛ<¤o<q=WR¤¨= O ¨=R¥Y'<¨¤R£YpLB夤YY¥o<qRBo<3@o
¥ O jRE£<¨< æ Y P ´
¤ÅÚ*ûoøøúè´
¢T?D%£ &û ¤
o
VÜBqÛqR=<Rã¨ná¤o§¦6o(<o<RCpon<¤oYq¥q
G¥ <
L¤(¨W=<
poBox£< o£<<¨=Rq}\<B'¥Y
=L¡
3R=¨t O ¨= æ h÷øøK P ¥è´Ü<R
@¤¤qC3R=¨p<RR
<n=qåo¨<W£<<´î<¤oYR æ < P q¤ÅÚ<ûoøoøú-è´'[]=
§L¥¥¨@o¤
< q=RÞo
ÛRT÷øøI<¤o<´¥po==´ÛqÜBRFF< P qpo¤7 æ ûoøoøú-è´Yo-=p´po¤Å
&
æ ûøøú-è/o<T'q O RRqo¤7 æ ûoøø Eè/
qÛoR=o¤ Y¨ë R=q-tR§<pBo=3=£<¤L¥RÞ¥(´î<¤oÞ¥< O RÛoL¥opoE
<¤o<q==po¤¨¤9o O Ú§o¤5=o<7ljq<R=o¤¤ P ¨ O q¤¨qÛqX¥<
Y¤o<´¥$= ¤oR
<¨§<Rq]q¨¥YRn<£<±¥ç=o YR¤¨¤o<X¥Y=£<ok=@ÛÚ§=<o¤
¨<¥ O ¤¨¨=R æ ZB=q
ûoøø÷Y O ô [X P R
q¤ÅÚ3ûoøø-ûè\ O-P q-o¤q=qR<qÝo'<£Y<Ô<¤o<q=Rpo¤ æ `9¤¤o§¦
¦T¨§ ÷ø*©'
qCo¤ÅÚ÷ùùüè´ñ\<Ô¤==Rt§<op<q¤Y=RYq=p=nãRÔo
©F¨j<Þo=poR5Üo£<¤
Ü<q=
aª
O Þ£ tRq-K=XRRq=Þ=<Þ=£<=£Y<<Y]-
´î3<qE=o¤¨¤ P ±n<qR=K@¤¤qI=£<¡_@Ü P RRq= æ `9¤¤o§¦Tq(o¤ÅÚb÷@ùùü-è/ÝZo=
<qR=RqB=@ÛÚ§=<o¤'R¤¨¤oY=C<eRo¤q=Rq<Rn<¤oYq¥q=¨åo¤¨R9Ü£Y¤e¤¨@o1=
o£<<Ú¥qpo<¤o<´¥R U ¤¨=@ P <£<<Þ¥<j$å=n§ooo¥<K<¤o<qÜB£<¤¨X<qR
û
T
¥tt=¥¨-Üo< O-P ¥<o¤x-=R¥q¥¨nܨ=]<¨=¦ æ c ê`bo¤oàRo£xx÷ùùoúYôYð1o=x
"
÷ùù è O-P =@ÛÚ§=<o¤?@¥q=YCܨ¥±o=<RY¤o<´¥q=po¤¨
<¤o<´¥ æ [T£<== P
"H
Z
q
o¤7¨x÷@ùù YôYðR¨<RY=§<¨¤¤¨<
Z
[Xoà@oÅx÷@ùùüYô*o=¨
d =x5÷@ùùü-è/V"ÜBqÛoRq ¥Y
¤L=¥qfp¨¥=Rqo=¨<£<W¥=@L=¥q=¨<
¨?< O O ¤ P <o?==Y
RY£<=
/îYY¤o¨
¥Y=<\3R=¨åo-=\o<x<RYRo<=<<¨=¦¡<¤o<´¥¨o¤ -¥q¥o´¥o<oR£Y==q-¥¤ P
¥YKt¤¦R¤ P <qR$\to¥=x
"H
ð1q¤¤ O ´$=t´î=¥o¤o(<¤<q=KÜBRC<RÛq=qxBlj¤¨<=q§
«
÷ù oø-èoY c ¨
"H
*
?Rpo< æ ÷@ù oùY
`?oo¤¨àq£ æ ÷@ù üY O è=3RR£Y¤=RI¥L¥¨o¤b¨-¥R=oq=Y
oW<¨=¦E
*
ܨ=áR O RY<Rç<o¥Y¤o<´¥KÜ£Y¤á¤Ro1=I<¤oYqÝto¥=xð1o= æ ÷ùù èj=£<L¡
q¥qáܱ<Úëq=R-Ý P 3RÞot=¥¨ã=Rqoq1g<@o¤¨¤R P 3njp¨¥L¥ox
ÜB£<¤<¤ P ßR=£YR¤x=¤¨
Ü<q]¥YKY¤o<´å=\\¥¨¤¤å¤¤Å?\<Ko¥<q\< æ P 3
=p¨¥=èRtR-¥p<¤ P =R¥<(<¤<q-o¨<R]R<£YÔpo=¥p qIpo
*
%
æ ð1ox'÷ùù ô5`bo<o¤¨àR£
&H&
c ¨x}÷ù Eè´ß\YR=<t<¤oYqÜB£<¤ O Þ=¤¤ P ¤¨§¦R
n=-o]o<Tp¨¥L¥Y¤ P oXÞÝ£<§T=po¤¤¨RÛ¨=Ro£<=t=Ro¤ æ R¤¨=Tqo¤7¨
ûoøøoø-è´\<<RÛq P o´î=¥o¤oßY¤o<´¥ÝÜÚ¥çI¤oCE£< O RÞo<¡3R
<¤o<q=ßÛR P R¤o=¥±¥<T¥opRqpÞ¥ã=£<Y C±t=¥¨á=qRoã=¨<RT¨Þ¨
t=¤¨¦R¤ P ¥L\<¤<q\$åL¥oå§o¦R<¤oRj¤o=oR<¨¥o<Rq£Y¥<=<j=<Ü
A
¤¨< æ ¢<q?qbo¤ÅÚLûoøø <Lo<q$q=RYRR?¥<q=R¨*è´?\<9o?RYR¥L¥R(=q<qÜBRÞ-=R¡
R¥Ý=<\=£< P o*=o¤¨¤ P ¨<<£<qRt<¤oYq't=¥¨x9Zo=Ý P qBo3t=¥¨<Ûo
O RR O o=¨@o¤¨¤ P RoYí=tR OEP <¡¤¨<@(E£<tR@¤BÝ£<¤¥¨< O £Y(¥<å@o¤¨R£<¤¥q
t=¥¨n¥=Ro=j P <Ro¤¤ P t$´Üh<R
obåoo<¨=£<<¥p<oYX¥<j$=
ú
&¬
&
÷ø =C÷ø P @o æ 9=¨¤¤¨<Kqo¤7¨ûoøoø-ûè´b\<=tR@o¤¨
B=q¤=¨Ûq¤ P =Y\qto=q
¥Ô=<R¥p=Rá¤Ú$p=tåoI<¦ O qÜBRq ÷ø
l® ÷ø"¯
P Ro= æ V¤¨¤R O §áqto¤7¨
ûoøøoø-è´KB=¤b-=R¥q¥¨I¥<ßpoIY=RR$t=¥¨]=<Rãn<¤<qÜB£<¤¨
,o¤¨¤B¨E=Ô¥<nYÞ§oÝÜBR¤¨¤ O ´$=C=<n<¨=¦1¨Ý<¨=3R=R æ o<<ïE£<¨Þqt¤ÅÚ'ûoøøûè´
Vq<R=<<Þt O ¨¤¨ P o=po¤¤å=<=¥<¤o<´¥'R O P Ro=RWo EY¤o¡
q=å$=o P 3Ißp¨¥=çå<R=q-¥Rk§<o¤¤¨R<T¥ã¥<X$o=p¥¨çojE
<¤o<q=R}B'=£Yt3R¥L¥¨Ûo¥(´î<¤o=që R´¥=Wå P ¨<< O ¨' P }p¨¥L¥ox
g<\3o¥qE=o¤YR-¥ O £¥oÝ¥¥Y'<qR=¨}¥<\<¨=¦(=R o<=¥¤¨"ÜFpo='<¤o<´¥R
R qRo¤¤ P ¨Ô¥<ÞRL¡ O ¨¥o¤?R¨xÜYR=ÞY¤ P ¦o´¥§ P oo¤ P =Ro¤b=£<tR-=K<Ûo
O RRp<qÛoR¤¨ qx'\<q=o=<ÜBqÛoRRÜ(<o¥ O ¤RRq-/îYqRY=YRW[Xo=´ æ ûøøY÷
ûoøøûè´Ûo¤£L¥Rt¥<
R¡ O Ú§o¤q=§=Þ¥ïE£<o<p$£<<å=B¥< P Ro O (¡
<Úí@o-,o´¥}$}=<p¨¥L¥oÝ¥=o'V\$£<<pR<q=¨ O R<Û¨'o3¥<¥o¥o¤<<¨=¦
¥o=ïE£<j=<ܨ<ßí=o=q¤¤¥¨åq<=R-ܨ=Þ¤¨ O =¥¨<(é<£< O £¤¨qÛoR¤¨<Ýoë
¥ååRo<¥o-
Ûo¤£Y O R@£<=Ýo æ o=¨íqo¤¨¤ P èBt3=qX<¨=¦nÛ=q=Ú P Io<¥<q
T
=£< P Zo¤¨t$¥
¢ P Ro<=¦ Peæ ûoøoøY÷"è<o=Rq]$-ÛR¨TéÜ
=<($o=p¥¨no
Ûo¥¨RqR\< P -ÛoR=-L¥R]¥<ݤ(o=/¡_o¥oY<t¥< o=R-¥o¤5Û¥¨R¨ P <oí¤¨
T¥<(<¦=R o<==å¥Y<¤o<q
o<Ô=== O £Y¥q]¥YR ¥nt=qR<<o P <§ O ¤Ú P
n=<jRo§=nRo<qo
\<=q=@=§I=Y"Ü¥=¨p¨¤oBÛ¥qRå P <´ÛR¤¨Ô¨T=<q¡ O ¨¥o¤5=qo
±°
\²
O £Y$o
¥<ßí=t(¥Y P oß=qRo<±<RR O Rã O £Y¥/¡$R T P <TÝ£Y¤L¡
¥¨<q U ¤=Ô$o¥<Cí<=ß=to'Iq<<qq¥¨ O qÜBRR6Û¥¨RRߨe¥Lß=qç<
¥Yt==ïE£<tqÛo¤£Y=±¨Kpo<ntoR±¥X[Xo=q æ ûoøoø-ûè´x=<t=£<¤=YR¡
í ¥<Kq<Rj==£<´¥£<R<=<£<qRX¨n¥<j<¨=¦ O-P ¥YK=o¤-¥q¥o´¥o< O ´ÜqR
¥YC<¤<qo<áÚ¥K=£<=£<Y<<Ôé<"ÜqIVÜBqÛoRR¥Yp$R£<ݨ¥<p P otR(o
´³µW¶³= ü&¶5·fÜ<R¸W¶TE æ ¶ ® ¶4LèoY¹¶m·hj¥Y
§<ߤ¨ O ¥<£<
o¥<ß<¤o<´jo<«¶4Þ¨
¥<ß=o<o¤?¤¨R¥¨XW=<ß<¤o<qÔ¥Y
¥Ypq¡ O ¨¥o¤}R¨Yqí<qáo
<¨=¦*}\<R¡ O ¨§¤<=qÞRo O =R<o¥=Rp-¥K=´ÛR=o¤3=£ O ¡=qYWYR3R<<¨<K
¥YRb¥@ot¤¨< O R<Û¨ æ R[Xo=´@ûoøøûè´¨<R¤¨£<<¨<=<\<=R< æ }¤¨ O =¥¨<Eè
³ W¶1³'º»¶m·f=<Þ=qo¥L¥=½î±=qo¼¶5·¥º:³ W¶1³'º¾½ ÷"û¶m· 9oYã=<Þ¥@otY
=qo¿³ W¶1³/£ ½ ÷"ûA¶5· æ R[À@÷"ûè/
Á§À ûn=<ÞE£<pq=¨@o¤}t<R¤}¨<RR O R1¨I<q¥o¤b<q¤£<<¨<<R£<=o O £
¥Yé£<RYRÝoWt=t¥<¨<t,q¥o$¥<(<¤<q
o=R-¥o¤f¼§À úCoYX¥<R<q¥o¤
<q<=Ú P qÛo¤£Y=IW=<ß<¨=¦ æ À4E è/j¨
$£<<I=¥YÝ¥ï£YßqÛo¤£Y= æ /À ýè
Ro
=qo
O (<ÚÛ<qX-=t=<=q<=R X`<o=(§3=<K=o§¤f==ïE£<(<q-¥ÚÛo<Xpo=
oT[]o=q æ ûoøøûè´<t<£<¤L¥R OEP ß3RC¥¨=¨p¨¤oW¥ß¥<j¤¨ O =¥¨å3R
Â\ÃÄÆÅOÇ{È /Éoû"AIb*Ü<q=Iã¥Y(<¤o<´poRô `<o=(=§¥<j¥§o¤x==ïE£<(=<ÜÛoR P
¤=Ip<¤¨¨=£<<Råo< ,on=q¤¨¤=<Þܨ=ñáï£<o=½¡3R=¨õo(1$qÜ o O Ú¥Rôj<
<==§EÜ<R¥<
==ïE£<Ûo=¥¨<Wܨ=§C¥¤ÜBR$RïE£<RY PCO £Yܨ=å<¨<q
kÀ
ot<¤Ú¥£<YoãEÛoR¥¥¨<I¥<n3o¥q-¥¤Û¥¨R¨ P ¥ü±qÛo@o¤¨Rá¥LßÛ¥qRto
<<£YRR1´îYoq=¤ P Ü<q1¥Yp<<o=t¥¥<=Ú¥oã¥Yt==ïE£<pqR£<RC\<p<=¨<R¨o¤
0ÀÊH
o<<q=ÚÛRnÛo O ¤¨R\==£<<¨Ro¥q¤¥Yo\<RR O RT '\<Û¥´î
<<£Yq¥¨tW-Ûq¥¨-=Rå¨pYq§¤*o<p<Üñ¨<q q<<oå=o£<<å qRn<å<¤o<´
ý
Àc
À
po= æ oè´ d £<¥<q=t=bÝ£<¤Ú¥¨<¤Þ<¤o<q P =Rt æ R÷ø-è(= O =´é P oo¤ P àRRç<
¨À
nRto±po<ßܨ=±=<Þ=q¥´¥R±¥Y=R/¡ O P <= O ¤q @÷ûpoY=RKù
<q=R O RIoo¤ P ¥Ro¤5R¥¨å=K$o¥Y3o¥qE=o¤5Ûo=RÚ P ©£<pXo<Ôq=R¤¥q
¨
ܨ=å¥Y
t@o£<=qK©£<tCp=£<¤=YR d ¤¤ P oY=R÷÷Rop=RW¥<
o<<¤¨q
=¨Ý£<¤¥¨CR<£<RT$¥<¨Üo=¦åÜÚ¥¥o<oT=R¥o<]ß<¨ë RR- P Y=¡R<
VK÷
ü
þ
u qsv ? Ë
+y ¥t Ì @ zP?Á7 v 7 ÿ
ÿ
ÍÏÎmÐ
ÑÓÒ«Ô ÕLÖF×5Ø)ÙÛڱܴØÞÝ0ÕLÔ Õ
\<t P < P <op¨ÞRïE£=<(ot¤¨ÛoR£<=¨<TíY¨¥Þ<Úëq=q<Rt=§<qpt
¶bcß
íYîRp P ¤¨<<@¤<'£<¤q=o æ èbo=Þ¨ßRo§=<jq<<¥qRb\Y<o¥o<¤oYq§ P
<¨=¦¨'o=£<tRto}=<ÞoYß@o O \<RR= O q OEP ¥<\¨EÛ¨=R¨ÝÜL¡<¨pq<=¨o¤'£<¤q
RïE£L¥o<\ܨ¥nÛoR=Ro¤¤ P ¨E=R=¥q]ïE£E=¨=Rq
\<
q=§=<$=op¨W£Y=Rp=£<§p¥=<3¨¥¨<'o ¥<qR-¥=o¤ §oWoYp¥Y
¶mà5bcß1à§èlE æ øabá9èo< æ ¶4&bcß."èJE æ ÷"b§øè=q=3Rq=¨ÛoR¤ P Ý\<ß<¤o<´
]ßíYîRXqR£<¤o\ O ¨l¶4¢Eä÷W\<<po P Ûo= O ¤¨RoK£<,RK<R<¨ Phi
o<ÔÛoR¤¨q¨ P Ûqq¥o= æãâä b âAå è´ U ¤¤9o¥YR¥otq=R=<R¨ÛoÝ$= ¥YR= æ =qtR´¥¨
À/ûRt n¥<jqï£<¥¨ob§=è/
<¤o<qo=ÝíYîq1 æ
\<=§<qp'=\=¤ÚÛ'¥<' P < P p¨}RïE£=Yfo<<¤¨R<tR<<o¤¤ P =<¤¨¨==<
Ü<q=j¥<j¥<o¤o<]o<£Y¤oqïE£¥¨To===@L¥RT=qo=¥q¤ P o
èæ ç
æ Cêé
æèç
æC é
d åYqí<Ú¥¨Ôo
1æ ë E ì
æ¶
æ1í E øag
æß
æ û¨÷è
æ ûÄûoè
ç b ë b í o<¹ìj=RßR´¥oÀ/ûÆû\<Ýí<<¨=<Úëq=RYRßRïE£"¡
¥¨<Bo==¤ÚÛqn=£<§C=B=@¤oBï£<o-¥¨=qo
<´í<qqR¤¤3Rq-¥RRYÜY¤Ûqq=
ïE£o-¥Ú¥¨R'o\¤@=RßL'Rq¤¤Y¨-¥R,oRqR U Þ q¥=¡=<¤¨¨¥Y¨}Rt<¤ P RÞÜY§
î¶ «ß
<j¥¨p¥qX<¤Ú¨-¥ßÜå=£ O ¡=R<q <Ro¤¨<ßܨ=T=< Þ< Ô<¨=R´¥¨]R"¡
¥L¥R¤ P ¨±o¤¨=R¥¨<åo=<qRK\<Þ-¥q¥=YoÝ@o¤¨¤qÔÔ=<ß=qï£YR<qpoW=o<¤Å
o<o£<¤oq<oY£<¤Ro<¥oYo¤*Ü<R¥<R=£Y¤¨\$=oâRo§]ÜqR]£<RTo\¨<<£Y$o
¥YKY´î<o
\<K£Ypq=Ro¤x¨E=R=¥¨nné£în$=âܨ==R]o
ç´ïÄ E ç Ä ®Áðhñ ë ÄÆò `ód ® ë Äõô `ód4ö é WÛC4ì
ð E WCAÉ W[¶
æ ûÆúè
R
æ û -è
$=<j¥o<o¤¨-¥Ro¥=x d o¥<Ko<o£<¤o-¥q¥=CÜBK@Û
ç8÷ï E ç ÷ ®¿ð ñ í ÷ ò `ód ® í ÷ ô `ód ö
ð E WCÉ ¶&WZß
H
æ ûÄýoè
æ ûÆüè
ø Zù
ú¶ hß
TbûùJük÷Éû¨\<qíYR
Ü<q= Wo< å=¥YRR¤¨¤xRq-¥Ro ßoY XR qq¥ÚÛq¤ P oY
n¥YKqR¤¨¤5R<qR
\<é£îq
ë bí
o@o¤¨R£<¤¥qpÜÚ¥ PO =¨p´¥<Co5=<=qRYTo=<q c LîE¡
ðR<<oë1o<]=<jí=<R c LîE¡ d =¨R<§T=§<qpVR<qo3¥<(=£<¤=nqY(¨
o<Y=R=qXo PO =nqY
$= <q='\<R< O qRCÜBR¤¨¤ ¥q=R O ´$= OEP
þý
c 5qo¤7 æ ûøøY÷"è/}\<jÜt=§<qpq
=jR O <qn¥<qé£îYq
ë E±ÿ ë é æ ÷ ® ÿbè ë b
æ û oè
Z ÿ h÷"g\YjÜBR¨-Jÿe
ܨ=Tø
d
®
ã
æ
â
ä
`
è
m
`
³
Ä
ô
æ ûBHè
@b ÷ b
ÿ¼E
SÄ
ÜYR=)S Ä 9¥<\¤¨Ro¤=£<Yt qRtÝo=ßqR¤¨¤a5 oY âä ¨b¥<\=o<o¤ÛoR¤¨q¨ P d b¥Y
o<o£<¤o?ÜBRqx ë ¨}=q<¤oqR O-P í * OEP (
ù oY â'ä O-Pâå oqR<Y
¥¥Y\-¥q¥=
t ³ æ âä è Ä ò
ÜBRqç=<åYtR<¤¤ P =<¤¨¨(=§<qp±[]å<´§o¨¤( O £YK¥<p PO á§<Rt
@ O t$£<<ᨠc B´Þo¤Å æ ûoøøY÷"è/XY$o=p¥¨11<Ü =Ô@¤R£Y¤=p¥YC¥o<o
c LîE¡ d =¨R<§(o< c LîE¡Åð1q<<=ëté<£îR}¨b@Ûo¤ O ¤¨'t O o¦9Ýqt<£Y§L¥oo¤
&H
-o_¡ P p¨R æ ÂY c < P 5÷ùù -è´
U <¥<q O =Ko¤¨¨¥Y⨨<R¤¨£<<q O o=qX dU \l(g æ d o U YÛqq¥¨X¨T¡
§L¥YåljoR£<
g O ©R´¥¥è O-P [Xo=q æ ûoøøoø-èܨ¥T=opj§oYR OEP c fqo¤7 æ ûoøø÷"è´
ß
\<¨
tq¥YXo<<¤¨Rt¤@o¤fRL¡t"Û¨<t$=otj$o=< IÜBRq<¥n@ÛoT¥<(¥¡
ù
qEK¥¨pßq<¥¥-($ =<å¨<<R O £<<<o P oB¥<t<¨=¦*C\<¨(tq=<ã=q<£<qR
¥YåRop<£¥YT=tto=@L¥¤ P ÛoRßT§<o1ÜL¡<¨pq<=¨o¤'tq=<=¨<R
âAå
¨
Ý£<§T@=R\¥=<j=£Y<X qRT"ÛoR¥<Ü<o¤j<¦*
qÛoR=o¤E£<tR@¤Wo==q=¤¨£Y¥¨<Ko=p£<=q1¥] q$ ¥<p@o¤¨R£<¤¥¨<Rå\<
¥o<=XR¤£Y=q-§o¨<
úoøøß¥o<o¤5àRo<Ro<÷"ûoøøÞo<o£<¤o\àq<qR\\<K¥oYo¤
¼¶ îE aø gno<«¶îEêû2gÂøYjV¨<q
=q=¤¨£Y¥¨Ô<
àRo<RjoÝ<¨¥ O £¥R O ´ÜqR øä b ¦å èFE
£<¥ æ
ab æ üøø /û -øø-è=Ko¤to<<¤¨RC=t=R=<j=R¤£¥oTYR3R<<q<R(o
¥YR=£Y¤¨¥W<R=q-¥RnYR='\<¥=jox=o<o¤<àRo<RWÛR=£<o<£<¤o'àRo<RWWo¤ÚÜ P
á
§<R]o÷ ß=YR¥Y¥o<o¤/î¥R-Ûq=£<û ¨\o¤¨=Þ,o´¥\oW÷"ö <}\ÚÛq
)¶¦Ea÷<Ü<q=j¥<j<¤o<q¨\¤@=Rx
£<o¤¨p\=ïE£=K=¨nRR¤¨¤
U ±o¥ÚíRo¤xÛ=q=Ú P ¨
<YR¤£Y<RI¤¨¥Y£<]=tE£<tR@¤9ÛR¨ P ¡
qÛÚ§ O ¤¨jo<<qRR¥o P ¥to<<¤¨<<q<tRÞ=£<§Xo=<§¦ER
U ¤¨¤}R=Y=RjoY±Ûo O ¤R<Ûo O qR1Y=po¤¨àRqX¥n¥Yp¢q<¤q=ÔÛR¤¨q¨ P
)¶4LEa÷ U
o9¥<j<¤o<´
ÍÏÎcÍ
¤¨¤xo=<RïE£o-¥Ú¥¨R\<q=¨ÛoK$â=R
«Ö0ÙÛÔ
× Ø !ÏÒ0Ù#"O×
$&%
\<KÛR<Ypqï£<¥¨<\<q=R O ¨<Þ¥<éÜh=¥YKqïE£¥¨Tobq-¥¨£Y¨ P
æi
æ Ché('*) æi,+ èOE
÷ø
ø
æ ûÆùè
¥oq=<R\ܨ=n¥<jRïE£L¥oTbto¥¨CÜ<¨§T¥o¦oq=<$=
æ æ i,+ è æi,+-+ èOE ® i ® G
æ C é('*)
'. '
i
Ü<R
}G
¨¥YÝÛR¥¨@o¤¨¤ P -=R=¥qI=£<,oRß<q<=Ú P
=ÛÚ§=¤ 3o¥q-¥¤Å<< +
E æ â ä b âAå è=<Ûq¤R¨ P
æ ûÚ÷ø-è
¥<ßY=R=£<o . æ
¶bcß è¥Y
Ûqq¥oR
U ÞRYR= P RïE£=ߨ}<o}=RïE£<¨=qp<q\oÞo¥<q=po¤RïE£=Þo3¥¥\¨}£<R
Ü<q=j¥<j<R=£<=K\o¨Ûq O-P
G E i S dU g
æ ûÚ÷÷"è
<RïE£<qE=¤ P 3=<K£Y¤R\qïE£¥¨< P ¤¨<Y=Ro¤qo=<¨¥q O qRt
æèç 1æ ë 1æ í E ì
æC é æ¶ é æß
æ ûÚ÷"ûè
Ü<q=
/00
2
33
/00
2
33
/00
2
33
i
Þ
i
â
ä
Þ
i
A
â
å
¶
¶
00
33
00
33
00
33
0
3
0
3
0
ç E 01 ¶ iÞâä 3 b ë E 01 ¶ iÞâ äd 3 b í E 01 iÞâä4âå 33 §b oY
¶ d iÞâAå 4
¶ d iÞâä4âå 4
¶ iÞâ åd é ¶&G 4
00
/00
ø
2
33
33
ìkE ® ¶5/GlÉ5*¶ é iÞâ åd ® ¶ i 5 . É5*¶ 33 g
4
® ¶ d i 5 . ÉA¶5.ß
001
÷÷
æ ûÚ÷ú-è
¶ bcß
¶mà\bcß à§è)E æ øab§ø-è
æ ¶4*bcß/"èLE æ ÷"bá9è¨ãY=po¤¨àRqIR=<¨=RRt\<t ¥R-=o¤'Ro
\<ß=ÛÚ§=¤5 o=R-¥o¤ . æ è
Y£<Ý¥å=<ÝqR-¥=o¤}¥o æ
o<±¥Yp<¤o<´L
O jܨ¥RTo
E. ® 6 ¹¶ à ® æ ¶ d ¶ d ® Aû ¶A¶96 q8 æ ß ® .ß "è d è `ód é 6 8m¶bq¶ d æ ß ® ß."è æ ûÚ÷5Eè
é
é 7
8
Ü<R]¥YTít¥q= ß$ ¥Y]qR-¥=o¤§tÜÚ¥6åo¸Rà ¥Y]RRo<F=R=
$=o ¥YIRto<¨Ü¨=ñåoT8- ê\<I=< ¨<<¨=R´C¥q= RRo£<-¥n$C¥Y
oqRR¤¨R=¥¨o=<I=o¥¥¨<1qo=<¨¥] P =R æ Z P <qñqo¤7¨÷ùùoù-è´h\<I¤o
«I E
¥q= Ro O <q¤qq¥qF<q]Úß=Ro¤qpo<¤ P ܨ¥á=<§§ö<¤o<´ppoߥ=
÷ø
ôo
´ÛR P Ü<RCÔ=<Þ<¦3tVR<qo9¨¨=po¤¤?RtoRI¥n¥Yt¥<qj=Rpq U
=ÛÚ§=¤-=o=R<¨<¥<£< 7 }¤=<q¤£<YR$b@Û¨<<
E£<tR=¨@o¤=¨<£<¤o=Ú P
x=< o=¨=o¥<'<¤o<´@f\<¥@Û¨¥¥¨o¤L3o¥qE=o¤oE¥<'§o5Yq5<of=qïE£<
C=to¥<¨<å,o´¥
=YR=Ko@C
´îR¤¨£<<RI$ =<ß=¨Ý£<¤¥¨< OEP ¥<ߨ<<q
O £<< P
\<'£<¤q}RïE£=Y'o=\Yoo¦¨<$'3o=R-¥o¤ O £}$b=<$=qRop3<qE=
ý ä oY8ý å Ü<§T@o
O KYR=ÚÛqT$
ýä E ®
ýå E ®
ë E ®
'9. W]<o=po¤¨àRRå£<<¨=R<=< P =
d¶ ® ;I :µ¶ ® ¶4fR5 oe æ ß ® ß/"è=< ® KI q æ ¶ ß d ® ß."è
I;: ¶? æ ße ® ß."è>< Ij=¨ æ ß d ® .ß "è
é ¶
5
÷
÷"û
æ ûÚ÷"ýè
æ ûÚ÷ü-è
Ü<q=?5p=<j<§oYRjo9¥<j=£Y,oq(q¤RtR- æ Å o'nRq¤¤èB¥ß¥<j<¤o<´
5EA@¶ d
ÍÏÎCD
¶é d ® Aû ¶¶4fRo æ ß ® /ß "è (é 7 dCB `ód g
EFHGZÒ«Ú ÙÛÖJI ZÔ KÕ L"OÒ«Ô
×
HG
æ ûÚ÷ è
MN$&%XÕLÖPO¦Ù?"^×
$ Q× RST"^Ù?"-U
MVWZÖ;«×Q0Ù?"XÕK%
õ¥YX$¤¤¨Ü<<¥YXR<L¥T P =R ܨ¤¤ O ]=¥o<$=tRF¥eãRo§L¥Y
P ¥R ܨ=YZ X
E Z ®\[
\YÝ=o¥¥¨To=£Y<]=<à/¡_LîÜ<R^]
¥Ypq=o¥¥¨IÛqq¥oR d Ko¤¤b=£<¤=YR [
o Z
E
E æ øab§øab [ è¨
÷n^qí<<<¥YåoY£<¤ÛR¤¨q¨ P
E âå ɶt¨]=<¨<R¥¤x$¥oto3o<8âAX å E âå ® ¶p¥Y(Ûq¤RÚ P
¨T=<Ýo§=<
$¥pY¥<qT=<jpopqE=£< <o\$ ¥Y('£<¤¨R\qï£<¥¨ æ ûÚ÷ø-èW=£<=<-=
æ æ iÞâä è æ iÞâäC+ èFE i ¶ æ Z [ è d ®
æ C d é8'_)
é
æ æi ¶ Z è æ i ¶ d Z + èFE ® û iÞâä [ ¶ ®
æ C 8é '*)
æG ® i æ.
æ¶ æ¶
æG ® i æ.
æß æß
mH
æ ûÚ÷ -è
æ ûÚ÷ù-è
Ü<q=ߥ<ÞttR-¥£< RïE£=±¨=<¤¨¨¨E=C¥<Þ=o<¤}o<o<o£<¤o
Rt o<R-@
ðC<o=C<RC¥LÝ¥<Co<£<¤ottR-¥£Y qïE£¥¨ æ û¨÷ùèKYR¤£Y<R=<¤¨
Lý ^E ® û bi adcL+
$R -`
/îYY¤q¨=¤ P o\(=£<R
=R å=<-<o<n=¨<oVÜ´ÛRq
¥<n<RCYonRo<=qÛo<o£<¤ottpq-¥£< ¨==@L¥RñE£<tR@¤¤ P ÜÚ¥ 1í<<¨=
÷ú
"H
<Úëq=RYRYt§<Rt æ ¢¤ P ÷ùù -è/´ÛR¥<q¤q=R 'ï* æ ûÚ÷ù-èRo O j=´Ü=¨¥q]
æ æi ¶ d æZ é
æC
[ èè
é
('*) æ
i ¶ d æZ é
[ è + èOE
® æ æ G ß ® i ææ .ß
æ ûÆûoø-è
&H
Ü<§e¨<R¤¨£<<qK=<Co=o¤¥R <Ü t<¤¨RÚ¥¤ P Þ¢¤ Pçæ ÷ùù -è=<ÜBRe¥<j¥<¨
$ oW'ï* æ ûÄûø-èܨ¤¤f¤RoÔ¥Cq=R´j=R£<¤¨=]¥<Ýq=§=<å$=ot]¥Rpo
o<o£<¤optR-=£< q<=qÛ=x
?£<tåoàqo==R¥¨<=<\'£<¤qbqï£<¥¨Ýܨ=ß
Ro<=qÛ¥ÚÛ\<£<¤obttR¡
¥£Y §<Rto}=<pÛoRq=ßYR-¥Ú¥q
ç b ë b í b\ìê$=
¥YC<=¨<R¨o¤RïE£L¥o æ ûÚ÷"ûè
ܤ¨¤§<K-¥
/00
2
33
/00
2
33
/00
2
33
i
Þ
i
â
ä
i
A
â
å
¶
¶
X
00
33
00
33
00
33
0
3
0
3
0
ç E 01 ¶ iÞâä 3 b ë E 01 ¶ iÞâ äd 3 b í E 01 iÞâä âX å 33 §b o<
¶ d iÞâå 4
¶ d iÞâäâAå 4
¶ iÞâAå âX å é ¶AG 4
/00
00
2
33
ø
33
ìkE ® ¶5/GJÉ5/¶ é iÞâ åd ® ¶ i 5 . É5/¶ 33 b
4
® ¶ d i 5 . ɶ5.ß
001
âå
âå
æ ûÆû÷"è
Ü<q=X ¨=<ßoY£<¤ÛoR¤¨q¨ P ]Ro§=<pR=Y=Rq
o¥ ¥<9X R-¥q=
<¤ P ¨
í
}\<¨}<£Y=¥<o<o£<¤obptR-=£<äq<RÛ=¨Ûo==@L¥tR-W'ï3 æ ûÄûoøè
âå é ¶øE âAå
Ü<¨§C@o O =´Ü=Ú=¥qå¨t=R=tWo,X
5
÷
E
<q=<q=§=ÞÛq¤R¨ P [ ì÷
ÍÏÎfe
!ÏÒ0Ù#"O×
$ ^g»ÜL"^Ù?"XÕ
^=<¥¨xxRo£<=q O-P =opß P too=¨íqo¤9Û=q=Ú P ÛR¨ P $=o <¡
¤¨<@=<§¦ER}Ro1Ro£<=p¤@o¤'Y@=<<p\<]R¤¨<npq§o<¨= ¨(<Û¨<R?¥Y
<¨==¨=ÔÜB£<¤¨1oY O L¥Ro¤¤ P <@L(£Yã=<Þ<¦3Þ<¥RoxfÜto=£<tt=<Þ<¦X¨
O ¤¨W=¥<=@Ü P o¤¨¤E´îRq='¥<q=po¤ER<q= P $=oìY=L¥ooYÝ=qåo¨qtq¡
=¨@o¤¨¤ P ¥YxK\<Þ=Ú¥£=XoYRïE£=R¤ P o<<@îY¨åL¥R O-P ==£Yp¨<C o¤ P ¥<
Þo¥YR=po¤\qï£<¥¨õo
¥¥ æ c
"H
`?oo¤¨àq£x\÷ù ýè´õVRo\õo¥YR=po¤
RïE£L¥oåo5§= æ WgKYè¨B§<o=RBVR<qo¥<<¦ß-o¥Rt3R¥L¥£<
oYå¥<=o£<<
=3RqåRpo<b£<<§oYRåo<t}¥@=Rpo¨ o¤¨¤Y´îqR=BR<q= P ¨'<§o-=¤ P =o<¥q
@Ü P o<pqÛq P <¦ÞR¤qpq-¨Bq<=<£<<qnåoå/î=Ro¤Y@ O =x7Â}¥<=
$=o =<ßRqE=¥o¤b§R(W§ãoR¤¨RtR-j¦oqR<=<ߥot=Rt q¥=£<==<=o£<<£
«SVU
LK
¥Y(Ý£<¤¥¨x\<(=£<YX=3Rq \o<]=Rt q¥=£<= ìoKo=£<pqÔY<R3R<YR-
=¶
o ßo<TRo<¥o-=<=o£<<£=<j<¦*
YRo¤¨¤¥otq=R=}o=\£<RÞßY=po¤¨àRqR<L¥Rq-=q¤=Y=<¨ O ´ÜqR
¥Yå<å¤àqRã=£Y<e=3Rqço<1=<å@o¤¥qp3R=¥£Y=å¨(£Y=q$£Y¤ÅT?qp3R=¥£<
0SVU O-P
K
@ O j@o¤¨R£<¤¥qC$= £<<T=3Rq
SVUOEih jl¹ k · K
\ª
¹·
æ ûÆûûè
Ü<q= j =<to< O ¥¨ÝR tqR-o< h=<Þpo¤Rq£<¤
Üq-KoW¥<Þ-
m: ¦EEöt¤n<Å d Ý=tt-oRb¤¦å P <=oRx'=<åÛo¤£Yp$ j
ý oú]$oÝo< O =
÷"ý
E "É
RïE£L¥oãB§=oÞ<qÝÜÞ§<to±=¥<q=po¤bqï£<¥¨IoB§L¥ß<q=o j @o O
=´(= j
÷p\<å£<Y¨Ûq==o¤-ojRY§E k
ÂúY÷ X -öt¤'¢ßf\<pt¤¨RR£Y¤o
E
E Hag 5
þ¹· Epo´· ?q E aø gÂøøY÷K¦E<3ÜYR=?o´·
ÜBRoEob P <qÔ
\¥<Kpo=oÞ=¨<¤
P <=oRÔL¥ o< ?q ¨¥< U Ûo-oY=tR<§o-R
XXoqRq¥¨<¦å¥YK£<<T=3Rq]ÛoR=£<
@o¤¨<R¨-sr ¨
S\U E r
ât ¶
æ ûÆûoú-è
ܨ=n¥<K¢R<¤¨RonÛq¤RÚ P o
ât E
h 6
¹à g
¶
A
æ ûÆû Eè
`'£Y==<Þ´ÛR P ¥<¨<p=q=<Rq<ÜíY
dU ¹· ÷@ø*'øøø SVU d
S
E u¶ : U v<?w ât?x g
±K E
jlk
j
8SVUÉ ât E aø gÚ÷å< j E &ý ÉoúY5¥<t¥qp3R=¥£<tå÷
d oKÂY
æ ûÆûýè
&
U ܨ¤¤ O pü Eû¢Þ
d ¨<?û¨÷n¨¤¤¨£<=¥=Rj¥<CYR3R<<q<Ro\=Rt q¥=£<=åe=o£<<ç=3Rqç$oÝo< O =
o<To¥YR=po¤Bgjn=q=3Rq=¨ÛoR¤ P
֟
700
600
500
γ=1
T [K]
400
300
γ=5/3
200
100
0
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
cs/vK
d ¨£<=(ûÚ÷ £<<]=3RqX¥qp3R=¥£<(R¤¥¨T÷ U ì$o¨=o=<Rå¤5RïE£=To
¥¥ æ j ì÷R*è\oY]< O ¥¨WgK æ j ý oú O ¤£Yè´
E
ÍÏÎzy
E "É
{«×|"O× ÙÚêÙ}& ~VZÒ&&0ÙÖ MV$&«×"^×
$&%
}<
o=<RÜKYo¥qXn=<K=´î@=<(§oYo=Tt<q¤5oÞ<¤oYq/öL§po
FI¹E8É5¹àJEâ÷ø ô o \<ß§Yݤ O æ V¤¤è¥o<¨£<
¨þ¶m·E»¶4 æ I}Éú-è `óe
\<K<=¥<¤o<´Q RtÚ¡p"©Lî=´= ¶øE ÷\Y=£Y,oq(<q<=Ú P iæ ¶oè,
¶ ô Ü<q=K«kE ø$Ýq<¥o-<RY=¨ P P <¨@o¤¨¤ P «E ú"ÉûKÜo\§<R¥Ý O §o¨n
¥L¥po
Ro<¥o-3o¥qE=o¤Ûo=RÚ P]æ R O R¤¨"Üè/}\<¨<¨=o¤RY<¨=<$B(§ O ¤¨¥Ro P ¡
¥¥j<¨=¦n=¥YR=´$=
iæ ¶è E ¶ ô
âä E ø
æ ûÆûoü-è
÷
"
æ ûÆû è
âå E
âå
ÜYR=
Sé dU ¶ d i iï æ æ ¶o¶ è è h ¶÷
÷
&H
æ ûÆû -è
i ï æ ¶oèOE5 iæ ¶oèÉ5/¶}\<RïE£=Y O Û$W=<
¥Ro P ¡§=
Ro<<¨=Y$o
o=ÝÛo¤¨Ô$¨=o=<Rå¤}RïE£=Yo§=Þ<¤ P Þ£o¤¤ P n<q<=Ú P <=oí<¤ÝÜo
§<Rn¥LB=<
=¥¨(oÛ¥q¨ P ¥(=£<,oR<RY=¨ PÔæ 7Â}3o¥qE=o¤<Ûo=q¨ P èW
Ýé*¥<o¤ <=í¤
E
É
i §
æ ' cH+ è
E *ú ÉûIVÜBqÛqR
Ü<§ç¨ÚÛRáÚ
æ ûÆûoù-è
RY
oßÔåo¤¨¤<qÛL¥o1$= Ô<Rq=q¤ P
Ro<¥o-Ûo¤¨£<=¨<R=<<RY=¨ P ¥oYR-¨p3=qß<=q==£Y=K¥oYR-n=<j<¦3
\<B¥o<o¤<R=£<¥<qE9¨9夤 O £Y?=¤¨-=¤ P q£<-¥q¥o´¥9¥<W¥@Û¨¥¥¨o¤$=q
$=o ¥<pRR-=¥o¤B§R]VRYRo}=<
âå
Ûq¤R¨ P ¨(R<£YRRá$ X¢RY¤Roã¥Xo
o¤¨p¢R<¤¨RoCÛoR¤RÚ PnO-P Ý$qÜh3RRqER
ðñ¨= ¥<¨I§<qáot<Ú¥o¤jR<Y¨¥¨xK¥
<áq<R=¥¨hotéR´¥oh ¨-¥Ô¨
@Û¨<Rñ<£Y±=á¥<I@o¥o<oRtR-oj¥<
<¥ O £Y=on¨n¨C@==¨R O-P ¥Y
==Ro ¤¨<q¥<n<o==q=<n=qoxãg
¥<qß=£<<ÝÜÚ¥áÔ¥<IY¨¥o¤ ¥R-=o¤
Ûo¥¨RÚ P =o<¨R-ÜBR=Ko¤¨=ߥ£<<¨Rnܨ=C¥<q<q¤£<C=\¥Y=R£<¤¨=\<=q=qE=R
<q=j<¤¨$o¥<q ¥<
J¶ LE ag h¶ ¢E 2g
\<Y=¦ O £<<<o=¨Ro=K3RIL hø CoY aû ÂøY\<( q O £<<¡
oR}o=\£<§ß¥WtYpo¤Eot£<-'o*ÜÛoRW}qéqq=R O o§¦($ä=< O £<< P
&H
\<¨t¨to§<´Ûq O-P ´î¥=o3¤=<Ô=<<Ú¥o¤Bq<<Ú¥¨<Þ'ï* æ ûÆûoüL¡ûÄû è(-¥±¥Y
mH
÷
<oRR¤¨¤o<X¦oRq<Yp¥YR ¥<K¥otjÛo¤£<¥Y=£<o<£Y¥<(=¨Ý£<¤L¥ox<q
¥Yå$£<¤¤WoàqÝ£¥o¤/î=R-Þo\=<å<¨=¦ãK=¨Ý£<¤L¥R?¥YnoàR¨Ý£Y=o¤ O o£<<oqÝo
3R=¨Yo
\<XY¤o<´Q å=@ÛÚ§=<o¤3o¥qE=o¤\¨po¥q<R OEP oõo<<î¨å=n¥<R´¡<Ú¡
tR<¤¥=R¥tR-tÜ<§õ¨ÛoRpoõ´ëqq¥ÚÛ]=o=R<¨<1<¨¥o<R¥<å¨p£<Y¤ P
[¶m· æ =qÀ¥úYÄûoè´
ÜB¥¨pq
U ¤¨=<£<ç¥YR=Tt=opToqR£<Ý£Y¤=ço
-ot<@oÞ¥Y
<¤o<qR3oRq=q=X-¥åÚ<o¤¤ÜBRx\\Y O £Y<o P q<<Ú¥¨]¨qïE£<¨Ûo¤¨R-=
aª
¥<b=£ tqR-=¤ P ¤Ü¡po9Y=o=<¤<q=9ÜÚ¥ïE£= P <¥¥¨qEÛoR¤¨ q æ `9¤¤o§¦
qo¤7¨ ÷ùùüè´
g<¦ P <¨ë RR<q O qÜBRq±=<K=£<¤=Y\<RÝo<]<=´Û£<=£<<q æ c £ O Ü
qo¤ÅÚ5÷ùùoùYô3Z P <qIq
o¤ÅÚf÷ùùùY3ûøøøYô [Xo=´@5ûøøY÷ ûoøøûô*^} U <q¤å´¤ÅÚûøø-û
ûoøøoúYô*¢¤ P f÷ùùoùYô3¢j¤¨ P ´o¤7¨ ûoøoøY÷"è¥L=<(Ý£Y¤=<\YR=o=( q$pqXL
¥Y¨EÛ¨=R¨Þ¤t¨Ro7¨EÛ=q=Ú P ¥q=ê¨WYoW´î<¤¨RÚ¥¤ P YR¤£Y<Rx-=<£<tE£<tR=¨@o¤
ÛR¨ P W<´Û¨§ O ¤o<åW<Rq<RC=oY<¤=<§¦ERno<Y¨¥¨x=<
Ý£<¤¥¨<
øä E
<q=p=R<㥠O toY<q(R¤£Y=pðñ¨=1T¥oYo¤ úoøø æ =tt=£<<K]£<
¦ä E üøø2b îå E û-øø-èo<eøagR¼ ¾¶% û?¥Yp<otq¥qjo¥YåV¤¤'<<q=Co
<¤o<qܨ=hI¼E ÷ø ô o =R¤¨ÛoR O-P ¤¨@o Ç ÷"ûtqR¤¨¤XRo§I<¨=R´¥¨x<å
¥ <q¥q¡o=n=R§<<¨ïE£<o3^} U <q¤ß´
¤Å æ ûoøø-ûoè@ÛKo¤ÞåoYÛR P <on=R¤£¥o
=¨Ý£<¤¥¨<RE¥Y£<¥<q\Ý£<¤¥¨<B<q¤£<<j]/îYY¤q¨Û¨=Ro=¨ P
÷ù
u qsv ?
þ
s¨u 7 < ; q z ÿ ?
ÿ ÿ
D´ÎmÐ
¨Õ¢Ø"P%^gY"OÝ0Õ
Ü´Ô
W^"^Ý«×QHG ÏÙÛØ"PZÖ
d 5<=´ÛqE=<\E£<pq=¨@o¤<o£<¤o¨ P <Rox¥<<¤o<´@L¢¤ Pßæ ÷ùoùù-è ¨E==<£<qRK
=¥RY<<¨§<R 7 $¥YWo¥@Û¨§L¥oo¤L o=R-¥o¤o=<<¤<q- Ü<R<<qíYR
)¶m·
¥Y(po¥Y<Þ¤q<o=XoK÷"öýßo}=<(§<K¥o<¨£< \g=<Ro£Y=< æ o <3[Xo=qR
ûoøøûèYqí<q 7 p$¥q¥¨X'¥<(<¦]@o¤¨<q-Kr[Xo=´ æ ûoøøûèY=q£<=R
¥<]ø Æ;ü r ÜB£<¤k¨Ûoã6q¤1oY<=@îp¥¨¥ç¥Y=R/¡<¨pq<=¨o¤
=£<¤=YR
ag
¦
ᢤ¨¤R
c æ ûoøøoú-è=<å´ëqq=Ýo\¥Yå=to¥<¨<,oq=(o1¥<p<¡¤¨<@oj<¨=¦
qÛo¤£¥oCY=q£<=R õ=<=qI=q=3Rq=R d <BúYÚ÷Ô<q=R O Rn<Ü ¥<Ipo=<<
,o´¥\§<R¥YK3o=R-¥o¤Ü¨=<C=<K§<j¤ O
æ ÷"èW£<,oR<RY=¨ P <oí¤¨ }d <EúYÆûKqto=qW=<àR£Y¥¤¤ P @ÛR=oqC<RY=¨ P
"G
E ag"¶m·Db§ø2gÆü&¶5·koY1÷"gÂø&¶m·ñRYR¥¤¤ P
(÷øø ê$¥Y¥o<=ÔtYR¤Å d 7 ìø
ûoø
=<Ü
° ²
¥<ߥ<q=ToÜBã<R<¨ P << <W<n6@o§6=¨<o¥<n<¤o<´ttãY¥o<q
o
Ç 2ú gBH&¶5·xÜY§ã£<<¤ P
¤=qb¥t=<o¥qtïE£<¥R
LSVUþEêøagÂø*5£Y=£o¤¨¤ P
ûr $
Ç ür
<qÛoR¤¨x\Y<¨§<Rߨ
Ü<q=\¥YY¤q£<Þo c ¨< O ¤oß=q=<o<Rq æ c ¥è
O q¤´Ûq=ßqR£<q\<¨\<= O O ¤ P <£Y¥ß¥<Ü@Ûq<o¥¨<$£<¥<q\C¥Y
-ÛR¨ÔéÜRß\<q=tn=¤¨-<¨oB=<ß<¨<$£<=<Ro£YÜ=<(o 7 ¨<R@oRq
\<¨WRo O ¥ O £Y=Rߥ=<\,oq'=Wo}=<<=ÚÛ¨< O-P ¥<\Y¤o<´'<R=¨ÛoR¤ P
LCøE ÷øø"Gâ=<t<R<¨ P
ÜB@o¦R<qx'=T¥Yåot<¤¨¨¥£Y<ÝoB¥<ÞÜ@ÛoRRT}Ûqá=R
¨
=¤¨¤qÛo¤¨Û¨<<Vq<R3t¥@ P ¡¥¥jYo O qR]o§<´Ûq P ´@
E
æ ûè¥q¨ P <¥= O £Y= Kd ¨<fúYÂúT<Ü¥YtÛo=RÚ P : ) æ ' c è=<W<¨¥Ú¡
O £Y= æ è<¤o<p
ûø $jÜI<Úëq=qE(=to¥<¨<,oq==q U <Rq q
¶bcß
îCîE "G
<¤o<qÞ3o=R-¥o¤po¦oqߥ<§YT¤¨ O åéÜ £<Y¥Ro P £YÞÜ<¨§áÛ¥qRto
° a²
¼° ²
RoE=E£<£Y=¤ P <R <'\<R
Ûo¥¨Rqopo=¦Råo O ¤o§¦ o= <Y<R¥¨<j<R-"¡
¥ÚÛÛo¥¨RÚ Pãæ qp<o=q=t=< O o§¦E=o£<<*è/VR<qo*¥<q=(o=Ko-¥¨ P R¤¨<qÜY§
o]<o¥¨<±ç¥<T<¦ æ,O o¥õoàR¨Ý£Y=o¤¤ P <õ=o<¤¤ P è/£Y§FÛo¥¨RqCo
E ag"¶m·
O RÛR6¥<C£<eܨ= 7 ø ìoÜBR¤¨¤ æ YoÝ<Ü6YR=@è´ d £<=<Rpo=o}o¤¤
Ûo¥¨Rq(=ß<¨±<R<¨ P ö<R=£<å=qo<RÝ\Y P q-¥E£<o£<=¤ P -¥q¥o´Ü¨=ãRo§
o=<R O-P pq=¨<To<ã=<Ro=¨<< U ¤¨=<5¥Y P Ro¤¤qq=¨Ûq¤ P @o£<t=<t<¦Ô<RY=¨ P =
qÛo¤¨Ûo(qt<¤´¥R¤ P Y¨ë R=q-¥¤ P $=â¥<ÛR£<\t¤¨<¤ P <¨ÛoRT@oRR
*
æ ú-è?ïE£<RÔ=<Ý<¤o<´ ðe= æ ÷@ùù è=<ÜBRI¥L¥<q=Ý/î=jåt=p=§
O qÜBRRt¥<\o£Y¥qo<Þ<YR c Y O ¤Ý¥ï£YR'=='¥Y\<¤oYq'<£<¤¨p¤¨Ü P 'tÚ¡
=¥¨EÜox'\<\¤Rn=pT¨p3§o-Y= O ¤¨R $\=po¤¤3po=<¤o<q=Ü<R
û÷
0
-0.002
-0.004
Φ(r)
-0.006
-0.008
-0.01
-0.012
-0.014
-0.016
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
∆r [rH]
d ¨£<=
úYÚ÷ \<3o¥qE=o¤3of¥Y<¤oYqÜÚ¥CqÛq¥o¤5po=<<(,oq== 7 '\<¤¨<
<q<o¥qW=< ¥R-=o¤YÜÚ¥<o£YWKpo=<<,q¥oR}o§p=¨ÞRR¤¨¤ÅoÜÚ¥p=R¤£¥o
o æ è æ úoøø @÷"ûøø-è´9=Y"ÜÞT P O ¤Å]\<Cpo¥Y<,oq==o= 7
æ qR¤q§è/ 7 âø Âü æ <pY<§è/ 7 âø
æ ¥o<o¤R¥è´foY 7 âø Æû æ =ïE£oR§è/
\< o=R-¥o¤<ܨ=<Þ¥Y
§Y¤¨ O \$ 7 kø Äû áWW¤RoWÜq
oW<qRnoܨ=
o=<R=to¥<¨<,o´¥R
¦ä b îå ÛE ab
E ag &¶m·
E ag"¶m·
E ag ¶m·
ûû
E ag A¶m·
E ¶m·
1.08
1.06
1.04
Σ(r)
1.02
1
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
-10
-5
0
∆r [rH]
5
ZC¸E "G
10
d ¨£<=TúYÆû \<ÔoàqÝ£¥o¤¨¤ P ÛoR=oRõ<R<¨ P < oí¤T
÷øø $pY¨ë R=q-
æ =q1=o¤è´ 7 ø Âü æ o=Rq1=<q*è´bo< 7
=to¥<¨<n¤q<o=< 7 âø
æ,O ¤£<=¡<o==R*è/
E ag"¶m·
E ag &¶m·
ûoú
E ¶m·
¶bcß
E 2g A¶5·
DC E &G
E!¶m·
E ag A¶m·
A
d ¨£<=júÆú ¥¨R¨ P æ è<¤<K
ûoø ä$= ÞY=q=¤¨£Y¥¨ æ üøoøLî<û -øø-è
æ -/è/ lj= P ¡=Ro¤T<Y@L¥RÞ¥Y
=¨Ý£<¤¥¨áܨ¥
ø Äû æ ¤´/èßo<
Ûo¥¨RÚ Peæ =£ O ¥¥q7 ¥q OEP CRY§E§è´ d 7 7 ø Æû Ûq P <¥Yq
Ûo=qR æ,O ¤o§¦
=3o=§è@Ûn$pqç£Yßo¥Y§<n¤ O CR¨x}Ü<q=Rot$o 7
'¥<CéÜ
æ ¥<£Yã$´Üq¨
jpo¥t¥¨RRK¤¨¦oÝ=o=to¤¨=T O =qÛoR1ÜÚ¥ 7 âø
E£< O Rqp<o=qÔܨ¥]¥< 7 êø Æû @oo5<=<ܱ<q=è/Ko¥¨RÚ P tÚî¨<å¨
R¤¨@o¤ P Û¨= O ¤¨ O o=@oRRW\<j<¤o<q¨\¤@=R æ ÷ 9è´
E ag A¶m·
A
û
E ag"¶m·
&bá
E¶m·
<$o£<<Ý¥Yp¨¥L¥oj=tR@o¤¨B¨?¥< æ P 3\fp¨¥L¥o*è´5\<R-¥ O £¥o
¥Þ¥YK=o§o¤ ¥ï£YR$ =<(q¡o O Ú§o¤ =RoxY"ÜBqÛoRqo O RRXtqt<¤/î=£ O ¡
©R´@Eo¥¤ P <£Y¥¥<,q'¥<'¥<é<"Ü O qRtR'Y<¤¨<@R9E=£<¨=¨ÛoR¤ P éÜFÜY§
Ropq}ÛR P R¤¨==j=<<¤<q æ Å oÚ-'¥Y O £<Yo P =R<o¥=<=<R¨=R£Y¤=<<
ϰ ²
¤ O ¥L¥YpR¨<§è\¥q<<¥å¨Ûo¥<<¤oYq
=<ݤo=q ¦E§¦E <5Ro£<<å=<Ý<¤o<´
¥Þ§<K¨¥\RtÚ¡å"©oLî<]qRqR-¥RÚ P
R
d YBú =<ÜC¥YÔoàqÝ£Y=o¤¨¤ P @ÛoR¥R==ïE£<Ôoõ¥<]<¤<qRkå<RR= O q
¥YX=to¥ c ¨< O ¤oF==ïE£<qå,op@Ü P $= =<Ô<¤o<q æ 3¨¥ÚÛ@ö<R¥ÚÛ$=
Y<R¥ö£Y=Rn<¨=¦è´ \<I==ïE£<q]=IR¤¨@o¤ P <tL¥R O-P =<IR¡ O ¨§¤
=qo
¼ü
ܨ=< r o=£Y<I¥<Þ<¤o<qR c o=ÝÛo=Yo=ßRq$=< 7
t=¤ P Ro£<R OEP =<Û¥¨RRR3@=R<¤ P o=Y O-P =<j<¤oYq@
D´ÎcÍ
E aø g"¶m·
Ro=
~Ý«ÖOÕ¢ÕsU!×5Ô KÕ &%^×
$0ÙÚ8EF&«Ö8×5Ô #Ù "O×
$
Vq=o?n<¨ë RR-(o<<-o§±$¥Ytpo=<<C,q¥o 7 j<<¤¨RxxÜY§ã</¡
=q= O q O R¤¨"Üj
nÜ¡<tRY=oo¤3<¦pÝ£<¤¥¨<q¤¤ïE£E=¨=Ro=¨-¥Ro¥=RnÛq¥<<¨=¦
=Ro¤\YRoEr1YR¤£Y<<¥<\=@ÛÚ§=<o¤-$=q\o*¥<\<¤o<´@ U Ro=´$£<¤<¨<=3R´¥o
o*¥Y<¤<qb o=R-¥o¤ \<Ü=}=<=@ÛÚ§=<o¤-$=qo*¥<<¤oYq'¨?ÜB@o¦R
±¥Y=R/¡<¨pq<=¨o¤b=£<¤=Y
¥ã=<=tq<R=¥q1nÜ¡<tRY=oo¤}<¨=¦
=¨Ý£<¤¥¨no<n=<$¤¤¨"ܨ<Ýtq=<ToqR£YE=$o¥R
ûý
0.015
0.01
〈Td(r)〉
0.005
0
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
-10
-5
0
∆r [rH]
5
¡CFE "G ܨ¥CÛo P <Ýpo=<<
E±¶m· æ =qRTo=YR*è/
d ¨£<=
úY \<joàqÝ£¥o¤¨¤ P @ÛoR¥Rn¥o=ïE£<j ä÷øoø
æ R*è/ 7 ø Âü æ,O ¤¨£<o¡<=¥q*è´*< 7
7 ø
E agR&¶m·
E ag &¶m·
ûoü
10
\<K<¤oYq§ P $o=Rjqp3<q-¥o=j¨C¥<RK<tR<Y
ä E ® 6
5/ý å E ® 6
®6
5/ý +E 5.ý
Ü<R5 æ
8 æ ¶ ® ¶4fRe o æ ß ® ß/Lè=è æ ¶bcßúb èa¶5*¶5.ß5
5
8¶4f e æ ß ® ß.Lè æ ¶bcß}b èa¶5/¶5.ß5
5
8e æ ¶bcßúb èa¶5*¶P5.ß5 g
5
¶bcßúb èÛE @ ¶ d é ¶ d ® Aû ¶A¶5R æ ß ® .ß Lè é d B ` ód
æ úY¨÷è
æ úYÄûoè
æ úYÆúè
K¥<CY¥o<qå$= ¥Y
Rop<£§=¤ qR¤¤ ¥Ý¥Y<¤oYq@}ðjo=£<t¥<Y=¦påL¥Ro¤3<¥= O £Y=RCܨ=
tlK£<=on$£<<´¥¨nܨ¥T=Ro¤YRoEsr
æ ¶bÊßúb èFE ¢¡ æ ¶bcßèY/îY$@ ® d Éûr £d B
g
R
æ úY -è
=¶
b=<j<¦åÞRo<¥o-£<<T=3Rqx¤r ß$£<<q=o Ý<q
S\U E r g
ât ¶
æ úYÄýoè
Ïâ E È ÷ ÉA¶E<ÜB( O §o¨
ðñ¨=n¥<K¢R<¤¨RoCÛoR¤RÚ P t
r:ESVUû¶ e ód g
"
û
æ úYÆüè
Z P ¨-¥Ro¥=<ßÛq\¥<j<¨=¦C<q-RY¥<$RjRop3<qE=C¥YKY¤o< O Rqt
ò¥ ô «ª ód ·ª
®
®
æ
æ
i
æ
8
¶
4
¶
f
R
ß
/
ß
L
=
è
è
¶
Ê
b
ß
è
¦
®6
5.ý ä ɶP5*¶P5.ß E r æ ûáfè `ód
5e 5
ô§¥©¨
ò
¥
ª ód · ª
ô
®
æ
i
æ
¦
8
m
¶
9
ß
.
ß
"
è
¶
c
b
ß
è
5/ý å ɶP5*¶P5.ß E ®6
r æ ûfá è `ód
5e 5
ô§¥ ¨
® Tb é
B RH
'ïE£¥¨< æ úY <úY -è=qpY£Y¥qTE£<tRRo¤¤ P $ $¬ : ür
æ úY oè
BH
æ úY è
ür®<5¥<¨-¥´¡
=¥¨ß¤¨pÚ¥Rf\<¨}¥¨pq<£<p¨<j-¥q¥L¥oß'<¤ P <o<\<qLW=< O R¨<<Y
of¥Y=£<¤=åo<Ý£<¤Ú¥¨<¤¨Rޥߥ<o¥@Û¨§L¥oo¤* ¥R-=o¤oÝR=qq¥¨n,o´¡
FY æ ¶ bÊßè£<ÜÚ¥
¥oR<7Â
ò¦ · ô «ªûód ·ª
Y æ ¶bcß èOE &û ÿ
5e 5
¡ ¨
æ úYÆùè
îÿ%E ñ ¶ d é ¶ d ® ûA¶¶4fR æ ß ® ß.Lè ö e ód Ér æ ûá9è `ód
Y æ ¶bcßèº ÷\qÛoR P 3-¨å¥Y=¨åÜ<¨§npRo<==<=@ÛÚ§=<o¤$=q
oK¥<IY¤o<´nnR<£YRR d <úYÆý1=<Ü¥<ÔÛo¤¨£<IoîY æ ¶bcß èå<RoC¥YI<¤oYq@
Ü<q=
VÜBqÛoRRfp=to=<Yt,o´¥=¤¤f<qRq=¥ P =n@Û¨IpE£<tRRo¤?<o£<¤o¨ P L
¥YY¤o<´ O £YÚ@o O ÛoR P 夤YE£< O qR=¤¨¤Åp<<¨=<o¤Ypo¥Y<
,q¥o
E±¶m·
o9 P <Ro¤¤ P 7
FÜo
<<¤¨Rx
d YxúYÂüo< d < úY no¨ÛÞnqp<o=¨=IoW¥YÞ$o=Rqj£<=q¨n§o<<o=±ÜL¡
B
<¨pq<=¨o¤5¥@=pq-Ûq==£Y¥<ß<<=@îp=RX=<=q´¡YtR<¤9ÛoR=K¤
¥ß=<j<¤oYq\¥YK§oYo=$Rj\Ûq=qp<<o=¨àRR O-P p
¥<ß,q¥o\o?ÜB<
&H
û
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
d ¨£<=úYÆý =Rq= d oq=W$o=<=<=q´¡<tR<<o¤*o<<@îY¨åL¥oÞo=£Y<å¥Y
<¤o<qR
\<<¤oYq
¤¨R¥qX¨X¥<(RqE=Rj
֧<
ìøY
\<R=R´¥¨
,o´¥=<ÜÔܨ=Ipq¤o@o¤¨T¥<¨
q-¥£<<¤@
-¥£<¤¨<Ro=(Ô¥q<
obøYÚ÷
J¶4E
ûoù
%ß.îE
0.04
0.03
0.02
Fr
0.01
0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-10
-5
0
5
10
∆r [rH]
I¥E ô o
d ¨£<=úYÂü p<o=¨=]o'¥<=¨¤9=o<o¤5$=qÝRt3<R-ÜÚ¥X=<Ý<´ÜìR_¡
=qq=RÛq=x VR
t<¤=¥qoj<¤oYqCpo
÷ø q£Y==<e=o<o¤¤ P
¥Y=£<ot=<Y=¦*}\Y§o<<o=tÜ¡<tRY=oo¤Y$R æ <o=<q夨<@èbW O £YÜq
oj==Y]q¤t==<t<¤oYqKoj¥<ß$RÞRo==qq=R1ÜÚ¥ãoo<<î¨å=R±¥<R/¡
<¨pq<=¨o¤3¥=R¥tR- æ ¤¨n¤¨<è/
0ý ä
úø
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
2
Fr / Fr
c
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
-10
-5
0
5
10
∆r [rH]
d ¨ £<=}úY §oYo=j<¤o<´§o P $R'Û'=<Wo<<î¨å=R=<=q´¡YtR<¤$Ro
¤o=å=Ô¥<CY¤o<´Ý¥Yå$=qCpp=oeÜqnÛRR¥p=R O-P =<n¥o<o
ÜB¡<¨pq<=¨o¤x==R¥tR-@ U =to¥<¨<ß,oq==¤¤5YRRq==o P o< 7
Üo
o<Y¤qn<Ro
E ¶m·
úY÷
u qsv ?
þ
Ì ¥ 7 L°
;
ÿ
?
¯
±
| ÿ t > 7 ÿ q{ y
²
qsv
q~ 7 ÿ
`'¤o<´¥}<Ûo<ob<¤ P ¥<\ O ¤¨¨ P =oqR=´¥ob¨¥<q9tpq<L¥'ÛR¨<¨ P L=< P
@áo¤Ô==Y¤ P ´î3R¤Bå=Ro¤'ÛqÞ]ÜYå¥<å¨1=o<£YÝoß]=R£<¤¨o=<R¨
¥¨o¤$o=RqRW?Þ$R£<¥<=o¤<¦-¡<¤<q¨E=R=oq=<q*ß<¡oRq=q=<Þ<¤o<´
WRo<=¨<RRx U P £<,oq<q<=Ú P q<oYRRtR-\oBR<£<´¥¨å¨BqE=R¤ P Y£<=(¥Y
&
=q<£<¤¨=¨Ûo\¥<o¤$RqW$ä=<<=o=<¤o<qR d ¨< Y¨÷q¡ <Âú=<Ü=<=£<,oR<q<=Ú P o
¥YY=¦ÝW<¨ë RR-¥tR æ
COE ýoøab/ûoøoøab/ýoøø&Gè/9\Y=o¤-¥q¥o´¥¨<¥oq¤@=Y
C-o O £Yj=¨<RÝ=<ßR¡ O ¨§¤?R¨I¤¨Rjëqq=R O-P ¥YÝ¥<o¤?$RqR5<¤ P ÜB
<q<=Ú P §o<<q¤oKq¤Ro=qT¨n¥< O R¨<<Y<
ú i
d < < Ô¥<àR£Y¥¤¤ P @ÛoR¥Rç<q<=Ú P´³ µ =<Ü6ÞÔ¤¥C§ooCo
C E ýoøø&G
I E ÷ø ô o
$ÞI<¤o<qÞpo
o<áÜÚ¥ç=´ÛR=o¤<¨ë RR-t=£Y<F qR<q
ú-û
g<j@oTR¤¨@o¤ P =Rj¥YjÜBåYR<¨ P §<<R¤¨RW\<K<=Rq=obq¤Ro=¨<ßÜt<RY=¨ P
[À
§oY<R¤¨Ro O j£<<YR=¥Ü¨=n¥<R´¡ O P Ý£Y¤=< æ R @÷"ûè/
g<ïE£<R¥o]¤¨Ü P \=¦oq]¨\ O £Y=<=¥?q¤Ro=¨<¥Y-ox}ݤ¨Ükpo
<¤o<q O ¤¨(¥å q±å-oX
<R
¨RïE£<¨=ßå¤o=o(<¤o<´po=·¶6<q q<<<
}
<¤ P e<¤o<´Ýpo= O £Yߤ=]e£<<á qRx d < <ÆýTY¤o=(¥YåqÛo¤£¥oܨ=
¥¨pBo¥Y\<R<¨ P p¨<p\Ý¥Y-oÝ$?=´ÛR=o¤=o£<<Þ=3Rq<Wo<Ý¥Y<¤<q'po
IE ÷ø ô o Tð1å=Rp¥($K¤Ü
=£Y<á=3Rq<R'¥YC<RY=¨ P ã¥<å-oe¨(R<£<qR
Ý£<§,o¥Ro\$\Y=o£<<X qRT=£<YRW
¤=toY Ro=\¥<\¥<j=¥jo?<RY=¨ P
R¤¨@o<(B¤qÛoR¤¨<(oëbb\<ÜB£<¤¨CY<R¥¥<<¦p¨o<Y=-o§Y<ß(¥Ro P ¥¥
f
VÜBqÛoRR¨=qåo¨<£<<q¤@<q(=<(Ý£Y¤=<<]<ot=,oR d ¨< <Âü
¥YKYR<¨ P <oí¤¨\<¤¨o==Rn$\<Úëq=R-<¤o<qpo=R O £q<§o-=£Y<X qR
SVUOE øagÂø-ý}\Y¥tqÛo¤£Y=C9=<t<¨Ý£<êYR<¨ P ¨å¥Y§o<<q¤¨=Y"ܨ
d ¨<a< B
\<C<q<=Ú P <oí¤¨p¨«° ðÔ
² o3Rá¨1¥<£<qX\<å=@=á¨(¥<=<å/îYq¨=R
ÜÛoRKo<¡¤¨<@<Ro
=<Ý<¤o<qo<ÔY=L¥(=<=o£<I=Y§¦ERjÔ=<Ý=qo
W[¶£ ¶m·-=<Ü@Ûq<R3¨BK3¨¥ÚÛo<o£<¤ottR¡
p=<<¦3'\Y
-=R=¨'=qoW¶º ® ¶má
· ¤=q<£<¤optR-=£<]bVq<R
´î=R=¨'¥K¥<<=¥<¤o<´
¥£Y
¥Yß<¦Xp¥q=¤?tÛRK@Ü P $= ¥<ßo O Úo¥<ßY=o=<¤<qR U =<ߤ@=
\ª
Ü<q=ߥ<(Ü@Ûq=ßt
tR¨R-¥¤ P <q ¨=Rxx=<Þo<£Y¤optR-=£< ¨¤oo
-o¨<R]\=<(pLî£< =¥B\L
¤¨R¥¨n\<o<¤ P ß$£<<´¥¨]b<¤o<´po
¦Àc
O £Yo¤¨=Ý$£<<´¥¨åo¥<¥qp3R=¥£<oÅ ob=<
£<<p=3Rqx<Þ¥Y<¨=¦ æ R Ú÷"è´
úú
° ²
\<q=q$o=o ¥<(<R<¨ P <=í¤K ð Co3R±o<Ôo¤¨=<£<]å-¡¤¨¦oj¥=£Yq¥£Y=ݨ
<´ÛR¤¨<¨<C$o¤¨¤?£<<qf=<Rߥ¨¤¤9R<<q¥ O ¤ßot£<-BoÔ=<ß<=q=<
¹³µW¶³/ºê¶m·'C¥<q=§=<$=ot
o5=<<¤o<qR=<-oWéÜ=Üo<¥Y
<¤o<qLW¶´a
º øY O £Y¥<q±=qÛoR=Rj<¨=qq¥¨ O q$ߨ
RtRq¤¥C=<Ý<¤o<´
æ R d Yb÷"ûE è/ߥ<qq-¥E£<q(o<¨<Ro O ÚøW¶hä
£ øT£<-=¤}Új@£<-K£<
=qo
O-P ¥Yß<¤oYqjooxK\<Þp¥q=¤?¨Ô¥<Þ<=q=<Þ=RoI¨¤q=jë R´¥R O-P ¥Y
¶5·º³µW¶³}º ½ ÷"û¶m·
c ¥oYoå ¨-¥)n^o<
<¤o<qj=o=<tå=Ro¤}¨ã=<t=¡@o¤¨¤R±Ro=¥ÚîãR¨
d £<=<Rpo=o<ÞYR<¨ P q<o<qRtR-\ O =RÛqÔ\=<
n¬
ÜYR=j¥YKo\t§ O ¤¨n§< o¤¤¨¦oo O Ú¥ æ d < ÷"ûÚ÷"è´
&
ú
þ
DCOE ýoø"GÞqKo¤ d <.<Âút<
d ¨£<= <¨÷ o<<oof¥YKY=¦p=£<,oRj<q<=Ú P
<Æû
ú-ý
D
OCFE ûøø"GÞ'q
o¤¨= d ¨<"<Âú(<
d ¨£<= YÄû oY=<oBo ¥<<¦Ý=£Y,oq<q<=Ú P
<Ú÷
úü
T
SVU[E ag
C´E "G
ÛIE ô o
d ¨£<= <Âú <o<=YoCo
¥<]<¦6£<,RÔ<q<=Ú P
ýoøø $op£<< qR
ø Âø-ýÔo<ç<¤o<´ßå=
÷ø \Y=¤W$Rqßo¥<n<o¥o<¤oYqß§o
R¤¨@o<å£YCoÔܨ=XÜ<q<=Ú P §<<R¤¨R U ¤¨=< <ÝRoIR¤¨@o¤ P =RÝ=<í¤¨¤q
§<j¤¨ O ?=<j<¤oYqo<n=<Üp=<¨¥o¤5=t\Rpo=<Ý$â=<j<¤oYq@
*
ú
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
〈Σ(r)〉
1
0.9
cs=0.07
0.8
0.7
cs=0.06
0.6
0.5
cs=0.05
0.4
cs=0.032
0.3
cs=0.02
0.2
0.1
´ -10
-5
0
5
10
∆r [rH]
¸CÏE "G
° ²
d ¨£<= < ^R<¨ P <oí¤¨Xpã¤==t
ýoøø $pqÛoR¥¤<Úëq=qEp=o£<<
=3Rq<Rñ\<T<q<=Ú P ¨Þ=RY£<Rq F ð L¡ P T=<o \Å o6ÜeYR<¨ P t<¨å
§oY<R¤¨t$]á\Y]¤¨"ÜBRÞ£<<F=3RRF=¨Ý£<¤L¥o<Ý=Y"Ü Ý£<§6<Rq qp§<<R¤¨
¥<oC¥<
<å=£<YT qR=£Y<R U ¤¨=<<o=
¥<
=<Ún¤¨R¥¨tof¥<tYp$o
<Úëq=R-=o£<<T=3RRYR
"H
ú
1
0.9
cs=0.07
0.8
cs=0.05
min 〈Σ(r)〉
0.7
0.6
cs=0.032
0.5
cs=0.02
0.4
0.3
0.2
0
100
200
300
400
500
time [P]
î
d ¨ £<= <Æý ^R<¨ P p¨<Ý£Y qÛo¤£Y=Xo¥<ÝY=¦T-o]$
qÛq¥o¤'£<<I qR<q
V¨t=£<YC=3RqC=£<Y=Y"ÜkjÝ£<§C¤ÜBRoåq¤@=YK=¥¥<op=<
¤¨"ÜBRW=o£<<
=3RqX£<<R U ¤=Y<¨oY Ro=\¥<\¥<j<q<=Ú P =q<£<q=¨=<j-o\¤¨qÛoR¤¨<Þoë?
úù
1.4
1.2
〈Σ〉
1
µ=4x10-5
µ=6x10-5
0.8
µ=8x10
µ=1x10
0.6
-10
Ï
øI
-5
-4
-5
0
5
10
∆r [rH]
¸C E "G
° ²
d ¨£<= YÆü ^q<=Ú P <=í¤t±¤L¥C¥¨p
ýoøoø $ßqÛq¥o¤<Úëq=qEt<¤o<´
po=R }\YtYR<¨ P ¨=RY£<Rq¨± _ð ¡ P 3ß=o3of7ÂÜ<q<=Ú P t<¨å
§oY<R¤¨$]B\<K<YR<¤<qpo==¨Ý£<¤L¥o<=Y"ÜìÞÝ£<§]<Rq q
§<<R¤¨
¥<oT=<j¤ÜBR\<¤o<qpo£<<q
-ø
1.1
1.05
1
µ=4x10-5
0.95
min〈Σ(r)〉
µ=6x10-5
0.9
0.85
µ=8x10-5
0.8
0.75
µ=1x10
-4
0.7
0.65
0
100
200
300
400
500
time [P]
L d ¨ £<= Y ^RY=¨ P tYÝ£< qÛo¤£¥o]o?¥<j<¨=¦n-T$qÛq¥o¤9<¤o<qpo=Rq
V¨ß<¤o<qpo=R<Ü Ý£<§ß,o¥R-tq¤Ro=¨<¥L¥¥<oߥ<¤ÜBR'po='£<<q
<÷
þ
p
u qsv ?
? +> ÿ º¹
yÏÎmÐ
±
¸
| ÿ t > 7 ÿ
º ;Ö ÏÒ0Õ !ÏÒ0Ù?"^×
$&%
U <o¥Y¤o<´q O q<<qT¨n<¨=¦t=£Yë R\¥@Û¨¥¥¨o¤<==ïE£<qR/îYq=R O-P ¥Y
=£Y==o£<<<¨<pp=R=o¤Å?¥<K<RY=¨ P <¨== O £Y¥¨CÜq=( P ptq==¨o<ܨ=XR=3R´=
¥YY¤o<´@o=<=q=£<¤Ú¥Y¥o¥o¤Y¥o=ïE£<ÜB£<¤ O \àRR<¨<R=<<¤<q¤=j¨E=R=oq=
ܨ=F=<]Y=¦6oYõ§oYRCÚ¥Þ<q<=Ú P <¨== O £Y¥¨çï£Y¨¥T<=oåL¥Ro¤¤ P '¥YT=o§o¤
¥o=ïE£<Ýܤ¨¤?Yo O ßàqR<\<ßY¤o<´Ü¤¨¤?R Yã=C¥<ß<¨=¦T¥ï£Y OEP oL©£<¥Y
¨=\=qp½¡p"©"îY¨R<Ü<¨§]¤¨@oY¥ß¥<jt=¥¨C<YR<tRYx
\<
==ïE£<´îR¥Rt¥<<¤<qB@o O qÛo¤£<¥qåܨ=p¥Y
=ÛÚ§=¤<$=q
ë M æ ¶bcß èj$
¥YR
¶bÊß
¥<p<¦q¤RtR-Ý æ è´T\<C==ïE£<tܨ¥1=R qqß=X¥<p¥o¨
»
M æ ¶bcß èOE*:¼/ c ë M æ ¶bÊßè=< )
Eû
æ ý¨÷è
Ü<q=Ü]o=Y¤ P ¨-¥RR¥RFá¥Y Rop3<qEt<£YT=±=<nÜL¡<¨pq<=¨o¤
=£<=jo?£<\Y=¦*WZ P Ro¤q£<¤L¥Y¥<jq=<Y£<q æ R d ¨<*ýÚ÷"è´Üí<
»
³ M*³ æ ¶bcßèOE~³ ¼/a³ ) ³ ë M æ ¶bcßèm³_= j E 6 8 5¾d ½ q U 5¶ ÄÄ ÷÷ =Jß}g
ZbûùT=´$R===<Þ=¨IRq¤¤Å
æ ýÄûoè
d <o¤¤ P]O-P ¨-¥Ro¥=<CÛoRj¥<ÝÜ<o¤ß<¨=¦XÜB
Ü<q=
³  ³AE¾³  ³µÉ 6 8(ïE£E=¨=R
O ¥oC=<¥o¥o¤5<¨=¦p==ïE£<j¨TY=po¤¨àRq ¿X
d
¶
K MDE 5 e =¨lß5/¶5.ßúg
¦
æ ýÆúè
J Zù
Ü<¨§]¨\£Ypq=Ro¤¤ P Y<jn¥YKqY(t£< Ûq Wo<
g<j=Rq\¥\=<¤=q\q-¥= O £Y=C=Ý¥<¥§o¤3¥ï£Yܤ¤ Rt
$ q¤
K M
¥n=<pY¤o<´j=¨<R }À5
ô e ÞW¥<t=qão£<<I=<pY¤o<´jqÛoR1=<ßÜ<¤¨
RL¡ O ¨¥o¤=qo ¨´îR¤¨£<<R $= ¥<±¥ïE£<±-¥q¥=¥YãR£<¤¨Tܤ¨¤<¨ë R
[À
<=oåL¥Ro¤¤ P]æ R /ýÆûè´
`'¤o<´jo<IY=¦T-=R¥qÝ£¥£o¤¨¤ P
¥<<¦]¨§o<o<CY£<Ý¥å=<Ý=@ÛÚ§L¡
¥¨o¤3$=qo9¥<j<¤o<qRY¥Y<¤oYq O ¨Ü¨¤¤ §o<j<£Yj=ߥ<j<¨=¦p$o=R?ÜB
Ro<=¨<RY¤o<´\t"Û¨<ÝÝq=q£<¤ O ¨RÜBí<C¥<¥Y¥=o9§o<oof¨=
)¶4
LKNM
=qp½¡p"©Lî Ro£<=q O-P q]/î=Ro¤5¥ïE£< "<¨¥Þí=o=<q
5*¶4
5"C
E 8mû¶K M [
-ú
R
æ ý -è
Planet
γ
rp
di
α
ϕ
ri
Star
Gas Blob
d ¨£<=ý¨÷ ^o=o o?=<j<¦åܨ=TÞY¤o<´£<=q]$==ïE£<jRo¤q£<¤=YR
"
Ü<q= [ \9¥<o<£<¤ofÛR¤¨q¨ P o=<<¤o<´ æ ^} U YR¤¨
q'o¤ÅÚûoøø-ûô"ð1o=x÷ùù è´
yÏÎcÍ
Á¥Ý0ÙÂ%XÕ ÖOÙ}&%^×"^×
$
g£<=£<¤=(=q=£<¤Ú¥Wo=q<R=o¤¤ P ¨to=qRtR-'ܨ=Þ<=´Û¨£<=¨Ý£<¤¥¨<?$o
¥Y\<¤oYq't
íYîqpq=q£<¤b O ¨ æ =q[Xo=qRûoøø-ûè/b\<\oR<q=\¥£<q=£<=qR<=¡
<£<qRp¥<Y=¦ O-P =<
=o¤3-=R¥q¥¨< O ´ÜqRn¥<
<¤oYq\<n¨==£Y==o£<<<¨<
éÜRo=<¥oto<q=<Y¤o<´å=W=q¤=¨Ûq¤ P =po¤¤7<¤ P <q<=Ú P Y<Wo
q<R=¥qTÜÚ¥T<Þ-o< æ L¤@<£<<ß=<$qÜ E£<Y<=qX O ¨=\=£<¤=Rn<q=@è´
g<ob¥<K¦o P íY<<p=Y"ÜI¨ d <3ýÆûÞÜY§Ô<¨=<¤ P ¥Y(¥§o¤x==ïE£<(
¥YKY¤o<´\$= ¥<j<¨=¦*o\ÜÞÛq P <¨=<´<oR
æ ÷"è5`'o ¥<'¥§o¤o==ïE£<¨5<R-L¥¨ÛoWo<K=to=x"p<£<¤¥q O-P 3R¥L
Ln^o ´n ¬ 3-¥ æ \Â ÃÄ ÅOÇ È /Éoû"AI Ç -ø"G
B=¨p¨¤o'¥(¥<¤¨ O =¥¨t q=åY@o=< o<
îG
Ü<q=
)¶¦Eì÷è´
\YKo O Ú
"
æ ûè`'o= =<K=o§¤x¥ï£Y=Y"ÜÛq P ¤oKot<¤Ú¥£<<j<],o
o=R¨¤¤¥¨<
ܨ=±ïE£o=½¡3RFoã$´Ü O ¨¥qõð]RÔ£<§ O R<Û¨ÞFo¤¤\Ý£<¤¥¨<
«° \²
<Úëq=R-¥<o£<xW
§o¥DC¡§ -ø"GDb§ùø&G)bYo<Ôû÷ø"Gä$oJSVUFE øagÂø&fb§ø2gÆø-ýßoYXøagÂøüY
ܨ=Ô-=R=tRY=(£<<±=3Rq<R\YÝ¥tjÜ<RI¥Y <<o= C¥¥<=Ú¥oXRR£Y=¨
=q=3R´¥¨ÛoR¤ P
?±<Ü ¥<Ý¥Y==ïE£<n¨Ý<£<n=Ô$@=£<=qt¨e¥<nq¡o O Ú§o¤W=q d <býÂú
«¶%º aø gÂù]<1¥Y
<q=R O RK¥<pR-¥ O £¥oã$ =´ÛR=o¤R¨<qC\<å¨<<q(<¨=¦
ê¶ £ "÷ gÚ÷±=<ÜXYF<<o=±¥=o<=Ú¥¨x <¥@ O o¥ ¥o=ïE£<R]o±ÛoR P
=to¥xg<¤ P T<oÝ= æ RZ/À ýÂú-è´*¥YR=(=tK=q¤¤¥¨C$=o O o=XR¨<R
g1¥Yåo=<RÝ<o<xb=<p==ïE£<p$= =<CRL¡ O ¨¥o¤'=q ® úA¶m· º W¶ºâú&¶m·h¨
£Y=R<¨=¦
Ûq P <Úëq=R-Rå(=<Ü(=<t¥otß$@=£<=qoK d ¨<fýÆûå\Yj=<ÜK¥<Þ¥ïE£<
O R@Ûj¨KY£<t=T=<tR¡ O Ú§o¤?=qp\<p=¨Ý£<¤L¥oÔ d Y5ýÂúT<o=o£<<
ÏSVUFEkøagÂø&< U
=3Rq
BÜB
R¤¥qR-Û¥¨RRBo
=q=3< O ¤¨$'=B<o¥=o<¨¥¨x
\< P $=ì$}¥Lo=q£<¤o?=£Y<p qRå
W¶ø§ ü(ûA¶5·}3¥<R¡ O ¨§¤Y=qo
ÜB£<¤ O ´îq¤£<<qn$= ¥<==ïE£<Ro¤q£<¤L¥oxoo O Rq<<
$oå P o3R
O q$ æ o <W^} U <R¤¨±qåo¤ÅÚWûoøø-ûo<õq$q=RYRR=<RR¨*è´W¥<T=q=£<¤ÚpÜB£<¤¨ O
Ûo=¤ P <¨ë RR-@
yÏÎCD
Á¥Ý0ÙÂ%XÕ {P{P{S ÖOÙ}&%X×"O×
$
'ÜK$¤¤¨Ü ¥Y(¥o=ïE£<´Û¤¨£Y¥¨X¤¨<tR<o£<x3ÜÝ´ÛqÔí<IÞ¥<¨=XYo= U
ÜBÝܤ¤9=qÞ¤=RR =qR<<o P ¨<¥ O ¨¤¨=q<Ûoß<qÛoR¤¨ qIÛ¥qR¨Ô¥<ßq¡ O ¨¥o¤
Eý
0.2
Phase II
0.15
0.1
Td
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1
Phase I
-0.15
-0.2
50
100
150
200
time [P]
K M
d ¨ £<=ýÆû \t´Û¤¨£Y¥¨Xo'=<=o§o¤f¥o=ïE£< j´îR¥R±Ô=<Ý<¤o<´@`'=ß
æ kùø (è \Y¥o¥o¤5¥ïE£<Ý<q-¥ÚÛ po¥oYÔ=<ÜÔ=q¤¨¤=n3R
o -ø Ü<§ãq<=¨=R-(ÜÚ¥I¥Yt¤¨ O =¥¨Ô3RxÝð1Þ£<R1n=£<=¡I¥¨p
o÷øn O ¨=
$
=<ß<¤<qjpo=qÝ`'oÞ= æ ìùø (è \<ߥïE£<ߥo=¥=<Ü
R¤¨¤=Y}ܨ¥å<q=@=Y¤ P <¨not<¤¨¨¥£Y<Rq}^£<<K¥<
=¥oY=¨=Þ$=oâ`'=
¥p`'o(§<Û¥qRRtRKo=£Y<
aû B\YR=jÛo¥¨Rq/îY3Rq<RKR¤¨=/¡
RYR£<-=R=ÜÚ¥X=<Ý<¤o<qRR=£Y¤¨¥¨<C¨X¤=opY¤¨=£<<jÛo=¥¨<X=<==ïE£<
\< O o¤nR£YÛK<q<´¥ttÛ<Þ@Ûq¥oo(o ܨ=Tßܨ<<Ü ä÷"ý ì O Ú¥q
CJº "G
§ "G
øC £ "G
hW¶¦§ 2g"¶m·
úK M
-ü
=COE &G
0.6
0.4
Td
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0
100
200
300
400
500
time [P]
d ¨£<=ÝýÂú 9=ïE£<Ý$ <¨ë RR-=qo<Ô=<Ý<¨=¦*K\<ßR-== O £Y¥¨Ô$= ¥Y
Y<R æ R*è<¨=¦I<ã=<Þ£Y=R æ,O ¤¨£<è<¨=¦ÔYTYoK=<Ü <ot=¥oY=¨=Þg<¤ P
¥YCR¡ O ¨§¤'=Ro æ =qR*èjRYR¥L¥RÝÛo=qRßoYx}<q<R=<å==ïE£<p<R<¨q=ß
<=j¥¥<=Ú¥ox
/
=qox?\Y P o@Û<$=RïE£<q-Bq¤RYR£<-=R='ÜÚ¥=<\<¤<qR}o§ßRYR£<-=R
=¤¨ÜB<Üå=<Û¥´îp/îY3Rq<R¨<(=<Y=R=£<
=o<¨R-LW=<=<¨¥o¤<§¦*\<¨
=Y\YR¤ P ¤@@ÛoR¥¨p$=<Ûo¥/îC$¤¨¤ÜY O R<¨<C¥ßR¥§£<<nqÛoR-¥£¤¤ P
tR=oÜÚ¥Þ¥<íWÛ¥´î W`'=´Û¨£<¤ P c *qo¤Å æ ûoøø÷"èb O RÛoRC=Û¥¨RRܨ=
C=po¤¨¤ O £<¡àRq=n=q¤=¨ÛoÛq¤R¨ P oß O ¤¨¥ntRÝoY±$o= å=¨<¤=£<3R_¡
$SVU E øagÆøApÝ£<¤¥¨)C¡E ÷÷ø&G o<´C¡E-øø"GÞ U ¥<K¤L¥R=to
Ûo¥/î 6\YT¨=£¥¨e<q=ßYoÞ=±<Úëq=R-R d <}ý 㨤¤¨£<=¥=R(=< ¥R-=o¤
Ûo¥¨RÚ P
d ¨<?ýÄýT=<ÜߥL¥Yå¥ïE£<n<qÛoR¤¨<ÝÝ£Y§6¥<qßot<¤Ú¥£<<q<çX¤o<R
XCOE "G o<ÛCFE-øø"Gñ<o\=
3R=¨o<q=@L¥R'Ro¤¤¨RÝYo===§\<\<¨=¦¨} ä÷o÷ø
o<<<o===q=3Rq=¨ÛoR¤ P TYo=W=<3o¥qE=o¤*Ûo¥¨RÚ P <oí¤¨¥o=\=qÛoR=o¤
³ W¶1³a§ Aû ¶m·
=po¤¨¤9Ûo=Rqj
¢C)E@-øø"G
ÜYR=RoIYo=ß=
o¤¨¤?<¤¨(Ûo=Rq
@ÛtRRá¨E=±Ô¤opÛo=´îço O Ú¥YÔ1=<nRL¡ O ¨¥o¤BR¨x U ߥ<Ý¥¨p
¥Y P ´îR\¥ï£YRC=<<¤o<´Ü¨=n¤¨"ÜBRB$=RïE£<q< PåO £Y(¥<q\ot<¤Ú¥£<Yo
*H
0.5
6
4
∆ r [ rH ]
2
0
0
−2
−4
−6
1.5
2
2.5
3
6
3.5
φ
4
4.5
5
−0.5
0.5
4
∆ r [ rH ]
2
0
0
−2
−4
−6
1.5
2
2.5
3
φ
3.5
4
4.5
5
ÞS\UOE ag A ÞCOE &G
−0.5
¡CFE
C[E "G
d ¨£<=ý `?¥R-=o¤3Û¥q¨ P po$ kø Æø ß ä÷÷ø æ £<<3R¥èo<
-øø æ ¤ÜBR¥è´ U IoàqÝ£¥o¤¨¤ P @ÛoR¥RÔ3o=R-¥o¤5Û¥q¨ P <oí¤jÜo=£ O ¥=oq=R
¥IY=<o£<<Rn=<n ¥R-=o¤WÛ¥q¨ P $@=£<=qR U ß=<n@=¤¨R(§
÷÷ø
¥YR=
o==´ÛR=o¤å¤¤<Ûo¥¨Rq\
hû U \¤¥qW§oo¥Y=Û¥qR<Ûo
tR=oRo<p¥<`}h¨å æ ܨ=C¥<=otoàqÝ£Y=o¤¨¤ P @Ûq¥ooR=£ O ¥¥q¥¨*è<q
<oÞ<Ü o P t=C=<=n<o¤åÛo=RqReY¥Roç¥< P @ÛTpq=qá-¥±I¤o=
O ¤¨ O =qÛo¤¨Û¨<Þn¥<j<o==q=<j=q/îYq=<t==<ß==ïE£<q-=Þ=<j<¤<qR
&G
¦³µW¶1³A§ ¶m·
-ù
0.6
Phase III
0.4
Phase II
Phase I
Td
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0
100
200
300
400
500
time [P]
[SVUFE ag &
d ¨ £<=ýÆý 9c o<
¥q=a¥ïE£<qÛo¤£¥oÝo3=¨Ý£<¤¥¨Ü¨¥=£<Yt qR kø Âø <
c Üqn=£<Y qR =£<Yn=<Ü oño<<Ú¥¨o¤¥=o<=Ú¥¨õ¨E=á<oI=§\[]q=¨<
Ûo¥¨Rq<q=Ro==<(=o§¤9==ïE£<ß<±o¤å¨<R@o¥<(=q¤¨¤=3R=¨ O q@o£<
$qÜBR O £Y O ¨qÛ¥¨RRojo=< O-P ¥YKY¤o<´@
ýoø
u qsv ?
þ
u
Ã
z Æ {q y x 8¹qsr 7 t 7 7 @
Ä Å
Æ
È´ÎmÐ
ÉÊ PÖ "^×5ØJ×|"Ë ÂÙ & É_ZÖP"^ÕK&%^×|"Ë
ÿ \Ç
U ¤Ú¥<£Y¥<ã'£<¤¨RnRïE£L¥o< æ ûÂùáo<kûÚ÷ø-è/=´¥<qCܨ¥ oñqï£<¥¨ o
¥¥5oÞp$£<¤¤?=´oWRïE£=x¨
åo¦Rtq¥¨pq
R<Þ=n=£< P =<ßqÛo¤£¥o
o9 P < P p¨
P ¥R ܨ=n<q=¨ÛoRn P p¨Ûo O ¤¨o}gY<R¨ÛoRn P ot
Ûo= O ¤¨po<=qRt<qEÝt §oYRt1oR< P =¨@o¤Bé£<1 P otR(K¥<tÛ¥q¨ P
Ûqq= a Y<qíYRÔ=<jR£<¤5o9¥<Ûq¤RÚ P íR¤¨x<7¨
a
E
' cH+
g
æ üY¨÷è
U <¥<qRY´ÛqTt¨p3¥o-Ûo= O ¤pRY P @¤ éܨB3o¥q-¥¤3Ûo=´¡
ý÷
¨ PIæ `}ì\Û¥q<=Ú P è/<Ü<§T\=<Û¥q¨ P <¨ÛYR O-P ¥<j<q<=Ú P
c +
' H
E
Ì
g
æ üYÄûoè
U 'ÜBܨ¤¤YR¤L¥Rq- ¥R-=o¤Û¥q¨ P '=£Y§CoÞt3¥o-'o=op´¥q O q@o£<
¨f¨5RY=RÛqßo¤o<\==@p¤¨<q5j<=¨¥¨¡¤RéÜjbK£<5Ro=oY(¨j=<@o
oRY P @¤3éÜq=<é<£<<Bo£<Y<RYj¤ O o¤<o§=]C}B=op´¥tR
oYÛo-¥oRo£<b¥
¥£Y P =<RìÝ
Ro§L¥Y$¥pWo*=´$RR<qo'\<Ûo=q¨ P o¥Y
é£<¨Io O =qÛqã$ oÔ¨<R¥¤Å*<¡=o¥¥¨<p$=ot@o¤¨¤qÔ O ¤£¥(Ûo=q¨ P
aq <pÚ=¨pY¤ P <qíYRno'=<q£<=¤¥YÛoR¤¨q¨ P O =RÛqCߥY<o¡o§=<
$¥p<Å oÚ
aq
E
' cçæ+ X
é
] c ¼èOE a
é
û]
æ üYÆúè
ÜYR= a (¥<nR¤L¥¨ÛoåÛo¥¨RÚ P oY + X (¥<nR¤L¥¨ÛopÛoR¤RÚ P ¨e¥<no§=<
$¥po?=´$RR<qoWT=\$¥pÚ¥<q O Rqpq
Z
E
æ ' cm+ X è )
E ¶÷ Aâ å é æ æ â¶ å ® ¶÷ æ æ âß ä ®
û[
R
æ üY -è
ܨ= [ o\¥Y(<£<¤oÛq¤RÚ P o9¥<j=§=<Ý$=op
obq$q=RYRo
?K$£<=<R/î<p¨<\¥<=£<=o Û¥q¨ P Üܤ¨¤<<Ü <q=¨ÛoY=qq=¤ P otRïE£"¡
¥¨n$¥YKR¤¥ÚÛ
Ûo=RÚ P Ûqq=R
ýû
\<KptR-=£< qï£<¥¨nܨ¥ + X o=RqX¨=<j=o¥¥¨<Ý$¥pbq$RR<q
æ +X ®
æC
E ® i ÷ ' G é8'9.
] cçæ ] c ¼è é û] cÍ+ X
æ üYÄýoè
@ O j=qܨ¥R£<<Þ¥YjÛoR´¥YR-¥Ú P
aÊcm+ X
-=
æ +X
æC é
E
æ û]
9tíYXoqï£<¥¨T$o a
' cÍ+ÎX c´+ X
E
æ|+ X )Ï' è + X
®
÷
³ ³d
ûË' + X
æ üYÆüè
d
+
X
³
³
w. ® û x g
é a è c +X
YÜK<Ü ¥o¦oj¥YKq£<=¤5}'ï* æ üYB èoY] O §o¨
E ® ' i G 8é '
æa
æ C é8'
c : æ û]
é
a è c´+ X <
E ' Yi i c d ' G
æ üY oè
BH
æ üY è
<qt=<p$Rq£<K P =R o=pRY=RÛ¥ÚÛo?¥< P Y=eo£Y(ÜÚ¥ã§o¦EY]¥Y
FE
R£Y=¤5obߥoYR- ' cáæ '9. è Yø
Ü $o P ÜÞÛqq¥o=ÑÐ o <®Ò æ ðR¨=¥R¨x*ûoøoø Eè´
&
' cáæ Ð c ÒãèOE!Ð æ '_) Ò1è é æ Ò Ó) ' è£Ð
=Þ¥<
®
Ò æ '*) Ð]è ® æ Ð Ó) ' è«Ò¨b
' cáæÔaqKcÍ+ X èFE a qoæ *
' ) + X è é æ + X Ó) ' è aq
ýoú
®
æÕaq )Ï' è + X
b
æ üYÆùè
æ üYÚ÷ø-è
E a é û]âoàqR=t<ÚÛRRYRoWVR<q'ï* æ üYRH-è O RRopq
æ a æ+ X è aq E æÕaq è + X ® aqæ + X è ' iYc d ' G g æ üYÚ÷÷"è
æ C%é )Ó'
i
)Ó'
'Ê) é
\< æ ' ic ' GèaÉ i d ¥Râ¨nRïE£= æ üYÚ÷÷"èRo¤¤¨Rå=< O oq¤¨<\¥q=T_¡
YpT¨=o=<Rå¤xRïE£=ob¥¥Ü¨=TG EPG æ i è´7 O o=o==Y=q¤=¥Y
=¨<R aq
O oq¤¨<¥R T'ï* æ üYÚ÷÷"èBܨ¤¤3Ûo<x
'ï3 æ üYÚ÷÷"èBܨ¤¤ =<RT=Ro]o
a q
^
^
þC E
®
æÔaq )Ó' è + X
aqæ '*) + X è
æ üYÚ÷"ûè
ÏÉ ZC¸E æ É æ C é
+ X )u' ñ<q [ pãq<¥o-@Ö a q ÉÖZC¸E×Ö a É ÖZC/
ÜB¡<¨pq<=¨o¤ R=Y=Rq<¥<í¥q= ¨ï* æ ü¨÷"ûoè æÕaq )Ï' è + X E øY
ܨ¥8Ö Ö
/îRLÜB<R¨Ûo' o=R-¥o¤Ûo=q¨ P ÜY§Ü'ܨ¤¤L O § O-P Ý£Y¤¨¥¨<¤ P ¨<'ï* æ üYÚ÷"ûè
É i
ܨ=±÷
WZ P £ O =¨=£Y¥¨<ߥ<jRoE=E£<Ú P RïE£L¥o
E ® i ÷ ^ ^þi C b
'*) + X
æ üYÚ÷ú-è
¥Y P q¤<=<jR<RÛoL¥o]¤Üko? ¥R-=o¤Ûo=q¨ P
^
þC
^ ^w
û[
ié
A
ý
Z
x
E
ø
5
æ üYÚ÷ Eè
$}ÜB¡<¨pq<=¨o¤YRtq==¨RR-¨=o=<Rå¤<RïE£=to ¥¥YoYp<¨==¡¤q=
éÜj}\L'pRo<}=é<£<ßq¤RtR-}ܨ¤¤o¤¨Ü P '¦oRqߥ<\=op o=R-¥o¤EÛ¥q¨ P
Ûo¤£Yt/îRRÜ<qe¨K´î3RRYRR(<=¨¥¨x57Âå¨K==q(=<=£Ye=<§¦±K
ÛR£< O £<<<o P ¤ P Rq
È´ÎcÍ
ÁØÉ
O$ZÚ5Ò"O×
$ }Ù &
ÜÏÕLØ$&0ÙÛÖP
{&%"^ÙÂÙ«×5Ú5×"^× ÕK%
QÀ
ÜìÜßÜo-¥n<¨=R£Y=¥<ß O Û¨£<ïE£<R¥¨ão=¨=Yp$=o /ýÄû ðñRo£<R
=£Y§õ¤=ot<¤¨¨¥£Y<CoY6,ot§o<qp¨á¥ï£YRC¶ ¤¨=qÞ< qq¥¨ço¥<RL¡
"G
O ¨¥o¤bR¨±¥¨pqjo=o£<<ãùø
TSVU¢E aø gÂø-ýnojo±´îYot<¤@è
=´Û@¤¥L
æ £<<
Ûo¥¨Rqo=ÔoR<q¥=R õ=<I=qo¥L¥=½îR¨xa\<¨n
<qÛoR¤o<pq-C<Ük¨
d ¨<9üYÄû¡_üY <?ÜY§á<q<´ßå<o3o=R-¥o¤WÛo=q¨ P
ϰ \²
¥<£<1=<å=tR(ÜYR
¥Yß P =R £<Y<Rq¨= <<o= =¥oY=¨=KgYÝ@o±RÝ¥<¥YR=ÝÛo=qRjo
o-¥½¡ P q¤YRpÜY§ñoÔo¤¨= O ¤ O poj<¨<Rp<RY=¨=q æ YoC<Ü <Rè´aZBRY
6¥<]=qo¥L¥=½î6=q¥< P ´î q=¨R<qXÛq P R¤o=Xq<Ro£<-¥Råܨ=F=<X<¤o<´
0°
²
=q R¥q<¤ P =E£<B/îR=<(==< t<£<¤¨=q ¥j¥<<¤<qRb\<¨BR=£Y¤¨¥WÞ¥Y¤o=
ot<¤Ú¥£<Yo<n,oÛo=Yn=<¥ï£Y(´Û¤¨£Y¥¨x
?t£<<YR=§oY]
¥Y\<<q<tR<o$£Y¥YRR¨ d <YüYÚ÷Y¥Y(àR£Y¥¤¤ P @Ûq¥ooR
SVUOE aø gÂø-ý(¨<¤¨o==Rn<¨ë RR-=tRFCFE aø b§ûoø"GDb4-ø"GDbÊHoø"GDb
¥<o¤3`}Y=oí¤¨ ³ µ $o
¿C E ÷"ûoø&Gtçg<RRÞ¥<Þ¥<¨ß<=oí<¤n<´Û¥qÞ<=o=R=ÚÛR¤ P @Ü P $ ¥Y
Y¨¥o¤¤ P é*<=í¤<qÛoR¤o<<tÜp<=op¨<R-==£<´¥£<RLZ³ W¶1³"§äû ® ú&¶5·Ü¨=
±p¨<Ý£Y W¶¿§ û2g"¶m· <ãåLî¨Ý£< LW¶¿E úag"¶m· ñto<Iܨ=
o<
ýý
d ¨<<üY <YÛo=qRo<oR-¥¤ P qpq=$=oâ¥YKtYpY
\<´î¥q<Ro¥Yn´î¥Rp æ ݨYéR´¥¨á o-¥¥è(e=<n ¥R-=o¤WÛ¥q¨ P
<oí¤¨\£<=£<o¤¤ P =q-o<R]oß<RqR==o P q<<Ú¥oC$\<¡Lî P ttq¥¨<¥ O ¨¤Ú¡
h qe÷ù&HY÷"è´\<<=o=R=ÚÛÝ¥Rq q<YCo
¥Y<oí¤¨ox= P fLW¶ § û2g"¶m·k£YE=¤úCLºaùø"G o<Ô=<ß=£ O =RïE£<q-(é*L=¥q<Y æ =q
¥Yq£<ÛoFCFEì÷"ûoø"(
G èb==<o¤ P £<q=¥YR=Wj=Rq< P <§ O ¤Ú P ÜY§
´îq¨¥qIo£<<hW[¶§ û.gR"¶5· <XÛo¥¨RqoK=<(Y¡¤¨<Ro£Y=Rt(}=£Y§±o
¨=q¨X=§=<t=<Ro
éÜ æ ^¥oàq
Y§ O ¤¨¨ P
VÜ R£<¤¨¥<I3o=R-¥o¤Ûo=RÚ P Y=oí¤¨X<´Ûq¤ =£<§ñ¨YéR´¥¨ o-¥n<
==£<´¥£<R\$=oân<Ú¥¤¤ P é*\o<n¥ O ¤¨<=í¤Q¶ U @o O =qR$= =<qÛo¤£¡
¥¨RïE£=n$\3o=R-¥o¤Ûo¥¨RÚ P
Ö æ èÉÖ
ÏÉ ZC
C^E
%E
îb
æ Ó) ' è_2 køâ]ûo^
æ üYÚ÷"ýè
Ü<q=ÚÖ Ö ¨¥< c o=o<o<q=ÚÛoL¥¨Ûoo¥< ¨xRo<=qÛqßo¤¨<¥Y
'¥@ot¤¨<R
ãû^ æ ¢ P @<=¦ P
`?oo¤¨àq£e÷ùoùü-è´(\E£<R5¥Yt¨<¨=o¤f£<Y¨$
<¥ O £Y=
=Y£<¤ O TY=RRÛR ¨6oF¨-Û¨=qç<¦*F\<¨ÞR<q¤£<B<ÜBqÛoRR¨ß<¤ P ¥=£Y
<"Û¨<R¥L¥@ot¤¨<R\Ro O j<´í<R]qÛoR P Ü<q=(Tß<=<¥¨¡¤¨RéÜj
^¦TéÜjÔ=<ßRL¡ O ¨¥o¤f=Ro±o£<<Ô=<ß<¤o<qRx<ÜBqÛqR9<<o=¥¨ P
¥YtR<Y¨¥¨ æ ´îqRYn3Ro<t$ÞéÜpܨ=<
³µW¶³)º ¶m·Bè
O RRo£<Ôo=<TÜB
=´¥Ý\=<¨¥o¤<§¦Eß<Y£<Rq O-P =<å<¤o<´@\<RCÜX=q=Ýo\<§¦Rpo=
ýoü
$=o R¤¨=C=I¥<<¤o<qt<çR£YÞ¥Y=£<o6=<CÜ<¤¨n<¦3 d ¤¨Ü⤨<q æ d ¨<?üYÄýoè
Ü<¨§]q<R£YE=R¥<q=K=<§¦Eo O =¦RÔ<T=<j<=¨¥¨=Y§¦E O =Ro¦E¥Y
3o¥qE=o¤Ûo=q¨ P q<=qÛ=xF\<Xq<RïE£<RYRÔo¥<T=Y§¦çÞqï£Y¨Ûo¤q-t=
¥<o?Ý==<ßÛR£Y¥R=¨C¥<ttR-¥£< RïE£L¥oxY¥YR£<¤5ofÜ<§xY<q
<o\ÛoY=
¦
o¥YÝ<YR<§¦T$LSVUlE øagÂø-ýå\<RßYn=<§¦ O qÜBRqã=<ß<¤<qj<%W¶§
÷"gÚ÷5¶m·(\Yt<§¦X=qå<
ÜB@¦I¥q
¥<ܨ=±Cå"îY¨Ý£< oB O £Y¦Û¹§ ÷&Æg úY
d YxüYÂüC=<Ü¥Yß§¥¨<n¤@L¥oÔo<I=<ß q=3R<YR£Y¤oj[]o§E£< O q Û
91R§ O ¤6=<=¤¨o<§¦Ep O =Ro¦E<±¥<T3o¥qE=o¤Ûo=q¨ P q<=qÛ=x
LSVUÞEaøagÂø&fb§ø2gÆø-ý.b§øagÂøüÜq=Ý3R$=tR'ÛoR
=<oI=po¤¨¤¥oYo¥<´ëqq¥åo=ïE£<Ú¥nR¤¨@oqç d ¨< ü
¥Y=R(=£<Yܨ=X<Úëq=qE
=£Y<Ô=3Rq<
¥Y£<ç¥< P <¤ P
¥YÝoàqÝ£Y=o¤¨¤ P @ÛoR¥RI`} <=oí<¤K<¤=¥q]$¥YR=(¥<R£<<
Þ¥¨p©£<
°
²
O q$Ûo=qRRtRo9=Rq'í=< Ro'=<p¨<Ý£Yì =< Ûo¤¤¨ P ߥY
îSVU
<oí¤qÜ<§ãt"ÛoRK£YÜo=Y( ¨<R@oRRÞ\<¨j=Ü\¥±L=¥q=ãq<=¨=R-
ܨ=p=<,o´B=W¥<¥o=<K¤@=Þo¥<=<§¦EBo¤tÛ¨<(Ü P $= ¥Y
<¤o<q\ÜYR]=<j=£Y<] qR]<q=@=Rq
o=1¥<X=<e@
£<=1$oXRtRYo<ho=Ü<FYé<Rq= ¨-¥X¨ ¥Yeoà/¡
£Y¥¤¤ P @ÛoR¥R
<¥ O £Y=]<=q=qE=R<Rß<Úëq=qE
$= ¥L<£<Ý=C¨=
=/¡_o¥oYRtR-jo¤¨<C=<ß<=R<to O Ú¥ æ Zo¤Þ
$¥Ô<ã¢jo P @oY=¦ P ûoøøY÷è´ U
i
@¤R£Y¤=ãܨ¥eÔpåq<R=o¤¨<¨=o¤
æ <
èK<¨¥ O £¥oeRí=t¥<Ý¥Y
<qto¥<<@o<±¨<¥ O ¤¨¨ P RR£Y=ttoç@=¤¨RÝq §xá\<]o<3@¥o<qno
"
ý
¥YT£ O RïE£<R-=¤ P =q¤¨¡/îR¨=RáÛo¥¨Rqt¨ÝïE£<¨=n=¨p¨¤oj¥I¥YTYqÛq¤YpqEto¥Y
¢R¤ÚÛ¨¡_VR¤¨p<o¤¨¥à æ ¢jV
è\¨<¥ O ¨¤¨ P O =RÛqÔ=Y@o-=R,RRq
0.8
0.75
t = 120 P
0.7
〈ζ〉
0.65
t = 80P
0.6
t = 20P
0.55
t = 40 P
0.5
t=0
0.45
0.4
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
∆r [rH]
5
6
JSVUÞE
W¶ Ç
W¶¦E
ÞCFE &G
d ¨ £<=KüYÚ÷ }Ûo¤£Y=To}=<ÝàR£Y¥¤¤ P @ÛR=oqÔ ¥R-=o¤5Ûo¥¨RÚ Pγ µ $
ø Âø-ýIÞ<Úëq=R-Þ¥¨pq
ø /ûoø ø ø @÷"ûø tI?o¦T=<¥£<q=£<=]
û ú ooT´îYot<¤B\Y(<oí¤¨KYqÛq¤Y<¨< æ
û Bè\o<T Ro¦E æ
ú Bè<=o=q==ÚÛq¤ P $ kø ø ä£YE=¤3¥<Ûo¥¨Rqo=<Y£<RqX
ùø t
=RÜ<¨§T=<jp¨<Ý£Y é*L=¥q< æ Rj¥< O ¤ ä÷"ûoø ìR£<Û@è´
ag ®
&¶m·
ag"¶m·
ÛC E ab "GDb4 "GDbÊH "GDb "G
W ¶îE 2g"¶m·
COE ® H "G
¸COE "G
&H
ý
d ¨£<=
üYÆû `?¥R-=o¤*Û¥¨R¨ P =Y"ܨ<Ý¥Y<=<£<´¥¨Co5Ûo=RqR\<Y¤o<´¨
¤@L¥R±L æ è æ ø §ø-è<I¥<ß=o<¤?<¨¥o<RÝ=C¥<ßY¤o<´
¨ÛoRII£Y<¨=
o9¥<(V¨¤¤ æ §<@è¥o<¨£< BVRo kø Æøý U
ø ì¥<j3o¥qE=o¤ Û¥q¨ P
<oí¤¨\=q¤=¨Ûq¤ P =to=xÜÚ¥Ü §<<R¤¨ p=o£<<¤ P
hû ú
W¶bcß lE 2b
)¶m·
1S\UFE ag lCOEH "G
¹°
²
³µW¶³A§ ® &¶m·
ýoù
d ¨£<=üYÂú `?¥R-=o¤KÛ¥q¨ P =Y"ܨ<õ=<e<<£Yq¥¨ ßÛ¥qR æ ¥ote
d ¨<<üYÆûè/ U
ùø a¥<j£¥R§<<R¤f<Üqpq=¨<ÝÛ¥¨RR æ o-¥Ú¡ P R¤¨<q§è´
lCOE "G
üø
R
d ¨ £<=}üY `?o=R-¥o¤Ûo=RÚ P =<ܨ<\¥<'<Y£<q=oÛo¥¨Rq æ =qWo¤ d <qüYÆû
o<FüYÂú-è´ U
÷øø Ûo=qRÞ@ÛT=Ü6¥I¥<qß$£<¤¨¤=¨àR O o¥6 ¥R-=o¤
Ûo¥¨RÚ P §<<R¤¨Ro¥=Ûo=qRopÛYÝå=<Ro=¥Úîå=qY=Ý=< P
ܤ¨¤/îY3Rq<RKR¤¨=/¡RYR£<-=R=ܨ=T=<j<¤<qR
[CE "G
üY÷
d ¨ £<=ÞüÄý ^RY=¨ P o\<=¥<¤o<´§o P <¦Xܨ=1q O q<<qe<¤ERp\YåLî¨
oC¤ O R¤¨Rá§Yn¤ O å=o<7X\<nY¤o<´Ý¨¤@L¥Re æ è æ ø §ø-è´X\<
O o§¦E£<<p<RY=¨ P
o O RRp<¨Û¨<RÞ£YR<§¦ßR=<(o<t<=q=<
éÜ ¤¨<q æ,O ¤o§¦è\o=<ÜÔo\ÜBR¤¤7
¶"bcß. E 2b
i ¶ ô e ód
ü-û
7
6
M⊥
5
4
3
2
1
0
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
∆r [rH]
d ¨ £<=tüYÂü <§¦±¥=£Yq¥£Y=C¨ã=R=t[Xo§áE£< O qRb¦¨<X¨-¥]oRq£<-Ý¥Y
O ¤¨ïE£<q<RKB=<Þ=<§¦Io<±¥Yt¨<R@o<nR¤¥ÚÛÝÛq¤RÚ Pçæ <o=<q¤¨<@襥Y
=Y§¦e$-@¥<][Xo§6E£< O R Ûño¥<¨t<§¦eÝÛoR P åo¤¨¤Å\<=£<3R=<¨
=qo§o¥ÝLÝo£<< ÷ Äû ì<1<´ÛqÝ´îRqRe=< Û
÷ ÂúYn\<p=<§¦I¤¨<
<q<o¥qB=<
£< q=<=qt\Ü<R Û ÷}\Yí£<
O oRCoC(Ý£Y¤=
ܨ=
ø ÆøýÞ< ä÷@ø
TS\UFE ag
® &g A¶5·
L %£
8I8E ô o
üú
Ï E "g
0.7
0.65
〈ζ〉
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
∆r [rH]
1
2
3
4
5
6
d ¨£<=ü ?U àqÝ£Y=o¤¨¤ P ÛoR=oRp ¥R-=o¤YÛo=q¨ P³ µ =Y=¤ PÝO q$o=Û¥qR=´
n$\Y¨ë R=q-
£<<T=3Rq<
ø Âø æ RqX=o¤è´<øÆø-ý æ$O ¤£<j=¡<o==R*è/3øYÆøoü
æ RÞ=o¤è´9\<qÛo¤£Y=Ý$b¤Üq 9}£<§t,¥qo<ߥYR=´$=Ûo=qR'<´ÛR¤¨
@=¤ P =Rq
íjoY Ro
¥<ÝtYpÞ'¥<ß<oí¤¨o\<¤@=<o¥Y
t<¨å
tÛ£YÜo=<B<=o ¥¨o¤¨¤ P oW=£<YC=3Rq<¨<R@oo=Y(¥Y§o¥Y
¤@L¥o<o9¥<j<=o¤x=Y§¦ER
¢SVUFE ag &
FS\U
&
ü
u qsv ?
þ
Ü
q ? qÝ ?
Ä
Þ
ÎmÐ
ß+ÕÑ Á
> y 7 @
ÙÖOÙÛÔ ÕÑ"XÕLÖ×à
ÁSVU
U p"©jí<<¨<Ôo\=<K=q=Ro=§çj¥<=<C¥L¥To£<<e qR jÛoRÝ¥Y
ZI
<¤o<qtpo=
<´í<
t<Úí@Et¦ P o=op´¥qÞ=¥£< P =<T<¦á=R o<= c ´Q
( E ½ ÷"÷"gÆý&ûSV¶mU · g
æ ¨÷è
U 9<R£<=q O ´$=L=<<¤<q9<<£YRR9=Y¥¤-=<§¦ER-oYK=<¤@=f§o¥Y
«SVU
)I
é£<RYRߥ<Þ§o¥Yn ¨-@ d ¨<'¨÷ß<ÜK=$LI¿E ÷ø ô o oYSVUJE øaÂg ø-ýå¥Y
=Y§¦n§o¥=£Y<¤ P lW¶¦Eüß÷"gÆûA¶m·'\<¤@=C§<o<qÜÚ¥T'ï3 æ ¨÷è´
Z P ¥£Y P <CqÛoR¥¤}=¨Ý£<¤L¥ox¨
@o O ($o£<<Ô¥<L( <´¥q=t<qÜ<q=Ý¥Y
3-@o O K§oYRTܨ¥]=£Y<X qR
æ d ¨< Ú÷"è´ U ¤¨=Þ¥<K<¤<qå= 1Ro
=Y§¦T¤@=R]o<ÔÚ}Úܨ¤¤ O ¨<=¨<K=<K<=R<x¥Y=qo=¥Úî o¨]¥Y
ü-ý
îÀ
}(Q£
==Rop¨<K=Ro æ =q ÷"ûè´b
÷o=<
<¨=¦ßR=3<ÜB@o¦ O q@o£Y=
=<
<§¦
l( º
(¤@=R1Ü P $ ¥<CY¤o<´¨1¥YC==@p¨<XR¨xX
÷b=<C<¨ÛY
=Y§¦n¤¨RBܨ¥Yn¥<jRo=¥ÚîC=Ro<ÜY§X¨\po=qRqY¥ÚÛj¥Þ<§ O ¤Ú¥¨RR
?±¥qÞ¥YT P 3o¥<q=¨Þ=pIRY§E
(
ܤ¤B@Û¥<n=otTY=¦=q=3<=
0SVUDEìø2gÆøüåo<0I¼E ÷"g oû&H c ÷ø ô o o<I<o¥YR
£<XÜÚ¥«SVUEìøagÆøý
o<IhEì÷ø ô o ÜBRpo<ob\<Rq$of( ¨W=<¥ot$ O o¥p=£<<q d Y.Äûj<RYq=
=¨Ý£<¤¥¨<\ܨ=
¥Yj==ïE£<
æ Äûoè
NK ME ¦ : ¶ c ýúM æ ¶bcßè>< ¶5/¶5.ß
$=oâ¥YR=j£<<RÜ<q=¦ý=M æ ¶bÊßè=<j¥@Û¨¥¥¨o¤*$Ro9¥<j<¨=¦nL æ ¶bcßè/'
O o¥I£<<ÜßRtC=to¥Ô==ïE£< O qÜBRqõ÷ø"G º CLº»H ø&t
G 3Ü<§±ÜßRo¤¤?<o
§ o<I²o< P ²p¥o=ïE£<$)CJ£H ø&t
G *Ü<§]ÜÝRo¤¤f<<o=Ý æ R§À ýÄûÞ$Yq§¤¥è´
\<¨í£<Co¤¨=Ô<ÜÝ¥L¥Yå¥=o<=Ú¥¨=Ô<oC=jRq£<=ßLß O £Y(¥<C=ot
JCF§ Hø"Gì$ O ¥=£<YR
¥¨p
D
U ¤¨=á¥<ãoàqÝ£¥o¤¨¤ P @Ûq¥oq 3o¥q-¥¤
Û¥¨R¨ P <=í¤q ³ µIæ d Y Âú-èCo
o¤¨p<q-¥Ro¤ÅB\<´î3R´¥RI<qK=<Rq<o P <§ O ¨¤Ú¥q<´ÛR¤¨I¥Y
´(
¥pÔ=tIo< n=<I¥otI¤@L¥oxêg<IRoñRYR¤£Y<I¥Tn¤<ç
¨
Ro<¥o-@¥<j<¨=¦p=R o<=3¨<R¤¨£<<¨<ß=Ü\=]=¥q$o\<§ O ¨¤Ú¥qRE\=<j¥oto
N
Gá æ I8Eä÷ø ô o èO§ø"G ¥Û-G á æ I8Eä÷"gB
ð1Þ¤=å<o¥ d ¨< Æúå==<ÝR¨¤¤L¥o]3RÔÔYo=ß<qR@oR±$=
c ÷@ø ô o Fè § úø"GÞ}Cq<R=o¤Å-=<
3Råp<o
Y£<Ý¥n¥¨R¤¨R
¨I<=R<Þo<I§oY ¤¨ O ¨=R(¨<R=<R¨¤ O ¥L¥o]3R
üü
K
փ
½ I æ =R[À@÷û¨÷è´YÜBKí<<T=\=<j q=n§oYRܨ=
GF` E h Ièd g
G=d I=`
æ Æúè
VÜ´ÛqRYÚW=<£Y¤ O <o=RåYR=¥<W<oW<¤ P ¥<¤ O ¥L¥oß q=Þ=q=3< O ¤¨
$f¥<B=q¤¨¤=3RK<=§ O £Y?¥=<Rbq O ¨¥¨Ko3R=¨Y?o<o=q¤R
«À
n=<j<=R<K=qox}\<¨Ü¨¤¤ O j<¨=R£Y==q]$£<¥<q @÷"û
Þ
ÎcÍ
º ;Ö ÏÒ0Õ O$ZÚ5Ò"O×
$ }Ù & W
Ü ZÒ&& Ü Õ¢ÕK !ÕK¹Õ®U
0Õ«ØlÕ
& K M æ Cè9$o'o¤¤=o£<<Þ=3RqpÝ£<¤¥¨< O ´ÜqR
SVUÞEaøagÂø-ûpoYX£<X=SVUEhøagÚ÷(ÜÚ¥XpRo<¥o-¢I¼êE ÷ø ô o \ð(RoÔ<ÚÛ<¥Y=o£<<
d < Ü\R\¥Y¥o¥o¤==ïE£<
=3Rq±=£<¤=Y¨E=å¥Y=R<¥Yq£<<q5o¤¨¤9ÜÚ¥IC<Úëq=qE
¥ï£YÝ=q=3<=
¸S\U¢ºhø2gÆø&
\< P oÝ=o£< qI-¥
ag &8 SVUL aøagÂøü
æ ¤Üè´ø Âø
æ Y*è/]\YÝR=£Y¤¨ÝRo O C£<<YR=¥Ü¨¥¥<p<=3Rá¦o P
a
%SVU¢£aøagÆøoü
¥otq=RÛ( <
æ t<Y¤è/3o<
¥Y¤@=to9=<§¦ER d Y ¨÷<q=q= O RÜYR==<=Y§¦C§o¥YR3R<<¨<ßn¥Y
=o£<<T=3RR d \¤¨Üq\=£<Y] qR¥<j=Y§¦C¨\<oY¤ P ¥<q O £Yo¤¨=ߥo=
R¤¨=qK=T=<åY¤o<´@nVã=o£<<e qR<KÜRo¦oqe¥<p=<§¦Iܨ¥]§o¥¨<]3¨E
Ý£<§$£<¥<q@Ü P $= ¥<j<¤o<qR
d '¥<¤Ü£<<å=3RRp=£<Y æ
SVUÞº 2ø gÆø&-è}=<§¥¨<j o-Wo=<<=o¤=Y§¦E
*
ü
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
XXXXXXXXXXX
XXX
XXX
XXX
M⊥
1
XXX
XX
XX
0.8
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0.6
X
X
X
0.4
X
X
X
X
0.2
X
X
0
Û
X
X
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
X
0
∆r [rH]
d ¨£<= Ú÷ <§¦]¥=£Yq¥£Y=ß]¥Rp
oB[Xo§±E£< O R
$o
<Úëq=R-£<<I qR<q
\<j P O ¤¨\<R<¥t@o£<=qpqE=\$=â=£<<ÜÚ¥
ø Âøú-û æ =ïE£oR§è/ kø Æø
æ ==o<¤¨R§è/
ø Âø-ý æ RR¤¨R§è/
ø Âøü æ Yot<<¥è´
ø ¨÷ æ R=o==q§è/B\<=<§¦
¤¨<
<Ü\Ü<Rj=<=£Y q==o<R¨<¤¨Rq'\<=Y§¦C§o¥\ݤoRY¥o<q
$=oâ¥YKY¤o<´\$Þ<YR\=o£<<T=3RR
fSVUOE ag
TSVUOE ag
aS\UFE ag
SVUOE ag
"H
ü
1S\UOE ag A
0.2
cs=0.06, log(µ)=-3.76
Td
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
cs=0.05, log(µ)=-4
Td
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
0
50
100
time [P]
Z
a
¹I±E "gB &H
I¿E ô o
150
¦(
¸S\UOE ag
¨SVUîE ag
d ¨ £<= Äû 9=ïE£<tqÛo¤£Y=±oBÜ]=¨Ý£<¤L¥o<
ܨ=±R<§o-(¦o P <o¥otq=R
æ 'ï* ¨÷è´'\<£<<3RY¤oB=<Ü=<==ïE£< æ è$=o =¨Ý£<¤L¥oÝܨ¥ kø Æøoü
o<
÷ û c ÷@ø Ô\<å¤Üq<¤¨oÝYR<¨q¥X=¨Ý£<¤¥¨ãÜÚ¥
ø Âø-ýX<
÷ø \<Rq$o O o=±=£<<j@Ûot=<ߥot Ûo¤¨£<o U ¥£<¡I=t$¥Y
<¤o<q
å=o÷øp O Ú¥Üo£Y=R(I<<o=ß\¥Y¥ïE£<Ý
<R-L¥¨Ûoßo<Ipo=
o<C=<
=¥o<¨=p-¥ÝYo=
=qR£<\=£<o<¤ P ¥Y¥ot
=t
ø $ O o=
=£Y<\ܨ¥¥YK=ot e
lKNM C
[(
ôo
ø(
üù
lCOEH "G
0.75
0.7
<ζ>
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
∆r [rH]
1
2
3
îCÛE{H &G
4
5
6
d ¨£<= Âú ßU àqÝ£¥o¤¨¤ P @ÛoR¥R6`} <oí¤¨C
ø <¥¤ PãO q$pÛo=Rq
RtRot\<¨(¨jTqp<o=¨=±oBÜ]=£<¤=Y
ܨ=1RY§E(¦o P o=op´¥q
eÞ\<tp¨<pp¨±=<t`}âY=oí¤¨Þå=§±±¤@=±<±<RY=x U KTR£<¤¨j¥Y
=qRYo P ¨<¥ O ¤¨¨=RB<qÛoR¤¨I¥Y(=op=toW\< O ¤¨£<jo¡<=¥qX¤¨<¨$o
¥YTÝ£Y¤=eÜÚ¥
ø Æøoüã<F¤¨ æ fè
ú üYF\Y]R6=¤¨ç¤¨<CoÞ¥Y
o=otq¥q=
ø Âø-ýÝo<T¤o æ fè
<
(
lSVUOE ag
ÁS\U E ag
® ag I
E
I OE ® oø
T³µW¶mUm³^º ¶m·ä<e¤¨Rj¥<q=´$=åÜÚ¥<¨=<C<=q=<C=qox]\YCo=op´¥q
(Qºk÷\$b¥Y'¥<ob\<R£<<<j<o<Ü
<¨=<´'<o O £Wj¥<j<o
îS\ULE aø gÂø-ûT<1øÆøúû¨
=Ü<§j<´ÛR¤¨<¨<]Ro=¤ P x c ¦E¨<T
} R
d < <f¥Y
¥=o<¨¥¨Ý¥j<<o==?qR£<=j@o¤ P ߥ<Ý£<¤¥¨(=W<j¤ O ¥L¥o3R=¨ÞRo
³ W¶1³.§ ÷"gÄý¶m· U ox*¥Y
³ µ <=í¤<´ÛR¤¨<WYé<Rq=t3-¥'ÜÚ¥tp¨<pÜ<¨§åp¥§Þ¥<JW¶¤@=Ý$o
Ûo¥¨RqR d YaÄý(YR=q= O q\<Ük=<<q<=Ú P $S\UÞºøaÆg øAÝ
<Rq=Ro=qY"Ün=ßüø¢â
O
O RÛR\<Ý<¨=¦=Y"ÜÛ¥qR'=po¤¤¨R=¨àR
o¥YC<Ú¥o¤'<RY=¨ P o<çR@=RÞXo63@¦1¥<C3o=R-¥o¤BÛo=RÚ P <=oí<¤o
\<(`}äY=oí¤¨j<R<¨q=¤t\Yp<¨=<´p¨<pY=¤¨¤=opÛo¥¨Rq=jR@=R
O £Y¥<Ûq¥o¤¨¤ ==ïE£<´Û¤¨£Y¥¨CB<o\¥<ÞoYn<oo<¥Yq¥¤ P <¨ÛYRn-=
<=KoY]o$=<j=o£<]btR<¨£< £<<T=3Rq<R
2g &h ¥SVU¦ äøagÂøü-è<ojn¥<q
\<Þp¨<<¤¨=o£<<ã=3RRã£< æ ø Æø
O q@Û¨
¥q= ?==ïE£<KqÛo¤£Y=YÛ¥¨RRo O oRR<o<T<oKo<T<oj==jR¤¨@o¤ P
=qo=¥qx U ¤¨=p=<Ý<§¦Ejo¤¨R¥qÔT¥<ÝR¥==Úî]R¨x
\YR=ߣ<<<Ûo
C<=ß\ܨ=IoIR¤¨¤=T3R=¨X=t¤o¥C=<ݤ¨ O =¥¨]3RÔoWo¥¨R¤q
¨
¥YKY=R=Y(o=RY
¢
±³µW¶1³
d Y Âü¤¨¤£<¥=¥q]<Ü ¥<1¤@=koߥ<átYpçtÛqÔ¥ñ¤=
ܨ= <q=Ro=¨<e=o£<< =3RR U ¤¤=<=qI=£<Yn=<Ü =n¥<eÛo¥¨RqnRtR=o
Z³µW¶³/§ &÷ gBH&¶5·lbû2gÆûA¶m·)b\ú&¶5· $oþSVUEhøagÂø&fb\ø2gÆø-ý.b\øagÂøüY\<
O R@ÛoRqܨ=
£<\Ro=¤¨q¥¥qpqE==Y§¦Eo=j@£<=¨<ߥ<j<´ÛR¤¨<tR-o?Yéqq=n3-=
ç¥YT3o=R-¥o¤Û¥¨R¨ P <=oí<¤To<ç¥<qÞ¤@L¥oá<q=R=tYRÞÜ<R]RRo<o P
÷
Y§ O ¤¨¨¥¨RWRtRo
\S UZ£ øagÂøü-èܨ¥¿( £ ÷C¥<CY=¦ã=Y"Üßo<¤ P
æ d <^Bè´á\<n==ïE£<ÏK M æ CèÝ<qÛoR¤o<toõ¤t
d (=<n<oe=£Y<á=3Rq6£<< æ
ÔÜRo¦á=q=3<T=±=<<¤<q
Ro<¥o-¤´ÛR¤ æ R d ¨< Eè´
o=¥<(=Y=¨=<Ý¥pK$o¤¨¤5¥ï£Yí£<Rq
\<q=Ô£<<po¤@ÛoÔYo=¥=o<¨¥¨ O £Yt¥<Xo=Rã¨ÞR<¥=o<qF=e±Ý£<§
¼³µW¶³¡§Ó¶m·Pjt<±R¤¨=qp¨xÜBX¥¤¨¤\=qI<<o=X=¥oY=¨=
=po¤¨¤R O o<
o<å=t
åo¤¨¤=Ro¤Û¥qRBp=<<o==q=<R¨x}^£Y¥K¥<qB=3RRÚí
o O Ú§o¤
to¥¨x=< P <Ë 'qp}R¤¨==¥<Y¤o<´o<ß=<Rq$¥<==ïE£<p<¤¨¨=£<<R
oK£<§]夤qR
U R¤o=Rߨ<=3R´¥¨áo
`' ¨åooRÝo£<<ßܨ=
( §
÷W=Y"Üâ¥Lt±po=
¥=o<¨¥¨F¥o¦oq<¤oq O qÜBRq =<Ip¨<<¤¨XoY <õ=£<Y qRñ£<xìVq=
=opåo¤¨¤@o¤¨Û¥qRRtRC=<<=q=<(R¨n=¨p¨¤o¥Ý=<Û¥¨RR¨
h
Zo¤¨t$o¥
¢ P Ro<¦ Pçæ ûoøø÷"è< O O ¤ P Y£<Ý¥T`} p½î<pÔ¥YR¨xK\<
¦³µW¶1³
<¨CC=< ³ µ <oí¤¨
t"ÛoR$£<¥<q\@Ü P $ ¥<Y¤o<´§o P o O ÚB=ÞݤoR
ܨ=X]¨<R@oRÜY=XoYXÞ¤ÜBR<R¥xÜ<¨§Xpo¦oq=<j<T¤q==qRR¥¨ÛoK=
=qRYo P ¨<¥ O ¨¤¨=qR
\<=¥o<¨=¥¨pj¥CYo=(=\<q q<<]¥<(=£<YI=3RR±<Ô<¤¨o==RÔ¨
RH
ÛSVU
d ¨< Ü<q=<¨ f=£<<?@Û\Ý£<§ß¤ÜqbÜ\¥Ý=¥Bo<=<Rq$RRo<o P
Y§ O ¤¨¨¥¨RW<qÛoR¤¨ÔßÝ£Y§]¤¥q¥to
û
Þ CÎ D
ãQÖ#äå"OÝ RÙ#"^Õ ÁÙÖFÙÔ ÑÕ "^Õ¢Ö
D
ZoR o d ¨< ÂüYáÜB=¦EYF P ¥<q=]=£YR¥qk¥<Û¥qR]o=±¥Y
<Y¤Y@ot£Y=RtÔoKoõ<§ O ¨¤Ú P Ü<§ ¨å´îq¨¥qñC=<Ô´î==Rp1¨õ¥< ³ µ
<oí¤]Ü<R =£<§ñ/î==qåá´îqRRkáRq§¥Y=R<¤¨xä\YR=ãoXÜBçÜ P =
ïE£o-¥Ú P ¥<o=Ü\¥C5¥< o=R-¥o¤*Û¥q¨ P <oí¤¨o<p¥<
=<=q=<o¤Cq<<Ú¥o<
¢W¶ Ç ûA¶m· æ $oJSVU E øagÂø-ýè\o<T<qí<<(=<(§<o<Ko
µ olW[Y E ¡ ® æ Cè´YÜYR= ¡ k
E ø2gR-ù"
Ý$o¥<¨)W[¶Þ<TS\U/
æ
÷è c ´Q <¨§¦C
¥<K
t<¨Ý£<â
³
U <¨ë RR-
Ü P]æ ûoè?$'¤¦E<jL'¥< ³ µ qÛo¤£Y=ߨ'¥§o¦\¥<<£ O ¤\<q=¨ÛL¡
+]
¼W[¶
¥ÚÛo¥< ³ µ <=í¤oYF@o§F$ߥYTpLî£< eÜ<¨§F¨Þ¤@=R6t
=
Ü<q=C¥YåÛ¥¨RRßqpq= æ d ¨< Æùè´±Zo=áp´¥<<(=<Ü Ô¤Y@oK=Ü\=á£<-¥¤
¥Y P =Ro§án¥<R=Y¤1ÜYR1=<pRq<o P ¨<¥ O ¨¤¨=q
<´ÛR¤¨x\<åoYÛo-§oo
o5=<=qRYnp
´¥<CW¥L¨BRoE¥oY\o¤¨Y$=p=t O £YB¥<
ܨY¥Co<C¥Y
<qY¥To9¥< ³ µ p¨<£<]
] æ I^b4S\Uèp<kW[Y æ ^I bÊSVU=èÞ<R3RY =o£<<ñ=3Rqño<<¤o<´
po=qä\<I$£<Yq¥¨o¤<q q<<RYRãIao<SVUpå-Ûq¥¨-=Rñ=<Ô$¤¤¨Ü<
Zo= o¥p´¥R
=qq=x
Þ fÎ e
´Ò&«Ø"^×
$0ÙÛÚÍ!ÕK¹ÕK&0Õ«ØlÕ$ Á¥Ú\Ù}0ÕÑ"JI ÂÙ %P%
] IXbÊS\Uè}t=£Y<å qRnoYp<¤o<´
po=qbÜå@oe§oÜÚ¥1¦Rq<<Ô=<å£<<á qRáq<¥o-@ d <= Ú÷÷p=<ÜÝ¥Y
?(<q=Rp¨<\¥<$£<<´¥oo¤<<q q<<q<R
$o æ
oú
ZW[Y æ fI èܨ¥6Ro<¥o-C=o£<<õ qRkSVUÏE øagÂø-ýI$otqÛoR¥¤<¤o<´
po=R O ´ÜqRIù c ÷ø ô º I¼º ÷ø ô o 'ðj@oí<]oRt<Ro¤R¤L¥o
"Ü\=õ=¥$
W[Y E
¦ 5"C¾³ æ µ
E ¦ 5"C=ç I æ Cè d b
R
æ -è
=I d \<\¨¥£<$ O ¥][IãoY8I æ Cè´
d =a¥<=Ü\¥ß=¥ ³ æ µ o<Ý=q=<R?ܨ¥Ý=< O =RÛqt=<=q=<¤¨[W[,Y è ä § ø2g¨÷
<(@oIYR=ÚÛp¥¨p/¡=Ro¤j$RtR<tÛ¥¨RRq | éfê ä èF§@WZ,Y è ä É Y æ æ O ¨¥¥è´*Ü<R
çP§ ÷ø&¬@'To=<R\ÜB=<q$ß<¤oYq\ܨ=´I0a
E ÷ø ô o |Â éfê ä è}§ ÷@øøß O Ú¥q
Å o}=<j=Ü\=]=¥¨Ý$
£<Yq¥¨o
?奣Y P që Rq=o}p"ܨ<åY¤o<´åoR*Ü(@oXR=R¥t=£<=¡X/î<=q==¨
<q q<<YCX=<¤¨ O =¥¨ q=ToWp¥¨R¤¨(¨]¥Y<=q=<Ý=qo
Ü<q=
ðô`
î¶8Es¶4-\<C O ¨¥o¤' q=¨ão\£<§ç
o O Ú¥Yß<Kob=<j¤ O ¥=n3-=R ð E æ û"AI}ÉA- è `ód æ =qZRÀ ÷"ûÚ÷"è´
¨(¨1£<<Ú¥Ko O ¨¥o¤' q=¨<(
o¥¨R¤<R¤¨=q¤ P
Â\Ã EäûáúÉ ð
U Y=RRY£<=Üo<´Ûq¤3RC=¥£<¡oC¥<<¤oYq¤Ü¤ P q<£<nÝ¥<<¦tÜB£<¤¨
qÛoR-¥£<o¤¤ P qÛo¤¨Ûo]< O ¥¨¤¨pÚ@
\<CïE£<q¥¨á<q=å¨(ÜLÝK¥<pqë R´ßo\¥Yp¥¨pt=Ro¤t$j¥<p<¤oYqÝpo
YR=Ro=}ß@==<<¤o<qb9¥£<<RÞÛoR P =¤¨Ü¤ P ܤ¤-=<<¨=¦KqÛo¤£Y= O Rqt
o< O =Q¶Ôðñ¨¤¤=<K o=R-¥o¤xÛo¥¨RÚ P <=í¤K=¤¤<qÛoR¤oXéR´¥o]3-=ÜY§
qÛoR-¥£<o¤¤ P qÛo¤¨Û(-¥t=qRYo P ¨<¥ O ¤¨¨=R·¶Ig¨\¥<j¥¨p/¡=Ro¤jtp¨<,q¥o
$}q=R¥¨<
¥Y O RÛoRt ¥R-=o¤Û¥q¨ P <oí¤ O £Y'=¥<q'oߨE==¨<=¨<qRR=Ú P
$ß<¨=¦åÜÚ¥TtY¤o<´@
A
?Kí<n¥£Y=¡p=tÜY§å¨B¤ÜBR¥ot¥<¤ O ¥=ß3RxÜB
@pÜ=Ú¥
Â
êë E II æ YE ì \Â Ã E ûáð ì
æ Äýoè
£
ÜYR=?ì a÷(=å¥L¥ P ¥<j¥£Y=¡Xq<<Ú¥oT$ O R¨<å¤Üq=oT¥<(¤ O ¥=
3R=¨¤ÚÛ¨<ߥ<¨\RïE£=ToY]¨E=R=¥¨<ßÛq=t¨ÛoR
I æ CèOE æ ÷ ® C ½ û"I A Ä I Ä É&Hì1á9è d
æ Æüè
«I Ä E~I æ ø-è
¥<ߨ<¨=o¤f<¤o<qåoRݤ¨Û¨< æ Âü-è$oþC==@§±=<ßío¤
po=)I íÜK O ¥o
æ oè
fC íLE ½ H û"ì1Aá I ÷ ® w h I I í Ä x g
Ä
ÜÚ¥
ðKRo]o¤ÝÜ=¨=¥<jpo=\¨<R@oK?=<j<¤oYqo
æ BHè
I æ CèOE î *® ï ® I Ä
g
d
÷
÷ È I Ä ÉAIËíñðLCÉCfíñò
d o(¥Yn<Ú¥¤'åoÛI Ä E ÷ø ô Þ
o<e=<Cí¤po=ÛIËíhE ÷ø ô o }ÜBn@oáoqߥY
¥£Y=¡F=t¸Cfí§ û c o øøì 'á d ^ì»E ÷Ôo<õãí<o¤åop¢IíE ÷ø ô o ¥Y
¥£Y=¡]}¥<K<¤o<q=pRq£<ÛoRL øøto O Ú¥RYRj¥<¨¨ïE£<Ú¥Kp¤¨<ߥ¨p
$Ý£<¤¥¨<qÜt@1o¤¨==op´ÜK<q=Ro=Þ¥<Þ¨<¨=o¤9<¤<qjpo==]R<£<q
ÛI Ä Ü¨¤¤
¥Y=£<=¡á¥¨p O £YÞ=¤¨¤ O T¤ÜBRߥç=<¤ O ¥=1 q=x U ¤o=oR
ý
I Ä ô fC íÉ æ ûì áfè
÷ c ÷ø
üù*
ú c ÷ø ô
úü*
ô
÷ c ÷ø ¬
֟*
÷"gÂü c ÷ø ô ¬
÷÷ü
ô
û2Æg ý c ÷ø ¬
"
ô
úaÂg ü c ÷ø ¬
ýû
¦
? O ¤¨ Ú÷ ?£Y=¡T=tR$o\<¨ë RR-<Ú¥¤ po=\=¥¨
-==<£<RpX¤o=qjt<£<¤ß¥]=<åY=¦±¨¥Y O R¨<<¨< O £YÝÚo1t §o-
C
)
oYÛo-¥o }ܤ¨¤Y§< fí=j<¥q¥¨@o¤¥tB$o}=¨Ý£<¤L¥o< æ =q¤=? O ¤¨ Ú÷"è´
\<n=¨Ý£<¤¥¨<KR¤Ro=¤ P YRt<=¥=å¥<ß==£<´¥£<RÞ¥<n=o<¤`} <oí¤¨
o(¤¨Ü P <´ÛR¤¨3RX¨n¥<(o=R O ´ÜqRX=<(¥@ot<ßR¨To<¥<K<=q=<
T¶5·êº³µW¶1³/º ½ ÷"ûA¶5·\<j¥=o<=Ú¥¨n¥Þ=qR<<o P
=qo
¨<¥ O ¤¨¨=RBqR£<ÜYR
¥YÝ¥oYo¤9 ¥R-=o¤fÛ¥¨R¨ P <oí¤<qÛoR¤o<´î¥Rp æ 7¨ Yéqq=Ô3¨E=§è
<
=£Y§X´î==RpÞ´îRqRÔÞRq¥on¥Y=R<¤¨x
ð1@o o<<¤ P ¥Y1po=n¥£Y=¡ <qR<£Y=oÜ<¨§ O RRk<R¨ÛoRh O Û
0I Ä E ÷@ø ô RFIí8E ÷ø ô o Wo<á£<<±'ï* æ BH-è/<o=YÔ=´ÛR=o¤¥£Y=¡
¥¨pqܨ=Cfí0E ÷@øøab5÷mHø2b*úøøabføøab3ýoøø2boøøÔ O ¨=R'ÜBCí<á¥<nR£<¤¨Þ<ÜF¨
d ¨</ Ú÷ø$ S\UFE øagÆøý U =R¥<¥£Y=¡t=tÛRo<Þ¥<<¤<qWpo=íYîR
¥YK<o¥otq=R)W[Y Ü\¥<¤¨<@=¤ P ÜÚ¥n¥¨p£YE=¤xÚ=Ro§<RÝÛo¤£<øW[,Y è ä º ø2¨g ÷
o<oY¥¨<
U j¥<¨ o-3
o¥qE=o¤?Û¥q¨ P poR
=<Ü qpq=¨<CÛ¥¨RRÜ<¨§ãí<¤¤}£<±¥Y
hW[Y
t<¨Ý£< ¨ ³ µ oYF¥YR=´$=
=£<=YåÛqR \<q=q$o=o\¨<<q q<<R-åõ<Ü
,oÝ¥<nY¤o<´ß=Ro§<qߨ¥(ío¤BåoR'¥Yn o=R-¥o¤Û¥q¨ P <=í¤CYqÛq¤YÞo
}W[Y § aø gÚ÷j\@o§<qÔoY]RRo<o P
éR´¥oT3¨E£<-¥¤
oü
<§ O ¨¤Ú¥qW$o=T
Þ
d Y ¨÷øã=<ÜC=p§<o=Yá1<Úëq=R-p¥£<¡6¥¨pTt<oå=o<¨íRo-p$
o
<´ÛR¤¨<¨<1RRo<o P ¨<¥ O ¨¤¨=qR¨Þܤ¨¤9©£<å<´$Rp¨Þ¥¤¥qÞ=tCÜ<R ³ µ
=Ro§<qj=<Ý<3R
=<=q=<¤¨xj\<ß"Ü\=±¥=ßo<Ô=<¥Y=R<¤¨ã¨=<ߥot($o
o¤¨¤ ¥£Y=¡T=tR\L¥R\=<j<¤oYq=Ro§<qÚ¥í¤5åoR
Þ zÎ y
´Ò&«Ø"^×
$0ÙÛÚÍ!ÕK¹ÕK&0Õ«ØlÕ$ W
Ü ZÒ&& Ü ¹Õ¢ÕK
ðñ¨=]<Úëq=qE£<<]=3RRX=£<¤=YRÜBK@oí<Xtt=qt<¤¨@=Rn$£<</¡
¢] SVU
¥¨o¤<R3R<YR<qÔo æ èÞo
W[Y æ VS U=è/
U pÚÞÜottR-¥¨<R6@=¤¨RqW=<]R£<¤¨=
$=o =<ÝÝ£<¤¥¨<ÜÚ¥Ô§<YC=£Y<I=3RqI@o O <ÚÛ<qÔ-¥t¥<RÝY¨ë R¡
)(
R-£<<\Ü<¨§]Ro O j£<<<q=¥Ü¨==<jo=op´¥q e
"
1W[Y æ VS U=è/ U
d Y Ú÷"û¨¤¤¨£<=¥=Rf¥<¤3o
¥R?¥<Y¤o<´}@o§<q'¥<í<o¤Ypo
o<¥YKY=¦n<oX]<<=o<=¥jot£<-o9¥¨p=tR Y]¥Þ¥YK3R¥£< O qR¥Y
$£<<´¥¨o¤xYR3R<<q<R(\¤¨<Roܨ=n¥toY]RoT=<Rq$ O Ü=Ú==RTo
W[Y Eôó æ \S Ucb4IfèûC
æ Æùè
SVUVbIfèOE5 æ W[Y(èÉ5"C/}ðj=R(ß<¥¨<q¦E<q(¨ d <¨÷û(Ü<RT¥<j=o£<<
=3Rqõ¨p<<=@îp=R¤ P ¥YTY=¦á@o¤¨n<R¨- S\U § r1ç\<qF=<=<§¦á¤@=
t"ÛoRK-¥n=<Þ<=R<p=qk³ W[¶5Um³}º@¶m· Ü<¨§(=¤¨Üq(Ü\¥ã¥=p<
Ü<q=?ó æ
o¤¨=á<<£YRRT=po¤¨¤RtÛ¥¨RRq d £<=<Rpo¥<q=±Û¥qRntÛ±ñ<=q=<
À
LI¼E ÷@ø ô o
O ¨=ÜÚ¥Xt<¨§E<¤o<qRYR£<-=R= æ =q @÷"û¨÷"è/ U Ro<¥o-
"
Üo
f
§<RT$o¤¤=£<<¨ d < ¨÷û
¸] æ CèÝ$Þ¥<]p¨<<¤£<< qR =o<k\<T¥£<¡oF¥¨p
$=<R=£<<Þ¨Cfí«E ÷ø"GÞ±ð1CíY6Úݧ¦oRtoYo¥<qÝ¥qF O ¨=$=<n<¨=¦=
d Y ¨÷@ú<q<´¥
=q=3<å=K=< q¥£Y O R<åL¥R¥<BÜB@Ûootj¤Y@o"Ü\=x}-¥q=q¥¨<
¥Þ<¥o<=<¥Y=R<¤¨T$o¤¤x£<<@ O j<RR O Rܨ¥Tß3"ÜBR¤Ü æ <o=<q]¤¨<
2
 ä ú§ 2g
d < Ú÷ú-è éfê è hý Âú c ÷ø
o S Uô ¡£õ ö '\YR¤L¥o<=<¨pR<RR-¥\¥Y¥<R=Y¤Co<¤ P
$¥Yt¨-¥Rpq<L¥ß=o£<<1 qRe£<<qå\<t¤ÜBRj=£Y<1 qRe£<<K<qÛoR¤o¥Y
Y§ O ¤¨¨¥¨RÝ1Ro=¤ P F=t¥<X"Ü\=¡=¥T@<<o O T´î¥=oq=RÜÚ¥6Ý£<§
RoYí<q<R U Yã=<pY±=o£<<ã=3RR=¨Ý£<¤L¥o<< K<´ÛR¤¨ãå"©oÛ¥qRq
Û³µW¶³A§¶m·
VÜBqÛoRR=< P <ß=<Ü =t=po¤¨¤ @o¤¨
Û¥¨RRL
<R<o\$o¤¤Üñ¥Y$£<<´¥¨o¤xYR3R<<q<R
&H
O £Y¥<q=<=q=<¤¨
0.4
0.4
cs=0.02
Td
0.2
0
0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
0
0.4
100
200
300
400
-0.4
0
500
0.4
cs=0.032
0.2
0
0
-0.2
-0.2
Td
0.2
-0.4
0
0.4
100
200
300
400
-0.4
0
500
0.4
cs=0.04
Td
0.2
0
0
-0.2
-0.4
0
100
200
300
400
-0.4
0
500
0.4
cs=0.05
200
300
400
500
200
300
400
500
200
300
400
500
300
400
500
cs=0.075
100
cs=0.09
0
0
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
0
100
cs=0.1
0.2
0.2
Td
100
0.2
-0.2
0.4
cs=0.06
0.2
100
200
300
400
-0.4
0
500
100
200
time [P]
time [P]
QSVUE ag
d ¨£<= ?ïE£<CqÛo¤£¥oeo=´Ûq¥o¤£<<á qRç=¨Ý£<¤¥¨<$=
ø Æøû
¥åøYÚ÷($\¥Y<¤o<qpo=¤ æ fè
<\<(=@¤Yp¨=<=opj$o¤¨¤9Yo=otR
\<(¤Üq=£Y<X qR æ £<<3R
¤¨q§è=<ÜÞ<o=¥oY=¨=nÛoR P Ro=¤ P Ô<
¥YRT¤=R¥Ypq=¨<ßo9Û¥qR æ Yo=j=è´\YK¨-¥Rpq<L¥£<<]=3RRT=£Y<
$=o
aø Âø p=nøYÂøüp<ÜäpR¤¨@o<oÝ\oYÔ<oÝ=\¨]=<(==ïE£<Ý´Û¤¨£Y¥¨x
\<<ot£<<t=3RqåÝ£<¤¥¨ æ ¤Üq=oE§è}o¤j@ÛK<<o=\¥=o<¨¥¨ O £YW¥Y
£<<§ O ¤Ko=Rt¨R<¥=o<q]=pÞ=po¤¨¤ O o<X
\YK==ïE£<q
oj=po¤¤
o<T@ÛK=po¤¨¤Rot<¤Ú¥£<<q¥<o]¨n¥<j¤ÜBR\£<<]=3RR]=¨Ý£<¤L¥o<R
I ¡E ® SVUE ag &
[³µW¶³"§ ¶m·
où
1.2
1
〈Σ〉
cs=0.04
cs=0.032
0.8
cs=0.02
0.6
-10
2
-5
0
10
cs=0.02
1.5
〈ζ〉
5
cs=0.032
1
cs=0.04
0.5
-10
J
´SVUOE 2g &
-5
0
∆r [rH]
5
i
øS\UE ag
10
d ¨£<= Æý ?U àR¨Ý£Y=o¤¤ P @Ûq¥ooRC£<,oqYR<¨ P³ µ
æ ¥è<å3o¥q-¥¤<Û¥q¨ P
³ µæ$O =¥oCè$¥<RÝ<Úëq=qE
=£Y
<I=3Rq< äø Âø-û æ =Rè´ ìø Æøoú-û æ =qR*è/
o<
ø Æø æ,O ¤¨£<èL
ýoø Þb\<<q<=Ú P <¨<\o=q=3< O ¤¨$=<3@o¦E\¨
¥YK3o=R-¥o¤Ûo¥¨RÚ P <oí¤<q ÷
ÞCFE "G
É i
Hø
èSVUDE ag
1.1
〈Σ〉
1
cs=0.06
cs=0.05
0.9
-15
0.9
cs=0.04
-10
-5
0
5
15
cs=0.04
0.8
<ζ>
10
0.7
cs=0.05
0.6
cs=0.06
0.5
0.4
-15
FCFE "G
SVUOE ag
-10
-5
0
5
10
∆r [rH]
i
¡SVUFE ag &
15
d ¨ £<= Æü U àR¨Ý£Y=o¤¤ P @ÛoR¥Rã=£<,oRÞ<q<=Ú P8³ µ o<ã ¥R-=o¤9Û¥q¨ P÷³ µ
ýoø Þ¥YtÞ=o£<<C qRCR¨p kø Âø æ =q*è´ kø Âø-ý æ,O ¤¨£<è/<
ø Âøü æ o=Rq*è´'\Y<R<¨ P <<=<o¥=o<to$=<¤¨"ÜBR\£<< qR
=£Y< O £Y¥<j3o¥q-¥¤Û¥¨R¨ P =<ÜR¤¨@o\<¨<\Ü<RKÛo=qR@o$]
HY÷
.SVUFE ag
1.008
1.006
1.004
<Σ>
1.002
cs=0.1
1
0.998
cs=0.075
0.996
-12
-9
-6
-3
0.51
0
∆r [rH]
3
6
9
12
cs=0.075
0.5
<ζ>
cs=0.09
cs=0.09
0.49
cs=0.1
0.48
0.47
0.46
lCÞE "G
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
∆r [rH]
3
6
i
èSVUÞE ag
f
9
12
d ¨ £<= U àR¨Ý£Y=o¤¤ P @ÛoR¥Rã=£<,oRÞ<q<=Ú P8³ µ o<ã ¥R-=o¤9Û¥q¨ P÷³ µ
ìýø $<T=o£<<Ô qR< hø Âø ý æ R*è/ hø Âøù æ,O ¤¨£<è/ < hø Ú÷
æ o=Rq*è´'\Yí£Y=¨¥<
¥oto d ¨< ÆýÝo< d ¨< Æü O £Ü¨=n<¨ë RR-\=Ro¤¨<<
LSVUE ag *
2
H-û
«SVUÞE ag
900
800
700
time [P]
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
¸ RH
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
cs
d ¨£<= \¨pt$¥YC<qÞo=qRYo P <§ O ¤Ú¥¨RKoÞX$£<<´¥¨eo=o£<<
=3Rqx?ðñYRj¥<t<¨å¥Y' o=R-¥o¤oÛo=RÚ P Y=oí¤¨ O qRt'£<<§ O ¤oÛo=Rq
$hÅ o9=Rq< P <§ O ¤Ú¥¨Rx<´Ûq¤xb\<W=t¨f§o¦R9$=ao(<Ú¥o¤¤ P po=
<¨=¦C¥p<qÛoR¤¨Ô£<<§ O ¤KYéqq=T o-¥t$£Y<q=]o}£<<Ô qRI<X<¤o<´
po=qVR
¥Y<¤<qåoB<R¤¨nRY§E\ ì÷ø WYR
=<"Ü\=n¥=
¨
=po¤¨¤RB$\<o<R\£<<T=3Rq<R¥YK¨<¥ O ¨¤¨=qRR£Y¤¥qx
IhE ô o
Hú
0.7
0.65
<ζ>
0.6
0.55
0.5
0.45
0.4
d(<ζ>)/dr
10
5
0
d2(<ζ>)/dr2
-5
η
1000
500
0
-500
0
1
2
3
∆r [r
H]
¢d d
É /¶ d Ïd S\U0E ag ¸C0E "G
{]
É *¶
ºkW¶Ûº Am¶ ·
4
5
6
d ¨£<= Âù }U àqÝ£¥
o¤¨¤ P @ Ûq¥ooRT`}a<=oí<¤ ³ µ Ú¥<q=ÚÛoL¥¨ÛooYn<£ O ¤¨<q=¨ÛL¡
¥ÚÛø5 ³ µ 5 æ <R±$o
ø Âø-ýe
ýø è/ d åp´¥< æ ûètÜB±=qR¦¥Y
pLîÝ£< T5 ³ µ 5 \Y
ío£<=(<R<¨q=<¤ P =<Ý£¥Ro¤Ú'o'¥YÝ ¥R-=o¤
Ûo¥¨RÚ P <oí¤$ ø
ü
H&
0.12
tf = 100 P,
180,
300,
400,
500,
700 P
0.1
∆C
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
þ
0
100
200
300
úW[Y E ®
400
500
time [P]
600
700
800
900
d ¨ £<= Ú÷ø \<"Ü\=Co
¡ ÜYR= ³ µ ¥YoàqÝ£Y=o¤¨¤ P @Ûq¥ooR
`}ì<=oí<¤o<oÝ$£<<q=o9¥¨p$\<¨ë RR-\¥£Y=¡<=oí<¤R æ ¥qï* -è/'\<
Y¨¥o¤po=9 ì÷@ø o<K¥<Wío¤po=? í ì÷ø ?\<B=<=q=<¤¨ ,è ø Ú÷
<¤¨<'$Wo¤¤<=£<=¡t<=í¤q fí-EÅ o}Y(p==R<Ü,oB=<<¤oYqW=Ro§<R¨Q 'ío¤
po=qf=<p`' <oí¤¨Rj<qÛoR¤¨1¨YéR´¥¨± ¨-j£<-¥¤
âø ¨÷Þ¨K@o§YRe<
=qRYo P <§ O ¨¤Ú¥q=q¨x}ðjo¤Ý<o=¥¥<¤3o
B¥<=op¥q
¥Yp<¤o<´K$£Y¤¤ P =Ro§<R¨=KpoR9Å oÚ9=<po=Ü\¥ã¥=t$o
¨K¨<<q q<<R-(o
¥Yj=£<=¡<oí¤
úI Ä E ô
úI þE ô o
C
H-ý
FW[Y{§ ag
=W[Y
øWZY
1 RH
W[Y ä º ag
d(∆C)/dt
1E-3
1E-4
1E-5
1E-6
¸
{I¹E
1E-5
µ
ÛW[Y I
ô I¼E ô o ¸SVUOE 2g
W[Y É "COE &g &¬4I d
1E-4
d ¨£<= Ú÷÷ ljÜ\¥e=¥å$o
æ fèjÜÚ¥á<Úëq=qEÝR<§o-ßY¤o<´Ýpo=Rq U ¤¤
= ¨Ý£<¤¥¨<b<Ûo=<¥ot\=£Y<å qR
ø Æø-ýb\<¥oYoY¤o<´å==qBoq
$=o aù c ÷@ø ¥
÷@ø d ¤¨¤Rn==<¤q
=K=R£<¤¨=
$=o ¥<(=£<¤=YR
\<K¤¨<=q<=q=qE=Ýí<ܨ=
5 æ è 5 ä÷ ¨÷"ý c ÷@ø
Hü
1.4
1.2
d(∆C)/dt
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
cs
I8E ô o
¡W[Y SVU
d ¨£<= ¨÷û \<ߤ3Ýo
æ =è O q$Ûo¥¨RqKqpq=(\Yí£Y=ß=Y"Üj<Ü
¥Y=Ü\=n=¤o YR3R<<\oC¥<£<<n qRx\¨<<R¥q¥<=<Rjo=Y¨ë R=q-
=o£<<Ô qRI=qtRܨ=Ôå¦E<qÝ hø Æøoú-ûVq=oo¤¤f£<<
<oIpY¤o<´
po
ä÷ø
¢S\UÞE ag
H*
10000.00
cs=0.04
1000.00
cs=0.055
cs=0.05
100.00
η
cs=0.06
10.00
1.00
0.10
0.01
J
100
10
200
300
time [P]
è]
.
è]
d ¨£<= Ú÷ú }Û¤¨£Y¥¨åo æ =q d ¨< ÂùK$B(<´í<Ú¥opo <èb$$£<W-¥q=tR<¥
=o£<<õ qR<t$=
ø Âø ±¥øYÂøüYFVR áÜp¤¨<Ro=¤ P =RߥY]<¨=¦á
oL©£Y¥q6=Ô¥<<¤o<´ßå=Ýܨ=< ÷@øL¡ûoø] O Ú¥q1\<o<R6¤¨<å¨<<¨@=RÝ¥Y
Rt<¨=Ro¤¤@Ü $=<K=<=q=<o¤TR<Y¨¥¨C$ è U ¥q=<K<¦C<qÛoR¤¨<Û¥qRq
¥YR= Âß<¥¨<q¦E<q(¨ ååo¦E<Ý=<¥<R=Y¤TRY<¨=x
ÓS\UE ag &
h]
)] ä
T]
H"H
þ
Ä
u qsv ?
q ? 7^z t=
Ä
ù
q¨u \<1Y=¦õ=R o<<]=6=<±<¤<q
ÂT ¥R-=o¤ O-P R@=<ç<=o¤=<§¦ Ü@ÛoR
*
æ l¤¨<=q§ ñ?RpoYoY÷@ù où-è5$=ä<=<¥qÝÜ@Ûq¤o£<Y§<R O-P ¥Y\<¤oYq@?\< P
<q ¨<£<¤oBttR-¥£Yâ¨å¥<Y=¦*W£Y§]<£<¤ottR-¥£< /îY§<o<j<¨Ûq
<¨=¦ÞåL¥Ro¤3@Ü P $=o =<
Y¤o<´q=@L¥Y<¨<¨p¥YoàR¨Ý£Y=o¤¤ P @Ûq¥oqn<R¡
i
=Ú P <¨¥ O £¥o ³ µ
'H
øCLE
d Y YÚ÷tqto=qK=<Þ<Ú¥o¤b`} o<ã<RY=¨ P Y=oí¤¨RÜÚ¥±¥<Þ<oí¤qK
"G
øW¶ § ü(û2gÂú&¶m·k<qÛoR¤o<<C$
¡W[¶¦§ üjúag"¶m·ço<p<Y
Cq<§o-jY¨¥o¤f<=í¤ U <RR= O q±§À üÄû
ýoø Þb\Y
3o¥qE=o¤<Ûo=q¨ P <ÜBÜBÛq P <¥¨<qW3@o¦E
¥YR=p ¥R-=o¤bÛo=q¨ P <¨<j<qÛoR¤¨1´ÛR-=£o¤¤ P oã<§ O ¨¤Ú P 5oY1Ro<=qï£YR-¥¤ P
$âÛo¥¨RqR
5
U qR<<K¥j¥<Ro<=qÛ¥¨å¤@Üo o=R-¥o¤<Ûo¥¨RÚ P 'ï3 æ ü¨÷ -è´ <£<¤¨ O
Ro<=qÛqIo¤¨<Ý¥=Rot¤YR¨]T¨-Û¨=qn<¨=¦*=<\Ro=<Ü´ÛqR3¥@ot¤¨<R
Hù
«³µW¶³£ "÷ gÆúA¶m·
o¥Rå<o=R¤¨RÞ=Y"Ü =Þ$
OH
æ R d < Äûè/B=<]p=R=o¤<o=R
2H
¥Y=£<oÝ=<¨¥o¤ =<§¦åÜ<q=¥<
<=<¥¨ O @o¦E\¥<j`}hq<RÛ= d < YÆû
o¤¨=j=<ÜWÜ<R=<Y=po¤YÛoR¤RÚ P Rop3<qE=K=<=<§¦ O qRtR=£Y q==o<
\<=<§¦Þ§¥BW=o£<<¤ P
³µW¶³/£ "÷ gÂú&¶m·e$'¥<¨o=q£<¤o'£<<å=3RR¸S\UOEkøagÆøý
Y<R¥q O-P =<(=<§¦T<àq-§o¤f¤¨<o¨<RK¥<<q¤<¥¨o<¤¨('¥<(=<§¦T=
¥YKéÜh¨ï£Y¨¥K¤=<¥<K<åo¤ ÛR¤¨q¨ P qp3<q-@*=po¤¨¤ÅBg<¤ P =<K<=po¤
Ûq¤RÚ P Rop3<qE=<Ü©£<pL¥<j<§¦pÜ<R@o\¥Y§o<oR-¥o¤qp3<q-
\po=TÛoR\¥<j<§¦*
?TR§ O ¤ã=<Þ=¤¨ßo<§¦K O @o¦EY=<p`' q<=qÛ=x9=´Ûq¥o¤=£Y<
ܨ==Ro¥q¤qoå3R$=tRxZ P <¤oR¨<To=q¤Rj¨1=qo<KÜYR=p¥<p ¡
ê³µW¶1³"Eê÷"gÆýA¶m·ño<8"¶m·3ÜBRo
¥q-¥¤fÛo=q¨ P §<¨=<K¤oR@*Å o O qÜBRq
$¤¨¤Üñ¥<jqÛo¤£¥oTb¥otq=R=\¤¨¦Û¥q¨ P o<]`'äo¤¨<Ý=<j¥@o ¤YRR
úH
\<=qno¥q¤qK$ Y¨ë R=q-Ý=qo<Ýoå<Ü6¨ d ¨< YÆúX\< O ¤£<pR£<Û
¡¶ C
¡W¶¦E ® 2û gÄý¶m·
=Y"Ü æ èb$WK¥¨R¤¨\ O Ú¥¨<j
O £Y@E<¥o¨q==qB¥Y<§¦ÞL
§hûA¶m·'\<<qéqq=C¨BY£<=(¥Y
<¤o<q==@ÛÚ§=<o¤<3o¥qE=o¤7b\<
o¥<qWÜB
R£YÛqo=
$oÝo¥¨R¤ ® úaÆg ýA¶m· æ RRèo< ® fÂg ù-ýA¶m· æ =q*è´'\Y§o<}¶ æ C è
<RoB=<
<¤o<´B¥ O §o¦Rn¨E=ÝoqR£YEB$W´î<¤<¨<KÜ P ¥<=<§¦t¤@<W=
Þ<Rq=@=ݨX`}äT=t(R¨<o<T¥poX¨<R@o(¨]¥<q=R U ¤tÜBYo¥K<R
® Aý ¶m·á==q¥Y=£<ot=<<§¦p¤t
'ܨRRtoRp=é£<¨
R¤¨RtR- ® û.gÄýA¶5·\<
t@<R*¨9¥Y(§<KoOW ÜB£<¤¨ O K=<K¥ot$ O o=
¤@L¥o<R¥<j"Ü\=]=¥$o¥<jo¥¨R¤jL)¶øE ® ýA¶mõ
· ÜB£<¤ O ÜRKo¤o=
¥<B(o¥¨R¤L
ùø
aH d Y Y Ý<q=q= O R\Y"Üñ=< ¥R-=o¤*Û¥¨R¨ P §<RÜY§@o§n<o==<=£Y
Þ=<§¦*W§X¥¨pjÞo¥q¤q==R¥<K=<¨¥o¤5<§¦33¨o<¤¨R ¥R-=o¤
Ûo¥¨RÚ P
g£¥=¨<(=<<§¦oR±R¨x*¥<( o=R-¥o¤fÛ¥q¨ P o'=<<o=R¤¨(§ P
Ro<¥o- æ T
oRqpqE\ÜÚ¥n¥Yj=<Ro P b3o¥q-¥¤Û¥¨R¨ P RY=RÛ¥¨*è´W<q
¥YXY¨¥o¤
Üon¤ttRo<¥o-CÛqå¥<TÜ<¤¨]<¨=¦*¥Y]¥Y=R]o¥q¤qp§o
£YÜÚ¥¥<j¥pj3o¥qE=o¤ Û¥q¨ P V"ÜBqÛoRq <£YK=t=<j=<§¦¥£<q=£<=(¥Y
o¥¨R£<¤o=Y§¦nq==Yt3¨ERY¥YK3o=R-¥o¤Ûo¥¨RÚ P YR=Ro=qo\<Rq=@=Rq
ð1jRo]Ro¤q£<¤L¥¥YjÛo=q¨ PCO-P ¥o¦E<ß=<jR£<¤5o?ÛoR¤¨q¨ P oYí<<
Z
E
E ¶÷ Aâ å é æ æ Aâ ¶ å ® ¶÷ æ æ âß ä ® û [ g
æ ' cÍ+ X è )
[i
H
H
æ Y¨÷è
`?o=R-¥o¤Ûo=q¨ P Ü£Y¤ O \'ï3 æ YÚ÷"è?Y¨Û<q O-P eO £YbÜ\Roß<Ro¤R´}¥Y<RY=¨ P
§oY<q=
<qK=<<q<=Ú P <Rq=@=Y O qÜBRR
® Aý ¶m·ºW¶ZºkýÞ¥<ÜB£<¤¨
<o/îYY¤o¨Ü P `}ìo<q=@=Yp<X<qR@o<ÞÛo¤£<q¥<Ûq P ¥pj=qo
H
æ R d < YÚ÷"è´b<o¨<ÜB$¤¨¤Üáo¥¨R¤q9$h¥L'o@L¥<
P ܨ¤¤E=<ÜF
q-¥E£<o£<
H
<qR=Ro=(T<RY=¨ P o d ¨< YÆý\VR<qo =<K§o<K
H
o¤¨=t Z Ro O (Y£<K=
<¤ P =<=qK<o=ÜY§ÜK<qí<<RRo=<¨<ߥt'ï3 æ YÚ÷"èo
_a`OE Aâ ¶ å ¨b _*dÞE æ æ âA¶ å áb oY¾_/eÞE ® æ æ âß ä g
W
\<IR-== O £Y¥¨õ¥
H
¸_a`VbÊ_*d5b<±_/en
c o¥<Xo¥¨R¤Kg<¤ P _*dLE æ âå É æ p
¶ =<Ü
p=<Üñ d < YÂü1Ü<§ Y¤o=
$£<<´¥¨Io'¥¨pK$¤¤¨Ü<pC=¨<¤
H
æ YÄûoè
ùY÷
oI¨<R@oÝÜ<R±¥<ß<o=R¤¨tÛR=<=£YÔ¥<ß<§¦3\<ßo¥YRÛo¤£YRq¥£Y=
'_a` é *_ d é _*e<ÜC d ¨<*HY
=R'¥<=Y§¦Ý=K=<Y=´¡=<§¦ßÛo¤£<b\<=£Y
o\¥YKo=Rq]q£<Ûoo
ð1jRoX¤=Þàqâ-¥ß=<j=<§¦n==£<´¥£<oYTÚ=´Û@¤\¥L
ß§o<<o=T=R
=H B
¤¨¦oå$£Y<q=e¨Ý<ot<RïE£=C¥I<q=q= O C¥YÝ<§¦* d < Y X=<Üߥ< O q$
¥YK<o=R¤¨<¨=¥<K=Y§¦**¨/îY3Rq<Rq
Þ<RY=¨ P YRR@ooB\<(<§¦n¨¥R¤Úb
Ái dVÉ i `ZE "÷ gBáVÜ´ÛRq
I<RY=¨ P <q=Ro=o3¡=Y§¦eÛoRÞ<=/¡<§¦1<R<¨ P
¥Yt<§¦ã¨$¤¤¨Üqã¨ptRY=R¤ PTO-P n¥oq,o´¥¨IÜ@Ûåo<±¥<q1¨<R@op¨
<q<=Ú PpO o§¦ß¥Ý¤t'=<=ot<´¡<R<¨ P Ûo¤£Yo}\L=oR¥<ïE£<R¥oåÜ<R
¥Yå<åoY13¡=Y§¦±=qo1¥o=<eRY<RáåL¥<qå=Ro¤}=Y§¦ æ 7¨?
=R¡¤¨¦o$£Y<q=*è'¥<ïE£<R¥onYoR¤´Ûo-=¨<R¥<Y=oYC o¡=<§¦ÞÛo¤£<q
oßR<§o-RßVÜBqÛqR9I£Y@oÝܨ¥ãCïE£<Ú¥ßRop<¤¨R¥qÔ=<§¦*5¥<ßïE£<q¥¨
\Úbo<=<o£<¤§o¦¥<Ko P tY=o¥¨Ûo¤£<q,Ü P $= ¥<j<§¦no\\¨ O q¥q
¥1£<=T¥<ÔtYpIo< pLîpã¤<ã¥<]o¥q¤T=x <q]¥YIo P tY¥¥
<q<=Ú¥qo=o¤tRïE£o¤x$o<=j< ¡=<§¦*Y¥<Ko<¦EY´¡_V£<YoB=q¤=<
"H i ` â `ÞE i d â d
ÜB£<¤¨X<"Û¨<(Yå=Y§¦T
o¤¤7VR<qox
æ c oY P ?÷@ùù -è
O ´==R
§Yq
C¥o¦E<á=<±p¨<p1oYkpLîp$=o ¥<±¥¨R¤¨Ô==@pn$np¥§Y<á¥Y
o<¦E</¡_V£<<¨o\R¤L¥o<ܨ=n¥<j=Y§¦nq<<Ú¥o<R
ù-û
<Σ>
1
0.8
Particle 2
Particle 3
Particle 1
<ζ>
0.6
0.4
-6
ÛH
-4
-2
0
∆r [rH]
2
i
4
6
d ¨ £<= Y¨÷ U àR¨Ý£Y=o¤¤ P @ÛoR¥Rã=£<,oRÞ<q<=Ú P8³ µ o<ã ¥R-=o¤9Û¥q¨ P÷³ µ
ýoø $o
¥<=£<Yã qR êø Âø-ýj\<Þ=<q㤨<q=q<=q=qEj=<ß<Ú¥o¤
Ûo¤£YR'$}¥Y£<,R<RY=¨ P <t=< ¥R-=o¤YÛo=q¨ P bt=<'<¤¨o'¥YYR<¨ P ¨
=q<£<qRX=Cßé*<=oí<¤¥pR<<RK¥<j$@=£<=qR\\<(=¨Ý£<¤L¥o<ÜBR=(<<jܨ=
oço´¥£¤<RY=¨ P <=í¤C
\<ï£<o=qtYR<o=C¥<å¤@=o¥R
o¥¨R¤qo<nÜ<q=j¥< P ¤
n¥<j3o¥qE=o¤ Û¥q¨ P o<T<R<¨ P q£<Ûoo
¢C)E "G
S\UlE ag
i ¶ ô e ód
ùú
1.5
Particle 1
Particle 3
1.25
Particle 2
M⊥
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
∆r [rH]
ZH
d ¨ £<= YÆû <§¦±¥=£Yq¥£Y=C¨ã=R=t[Xo§áE£< O qRb¦¨<X¨-¥]oRq£<-Ý¥Y
O ¤¨ïE£<q<RKW=<Þ=<§¦*9=<t[Xo§ãE£< O R ÛáoW¥<¨=<§¦Ô¨ÛR P =po¤¨¤ÅK\<
=£Y q==o<Þ=qoI§¥Ko£<< ÷ Æû ho<±<´Ûq(/îYqRq< Û ÷ ÂúYÝ\Yt=<§¦
¤¨<Ô<q<o=Rn¥<±£< q=<IR¨p]Ü<R ÎÛ
÷ê\<¨Cí£<㨠O oR
=¨Ý£<¤¥¨6ÜÚ¥
ø Âø-ý1o<
÷ø \< O ¤£YX=ïE£=RnYR<o=X¥YÔ¥oYo¤
¤@L¥oCo9¥<¥qo¥q¤qn¥Y\=qq=x
kSVUTE ag
î
® "g A¶m·
¹o :£
ô
kIE
&
ù
¿E "g
-1.5
-2
Particle 3
-2.5
r(t)
-3
Particle 2
-3.5
-4
-4.5
Particle 1
-5
-5.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
time [P]
¸H
® 2g A¶m·
î
¶
E
® fg Am¶ ·
d ¨ £<= YÆú \<n¥<o¤BRt3<R-ÞoqÛq¥o¤¥¨R¤¨Rݨe¥<nRo=¥Úîe<Ú¥¤¤ P
¡
û Æý æ,O ¤¨£<oô'¥¨R¤¨púè´ ¡
ú Äý æ =qRxô'¥¨R¤¨Cûè/}oYe ¡
Æùý æ =qxôxo¥¨R¤p÷"è´ U ¥q
¥YÝ<¤<q
åoo O qRÔ$£<¤¨¤ P ¥£<<R¡x =<¨¥o¤
=Y§¦Ejo$=tY<<Ôo¥¨R¤qoÝo=¨<C¥<£<]¥<Ý<§¦oRã=qo<R d ¤¨£<
R¤¨RtR-¥j<<(o<¤ P ´î q=¨R<qån§oYÞI¥<Þ<o=po¤bÛq¤RÚ P Rop3<qE O £
o¤¨==qp1¥=oq=Ô$ =<Þ<¤oYqÜ<q¥Y P oßR¤¨=åg
ÛoR¥¤¤Å ¥<Þo¥¨R¤
<RÞ<ot§<¨=to O Ú§o¤ æ è O-P £<§x U ¥qߥ<=Y§¦áÚÞ=q=£<=YÞ=1¤t
¥YC¥ot æ è O ´$=p¥<C<§¦3bîRR@¥<CR礨<t=<ÜtX=¤¨-<Rq=@=
ܨ=<FýoøI O ¨=ßÜ<§6pRo<Þ¨ÞtÛqt$£<¥<qtÜ P $= ¥<o¥¨R¤á\<Þ¨
£<<YR=§oY O ¤¨K<q¥<jÛq¥o¤¨¤5<R<¨ P <qR@oRn¥LR¨x
¸¶ C
X¶ E ® 2g A¶5·
¡¶ C
ù-ý
î¶ E
0.6
Particle 2
ζ(t)
0.55
0.5
Particle 3
Particle 1
0.45
0
10
20
30
40
50
time [P]
H d ¨£<= Y `?o=R-¥o¤BÛo=q¨ P qÛo¤£Y=1o¤o<X¥=Ro ¤YRRX\<=qCo¥q¤qÝo
R=<ç¥Y<=o¤=Y§¦ <Úëq=qE]¤@L¥o Z£YT¥< P o¤tn=´¥£<k¥á=<R¨
<qÛ£Yn O Ú¥ æ =q d < YÂú-èå ¡
û Æý æ$O ¤£Yoôo¥¨R¤Xú-è´ ¡
ú Æý
æ o=Rqxôo¥q¤ûoè´Bo<F ¡
Âù-ý æ =qxôo=q¤Ô÷"è/6VÜ´ÛqR¥YT<§¦¤
<¨==¨=¨ÛjtR§< §o<oR¥<Ko¥q¤q\ o=R-¥o¤xÛo¥¨RÚ P U =R¥<jo¥¨R¤
Ropq
£Y
o}=<<§¦*xÚot<¨ë RR-`} Ûo¤¨£<(=o O ´$= U =R¥<=<§¦*
¥Y`} Ûo¤£Y§ P \o¤tBq<§o-@\¨p@ÛR=oqCÛo¤£<qo
<¤¨o==RåYR=ܨ¥å
¥¨pÜ<<Ü o}ø Äý Þ
¡H ¸¶ E ® 2g A¶m·
Z¶ E fg Am¶ ·
2g &G
ùü
l¶ E ® ag A¶m·
1.8
1.7
1.6
Σ(t)
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
time [P]
ZH
d ¨ £<= YÆý ^R<¨ P qÛo¤£¥oo\T¥¨R¤¨t¨ã=<åR¥==ÚîI=Rox d o¤¤Ü¨<
c o=o<oço=q¤ æ <q=]o=q¤]ûè´B¥<]<R<¨ P <qR=Ro=XÞR-=E£<£<p´îRqY
Ü<qC¨Wo=q¥<£<å(<§¦* U ¤¤*o¥q¤qÜÚ¥<¨ Ký á<Ü j=¨p¨¤ob<Rq=@=
¤¨¦o=<j<j=<Ü]<Ro
¸ü A¶m·
*
ù
1.2
a1
1.19
1.18
1.17
a2
1.16
-0.55
-0.6
a3
0.1
0
-0.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
time [P]
lH
_f`ÊbÊ_*d ¸_*e
d ¨£<= YÂü ^¨Û<¨<¥YÛo=RÚ P -=(Ú¥'¥<RR-¥ O £¥o<
< U WÜB
=q<¤ P \<Ü(¥q¡¤¨¦
$£<<´¥ox}\<o=<R\o=´¥£<<<(¥Ý¥YRB<=/¡<§¦
Ûo¤£YRR}VRYRoEÜBRoåq<R¤¨£<<\¥Y§<o<ÞÛ¥¨R¨ P ¤=q¤ P <£<¥j¥<§oY
á=o<o¤Bo¥o<¨R-ßo\=<o<o£<¤oKÛq¤R¨ P g<¤ P ¥YCÛo¤£<q$Ý¥¨R¤¨nûÔo
<¤¨o==RT<Rog
¥<q=o=K=¨p¨¤oq'\<tYÝ£<â hûoú Âú-ý o<]=<KåLî¨Ý£<
ûoú ìÜBR(£Y=RT$Ûo¥¨RÚ P ©£<t@o¤¨R£<¤¥¨< æ =R ¥ù-è´
_*d
DCOE ag*G
âå
"H
ù
)C¡E ag &G
À
1.8
1.7
1.6
Σ(t)
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
22
23
24
25
time [P]
øH fH
d ¨£<= YpKo d ¨< YÆý O £YàRtRTn$q¥¨<t O q¥q¤¨¦å\¥Y(<§¦
==£<´¥£<oTZ´$=Þ¥<to¥¨R¤ßY¨¥j¥Yp<§¦*}ÚK´î q=¨R<qRÝT=¨<¨í<@o-K<RY=¨ P
<qR=Ro=B\Y(<§¦nYR<¨ P Ú¥=q¤¨<©£<t< O-P Ý,oq=o÷o VÜ´ÛRq3=<j=<§¦C¨
ttR<¥q¤ P $¤¨¤ÜBR O-P =o=´,oq=Ü@Ûo<Þ£ O =qïE£<R-¨<R@o¥jp¤t
<´¡<§¦n<R<¨ P
ùù
u qsv ?
þ
u
ü´ÎmÐ
z
ÿ ºÇ
ú
?Á> z > ? q{ y
Ä Å
ûÓ>
v Ü´ÝH´Øbý ÜL"^ÖFÒ«Ø"^Ò«ÖFÕ
kÀ
U ßÜBTY=q£<=RF §üYÆû'¥YT<=o¤<§¦pon=R o<= O ¤C$ßYR== P <±¥Y
Ro<=qÛ¥¨Ôo3o=R-¥o¤9Ûo=q¨ Pæ `}è=¨<R=< P oRïE£<ÚÛo¤qE
oWå¥=o<åÛ_¡
Ro£<ß==Rß1=<ntpq-¥£< RïE£L¥ox±bo¦E¨<X¥YnR£<¤o¥YåÜL¡<¨pq<=¨o¤
tpq-¥£< qï£<¥¨å¨<R¤¨£<<Y(jÛ=q£<¥R=q=< c o=o<oÞ<R¨Û=¨Ûܤ¨¤ O
Ö æ è E ø
Ö C þ
æ ùY¨÷è
Ü<q=j¥<éÜ ¨\<=¨¥ÚÛ
\<jïE£<R¥oT¨R<Ü <R=<
=<§¦C¥=£Yq¥£Y=Kë Rq¥<Kot£<-\o9<¨==
o<6Ro<=qï£YR-¥¤ P =<§o<o]¨
U F/îYY=R=¨F$Ý=<Û¥q¨ P ©£<p6oq=
=<§¦ÔÜKí( O ¥o<q OEP 9=£YR=YR¤¤ æ ÷ù-ýûèÜYR=t<tRY=YR=q=<ßÛ¥q¨ P
÷øø
©£<t±ãC§o<oR-¥o¤}<¨=R´¥¨±oR=(CÜL¡<¨pq<=¨o¤?¥Ro P <§¦I¨±£<<¨$o=
éÜjb\Y=q=£<¤Ú O-P 9=£<q=<q¤¤ æ ÷ùýûè Üob¤¥q9¨<<q q<<R-=¤ P =/¡<q=ÚÛR OEP c ¨-¥<¨¤¤
"
æ ÷@ù-ý è/VjRYR¥¤àqRn¥Y(Ro=¥Þ¥Y=R/¡<¨pq<=¨o¤ =<§¦EoY]/îYY=R=qÔ?£<R_¡
<q¤¤ fÛ¥q¨ P ©£<tR¤L¥o(¨(¥q=ìo<=<\LîRbo<<qo¤Eq£<Û=£<=<¥<=<§¦*
"
V
P R æ ÷ù-ý oè<R¨Ûq]=<KÛo=q¨ P ©£<tT£<=¨<po<¤ P q<RÛ=Tobåoo<Tp¡
tR-¥£< <poR<q¥o¤¨àRqpÚ'$=êK¥@ P =<§¦ÞÞ£<<Ú$=äéÜ¥j¥<q<R=o¤*@o
«
oWoI£Y<=@o P =<§¦XtÛ¨<å¨-¥nC<o¡£<Y¨$ é<"ÜjK¢<=q§ â@
¤ æ ûoøøø-è
<q=R O <Ü ¥<§<o<¨åÛ¥¨R¨ PXæ o<C¥YRo¤¨=Ý3o¥q-¥¤3Ûo=RÚ P
W
èWRo O
´î<R=R6o(T$£Y<q=o<o¡£<Y¨$pÚ¥qã¥<ÞéÜ o<Ro1¥<p=<§¦*\<
*
o3R O-P ¢qÛ¤oo æ ÷ùù oè<Ü
¥L
¥Y
tR§<o< o¤t
o¤ÚÜ P
<q¤qq=R
]<R£<=¨<obÛ¥q¨ P q<R=¥¨ÔR=o=å<§¦3
V(<R¨Ûqåt<¤j=q¤=
ZW
$b=<\Û¥¨R¨ P ©£<t
Z b<<¨}$Ý£<¤o< O-P <q¤qq=<=< O oq¤Y¥R]
ÜBKíY
d
æ ùYÄûoè
W Z E ® ÷ ÿ ææ Â Û
é ÿ
ÜYR= ÿ E i dcÉ i ` ® ÷
ÜÚ¥Þ¥<=£ O RY i ` <RYo¥¨<K=<
YR<¨ P Þ¥<<=/¡<§¦
=qop< i Bd ¥YYR<¨ P Ý=< o¡=<§¦ß=qox Ûn}=<<=po¤<qt YR-o
¥YéÜ <@oo5=<=Y§¦p=R¤¥ÚۥݥY=<§¦å qRTo< æ É æ  =<§<R-=o¤
<q=¨Û=¨Ûoon<q ÿ é ÷E i dVÉ i `øEs Û d f¥Ypqï£<¥¨1 O Ût@ O pqÜ=Ú==Re
3o¥qE=o¤ Û¥q¨ P
d ÷ æ Û
d
®
æ
"
÷
è
Û
æ ùYÆúè
W E ® Ûd i d æ Â g
÷øY÷
?F=£< P ¥YRïE£=ko< ¥6Rto±¨¥nY=RYq=ñܨ=kR£<¤¨=$ ¥Y
=¨Ý£<¤¥¨x'Ü]@ÛT¥ã<qíY]¥Y]<§¦6oYõ<´¡<§¦6¤¨R¥¨<q U ÞÜBX=qX¨
NH d ¨< ¥<ÝéÜ q
¥Y=£<oCR<£YRRã<q<=Ú P =q O ´$=ßÚ<Ú¥¥Yß=<§¦*
\<ÝY=´¡=<§¦T=RoT<qí<<Rão¥<p¨<Ý£Y o'YR<¨ P ©£< O ´$=K¥<(=<§¦*
\<T<RY=¨ P åLî¨Ý£< ¨ß=´t= O TߥYT<§¦á¤@=x d Y'ùYÚ÷TYR<¨q¥ß$£Y
éÜa¤¨<Ro<ߥY=£<o]¥Y(<§¦*'ï* æ ùYÆúè=¦E$¥YKÛoR¤RÚ P ¥<qE¨]¥Y
<´¡<§¦å=qopÜ<¨§CÜR¨ d ¨<ùYÄûKå=R=tf q=3R<<¨R£<¤o[Xo§nE£< O Rq
d '¥<¨Wí<£<=Ü@Û
=(íYC£YW¥<YR¤¨=ÞoY¤o=<é<"Ü ÜÚ¥t¥<=<§¦*
Z P <´í<Yp¥Y=Y§¦¤@L¥o]=<¤¨R¥¨o'pLîÝ£< <R<¨ P oYXܨ=]¥Y
Ûq¤RÚ P ÛoRq==\¨å¥Y<=/¡=Y§¦p=RoxEÜB@on<´¥q=t<
=<¨<R¤¨=po<o¤
=Y"Ü] d ¨<<ùYÂúY
YR¤=¥Y<´¡<§¦KYR<¨ P <¤ P b=¤¨B¨'ï* æ ùYÂú-è´LÜB@o¥£Y P ¥9ܨ=
R
OW[¶L§ ® ú&¶m·
$þS\U)ì
E øagÆøý/î@xÜBݤ¦T
=<¥o<qE=o¤9=o<q-o'=<Ý<å¤?qp3<q-
d ¨<où <9ð1\R<¨¥¨<qb<RY=¨ P p¨<Ý£YhÝ¥Y<=/¡<§¦=RoÞ
o9¥<éÜ o<@]o9¥YK<§¦3W\<¨¨\<<j¨ d <YùYÄýßoYXùYÂüY
U $£<=<RtRt<¤¨@L¥oeo=qßܨ¥ç¥Y]L=¥=oq=¨ÛoT3o=R-¥o¤o¥<<¤o<q U
o¥¨R¤T e¥@ot< O ¨åo<<-o§<¨<1¥YÔ<¤<qpܤ¤\,o¤¨¤ OEP =opIp£YE
¥Üo=]¥<(<¤oYq O ´$=K<¨¥¨<t=<<§¦ æ d <*ù¨÷"è/£o¤¤ P t=R
o¥q¤K]
¢¶ C
³ ¶ æ Cè µ
==Rop¨<o O Ú<RYo\§oY æ èW£<§xBg<¤ P p¥<
Û¨RY¨ P o5¥Y<¤<qR¥Y
¥¨pp@Ûq¥oå"ÛoRÝo<å3R
Û¶ C
K<Úëq=R-Ý$ ¥YCR£<=qE æ è´ U ¥q¥Y
*¶ C
=Y§¦*o=<B<o=R¤¨'R O o§¦¥o¤t5¥<W¥otW O Ú§o¤ æ è5o O q$W=<B<§¦3 U
÷ø-û
¥YB<§¦K¨==q¤¨_¥<Bo¥q¤f<´éR´¥qß<£<B==<B§<o<Bj¥<B<=po¤-qp3<q-
o¥YÝÛR¤¨q¨ P K\Yt§<o<ߨÔÛ¥q¨ P Y£<Ý¥C=<ß=<§¦Xq<<Ú¥¨<
Ü<q=ߥY
o¥¨R¤qoq=<=£Y]=<<§¦*\<Rq$o3¥<(§o<(X`'ä=´éR´¥q OEP ¥Y
Z¶mU
¤@L¥oCof¥<j<§¦åR=o==¨< oY]< OEP ¥<joàqÝ£¥o¤¨¤ P @Ûq¥oq]=o<o¤ O ¨
³ ¶ æ Cè µ bÜ<q=C¥YCo¥q¤Þܨ=1¥<å<qÜ `} Ûo¤£<p=3R<YßpÝo\=<å=to d
ÞW¶¦E ® ûA¶m·'V"ÜBqÛoRq<¥<§o<o
å`}
<£Y¥Y<§¦Þq==YÝ¡W¶mUF§ ® ÷"gÆúA¶m
· d <-ù =<Ü=<R=R¤¥¨ O ´ÜqR
¥YKo O Ú ³ ¶ æ Cè µ @Ü P $â=<j<¤<qo<n=<j=<§¦nR=<t¤@=¸W[¶5U´
Û
´îYot<¤¨oEo¥q¤ ¨ d ¨<-ùYÚ÷
O ¨=L
YReÜBçÜo-I¥ ío£<=á£ÔÜ<Rá¥<á¨YéR´¥¨h o-¥Ô¨ ¥<ç`} <oí¤¨
RH
æ d <WùY -èßRt]$]BÜX
¥o¦oXqÛq P ¥Y<e$ ï* æ ùYÂú-èt¨-¥eRRo£<-o<Ro¤Ú¡
R£Y¤=Ü<p=<Ý©£<p
W
ÜB£<¤¨ O ]RRo=<¨<ã=ã=<T=<§¦çR<Y¨¥¨x d ¨<'ùYÂù
=Y"Ü\=<Rtonof¥<q P Ûq==£YÜLoq=£o¤=Ro=q¤R´î q=¨R<qjÜYR
hW[¶toY<¤¨Rx¥YÛq¥o¤¨¤9í<ܨ=
¥Y P o
¥<£<T¥<(=<§¦*g<q¥Y=Y¨
'ï* æ ùYÂú-è O q¥qÞ=oFÔ,oq=ßoÜã$ßpoßt@o£<=qpq-¥R6ÞßY= O O ¤ P
3= O ¤¨T=1 O ¥oF O q¥qtí<pܨ= O q¥qpp¥§Y<ã o¤ P <to¤RtoRF=
RH
d ¨<bùÄýI\YßK¥£<C$(=<n=qo<=Ko<ç= æ =R d <?ùY -è´±V"ÜBqÛoRq=qo
B©£<KÜYR=ß=<ߥIB=<Þ=<§¦Ô¥o=Rß\<¨=q±¨<@@Û¤ P ë R´¥q O-P ¥Y
=qRYo P 3o¥q-¥¤xo9¥<K<¤<qoY]¥YKïE£<q=]\¨9¥Y(t<¤o¤ P =@¤xR¥Ú¡
p¥of'ï* æ ùYÂú-
èoq=£o¤¨¤ P <<¤¨R'¥K¥<¨=Rox?nj<¡=<§¦oqn=Rop'ï3 æ ùYÆúè
W
<R<¨q¥W¥L
ÜB£<¤¨ O àRq=<VÜ´ÛRqYÜBRRK<Rq=Ro=¨å3o¥q-¥¤<Û¥q¨ P
=¨-K¥YÞ=±oW¥<Þ<§¦ æ =q±è/5\<j=qoIqÛq-¥£o¤¨¤ P±O Rqpqj£<<¥ O ¤¨
÷øú
o<]<qÛoR¤¨<Û¥qRo=RqX¨ d ¨<üY < U Rq=Y<Þ¥ c 5q
o¤Å æ ûoøøY÷è´=qo<=
o<]=\=<£Y¤X´ÛqE=£o¤¨¤ PTO qRtK£<<¥ O ¤¨o*¥< O £YqÛqI£<¤YR
Ý£<¤¥¨<
<¨1<o(=Y"Ü Ûo=Rq<´Ûq¤<¨<]=<Ro]\<Kp¨- O p<£<p=]=<åo¤¤¨Üq<¨
¸À
o<T3@o¦C¨n¥<q=j=qYRWqo¤¨= R÷÷
õª
U ¨=£<=Y£@<¥YKYn¥Y(`}ì<oí¤j¨TR¨n¨< tR£Y¤¨\¥Þ/îYY¤o¨]<
ª
¨=< P q
< pq£<¤¨=p<¨]Y"Ü
¨=t¤oB=C O o£<<o P ¤ P qY= O ¤¨R ÜÚ¥]
¢R¤ÚÛ¨ÞVq¤t<¤¨=àY§ O ¤¨¨ P U WYR=q= O qp¨å<oY¥q÷÷EoÞYR=Ro=¨ß=R¤£¥o
¤Ro<¥(<qR=Ro=
t=Rop§EÜY§Ct@oYW=<
@o¤¨¤¨R<o=åo ¥< O o£<<o P ¤ P q
o¤¨=Þ<Rq=Ro=qx
&
÷ø
1
0.
0.9
5
8
1.
0.9
4.5
2
1
1
0.
9
4
1.
1
2
1
3.5
1.2
0.9
1
0.9
1.20
1
.9 1 1.2
3
1
#1
2
−10
1.2 1
1
1
2.5
1.4
1.28
−8
#2
−6
−4
#3
#4
−2
0
2
d ¨ £<=ÔùY¨÷ ád £<n==Rop¤¨<qno<ñ<q<=Ú P RoE=£<R \<±$£<CR ¤¨<RCYR<o=
c o=o<oÞ¥@o ¤¨<qߥ<Y<RW<¦Ýo=¨<(=<=£Yt=<=<§¦*W\Y P o=<
<¤ P Yé£YR<qRão<I<´éR´¥q O-P ¥<Ý<§¦3 ¥< P oÝo¤¨=n¥=oq=R O-P =<Ý<¤o<´
¤@L¥Rå
øoY
'}\<
R-¥o£<=<Üñ¥<=<§¦CoYå¥<<RY=¨ P t<¨å
n=<j<=/¡=Y§¦nR¨ æ R(o¤ d <YùY -è´Vq=jo¥¨R¤q\pÛoK£YEÜo<R
¶LE
TßÏE±á
R
÷ø-ý
7
6
M⊥
5
4
3
2
1
0
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
∆r [rH]
d ¨ £<=tùYÆû <§¦±¥=£Yq¥£Y=C¨ã=R=t[Xo§áE£< O qRb¦¨<X¨-¥]oRq£<-Ý¥Y
O ¤¨ïE£<q<RKB=<Þ=<§¦Io<±¥Yt¨<R@o<nR¤¥ÚÛÝÛq¤RÚ Pçæ <o=<q¤¨<@襥Y
=Y§¦e$-@¥<][Xo§6E£< O R Ûño¥<¨t<§¦eÝÛoR P åo¤¨¤Å\<=£<3R=<¨
=qo§o¥ÝLÝo£<< ÷ Äû ì<1<´ÛqÝ´îRqRe=< Û
÷ ÂúYn\<p=<§¦I¤¨<
<q<o¥qB=<
£< q=<=qt\Ü<R Û ÷}\Yí£<
O oRCoC(Ý£Y¤=
ܨ=
ø ÆøýÞ< ä÷@ø
TS\UFE ag
® &g A¶5·
L %£
o
ô
8I8E
÷øü
Ï E "g
180
160
cs = 0.032
cs = 0.05
φ
140
120
100
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
∆r [rH]
-2
-1
ÛSVUE ag
§ lW[¶î§ ® A¶m·
0
d ¨£<=pùYÂú <q¤<¥¨±o\¥<p<¦IéÜ ÜÚ¥ã¥<p=<§¦ã$o
ø Âøú-û æ =q*è(<
äø Âø-ý æ RRè´^£Y¥t¥<Ý<=o¤f=£<=Ý}¥<=<§¦*¥<KéÜìo=R=<=£Y
¥Y(<§¦CÜÚ¥]ߥ<t=<RoéÜj37 ê÷ ø L
==Rop¤¨<q\R¤¨=q
¥¥Yå<¤o<qK@ÛoC]ttY@o¡1q¤¤¨XÜÚ¥ã¥<t=<§¦*]ïE£o=q<q<o=p¥Y
Þ=q=¤¨£Y¥¨Þo æ úøøLî ÷"ûoøoø-èbߥY=£<Þ$=o ot-¥q=3¤=RÞ=Y§¦ß$=oEW3=Ú¥¨x
SVUDE ag
*
÷ø
1.6
1.5
1.4
Σ1
1.3
1.2
cs=0.032
1.1
cs=0.05
1
0.9
0.8
-7
-6
i`
R
®
W¶¦§ &¶5· )S\UFE ag
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
∆r [rH]
d ¨£<=ù ^q<=Ú P ßá=<]Y=´¡=<§¦á=qoF<Ü<ãY=<´Þp¨<£< L
ú õ$ kø Æøý æ =qR*è\o<]ßp¨p¨Ý£<
÷ Æü $o
ø Æøúû
æ R*è/
JW¶¦§ ® &g &¶5· )S\UFE 2g
"H
÷ø
1.8
cs=0.032
1.6
M⊥
1.4
1.2
cs=0.05
1
0.8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
∆r [rH]
d ¨£<=ùÄý Y§¦¥=£Yq¥£Y=Wj¥Rpfo[Xo§(£Y O q5$5Ü<¨ë RR-9=£<Y=3Rq<
kø Âøú-û æ R*è\oY
ø Âø-ý æ o=Rq*è´t¤oB= d <YùYÄû O £¥o¦E<Þ¨E=toRq£<-
¥Y O ¤¨ï£YR<q=Wo=<=<§¦Þo<Þ¥<YR=Ro=¨<j=q¤=¨ÛÛoR¤¨q¨ P b\< P O o¤=
Ü<q=j¥<j=Y§¦nq<< O ´$=jÚ=@§<R¥<j<¤o<´
køY
SVUFE ag
hSVUOE ag
lW¶¦E
÷øù
0.2
0
∂u⊥/∂τ
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
∆r [rH]
-2
-1
0
%SVUÞE ag
d ¨ £<=KùYÂü lj=o<q-
o?¥<(=<§¦][Xo§ÔE£< O q$=o£<<Ô qR hø Âøú-û\<
O ¤¨£<I¤¨<X<q<o=Rn¥<±=o<¨R-C$=o e3¤ P < t¤í<n=e¥<I<§¦ ¥ £<q=£<=±¨
d ¨<<ùYÆý
÷÷ø
-1
∆rs [rH]
-2
-3
-4
-5
-4
-3
-2
<∆r> [rH]
d ¨ £<=jù oYob O ¨<£<j¥Þ¥Y(<¤o<´@ U ¥¨R¤¨=3R<<poo}Ú¥\¥¨p
C1RY§E æ è/ ðñ<q ¨pRtRCq¤]=e¥<]<¤oYq@Úp,o¤¨¤Þ¥Üo=<å¨n<
R=RK¥<t=<¨¥o¤'<§¦L=Y¨¥q1¤¨R¥¨x d j´îYot<¤?o¥¨R¤Þ£<£o¤¨¤ P L
û ñ<o=R=<=o£<¥<K=<§¦T
÷ Âú \YR=´$= ÚÜo=Y¨¥q
O-P ø <£Yj=ߥ<j<¤o<q
Â3o¥q-¥¤Å
W¶îE ® A¶5·
agBA¶m·
´¶ C
JW¶mU E ® "g &¶m·
÷÷÷
0.7
0.6
<ζ>
Region III
II
0
I
0.5
0.4
-5
-4
-3
∆r [rH]
BH
-2
-1
øS 8E ag
0
d ¨£<=Þù [T@o£<=qeoàqÝ£Y=o¤¨¤ P ÛoR=oR1`} $o âø Âøú-ûß\<Þo=YR1¤¨<
=Y"ÜÞ¥YT¨<¨=o¤W3o¥qE=o¤BÛ¥q¨ P =<=¤¨á¤¨<C¨ ³ µ
ûoø Þçto
d
¥Yí£Y=ßܨ= <ùYÂùT<Rߥ<¥<ÞR¨ÔÜ<RtÛo=q¨ P ¤oj-<q
p¥§nÛq P ÜBR¤¨¤x´îqRYR¨n§R¨<\=E£< O RRÜ<RjÜBj=qK¤o=o`}
§oYRq
÷÷"û
C E "G
0.4
cs=0.032
0.3
∆ζ
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
∆r [rH]
-1
0
¢SVU)E ag
d ¨£<=ùYÂù }î3R´¥Rã§oYßoW`}êܨ=Ô@§ã<§¦Xo¥ooÝ$
ø Âøú-û
\<
o<RF¤¨<CÝÜÚ¥<o£YÞRY=YR=¨<I¥<T¥=oq= O-P ¥YTY¤o<´@á\<R
6R£<Û
<¤¨o¥\¥YK§<o<Ko}3o=R-¥o¤xÛ¥¨R¨ P ¥<j¥<£< ÝÜ<q=(=<jo¥q¤ q<<
tBÚ¥
=toj\< O ¤¨£<Ý=ïE£=Rj<q<o=Þ=<Þo´¥£o¤?pRo=£Y=RtR-jo
o¥R
o¥¨R¤qR
lW¶
÷÷ú
¡W
u qsv ? w
þ
ÿ©
> t' 7
Ä
tXq
7 > tXq 7 ÿ
U t<ߥYKY=qÛRR]<¤oYq¥ æ =R[Xo P ´o¤Å æ ûoøøoø-èo<To¤¨=
.//
/
./Þ m*D.f
"A1A//
*A /^2*1
O-P Y§<<R¨<RC$onoñ£<¡Å¥¡¥
&
¤¨§è(¥<TE£< O RtoÝ£Y¤¨¥¨<¤å<¤oYq¥Þ¨t<< U to[Xo=§ûoøø Y±¥o¥o¤o÷ú
Ý£<¤Ú¥¨<¤Þ<¤o<q P =R Üq=ot<XX¥o¥o¤Bj÷ø-ýT/=¤o<¤o<´§o P P ¥qpq
Vq<RB=<C¥¨pC´Û¤¨£Y¥¨áoI<¦ÜÚ¥áܱq O q<<qõ<o¥Y¤o<´¥Ý¨ß=£<<q
5
<q=o'\Y¥@Û¨¥¥¨o¤Y o=R-¥o¤*åï* æ ûÚ÷ Eè'W´î¥q<<q OEP on<<¨=<o¤Y¥q=
æ ÷ø¨÷"è
d. DE ® æ ¶ d ¶ dd ® ûA¶¶5d6 R æ d ß ® ßd/è dd è `ód g
é
é(7
\<K=qR<T<¤o<q¨¤@=R)¶5dEì÷"gÂú-ûܨ=TT÷øÞ§YK=o<¨=qo=¥¨n$=
¥YTíp<¤<qRõZ¥õY¤o<´tåo=qtÜBRX<´í<Ro[I»E ÷ø ô o õ\<T$¤¤¨Ü<
=¨Ý£<¤¥¨<@Ûoån¤¨ O o¤}£<<=3RqSVU¢â
E ø2Æg ø&T oY1<RY=¨ P Y=oí¤¨ßo i æ ¶ èK
5
÷÷
¶ ô e ód
Ü<¨§]<o O qR§o¦RXo£Y\$o¤¨¤x<¤¥R
\<<<q¤3YR<¨ P qÛo¤£Y=pRtoRå=ß(<¤¨Y¤o<´¨ O £YB¥<¥oto
VÜBqÛoRREܨ=ß=qp½¡p"©9Lî}
¶`FEa÷o<¶5dEì÷"gÂú-ûo=<<¤o<´¥}@ÛoY¨ë R=q-
=§=n3RoRq=<¨<ߥp¢R<¤¨R
¤@Ü
K ` d ÉK d d E¶ e` ÉA¶ de g
æ ÷øÄûè
VR<qoo=<ÜY¤o<´9R=R¥W=Y¥¤EÜ@ÛqbÜ<§(ÜBRqß"ÛoR?@o§Ý¥<q?3R<Ro¤¤ P
æ d < ÷øYÚ÷(<÷@øYÄûoè´
\<Ý3o¥q-¥¤fÛo=q¨ P
R
´Û¤¨£Y¥¨X<ÜoRq=Y<t¥
d <5÷øÆúpo<e÷ø åo¤
éR´¥oß ¨-¥o'¨Ý¥<=¨<¤¨<¤<qRo=qRVÜBqÛoRRE¥Y
øW¶§âý¶m·
o±Y§ O ¤¨¨ P í O ´ÜqRã¥<ß<¤o<´¥j
<oí¤q'<R<qÛoR¤o<
o<±<ܨ¥YÔ¥YÝÜ]`}
° ²
3@o¦ER1\< P 3o¥YR=¨ß<R=ߥYCܱ
<q<=Ú P ð I<¨<ß<£<6=<n<RY=¨ P
O qÜBRRÔ=<(ÜBC<¤o<´¥¥´¥<q£<§Ô¥<
O qRtR<Rq q
¥YR=o<]<qÛoR¤o<
oY§ O ¤¨¨ P =<Rq
lW[¶î§aýA¶m·
\<j¥o¥o¤x¥ïE£<(Y=oí¤¨ë R´¥R O-P ¥<Ûo¥/îT<=<£<´¥¨XL
<
JCD§â÷@øø"GÞVÜ´ÛRqx¥<K¥ïE£<ÝqÛo¤£¥o
o¥<q=´$=ߤ=åp<<o==¥oY=¨=]
d ¨<5÷øYÂüt<ÜÝ£<§X<YR=q¤¨¤=<o¤p¨X<=BÜ<R(¥Y(¥o=ïE£<j$=
1<¤¨X<¤o<´åÜoC=to¥x \<påY£<Ô¥1=<Ôpo=¨ÛoX=Y¥¤<§¦6$= ¥Y
=qRYá<¤oYq(ÜBRRY< O-P q=¨<¨@o¤¨¤ P å\<å==ïE£<t$= =<åRq<á<¤o<qKÜo
<oq<<q=R]<Ro
÷÷"ý
J¶45`¡E 0¶4cd)E "g
DCOE &G
=I8E ô o
d ¨ £<=Þ÷ø¨÷ ^R<¨ P ¨åoojÜÚ¥TÜp<¤oYq¥
÷oY
ê÷ Âú-û O o=]ܨ=
ß<¤<qpo=o ä÷ø '\<<¤¨o\po<j kùø o9¥<í<¤<qR
÷÷ü
j
[CE "G
d ¨£<=I÷@øYÄû ¨E=I¥<T<RY=¨ P ¨åC$ßÜ<¤<q=å
÷"ýoø Þ<q
P
¥Y<¤<q=@ÛKR¤L¥¨Ûo
Ûq¤RÚ =ß@o§o=<Rq<o¤¨=Ý=<=Y¥¤ <§¦ER=\Ro§
o=<RC£<¤¨=<¤¨=tRqh¥<¨åo¥¨R£<¤otí<£<==<Ô<§¦6Ü@Ûo±$ ¥<Ôo£Y¥q
<¤o<qq¤¤¨<qܨ=n¥<jY<R<¤o<qR
÷÷
OCFE "G
d ¨£<=÷@øYÆú `9o¥qE=o¤<Ûo=q¨ P <¨=¦Ýq-§o¨<YÜK<¤<q=BL kùoø t U 'ܨ=
¥Y=¨<¤¨(<¤o<´
Ro=qR =<<=o¤f=<§¦E¤Ro]=åéR´¥oX3-¥T¥<( ¥R-=o¤
Ûo¥¨RÚ P
mH
÷÷
¢C)E "G
d ¨£<=p÷øY Yotßo d <9÷øYÂú O £Y
÷"ýoø \<ß3o¥qE=o¤fÛo¥¨RÚ P Ûo¤¨¤ P L
ý O ´ÜqR]=<Üp<¤<q= O qRtR£<<§ O ¤Ko<$=tÛo=RqR
W¶¦E A¶5·
÷÷ù
1.2
1.1
1
t = 200 P
0.9
〈ζ〉
0.8
0.7
0.6
t = 20 P
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
-10
0
10
∆r [rH]
C E "G
20
¿C[E "G
d ¨ £<=X÷øYÆý \<]`} <=oí<¤RÝ$oÝÜã<¤<q=Þ
ûoø æ,O ¤¨£<èÝoY
ûoøø
æ R*è/õ\<¨p¨ß=¨p¨¤oK¥±¥<T=¨<¤nY¤o<´t@oTÜ<q=]=<¨¥o¤\<§¦Ep<R¥= P ¥Y
`} RY=RÛ¥¨ño< q<=qïE£<R-¥¤ P Yé<Rq=õ ¨-¥å$]a\<¨å¥¨p\<Ü´ÛqR
¥Yß=Ro O qÜBRq=<ÝÜ<¤o<´¥j
ý O qRtR£<Y§ O ¤ß<±<qÛoR¤o<
Ûo¥¨RqR
øW¶ E A¶m·
÷"ûoø
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
Td
0
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
-0.25
0
50
100
150
200
time [P]
d ¨£<=(÷øYÂü 9=ïE£<´Û¤¨£Y¥¨Cof=<
í\<¤o<´\nÝ£<¤¨= <¤o<´@=oB¨p¨¤o}=
d ¨<3ýÚ÷t<o(¥=o<¨¥¨n§o¦R<¤oqL
÷øø ÞV"ÜBqÛoRq¥<j¥o=ïE£<¨Ý£<§
<¨=¨R(o¤X<oC<£<p¥]=<C<=o¤=<§¦\¥<p=Rq<á<¤o<´ÝÜBRq<Y OEP
$=qïE£<R-¥¤ P
JC¡§ "G
÷"û÷
u qsv ? w w
þ
þ
+y ÿ
Ð[Ð[ÎmÐ
±
| q{t > q 7 ÿ q
y
þ
v q ?Á7 ±ÿ
ÿ©
ÜL"XÕ¢Ù} ÜL"^Ù#"^Õ !
×Q%Pý Á
Õ%"
g<o=<ntÞ¨p3¥o-=R=p¨çoRq=´¥o6Y=¦1=£<¤=Y(¥<]=@o P
¥¥I^¨=¦6?qR ¥YR P ¨K1¥Y <¨=¦6<qn<on£Yë Ro P 3R¥£< O =o
¿âä
£Y==¨<T$o=RqR\Úå<£<¤¨õ<opRo¤¤<=Å oÚ=<X=o<¤ÛR¤¨q¨ P
<£<¤¨õ¥ P L
àRq=< U <¨=¦@ O (=q=£<I=£Y§Ô¥¥<¥@Û¨¥¥¨o¤x$R3=<ÝRq-¥=Ú$£<-o¤f$Ro
o<(<=q==£Y=j¥<qEB$=q@<Rq¤x@o§n¥<qR'\<¨<¨=o¤q<<Ú¥o<B$¥ O ¤¨
=@o P ¡¥¥K<¦no¥<q=q$o=
iæ ¶è E ¶ ô
âä E ø
âå E ÷ é S dU ¶ d i i ï æ æ ¶o¶è è h ¶÷
÷"ûû
æ ÷÷o¨÷"è
æ ÷÷oÄûè
æ ÷÷oÆú-è
Ü<q=
i ï æ ¶èîEÝ5 iæ ¶èÉ5*¶\<åRïE£=<K$ âå
K<¤ P Ûo¤¨±$(oeo¥YR=po¤
RïE£L¥oTb§=o
YRÝ´ÛR P E£<tR=¨@o¤9=§YRto5R qRo¤¤ P =<íY¨¥<¨ë RR<q<C§<Rto5¨
<
O ¤¨ß¥T@oY=£<=t=o<q-¥Ûq P Üq¤¤7?Ro P ¥q(¥T=´£Y1=@o P §=p<¨=¦
Ïâä ¨\qÛo¤¨ÛY<'=<£Y¤¥ P q¤¥tàRq=<
d Y5÷÷Ú÷=Y"Ü=<YRR]¥<(£Ypq=Ro¤f PO = æ =q §À ûè§<RtÝoY<¤q¥Y
=@o P ¥¥
<¦tÜBR¤¨¤Å}\<pLî£< ¥oYo¤*Ûq¤R¨ P W¥=<<R÷ø ô @¬ '\L
t@o<q?=(o¤T=<p=tß=Ro¤t¥T¥<t<RKo÷øA¬ P @oR\(jÜ P ¤o<R
o<T§<q§¦TY"Ük¥<j=o<¤ Ûq¤RÚ P
¥<o]¥<q\që Rq=¨n¥<j<¨=¦noYx<RYRo*Ro O <q¤qq¥qx
Ð[Ð[ÎcÍ
RÕ%ZÚ5Ò"O×
$ ¿ÕK%"%
U <¥<q]¨p3¥o-n¥qT$ní<¨=o=ñ§<RtRÔ¨n¥<ã=q=¤¨£Y¥¨ ¥R]ÜY§
Rop=R¥<ßR=£Y¤¨¥Rq¥oÔ=tR$ <¨ë RR-ÔqR¤¤?=¨àRRq d =oWo¤¨¤Å
ÜB¡<¨pq<=¨o¤9I=¨àRÜoj§<Rã=£<§±¥<¨
Ü£Y¤ O Þo¤t
=ïE£oÞ¥Y
<¤o<q=¥o<¨£<Rb\B}Ü P ¥<E£< O RWoxàR£Y¥¤=¨t3¨E=Wo¤tj,q¥o
¶ JE aø gÝo<¶
lEkû U
ox$o£<B¨p=<Y=¦Þ<¨pq<=¨<'ܨ= E£< O qo5Y¨ë R=q-
XàqR
ÜoR¤qq=R±o<Ô=<q<I=q=£<¤Ú¥=qto=qx d <f÷÷Æûtqto=q
¥Y
¦ä îå EjûoøoøLîaHøøY
<q<=Ú P R¤o=¥ß¥YKY¤o<´$= ¥<RK<¨ë RR-=¨TàqRR*7 sc&
Á
úøø"î÷ûoøøYoY øøLî ÷üøø U ÞÜB=qT¨e¥<¨í£Y=o¥Yn<R<¨ P Y=oí¤¨CÞ¤t
YR-¥¨@o¤7
YRIÜãoIpo¥¤ P q<qR=YR O £ o=R-¥o¤Ûo=q¨ P d Y
÷÷Âúe=Y"Ü
÷"ûoú
10
-5
vr
10-6
10-7
10
-8
0.5
1
1.5
2
r
^CFE "G
d ¨ £<=
÷÷Ú÷ o<o¤ÛoR¤¨q¨ P $o'¥Ro P §=\<¦* U =R ì÷ø =<\<¨=¦@o§YR
¥Ro P §L¥Ü¨¥
=po¤¨¤-¥o<o¤Ûq¤RÚ P 9\<?<¤o9<q=B9åoY ì÷øø Þf\<
<¨<RÛo¤£<q
oK=<j<YR O £Y<o P ܨ¥
÷ø o<]=Rpo¨]L=¤´Ûq¤
o¤Yp=<KR<KÜo¥q¥q æ £Y]¥T÷øøoø è/ U
÷Ü<q=KÜK<£Y¥<j<¤o<´
$}@o¤Y=£<¤=YR=<\¥<o¤Ûq¤R¨ P }o<\å<¨=£<<夤q}oY O RqtR'qÛoR
=po¤¨¤R\¥<j£¥R O £<Yo P
âä § ô ¬
"G þ¶¦E
A
÷"û
úCFE "G
<oí¤q$=o =<C=opp=q=¤¨£Y¥¨e=£Y<ßo O q$o=oÔ`?o=R-¥o¤BÛo=RÚ P ÝÔRq<
<R?që Rq O q@o£Y=Ú?¨-Û¤ÚÛR?¥oYo¤o<oàR¨Ý£Y=o¤E<R¨Û=¨ÛqRbVRYRo¥<B<´¥£<
¤¦Exp´Üf<Úëq=qE O-P qto=¨<3o¥q-¥¤Ûo¥¨RÚ P f\<Yé<Rq=3¨E=5o
=¤¨¤¥<=op=o<o¤ Y¥o<qoWVÜBqÛqR¥YRåoo<¨=£<<
Y¨ë R=$ =R¤£¥o
RH
¥å=R¤£¥ox
\<=Ü\¥X¥=Ý]=RoÔ= æ =R d <3ùY -è<q<o
<R3RYIÝ£<§
=R¤£¥oxT¥¨¤¤75=Ro<K=o<e=pëqq=R O-P =q=¤¨£Y¥¨eoY¥YRK"Ü\=
F§»üKûA¶m·
¥L¥<Úëq= O-P üoø¢âC U ¤¨=<¥<q='¤¨-}=Y¨'¨Ý¥oY£<b$ob¥<\tYp
æ R¨1è/9VÜ´ÛqR'¥<p=¤¨ t=Rq q<ܨ=eYR=Ro=¨<T=R¤£¥oeo<ã¥<q=´$=
=qRYo P ¨<¥ O ¨¤¨=qb=¤¨¤Y£<Y$o¤tW O £Y'=<¥ot\¥t´ÛRt¥<o£<Þ¥<t<¨å
op<Ýo(<Rqx\<KK=¤¨¤]=op´Ü(<¥£< O <T¥R< O q@o£<å¥YpïE£<q¥¨
=qå<Ú5¥<j<¨nnR¨Cܤ¤ qÛoR-¥£¤¤ P Ûo<C$Ûq P YnR=o¤£Y=x U \¨
¸À
Üo'<R£<=qt¨ ùYo=<<R<¨q=<?$=h¥Y\oo¤ P ¥Ro¤´î<=q=t'ï* æ ùYÂú-èfå=§
¥Y o=R-¥o¤ Ûo=q¨ P qÛo¤£Y=åÜBR¤¨¤xå=Ron=Wo<= O £=RoCW=¤¨¤ Rpo<
£<<qR§o¨T=Þ=<3-RBY$¥£<L¥R¤ P <R¨ O Rqpq£Y<¥ O ¤í<´ÛR¤¨<¨<
Ûo¥¨RqÜY§T@Û(t¤o=
që Rq¥YKY=¦Co<n¥<==ïE£<KqÛo¤£Y=
\<1RXo(¥<±<¨=¦ ¨R
=õç¤oI<q=qoj<YR3R<<q-Xo=q=¤¨£Y¥¨x \<
Rq-¥¥¤ <¨=¦ß=£<Yp¥Y<¤o<´BYR3R<<B=tqÜ<op¥Y§<o=Rå=¨pàR<q¥Y
¥p<¤¨<ob=<j¥@Û¨¥¥¨o¤3 ¥R-=o¤Ü¨¤¤o¤tYR3R<T¥<j=q=¤¨£Y¥¨x
÷"ûý
Ð[Ð[ÎCD
MNZÔ 0ÙÛÖF×Q%$ ä × "^Ý É
Ð
U <¥<qÜ P ¥=R\R<¨B¥Rto
¨Wܨ=n<Úëq=qE£Ypq=Ro¤3=§<qp
VK÷ æ <ÞV P <= P otp÷"è´*Ü=Ú==R O-P =<E£<tRRo¤b¥< P =¨R£<IL
¥Y]<¨ÛoR=¨ P
=o<Y}Üt§Y=qõ$Ý¥YÞ<£< o6\<E£<pq=¨@o¤\§<Rt
Ï
"H&
O =Ráo¤R¤¨¤ âðYÜo æ ÷ù Eè<<¤ P ¨<X<¨RR/¡Ü¨=Þo= O o¤ßtq=<
æ ``W[Ôè/VK÷\9Ü=¨¥qßo' c oo¥o<ooK P Y= P otRbR<Ro£<<¤qܨ=ß
Rpo
-¥\=<=¨¤o'£<¤¨R=oj=¨xf\<o§¦Lo¨<R¤¨£<<YpoE£o¤o@o O <Ü<¤¨-o<q
$=o
.//
/
aF /2//X1.
/
A
<
U ¤¨¤q<qR\VK÷±op=<Ô PO =¨ R<o@ÛoÔ==RYo¥<<¤¨pÚ§=YR¥Y
õª
@=CoÔY=o=<¤<q(R O RY<Rç1Ô<¦*}¨Y tR£<¤Ú(=IoRR§o¨eÜ<§áqY
ÚÛR¥Yq=R´R=£Y¤¨@}Zo¥ÞÛq=p=<ÜñotÛq¥o¤¨¤*o=qRtR-WÞ¥q=êo<RY=¨ P
qÛo¤£¥oxWVÜ´ÛqR ÜYRXÚRtR¥ÞRRo<Ô<Rqë R´¥¤¦ ¥R-=o¤Ûo=q¨ P
¨B£<<R¤¨@oBÜ<§n¨R¤¨=q¥ß@o¤¨¨ P b\<q=<ßRYR¥¤ ¥q\Y= O ¤¨R =Ý,oW¥L
@ O j=¤ÚÛR]o¤ P ¥¨@o¤¨¤ P ¤¨¦o=<(T9R< O ¤¨R æ =Rj9=Y5÷ùùù-è/
VK÷Üo'q-Ûq¥qt=o<Y¤\oÞRRq=ß<¨=¦jܨ=Þ
<¤<q<Þoßo¥YR=po¤
RïE£L¥oÔo'§=o U -o¥YÝ<RY=¨ P qÛo¤£¥oX
¥<Ý=ot<Ro'po<Ú¥£<<
R
o< <ÜC¥<X¥otX¥R<YRa\<Ô3o¥q-¥¤Ûo=RÚ P ¨å æ d Y÷o÷ -ètpïE£<¨=
<¨ P CVK÷ O £Y¥<ÛoR¥¤¤==RY<ob¨Yéqq¥¨n3-¥=¥YR= U ToàR¨Ý£Y=o¤¤ P
@Ûq¥oqå`}ñ<oí¤¨\ d ¨<Y÷÷oÄý=R¤¤¨}£<}='¥Y\=Ü\¥t¥L¥\ÝV(÷} O o£Y'Üq
oK¤otoK±¥<p PO R<oCðå¤=T=qp=K¥<tYé<Rq=ã3-¥(oåK¥Y
¥p=o<¤x¤@=
÷"ûoü
YRÞ¥<p PO R<p¨(Y<¤ P Y=tàqRI¥¥<p<¦I<= O ¤q]fYR¤£Y<<¥Y
¤@¤¤ P q¡tÛ<
$=otR'oYßo=o¤E¥¨pB=R<<¨<<-Ú}}
,oq=}o*$£<?,o=R}¥<o
VK÷[T=q"ÛoRq¥< PO ÔqYÝo=o¤¤¨R¤¨àRqTÜÚ¥Ig3R*öo[X`k<Ô-o¨<¤t
o<¥<q,q¥o\o?ÜBt=3Rq]Ü<q]£<R]Xßo=q]tRt P po§<Yo
"
÷"û
1.1
1.075
1.05
〈Σ〉
1.025
1
0.975
0.95
0.925
0.9
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
∆r [rH]
d ¨£<=\÷o÷Äû "!#%$'&)(*+, -#%./&)10243#%5)5768#:9;$4# <;=>=?;+?('&@2A6CBD&7243E=?&7FG;/$*;/+H2I<$'&7=E$*;/(*5)0J
24&7+?(K#2 ML N POIQ 3?;R# !?!5)&);=><$*&)=S$';('57024&7+?(K#%$';RT NNU NNSVXW 5)0?;ZY&)$'Y5);(\[^] LNNUG_ T N N
V < $';/;+`<$*;/;/+[^]R# +?=`a NNUG_cbNNdV $*;/=`2'$'&e#%+?<5);(\[ Ogf ;/$*; ]D+?5@6h243?;i$';/< &)+j# $'0+?=j243;
!?5)# +?;2k&)(C('3BD+ O>Q 3?;lY/0?$m9;(/]I;/('!n;/Y&e# 57576o-p$k2'3?;>2ABo3?&7<3?;$C$';/(*5)024&) +?(C# <$*;/;19 ;/$m6
Bq;/5)5 O
CFE "G
fH
_ T
H
0.8
〈ζ〉
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
∆r [rH]
r 7& <0?$'; __ OsLtvu .&)>0243# 57576w#:9;/$'# <;=x!G%24;/+H2'&e# 5y9 $*2'&)Y/&@2A6zBD&72'3{2'3?;P(4# P;"!?# $4# P;2';/$*(
# (q&)+ r &7< O__O T OyQ 3;,# !?!?57&);/="<$'&7=|$*;/(' 5)02'&)+?(q# $*;CT NNU NN}V $';/=}2'$'&)# +?<57;/(\[~] LNNUG_ T N N
V < $';/;+ W U ;/(4[^]# +=a NNUG_cbN NVXW 570?;1Y&)$*Y/5);(\[R#%2 LN lOC 9;/+2430?<3z2'3?;Sy
&)(8#
(';Y/+=S$'=?;$y;FG;/Y^2K=?0?;24k=&7FG;/$';+H24&e#%5+#240?$*; ] 2'3?;# < $';/;";+H2K&)(I(*2'&)5)50?&@24;< = OIQ 3?;
<$*BZ2'3w$'#%24;,(';;/P(R2'"=&7FG;/$D('57&)<3H245@6 Of cBq;9 ;/$/]n243?;v!n;:# (# $';v#%2D243;E('# ";,57Y/#%24&7+]
# +?=i243?;EY/;/+H2'$4# 5I9 #%5)0?;(8# $*;># 57('"0&724;vB;5)5# !?!?$* U &7|#24;/=BD&72'3i243;15)cBq;/$$';/(*5)024&) +
$'0+?( O
fH
C)E "G
_ T
r &7<0?$'; __O a t "!?# $'&7('+ -D!n 2';/+H24&)# 5q9 $*2'&)Y/&@2A6&7|#%<;/(v-p$'2AB=?&@F;$';+2>Y/=?;/(]
v
f _"V 5);^-2~[#%+?=243?;C3H6 W $'&7=oY/=?; V $*&)<3H2~[ OKQ 3?;C<$*BZ2'3o$4#%2';C&)+} fv_ &)(Z# W 02R#1-X#%Y24 $
-2ABqS5e# $*<;/$ W 02Z243;kc9;/$'# 5)5G=?&)(*"(*;/;"(Z>0Y\3+&)(*&);/$ OyQ 3?;C<;+?;/$'# 5G-p;/#%240$';/( V !G;/# (
# +?=|"&7+?&)"#H[# $*;9&)(*& W 57;R#%22'3?;8; U !n;/Y^24;=5)Y:#%2'&)+?( OQ 3?&7(!?57 2B#%(|#%=?;8#2y _cN
BD&72'3#l$*;/(*5)02'&)+o -yT NNU? NNO
_cLN
0.65
VH1
〈ζ〉
0.6
0.55
0.5
hybrid
0.45
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
∆r [rH]
r &7<0?$'; __ Otu ./&7>02'3# 5)5@6o#:9;$4# <;=yBD&@243i2'3?;1('# P;1!# $'# P;24;$'(# (8&7+ r &)< O__ O a O
Q 3?;D<$*BZ2'3l$4#%2';DBD&@243> fE_EVXW 570?;ZY/&7$'Y5);/(4[(';;/P(2' W ;D#k-X# Y^24$y%-G2ABqE5)# $'< ;/$2'3#%2K243;
<$*BZ2'3i$'#%24;CBD&@243243?;,3H6 W $'&7=iY=; V $';= W U ;(\[ W 02D243?;,57Y/#%24&7+} -&)+?;/Y2'&)+o!n&)+H2'(
&)(D#%(R; U !G;Y24;= O
_cL_
ª
¢¡
£¥¤§¦
¨
©
¤«i£¦¬y®`£¥¤¯
»v¼½c»
°
¾¿^ÀK¿/Á1ÂÄÃÅ8ÀKÆÇ
¦x¤±¤³²P´
Á}È
µ¶¯¸·
¹
¡
¡
¦xµº ¢®j
É"ÊË¿ÀÁ>Â`ÇÊKÉPÇÅCÊyÀy¿/ÅCÃ
# $m24&7Y/5);v!#%2'3?(k#%$';1&7+H9;/(m24&7<H#%24;=wBD&72'3z#|$*;/(m24$'&7Y2';/=w2'3?$';;^J W =6Y/=?;EBD3?&7Y\3z(' 579;(
243;|;/0#24&) +x -ZP 24&7+{&)+¥2'3?;|(m6+?=&)Y|(m6(*24;i]K& O ; O 243?;}=&)$';Y2'&)+{ -Z243; U JÌ# U &7(E&7(
Y\3?(*;/+S(*0?Y\31243?#%22'3?;q2ABqk"# ('(*;/(# 57B#:6(5)&7;q#%5)+?<D&@2 OIQ 3?;Y$*=?&)+?#%24;( -243?;!?$'&7|#%$*6
# $*; VÍÎ^Ï4ÐÎ [K VmÑRÒÓcÏ\N [BD&72'3>#R$';/5)#%24&@9;|#%('(I - ÒÎ _?ÑvÒÓcOQ 3?;(*;/Y/ +?=# $m61&7(57Y/#%24;=
#%2 VpÍÓcÏ4Ð%Ó [Z
VpÒÎ^Ï\N [BD&72'3#|$*;/5e#24&79 ;E"# (*(8 - ÒÓ ±Ô Ó^Õ?V Ô ÎÖ Ô Ó [ O8Q 3;>2AB W =?&);(
3#:9;,#EY/+?(m2\# +H2D(*;/!# $'#%24&7+}#%+?=}243?;8(4# P;k# +<0?5e#%$q9;5)Y/&@2A6l×d#%$'0?+=|243?;&)$qY/P" +
Y/;+H24;/$R -|#%('( Or $2'3?;,Y/0?$*$';+2('&7>0?5)#%24&7+?( ÒÓ~Õ%ÒÎ _vØx_cNÙÚ &7(ZY\3?(';+ O
ÎàßáÓ
# +=¥243;
Q 3?;|=&)(*24# +?Y;P-p$*Û243;"!#%$*24&7Y/57;>24o243?;P(*24# $E&7(,Ü Î ÛÝ VÍSÖhÒÓ [ Ó
Ö Ð Ó*Þ
ÎàßáÓ
=?&7(*2\#%+?Y/;v24|2'3?;>!?5)# +?;2Ü Ó ¢Ý VpÍ"ÑÒÎ [ Ó h
BD3?;$'; VÍÏ4Ð [D# $*;E243;>Y/$'=&)+#%2';/(R Ö Ð ÓmÞ
243;v!?# $*2'&)Y/57;8BD&72'3o$';/(*!G;Y2R24l243?;,$* 2\#%2'&)+?<1$D(*6+?=?&)Y,(*6(m24;/ O
_cL T
Q 3?;v;/0#%2'&)+o -"%24&) +&)+243?&7(Z(*6(*2';/
W ;/Y";(
Í ÑxÒIÎ
}
ÍSÖÒÓ
Ó
}
ÖÒÓ
âÍ Ñ Tc×zÐEã Ñ × Í ÑåäÒÎ
ÜæÎ
%Ü Ó æ ç
Vm_ T O7_ [
ÒIÎ
Ò Ó
Ó
ãÍ Ñ × Ð ÑÐ ä
k
Ö
âÐ Ö T×i"
ÜæÎ
Ü Ó æ ç
Vm_ T O T[
BD3?;$';C×h _ &7(243?;v# +?< 0?5e# $q9;/57Y&72A6| -2'3?;,$' 24#%24&7+?<1-p$4#%"; O
Q 3?;S;/0#24&) + -" 2'&)+w# $';1('5@9;/=zBD&@243# r 0?$m243èk$*=?;/$CéD0?+?< ;^JÌêC02*2\#}(*Y\3?;/P;
0?(*&)+?<S#%=# !2'&79;24&)P;8(m24;!?( Oë 6"Y/57(';576""+&724 $'&)+<,2'3?;vì# Y W 6|Y+?(*24# +H2:]2'3?;C0# 57&72A6
-I243?;,&7+2';/<$'#%24&7+ -"%24&) +&)(D# (*('0?$*;/= OQ 3?;Eì# /Y W 6oY+?(m2\# +H2R&)(
ÒÎ
Ò Ó
Ó Ó
Ó
Ó
Ó
íKî × VÍ ÖhÐ [ Öðï
Ö
Ñ Íã Ñ Ðã
Ü Î
Ü ÓGñ
Vm_ T OsL [
BD3?&7Y\3i&7(243?;,+?5@6}Y+?(*24# +H28%-P 24&7+}&7+o2'3?&)(Z(m6(*24; O
Q 3?;l('&7>0?5e#24&) +?((*3?cB;={2'3#%2C2'3?;>P;:# +Y\3#%+?<;l - V ò íKî [8óåTôõa Øh_cN Ù XÎ Ó O èk+?576
#"-p;^B!#%$*24&7Y/57;/(# $';>57(*2-p$'ö2'3?;S(*6(*2';/];/(*!G;Y/&)# 5)5@6i&@-y243;6#%$';1&7+?&72'&e# 57576|5)Y:#%2';/=z&7+
243;v$*;/<&7+oÜc÷`øù ò Ünùø³ú _ TÜc÷D]?û4ü?ý,þ*ÿ%JAY7ý/=þ'ý%û
U * ý7ÿ O
Sû4ü7þyþþ*û'ýBDüý'ýZûABqÿ
Y/ÿPÿ}YýHû4ýRÿ
þ*þ'ýþ ÒÎ
ÿýÿlY'Yÿ W 7 û'þ*ÿ>û'ü?ý
ÒÓ P
þ*þ/]û'ü?ý!nÿþ@û
)ÿ?þ!*ýkþ*û
%û
7ÿ"#$%
Pý&*ÿ û'û
($)*7û'ü#
ý 7ÿY7û+lý/,û'ÿEû'ü?ý-Pý.Pÿ û 7ÿ>×xÿý@û4ü?ý/
'ýþ*û)Y^û4ý{û'ü'ýý^J
þ*þ Oyu 7 û4üÿülû4ü?ýRY'Y
W ÿ0(1*ÿ W ) ý2)þ3ÿ ûHû4ý
W ) ýSÿýPY5467, W ý,ÿqþný/Y
_cLL
þ'ÿû)ÿ?þ V W %û)ÿ8nÿHû'þ\[!)Dü?ý*ý$mû
7Y)ýþDü.ý:9ý'ÿ;ý)ÿY7û+7<?ÿ Y/Yý7ý
û
)ÿ
}û'ü?ý3'ÿ%û'%û$%Pý
KML8*ý??ýH4?ýN
)ÿ0R.û
)ÿSÿTK
V þ*ý/ý>=?
.8@BAký"ÿ û*û.CEDcFHGIZü?ýJ%û
7ÿnÿû'þ*K Ú
þlû4ü?ý?)ý.O(dû
ý,JPGÿHû4þQ'ýþnýRû ýGSIZü?ý
æ 7 þÿ"û4üýÿ(Gÿþ7û'ýRÿû4üý&1ÿU,þ*û
üHûV?ý*Jnýû+)qý/ýU
"þ'ýR/ÿXWZY[GD]\^G_D]F`Gy[*û
R7ý/þa)*7û4üEþ7þR/ý"ýû/%'ÿbK
Ú ÿcKMLü ý
û+0RdJ
û
)ÿ|ýýe?ý/þDÿ
ó ik
f+g +Î h Ó j
f+g
ó iUk
h j
æ Ú
\l
Ñ
m
\l
m
ÒÓ
W"D]\0G m F
ÒÓ ô
W"D]\0G F
7û'üû4ü?ýþ'ýý ý e?ýþ>û4ü?ý#ný)ÿ0?þQ'ýû'ü?ýporqtsu\wv
n
ÒÓ
D
szD{
Õ ù g ùxG
ÿyR
þ'ý#)Dü?ý*ý
ÙÚ ÿ?ý$4þ&orq?s}|~ôb)*@û4ü1 þ8û'ü?ý:ný)ÿ0zÿKû4üý:'ÿ û
%û
%"ýCZG ýGC
û4üýný7ÿ^5pÿ,û4ü?ý"þ'ýR/ÿ¥ÿJ(7û
oû4ü?ý;G#Rÿ û4ýCû4ü()þvýH
^'ýþ'þ)ÿ7þEÿ
UpÿZþr,:Jný*þRÿ
ÒÓ
þr7þR/ý"ýû%*ÿK
Ú ÿ*KMLG
ý ý [?þ*)*7û4üoû4ýþ*û&*ûR)ý/þ*û'ü)þDþþmû4ý)qý'ý>?ýGVIZü?ý$7ûEý7ÿ^R7û+
ÿ!7*û
R7ýy)þ,þ'ý^ûEû'ÿû'ü?ýPê,ý)ý1ý7ÿ^R7û+5û'ü?ý;R/ÿ*ÿ û'%û#Rÿÿ%û4ýSþ"þmû4ý
w
s
WD
Õ Ü Î F Ñ Üc×G ë
)ÿ0R.%û5*û
R7ý/þ;hû4ü?ý7^R7û+hÿK
'ý)ÿ?þ8*ýXpÿp*weS[mû
R)ýþ)*7û'ü
ü?ÿ*þ'ýþ'ü?ÿý>ÿJ7û'þýRRK æ Ï K Ú
ù ò Üùs
æ û4ü*ý/ý<(Gý'ýHû
ù Ü Ñ Üq ùCø
Üc÷¡R"`ÿû
<KaLGIZü?ý:R)ÿþ*ý/þmû3('ÿeR\üzû'ÿ"û'ü?ý1þ*ýR/ÿ"
)þvþ*û[¢vý?ÿ(üþ*ÿwû4üûvû'ü?ý*ûR7ýQ)þ?ÿ >
û :R\ünýmû
JGý(xÿ_1?ý£?ýRû'ý
Jeû4ü?ý#?ý^û.G¥¤&ÿJ7û'þyû4ü7þy'ý)ÿp'ý#R7ÿþ'ýGý)ÿ0?þypÿymû
R)ýþyû4üý
D| m
Y['3
ý D\^GD I!)qÿE+û 0R.?ÿ J@û4M
þ Sû'ü?ýZû4ü*ý/ýH¦§JGÿ0(y('ÿJ7ý7G[IZü?ý$W¢(Gý'Fyü?ÿ*þ'ýþ'ü?ÿý
ÿJ7ûlýR7ÿþ'ýþPû'ü'ýý7J%û
7ÿnÿHû'þK æ CVK Ú C!¨KMLGpIZü?ýW%)ÿ)qý'F1û
nÿ)ýÿJ7û
ý(R)ÿ þ'ý/þZÿ Pÿ ?ý J
%û)ÿ ;nÿ H
û K Ú ÿ cKMLG |û4ü?ýû4ü*ý/ýH¦§JGÿ0('ÿJ)ý?Cû4ü?ý&"ÿ û)ÿ
R.©Jn5
ý 0ý SHû4ÿhý RH^RR1"ÿ û )ÿ ªgû4ü?5
ý Pÿ û 7ÿ ÿ vû4ü?ýý (R/ý Hû4ý G gû4üý
þ'ý R/ÿ (}Hý
(;)ýDû4üý'û Gÿ )ýDÿ J(7ûþ'ü?ÿ )DV
þ JGÿ û'
ü Pÿ û 7ÿ ?M
þ )Dü?ý '.ý %þqû4üý8ü?ÿ *þ'ýþ'ü?ÿý8ÿ J7û
ü V
þ "ÿþm/
û ?ÿ1ý RH^RRPÿ û )ÿ ;ý _y"ý R/ý Hû'ý cPÿ û )ÿ lÿ _GMY *ýZ'û «%ý %'
ÿ =?
.7@¬Aký Pÿ û'
û W"DeFHG
D|e
ü?ÿ*þ'ýþ'ü?ÿýkÿJ7ûV*ý&7ÿ û'û'ýUY[GD]\^G\^GIIý/þmûmû
R)ýþ/%*ÿ û4ü()þc()ÿ ûa)qý'ý&@û
)ÿ0R.û4ý%ûQ<Rÿ?þ*û
Hû®ppÿ:<
(ý}ÿRÜ?'ÿ(pK
æ
G5AkýPÿ û*ûy@¯=?
.SWD~(D]F
L ß
û'ü)þÿJ@û!)*7û'ü7°øª %Õ Ò Ó æ D
) ü?ý'ý±B7þ
*ÿ]0?ý>û
PýH¦áþR)ýRû4ÿQ)ÿÿþ'ý&*ûR)ý/þ!%*ÿ
û4üývÿJ@û'Gý)ÿ0oÿIû4ü?ý,þ'ýR/ÿ(G
*w;$R/ÿHû'?þd)þ'ÿ*ZþJ*ÿ,ÿÿJ(7û4þCcû4ü?ýKþ*ÿ¦+R7ý8û
nÿ)ýyÿJ@û4þG²Y[GwD]\^G_D
þ'üÿ])DþPü?ÿ'þ'ýþ'ü?ÿýy(XSû'nÿ7ývÿJ@û.GAkýPÿ û'û-@b=?
.6W"D.~(D]F!7þRþ'þ'ýzû4üû
pÿ;'ý)ÿþQ)*@û4ü
)ÿ0R.û4ý?*ÿ?K
íKî ø2| Ö
Ú
ÒÓ û'Gÿ)ýoÿJ(7û4þ*ý?nÿþ'þJ7ýGNIZü?ýþ'ýX*ûR7ý/þ;*ý
<KML&JnýR.?þ'ývû4ü?ýþ'ý:'ý,û4ü?ývÿ_8'ý)ÿþ*)Düý'ý,û4üý>Rÿ@û
)ÿ
Jnÿý7þqþ%û
7þ4ýGMIZü)þV)þVR/ÿ(4PýUJelû4ü?ý&'ý/þmû
Rû'ý|û'ü'ýýJnÿ^(Pþ:%û
7ÿ?þKü?ý'ýG
IZü?ýyný)ÿ0zü þ U7ÿ])qý&;7ûRÿ/³´D
ÿû4üývþ*ýRÿ"G ë
R/ÿ7û)ÿ
íKî øª| Ö
R'ý.%þ(
Õ
\l
ÒÓ~Õ
ó |~1@û4þkÿqÿJ@û'²Gý7ÿ^?þ
m µ
ò ÜEû4ü?ý3ný)ÿ08)þþ üûR'ý þCû'ÿÿ(C(Hû
û4üý
ÒÓ ÿ ò ÜSøöܶ Õ
\7þa?ÿ
ûþ
%û)þ"4ý"û'ü?ýRÿJ@ûþ)*@û
R\ü?ýþV%'ÿµ
û'Gÿ)ýÿJ@ûû'ÿ38ü?ÿ*þ'ýþ'ü?ÿýZÿJ(7û.G²IZü?ýný)ÿ0*·;?þû'ÿ&ýa?ýcy?ýR*ý. þ*ý/þ
)*7û'ü8%*û'ü?ý
ò Ü7WXþ*ý/ý±Y[(GrD]\^G¸|eF`G
[mû
R)ýþ)*@û4ü?@û
R/ÿ(7û)ÿ?þ*O*w5¹NWXÜ:÷Äøåù ò
Üù?ø ú
D]\Üc÷VFR/ÿPý± ý "
R7ÿþ'ýû'ÿhû'ü?ýþ'ýR/ÿº(³ý`
(ný)ýR/ýOpýXný*ûJ%û
7ÿS_^xû4üý{ÿJ@û'
ýRR/ýûR7û+gÿEû'ü?ý6*ûR7ýGµIZü?ýHº'ýþR.%û*û4ý*ý©J,û'ü?ý5?ýû7(» þ7p'ýþ@û
mû
R)ýþR*ÿþ'þRܱsBD?ý7JGÿR/ý±û'ü?ý,þ0?ÿ0R,þþmû4ý*ý.R\ü;ý}ù ò (
Ü W%¼Fù
WXþ*ý/ý?Y[(GcD]\^G m F`G¥½ÿ)qýýCû;ûPý/þ:@ûQ)þyRÿ(4?ý¨JehܾT¿À8hܾdÁÃÂU)Dü(R\ü
R.JnýURR%û'ý%*ÿ
íKî
¥9ý'ÿ1 ý )ÿ0R@û+R
ý/þ?W=?(
.@ÄAký"ÿ%û'û.C/DeFHG
[*û
R7ý/þþmû'mû
(:)*7û4ü(}û4ü()þ'ý)ÿ#'ý3?ÿ%û?ýRý/þ*þ
U)ÿþmûJûZû'ü?ýü ±
ý ::R\ü
D|Å
160
140
T [P]
120
100
80
60
40
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
∆r [rH]
Y['ý-D]\^G\^²ÆdJ%û
7ÿ$ný)ÿ0?þ pÿ mû
R)ýþ*ÿQK G[IZüý*J?þR)þ*þ
)þIû4ü?ý()þ*û
Rý
æ
û4ÿ<K æ ) þ±67 û'þEÿZ
Üc÷-G7 *ûR7ý/þ)*7û'üÇ(R'ý þ7)þmû'Rý"û'ÿiû4üýJ
û
)ÿOnÿû
ü.ý:?ýR' ý þUn
ý) ÿ0G¤B*ûR7 ý) ÿ0R.%û'ýw
ý`
(Rû7%û&K
æ )ÿ(wü ýy?(4(7û4ý
ý7 ÿ^Q:
n
) ÿQ?
ÿ û"
ÿ
ý*û/ZG R
½ ÿ
) ýH
ý
C û'ü) þMn
ÿ
û) þ
þ*û'J) ý*(>
û4ü?ýZþ üû'ý/þmû
ý* ûJ%û
7 ÿ8
n
) ÿ(#"
ÿ ý±@ û*H
û4ÿ;Sü?ÿ* þ'ýþ'ü?ÿýEÿJ@ û.G
D|el
100
90
80
T [P]
70
60
50
40
30
-1.2
-1
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1
1.2
∆r [rH]
Y 'ýD\^G|^TÆTJ
û
)ÿ3Gý)ÿ0?þÿ^mû
R)ýþT'ÿ>K G MR,:Jnýÿ(*ûR)ý/þ
[
Ú
-*ÿ±K ýJ7ý/þû'ÿPý.%þ*ýû'ü?ýJ
û
)ÿGý7ÿ^?þGT¤¥:(ºný)ÿ0Cÿ
Ú
ogój|~È7 þ/p ÿUp ÿ/mû
R) ýþV
ýR7 ÿþ'ýRû4ÿyK
ýH
^/R ýý?
þ
Ú G è/R ýû4ü?ý-@ û
/R ÿ(7 û
7 ÿP
ù ò Üù,³N{ ô% Üc÷C û'ü?ýmû
R) ýRÿJ7 ûþ)*7 û\R ü?ý/þ!%* ÿz1û'n
ÿ7 ýÿJ7 ûqû4ÿQ1üÿ' þ*ý/þ'üÿýCÿJ7 û
)*7 û'ü7Q$\R ü<
ý!n
ý7 ÿ^rG
D|~
ý'ý#pÿ±)ÿ)qý{ÿJ@û4þGIZü?ýH6'ýQ7þ*û
Jû4ýOJnýû+)qý/ýܾdÁÃÂ;¥Ü¾T¿ÀwG
ùxD Ñ Ü¾T¿Àùɳ ú
ú
D]\Üc÷ºwû'ü?ý*ýpÿ*ý1û4ü?ý$0(:JGý&?ý?þ@û+<('ÿ?þ-)*7û4ü(wÜ:÷Mø
ë û
ù ò Üùø
D\Üc÷G
[mû
R)ýþaU*w#Ê7'ýDÿPþ*û
*ý.;(CÿJ@û4þGMËýPû4ü?ý*R)ÿþ*ý/þ*ûc('ÿeR\ülû4ÿ,û4üý
?ýûV)þ/?ÿ V
û R7ÿþ'ýý?ÿü}þ*ÿEû4ü%ûû'ü?ý/þ*ý8ÿJ7û'þc*ý&?ÿ%ûþ_4R.ûy()þ*ûJnýrGMIZü?ý
mû
R)ýlÿJ7û'þCû4ü?ý"XÇPÿþ*ûRR,þ'ünýQ)*7û4ü¥þKýRRýHû
R@û
7ý/þG
IZü?ývÿJ(7û4þ!'ýR7ÿþ'ý<oþ*û'J)ýG
Yÿ"ý þ û'ü?ýný)ÿ0?þ,ÿû'ü?ý/þ*ý|ÿJ7û'þ±þ*ý7ý/þvÿû'ý/þmû$*û
R7ý/þ±'ýQR/ý
ÿýQXý/ýU'ÿ(pK Ú
W¢Y[(G/D\^G m FHG1IZü?ý8?ý.<7þ1û4ÿX4'ý|ÿû:)Düû
)þ#R?þdû'ü?ý{ÿþR%û
7ÿªÄû'ÿÌ,?ýO?ü
ÿo¶ó
|~upÿU*û
R7ý/þ ý ªR)ÿ
þ*ý
W¢Y[(GÍl^G\F`G¡IZü?ý6:(
ný)ÿ0
þ'ýzû4ÿpK Ú ) þS*ý/ý"ýû)*7û4ü`û'ü?ý5û
R.
ýH
^nýR^û'%û)ÿÿËMÌÉG*WD]\^GFHGO=iÿ0(<%*û'ü?ýQ.)c.Ç%'ÿPK Ú
CaX7þRÿHû
,@û+Oxû4üý
ný7ÿ^þ!ný.'þ!û{ô%Üc÷*GM¤ûû'ü%û!nÿûû4üýkÿJ(7ûqþ)*7ûR\ü?ý/þ!%*ÿEû'Gÿ)ýRÿJ@ûqû'ÿ
Sü?ÿ*þ'ý/þ*ü?ÿývÿJ@ûc)*7û'ü7Q$R\ü#)ÿ ý!ný)ÿ0Uogóe\QGMIZü?ýû'ü?ý3Gý7ÿ^8?ýR*ý. þ*ý/þ
epÿ:*ûR7ý/þ$%(*û4üýQ.)!.¥%*ÿÎK
Ú
Ca'ýR\üO5;(:
ÿJnÿû
m {Äû
ù ò ÜùÏMÜc÷*G
IZü?ý}ÿþRû
)ÿOný)ÿ0Ç¥û4üý"û4ÿÌ,?ý}ýHÿû
7ÿÇÇ?ü%þ'ý W¢Y[G l^G\F3)þ>?ý"û'ÿ
mû
R)ýþ-iû
nÿ)ý>züÿ'þ*ý/þ'üÿý>ÿJ@û4þG*IZü?ýþ'ýSÿJ7û'þü
ý1û4üý$R7ÿþ'ýþ*û'ÿR\ü
û4ÿCû'ü?ý*ýû/lû4üý'ýHpÿ'ýZû'ü?ýZû4ÿÌ0ýRþ*ü?ÿQJGýZû4üýRþmû
*ÿýþ*ûa%'ÿ§û4ü?ý*%û4ý(
û4üý/þ'ýÿJ@û4þG
R/ýû4üýcný7ÿ^þ 'ýc()þ*ûJû4ý1ÿý[Ì,@û4ýV-ýa
ýcJnýû+)qý/ýQ|~
$e\QC ÿ (kû'ü?ýÿý/þ )*@û4üvû4ü?ýVR)ÿ
þ'ý/þmûM('ÿeR\ü$)*Hü.ýqû'ü?ýc ý/þ*û /R ÿûJû
7ÿG
D|
6
4
2
1
∆r [ rH ]
0
−1
−2
−4
−6
−8
−3
−2
−1
0
azimuth φ
1
2
3
Y 'ýOD]\^G m 5 *ûR7ýû
]·*ýRû'ÿ7ý/þ|ÿJû'?ý¨Jejþ*ÿ0(¥û4üý<'ýþ*ûR^û4ý`û4ü*ý/ýH¦§JGÿ0(
[
ýÌ,û
)ÿ?þGIZüýnýmû
J(±(?ý^ûa)þM7ÿ^R%û4ýQ%û-W ò Ü Ï ®rFasBWZ{ Ï {FHG[IZüý*ûR7ý/þKþmû'mû
;RRÿJ7 û'þ/%* ÿ û4üý-7 ý û.G[Z
I ü?ý* ý*ýRû'ü' ýýû+0Gýþÿ/'ý)ÿþapÿV*û
R7ý/þa%û'ü?þ
û'ü) þDþ
þmû4ý7*w51mû
R) ýþ!)*7 û'ü?7 ûù ò ÜùøÜ:÷`ýH
ýR
û4ýEü?ÿ' þ*ý/þ*ü?ÿýEÿJ(7 û4þ
Q'ýÿ(>_n
ý* ûn
J ýQJe1
û'ü?ý!?ý^û.G/*w¹8*ûR) ý/þ²)*7 û'üQy@ û
Üc÷§øðù ò Ünùø ú D]\ Üc÷bpW þ'ý
û
Ð
8
F þ(G
ýR7 ÿþ'ýSý/R ÿH
û4ý* þ±)*@ û4üû4üý;(?ý^û±O*ý
ü üUG
ý* û
(n
J ýG*wOÊ6mû
R) ý\W ù ò Ünù^³ ú D]
\ Üc÷!F*'ývÿi
þ*û
* ý.;("
ÿJ7 û'þ&
ýH
^n
ý) ý(/R ý>ÿ(?"þT?
ý0û
) ÿ7%* ÿö
û4ü?ý>@ û
RR(RÿJ(7 û.G ýýy7þ'ÿ8=7
@¬k
A ýP
ÿ û'û>WDFHG
D m {
èJ@û4þ)*@û4ü>û4üýR)ÿþ*ý/þmû/*ÿeR\ülû4ÿCû4ü?ý(?ý^û/'ý*ûCù ò ÜnùÏMÜ:÷CeZG ýGE·?þ*ûa?þ?ýû4üý
ü?ÿ*þ'ýþ'ü?ÿý*ý7ÿGQ
*ûR7ý/þV·?þmûvÿû4þ?ý>û'ü?ýlü?ÿ*þ'ý/þ*ü?ÿý*ý7ÿ1)* ýûvýHý6R7ÿþ'ý
û4ÿiû4ü?ýU(?ý^û:Jû1û4üýÇ'ýU«,R'« ý¥Hû4ÿzüüxýRR/ýHû
R@û+ÿJ7û'þG?IZü?ý1ÿJ7û'þ:*ý
R\ü
ÿ%û
RG¤SGý7ÿ^QpÿKû4ü?ýþ'ý-*ûR)ý/þMR?ÿ%ûcJný-ý4?ýUJnýR.?þ'ýDû4ü?ýH'ý*?ÿ ûVR7ÿþ'ý
7JnýR.?þ'ý,û4ü?ýHþ)*@û
R\ü#%'ýÌ0ýHû
_#JGý^û+)ýýzü?ÿ'þ'ýþ'ü?ÿý±þ*û'ý.Q«%ýkÿJ7û'þG
»v¼½~¼
ѺÅkÃyÆÂÀKïÒHÊKÉ;Ó
ÀMÔzÅ
ÕµÔÊÅ8Å-Ör×
ÉoÈ<Ø
Ùo¿.Ó
ÆÂ/ÁEÀy¿/É$Ã
ý^û
7û!@ȽýÿOW"D~~eFKþ*û
()ý8epÿ%û
7ÿ?ý^û'" c
þ ?þy:=iÿHû4ý`¦
þ *ýRû'ý a
þ
Ú )ÿ('ÿeR\üy)*@û4ü#D{{{*ûR7ý/þG[IZü?ýDýGýR^ûÿEeypÿ%û)ÿ$)c M
R/ÿ?þ'ýÌ0ýRýEÿû'ü?ý?ýH£ýR^û
ý,ýGýRûÿû4ü?ýkþ*ýRÿ"OWZÆd7þ'þ
?ýý^û*ZGCED~(DÛ(½Rý?ÿrC
D~^D]FHG
Ü þ Sû4ü()þ'ýþ*ûR^û4ýû'ü'ýýH¦+Jnÿ0(#('ÿeR\ü#)*7û'üoÿ?ý)ÿ;mû
R)ýþ!
(?ÿ;
R/ý>Jnýû+)qý/ýwù ò
ÜùøªÅ Üc÷1${SøS®wøN\wvMCcû4ü?ýa*ý/þ(7û4þ²±Iýû
@û²@ª½ý?ÿW"D~~eF*ý
R/ÿ(4PýrGV¤û4ý¼/s©|{{}e8*ûR7ý/þ%'ÿ
û4üý>*ý7ÿ#JGý^û+)ýýwû'ü?ý,þ*û
*ý.;(
gû4üý¥ü?ÿ'þ'ýþ'ü?ÿýÇ*ý7ÿBW¢ZG ýGC>*w¹[Ü:÷
ø
ù ò ÜùEø
ú
D]\yÜc÷VF8'ýþ*û'ÿ(
ný*ûJný;JeQR7ÿþ'ýZýR/ÿ(û'ý*þV)*7û'üSû4ü?ý*?ýûG[IZü?ýa,:Jnýa?ý?þ@û+y
%ûR_
*ÿ?þ3iû4ü7þ'ý)ÿþJGýR.þ'ýSû4ü?ýÿJ@û4þ3'ý:7þ*ûJ(û4ýÿ] ý ±Uý*ý.(G 3
û 7þ
þ'üÿ])*y:Y[GeD]\^GDû'ü?ýcý?þ7û+>'ÿþ[vû+)ÿ&R\ü?ý)þ[%ûój\%Ü:÷5%ûR\üRû4ü?ýV?ýþ7û+
R\ü(?ý7þ>%'ÿ
ÿvü,0*ÿ¦+Rÿ^ý|þ:%û
7ÿ?þ&)*@û4ü¥û'ü?ýPþ
Pý(?ý^û$ þ*þ Ò
sÄD{
ÙÚ
R/ýCû4üýEüe0'ÿw¦+R/ÿ0?ý±oû4ü('ý/ý`¦+Jnÿ^^oþ$%û)ÿþ!*ý/ý,þ'ÿ;)ýdoû'ü?ý±9:û'ü_
.ý
ýS?ý?þ7û+jWZY[G*D]\^G¸ÅeFHCû'ü)þU()ýþSû4ü%û|û4ü?ýX('ý/þ*þ*ýXpÿRý/þ8?ÿÝõûU.¨
D m D
G
RR3'ÿ)ýGzYÿ8)ÿ)Ûþ'ÿ(Mþný/ýMþ:%û
7ÿ?þ|û'ü?ýû4ü*ý/ýH¦§JGÿ0(NRÿ^ý6R»JnýO
?ýÌ,%û4ý±Pý. þ 'ýCÿû4ü?ý?ý?þ@û+ý ÿ û
)ÿ77Q('ÿ
»v¼½'Þ
ßMÁ1ÊKÀy¿.àRÂ/Å
ã
$ÃÅ
ѺÅCÃÇÉ
á
¿ÀÔ
û'ÿ?ýû
)þ«EG
¾1àRÊKÅkÁ>Ãy¿
Xâ
ÂzÅ8À
ßÂ/Á
Á>ÃyÃ
IZü?ý5mû
R)ý?'ý/þGÿ?þ'ýzû'ÿpR\ü,äR*ý. þ Çýû8
þ'þ)þ87þ'ÿxþmû
()ýrG
:û
)ÿ?þ>)*@û4üp@û
V(?ý^ûQ%þ'þ r
Ò å sæD.{ 0Ù ç ¨14
þ'þ Òdè
sÎD.{
ÙÚ
þ'üÿ])qýû'ü%û*ûR7ý>RXJný$Rû
('ý1Hû4ÿ(Gý'ýHûkÿJ7û'þG&IZüý1û
^¦Aÿiû
"ý)c þ
D{{;G Y[(G0D\^GxlRþ'ü?ÿ)DþMmû
R)ý/%û'ü?þyþmû'mû
(&?ýnÿHû[K
æ W û4ÿ8û'ü?ý!7ýû`F²%û(Gý'ýHû
ò Ü^G
n
ü7ý"û'ü?ýU?ýû$%þ'þ$R*ý. þ*ý/þCþ*ÿPýmû
R)ýþ:*ýUR.û
*ý%*ÿé¥@û
ü?ÿ*þ'ýþ'ü?ÿýZÿJ(7û Hû4ÿ3Rû'nÿ7ýÿJ7ûG Z
I ü7þyÿ_vüný?ýþM?û'ü?ýÿJ7û Hû'ý'þ*ýR^û4þ)*7û'ü
û4üý:R'ý þ}éDÿ^R\üý:)ÿJný±
?þ&Jnýpÿ'ý$@û&RÿPý/þ&R)ÿþ*ýEû'ÿ|û4ü?ý$ýû.G&[mû
R)ýþ&û
¢
þmû4ýZüÿ'þ*ý/þ'üÿýCÿJ7û'þ! þ*þû4ü?ý&ýûJnýpÿ*ýkû4ü?ýH8*ý3J7ý8û4ÿyJnýRû
('ýrG
n
ü()ý
û4üýc?ýû² þ'þ²*ÿ])Dþ[)þ*ÿRû'ü?ýc*ý7ÿ?þdpÿIü?ÿ*þ'ý/þ*ü?ÿýÿJ7û'þ[(Eû'Gÿ)ýÿJ(7û4þ²*ÿ])G
IZü7þ$Jný/ü.0)ÿEü $
þ *ý.(5Jný/ýþ*û)ýû4ÿiþ'ÿPý|ý`
û4ýHûyJeÇY[)ý7@½&;@û4ÿ
W\{{{eFpÿû4ü?ýR
ÿ
þ'ý8ÿì@û4ý/IZü?ý*ý/þ7û'þ'ý-?ÿ ûþ4RHû
_;ýRû'ý8Je"û'ü?ýû+0ný
%þ'þ*'ÿ)Zû'üWpýH
^Gÿ?ýHû
ÿ*?ý'F`G
IZü?ýSìR/ÿJe#R/ÿ?þ*û
Hû&7þDû'ü?ývÿUR/ÿ?þmû'Hû&û4ü?ý±'ýþ*ûR^û4ýiû4ü('ý/ý`¦+Jnÿ^^oþþ*û'ý7G
½ÿ)qý ý Cû4ü%ûV)þÿ(>û?ýpÿ/>R/ÿ?þ*û
Hûc?ý^ûc
D m \
þ'þGèR/ýRû4ü?ý?ýû/R\üý/þV7û'þ
Y['ýD]\^G^ ?þ*ü?ÿ û,ÿû4üýy)ÿ0R.%û)ÿiÿÿ?ýy;)ÿ7*ûR7ý/þ&%*ÿðû4ü?ý:*ý/þmû
Rû'ý
û4ü(' ý/ý`¦+n
J ÿ^^yR/ÿ0?ýû4ý/|{{CÿJ(7û4þG[IZü?ýmû
R)ýþ)ý'ý@û
_
ÿ_$()þ*ûJû4ý
ßáÓ
ÿ ý5,? þ3G
J ý^û+
) ýý Ñ %
Å Üc÷ ø ò Üoøj%
Å Üc÷º)*@ û4ü5U?ý?
þ@ û+X7 þ*û
J
û
) ÿ1ê Ü Ù æ G
I ü?ý/?ýûT7 þd) ÿ0R.%û'ý%ûcW ò Ü Ï ®FMs´WZ{ Ï {eFHG²[*û
R7 ý/þd:*wy¹?XW Üc÷`ø ò ÜSøÄú D%
Z
\ Üc÷VF
*ý}þ*û' ÿOG
ý* ûn
J ýpJe
û'ü?ýU?ýû:x
û'ü?ý1
ÿJ7 û$) þ:7 þ*ûJ(
û4ýx
ÿ
ýQ?:\R ü
ýa'ý(G Ú ÿ
þ'ýÌ,?
ýH
û
C û'ü?ý-
ý?
þ7 û+QS
û'ü) þM* ý7 ÿQ' ÿ
þVJeQ3¢Rû'ÿK
ÿd\D
) üý' ý þ
ÿ û'ü?ý*' ý) ÿ? þ±XW ü?ÿ' þ'ýþ'ü?ÿý>o
þ*û' ý.Q' ý) ÿÉFV'ý,þ
üHûR' ý.%þ'ý7#?
ý?
þ@ û+G
D m |
2
3 Body Code
Hydro Code
1.8
1.6
<Σ>
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-6
-4
-2
0
∆r [rH]
2
4
6
Y['ýOD]\^G¸Å(1¤-9$û4ü¥ ýýN*ûR7ý?,$JGýU?ýþ7û+%'ÿ û'ü?ý<*ý/þmû
Rû'ý
û4ü(' ý/ý`¦+n
J ÿ^^U/R ÿ0?
ýQW%' ý
þ*ÿÉF/R ÿ;'ýU)*7û'ü}û4ü?ýý?þ7û+%*ÿz>ü,0*ÿ^^^RCþQ¦
%û
7 ÿ¥W%J?
ý$ þ'üýÉF3û'ý&¼s´|{{QG3Z
I ü?ýy,:n
J ý3?
ý?
þ@ û+z
ü þ3n
J ý/ý5?
ÿ/
9 ýG
ßáÓ I üý* ÿ47 ý/þ%' ÿ
I ü?ý@ û
[?
Z
ý?
þ@ û+5) þmû
J
û) ÿ5On
J ÿ û4ü¥þ$%û) ÿ<) þ$¢
ê Ü Ù æ GUZ
û4üývû+q
) ÿR ÿ^?
ýþ&%û
\R ü#q
) ýd)*@ û4üo
û'ü?ý$
ý?
þ7 û+#?
þG!Z
I üý>?
ý?
þ@ û+7
ÿ û4ü?ý*' ý) ÿ?
þ*7 þ
ÿ' ýCý?
P
üR ý?
û4ü?ý*û
R7 ý/R ÿ0?
ýCû4ü?}
û4ü?ý,üe0' ÿ/R ÿ0?
ýG
D mm
þ'þû'ü?ýRìRÿJeyR/ÿþ*û'û íKî \R ü ý/þyû4ÿÿG Z
I ü%ûaPý.?þ[*ûR)ý/þ[R.y?ÿ)¨R*ÿþ'þaHû'ÿ
'ý)ÿ?þû4ü?ýH8)ý'ý±'ýH0)ÿ?þ|ýH
^R?ý7%'ÿ7GèRývû'ü?ýýû*
íKî
þ'þZþmû4ÿ?þ*ÿ])*C
)*rJný±yR/ÿ?þmû'Hû&eG
FzÁ>ÂHØÀK¿.à
»v¼½"ë
ì
ÇÇÊKÉlÁ:àVÔ
ì
ÀÉ
Ù#Ó
ÉÉSÀMÔ¿QXâ
íoÁ:àZÀyÉPÊ
¤&@û4ü?ÿ(üû4ü?ý#'ýþ*ûR^û4ýû'ü'ýýH¦+Jnÿ0(*ÿJ7ýÎp?ÿ Q
û Hû'ýJ)ý_û
R
)cC)qý1R.ª4þnýRRþ'ÿû)ÿ?þCGõýGjJ%û
7ÿpGÿHû4þG»IZü)þURNJnýX?ÿ?ý<J,
þ'ýR\ü(Xpÿ>GÿHû4þ±)Dü?ý*ý|û4ü?ý*ûR)ýPü þ:9ý'ÿX ý7ÿ^R7û+6pRR/ý)ý%û
7ÿÇû4üý
'ÿ%û'%û5%
PýGtIZü?ýX*ÿ^Rý*ý<RtJný<7ÿÿ«%ý¨ttepJGÿÿ«þCýG¸(G»=7
@ÄAkýPÿ
nÿ
û'û#W"DeFHG6IZü?ý/þ*ý?J%û
7ÿÇnÿHû'þQ'ý8?þRRû4ý)*@û4ühýH
(R^û
û4ýûÉ%'ÿåû+)qÿynÿHû! þ*þ'ý/þG
¢R^û4ÿû'ÿPû'ü?ýGÿ
(R/ý8û'ü?ýküe0'ÿSþ:%û
7ÿ?þ/()ýþ!1þ"ÿÿ
û'ü
û'ýHû
ÿû4ü?ý?ý^ûRû'ÿ; ÿoû4üývþ7û+%ûDû4üû-nÿþ7û
7ÿC()þ*ÿ
û4üý±7ÿ^R%û
7ÿ}ÿIû4üý±J%û
7ÿUnÿHû'þ!)*JGý±GýR^û4ýG
Æýû?þ*R/ÿþýZû4ü?ý,ýÌ0%û
7ÿ?þDÿ "ÿ û )ÿU)*7û*û4ý7
"
âÍ Ñ \ ×wãÐ
szîï
C
âÐ Ö \ ×iãÍ
î
î ï
s
î
Jû*)*@û4üC
âÍ
s
âÐ
s
s ãÐ
Íã ¶
sº{(C)Dü?ý'ý
ï
s
× Ó
\
W
Í
s
Ó
ï
ÖhÐ
D m
Ó
F
W"D]\0GÅeF
Í
W"D]\0GxlF
Ð
W
ï
Ö
þ
ÍÏ'Ð
F!)þý#J,
ÒÎ
Ò Ó
ô
Ö
Ü Î
Ü Ó
W"D]\0G~eF
3
2
∆r [rH]
1
0
-1
-- ---- ---- --- ---- --- ------ --- ---- ---- ----- ------ ----- ------ ------ -- -- --- -- --- --- --- -- -- --- -- --- ------ ----- ---- ------- ------- ------- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------- ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---- ---- ---- ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ----- ---- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- ----- -------- --------- -- --- -- --- -- -- - --- - -- -- --- - --- - -- - -- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- --- -- -- -- -- - -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- --- -- -- --- --- -- -- ----- --- -- --- -- -- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- --- --- --- --- ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- --- --- -- --- --- --- -- --- --- --- ----- --- --- --- ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- --- --- -- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- --- --- --- ---- -- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- --- -- ---- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- -------- ----- ----- --- --- -- --- -- --------- --- -- --- -- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- --- --- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------- ----- ----- ---- --- --- ----- ---- --- - --- -- ------- ----- --- ----- ----- ---- --- -- ----- -- -- ---- --- --- -------- ---- ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-2
-3
-3
-2
-1
0
-------- ------------- ----- ---- ----- --- --- --- -- --------- -- -- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---------- -- --- ----- --- --- --- ----- -- --- ----- ------- -- --- ----------- ---- -- ------ ---- --- --- ------ -- --- --- --------- ----- ------ -- --- ----------- --- -- --- ------ -- ------------ -- ----- ---- --- ------------ ---- -- --- -- ---- -- ----- --- ----- --- ---- -- ------ ------- --- --- ------------- -- --- ------- - ------ -- -------- --- -- ------ ------- --------- - -------- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- --- ----- ----- ---- --------- --------- ------- ---- ----- ---- ---- ------- ----- --- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- -- --------- -- ----- ------ ---- ---- --- ---- ----- ---- ---- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ----- ---- ----- ---- ---- ----- ---- ---- ---- ----- ----- ---------------- ---- --------- -------- ------ ----- --- --- -- - - - - - - - -- - - - --------- ---- ----- ---- ----- ----- ---- ----- --------- ---- ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ---- ---- ----- ----- ---- ---------- ----- --------- ---------- ----- ---- ----- ---- ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- ---- --------- --------- ---------- ---------- --------- ---------------- --- -- --- --- --- -- -- -- --- ---- -- ---- -------- -- --- -- --- -- -- --- --- --- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- -- -- --- --- -- --- ---------- -- --- --- --- ------- ------ ------ --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --------- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- --- -- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---- --- --- ----- ------ ------ --- ---- -- ------- ------- -- --- --- --- --- -- -- --- --- -- --- --- --- -- ---- -- - --- ------- -- ---- --- ----- ---------- ------- -- --------- --- -- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- -- --- --- -- --- --- --- ------- --- ------- --- -- ----- ----- ---- ----- -- -- -- -- --- -- --- -- -- -- -- ------- -- ---- --- ----- ------ ---- ---- ------ -------- -- ---- -- ---- --- -- ------- ----- ------- --- --- ----- ------------- -- ---- -- ---- --- --- ------- ------ --- --- ----- ---- -- -- -- -- ---- -- --- -------- -- -------- -- -------- -- -- ----- --- -- ----- ------- ----- --- --- ------ -------- -- -------- ------ --- -- --- ---- ----- -- --- ---------- -- --- ----- ----- ------- --- --- --- ------ ------ -- --------- -- -- -- ---- ------- --- -- -- ------- ------- -- ------ ------- ------ ---- -------------- ---- --- -- --------- ------- ------ -------- ----- -- ------ -- --- ------ ------ -------- ------------ ----- ------ --------------- --------------- ----- ---- ---------- -- --------------- ------------------ ---- --------------- --------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------- --- ---- ---------------------------------------- ---- ---------------------- -- ---------- ---------------------------- ----------------------- -- -------- ---------------------- ----------- ------------------ ------ -- ---------------------- ---------- ----------------- -------- -------------- -------------------------- -------------- ----------------- ----------- -- --------------------- -- --- --------- ------------ ----------------- ------------------------- ---- ------------------- -- ----- ------------- ------ -------- -------- ---------- --- ------ --- ---------- --- ------------ ---- ------ ---------- --- - - ----- --------- --------- ---------- ------- -- ---- -- ------- -------- --- ---- ----- -- --- -- ----- --------- ---------- ------ -- --------- -------- --- -- -- ---------- ---------- ---- ------ --- -- ---- -- --------- --- -- -- --------- ---- ----------- ----- --- ---- -------------- - - - --- ----- ----- --- -- ---- ------- --- ---------- --- -------- --- -- -- ------- -- -------- --- -- --- --- ---------- ---- ----- -- --- --- ------- ---- ----- -- -- ----- -- -- -- ----- ----- --------- --- --- --- --- ---------- ----- ----- --- --- --- -------- --- ----------- ----- ---------- -------------- -- -- ---- -------- -- -- -- -- ------ ------ ------ ----- ----- --- -- -- --- ----------------- --- ------ --- ----- --- ---- ---- ---- --- ----- -- ------ --------- --- -- --- --- ----- --- ---- -- --- - -- --- --- --- -- -------- ---- -- ----- -- -- --- ---------- -- -- ---- -- --- --- --- ----- -- ---------- ----------- ----- -------- ----- ---- ---- ----- --------- ---- ---- ---- - -- -- -- ---- -- - --- -- -- --- -- - -- -- ---- --------- --- --- --- --- ------ --- --- ------ --- -- --- -- --- --- --- ----------- ----- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -- --- ---- ---- ----- - --- --- - - --- --- -- - --- -------- ---- --- --- --- --- --- -- ------ --- ------ ------------ -- ---- -- --- -------- ----------- ----- --- --
φ [rad]
1
2
3
['7]^ ^QZ*/8m
)P7'>*7'¥¥*. ?: *
*?G
@
7?q'?.>
%±( cb%'ÉH ( eo:b¢*/H/ :z%H
)>4
?> '±' '[*
7/>';.
*Ç%* ?*'/*?|7'>'
n)
7'MZ??*7*)0.%'#%>
a´Z eH
Í Ó ÖÐ Ó ) þû4ü?ýR/ýû_%eEGÿ%û4ýHûÉ(|û4ü?ýRû4ýPþ-D Õ Ü Î+h Ó
|û'ü)þýÌ,û
)ÿ"û4üýû4ý
*ý,û'ü?ý
.07û
%û
7ÿEnÿ
û4ýûÿû'ü?ý,þ*û
û4ü?ý?ý^û.GaIZü?ýmû
r?ý%û ý
_ý/þ*)þ'ýkû'ÿRýHû
%d70@û'%û)ÿEpÿR/ýG
IZü?ý!7þ*û
R/ýqÿÉ*ûR)ýKû4ÿRû4ü?ýqþ*û'Ü
(Q¢Rû4ÿð±R.?Jný,ýH
^'ýþ'þ*ý1
Î
1û'ÿû4üýc?ýûÜ
Ú
RþPÿÿ
û4ü^¦
þ
Ü ÓÎ
s
W
ÍlÖhÒÓ
Ü ÓÓ
s
W
Í}ÑÒÎ
Ó
F
ÖhÐ
Ó
F
ÖÐ
è_iû'ü?ýQýû3*ýR/ý ý/þ>oþ"ÿÿ û'ü¢Rû'ÿG
K
Ó
Ó
W"D]\0GeF
Ó
Ö
ð
Ó ô
W"D]\^G_D{eF
ý:4({û'ü?ý>û+)ÿ7?ýH) þ'ÿû)ÿ<pÿ
n
XKaL&?ýný(}ÿwû4ü?ýEþPÿÿ%û4ü;¢Rû4ÿpÿ)ÿ)*(lû'ü?ý$('ÿ0R/ý('ý>1=7
@¬AkýPÿ
û'û>WDF
Í
D
Ð
s
s
\
ÑÒÓÖ
Ó
ð
|
ä Ñ
ï
m
\
Ó
ð
\
Ó
ð
\
Ö
D
ÎàßáÓ
ñ ç
W"D]\^G_DD]F
ô
W"D]\^G_D]\F
IZüý'ýHpÿ'ýCû4ü?ýy7ÿ^R%û
7ÿwÿû'ü?ýyJ
%û)ÿ7nÿHû4þ&?ýnýþvÿû4ÿoþ'ýR/ÿ({ÿ?ýCÿ
û4üý8þPÿÿ û4ü3¢Rû'ÿG
Rýð7þû'ÿEû'ü?ý8ÿ?ýÿÜ:÷|û4üý'ýHpÿ'ýþZC
û4üý&R\ü(ý
ÿa*û
R7ý>û4ü?þJe?R(|þPÿÿ û4üQ¢Rû'ÿ&û'ÿ|û4üý$nÿ û4ýûIÿKû'ü?ý$?ý^û
)þýJ)ýG
D m l
ª
¢¡
¤«6ò
£¥¤§¦
ó£x«
¨¬ñ
Íô
¯
õ
¬y«¥®»ò
«{«¬µÄô
½-ü'ý/þ*ÿû
)ÿkû+)ÿ¦§Pýþ)ÿ e
ü 0*ÿ^(0RM)þ«8þ:%û
7ÿ&)qý'ýaR)ý,ÿû
)*7û'ü¥ÿ?ý"ÿ,û+)qÿwý:Jný?ýÇ*ÿ
û4ÿýû4þGIZü?ýlû
Mû'ýRû)ÿ5Jnýû+)qý/ýp#*ÿ û4ÿ¦
þ*û'ýa7þ«;|ý:JGý?ý8ýû/)*7û4ü>Pÿ^ý/þ*ûV þ'þ/)þþ*û)ýGaÆd?ýKû4ÿÌ,?ý
R.R(%û)ÿ?þ"þý/þmûû'ü%ûþR\üºHû4ý
R^û
)ÿN)ý.?þ|û4ÿ(Pÿ"ýHû
Oe)c6
û
)ÿzÿû'ü?ý;ýû4þGUYÿ3?ý^û4þ)*7û4üO
ÿ
Ëa*û'üCû'ü?ý3(pý*ý8;%û
7ÿ"ûPý8þR)ý;W n
û
?þpý
þ'þR/ÿ
J7ý>û4ÿoû4üû
CDelF/)þ!:(R\üþ*ü?ÿmû4ýû'üû4üý
ÿJ?þ*ý"û
)ÿ_7?ýû'ý;ý5?ý()ýû)ÿzûPý1þR.7ýSÿû4ü?ýQ7þ«¥W¢½&7þR\üýû±G_Cd\{{^D]FHG
IZü7þ:û
R*ý/þ(7ûy)þ*ý/þ:?'ÿJ()ýupÿvû4ü?ýpÿ%û
7ÿ{ÿHû:?ýû'þEû'ü'ÿ(ü
û4üý$R/ÿ'ý>RR'ýû)ÿ?'ÿ0R/ýþ'þ:WZÿR'«ýû&G_CdDÅFHG!IZü7þ&*ÿ^Rý/þ*þ-)c þ&*ýH¦+eý/þmû
e%û4ý
)*7û'üû4ü7þ'ý/þ*ý.R\üX#<%û*û4ýûZû'ÿQ'ý/þ*ÿ
IZü?ýSý$JGý?ý5*ÿ
ýCû4ü7þ
ÿ
G
û4ÿýû3Rý/þRRû
)ÿ?£ÿ)B%û'û'ý1?ý.&7û4þ&R/ÿ*ÿ û'w¦
û
7ÿ7'ý)ÿ7oû4ü?ý>)þ«ÉGDè?ý$«%ý7'ýþ@û8ü?ý'ý>)þZû4üû8ýHý1?()þ«þ)*7û4ü??@û
D m ~
_pÿ¡Gÿ
û'ýHû
ÿ*û
R@û+C^£ýR^û
)ÿ?nÿHû'þ.oýPýý±<'ÿ) þnÿHû'?ý/ÿþ
þGÿ%û4ýHûr ÿ*ûR7û+87þ ý?ý
%û'ýX?ýZû4ü?ývþ(
þ'ü?ÿ0R'«#û4ü?ý0R@û+ÿû'ü?ý±'ÿ¦
û4ÿýû.G[IZü?ý/þ*ý>(£ýR^û
7ÿ8GÿHû4þ!7ý.}û'ÿ>û4ü?ýCÿ?þ'ý^û&#'ÿ)Zû4üoÿIþ*ýR/ÿ"8?þmû'w¦
J7û)ýþC(ZG ýGC^ÿmû
Rý/þGcIZü?ývýH
^)þmû4ýR/ývÿyþ*ýRÿ"#?þmû'J(@û
7ý/þ!û'ü?ý*?ÿ^¦§ý.
ÿûR/ÿPý# þ: ÿ*ûR/ýþy(R.û4ý|û'ü%ûSû4üýU£ÿ)Dþ;û4ü?ý8Rÿ¦AÿJ7û
/'ý)ÿp*ý8Gý'ü?þ
Pÿ'ý*R/ÿR%û4ýlû'ü;?ý.aþ)þü.ýþ
ý/þ*û'ýGMIZüý/þ'ýÿmû
R/ý/þqþ'ü?ÿPýH
ýmû
þ*û'ÿ(Pû'ÿÌ,?ýþRÿû'ü?ýýû.G
¤&?ÿ%û4ü?ý« Hý :'ýþ@ûyÿû4ü7þ['ýþ'ýR\üQ)þIû4üûû4üýqû4ÿ%û'û4ÿÌ,?ýÿ1û'ü?ýc(?ý^û.CR?þ*ý
Jeû
MHû4ý
R^û
7ÿ?þ±JGý^û+)ýýxû4üý7þ«O{û4ü?ý;?ýûC[RÇJný(0?ýÇû'ÿû'ü'ýý
þ*û
ýþ#Kü þ*ý
ý CþPÿÿ%û4üC/pPÿ^(%û'ýJep1ný)ÿ0¥'ÿ ü 6R/ÿ'ý`¦
)þyýe%û þnÿ(û4üýOJ%û
7ÿªný)ÿ0GµKü þ*ý
þ*ü?ÿ)Dþ?ýX(7û?ýþ8SýN¢ þmû
ÿþR%û)ÿþ!)*7û4üX5*ÿ.
(û4ý±Gý)ÿ0zÿyÿ?ý>ÿJ7ûG
1?ü
þ'ý
ÿ *ûR/ýþPý
ý
xû'ÿÌ,?ýþyJGýR/ÿPý}ýHýý$Jû1û4ü?ý}ÿ þ R%û
7ÿ¥ü y
þ X)ÿ)qý$%*ýÌ,?ýRGÇIZü7þ
%þ*ûRû
?þ@û
)ÿ?7þ8ÿ_oÿJ?þ*ý ý 1pÿ)ÿ)qý8þ*ÿwþný/ý1?þ3öH÷!s}{ô\
Ï { ô¸|e\ Ï { ô m
Jû
*ý/þ(J(±)*^7þ'ÿCÿ0RR(a%ûMû4ýIû
"ýþ pÿHû4ý"ýû4ýþ*ÿPþný/ýlþ$%û)ÿþG
û )þU)þ*ÿ)þR?þ*þ'ýÄû'ü%û}þ:(%û)ÿ?þQ)*7û'üª_ý'ýHûoþ*ÿþGýý?þ#*ÿNHû'ÿ
8
û4ü('ý/ý'ýPý/þ±RR/ÿoû4ÿû4ü?ý;7þ«1'ýþnÿ?þ*ýQöH÷>øµ{ô¸{
m
W%)ÿ)-FHC {ô¸{ m5ø
öH÷ ø
{ô{Å
W¢Hû4ý"ýû4ýF`CEXöH÷-³©{ô¸{ÅXWpü É
ü FHG Hû4ýPý%û4ýEþ'ÿ(zþný/ýþ:û
)ÿ?þZþ'ü?ÿ)
)þmû
(Rûa?ü%þ'ý )*@û4üCû
þ7û)ÿ>û'ÿ>ü
þ'ý
þ Q)ÿ)dþ'ÿ(|þGýý
C)Dü?ý*ý. V
(?þDþ'ýRÿ7?þmû'J(@û
7ý/þ/?ý ý )ÿiý_ÿoý ý X((lû'ü?ýCû
^¦AÿoûPý&pÿZû4üý
?ýû>
þ'þG?IZü?ý'ýHpÿ'ýCyû4ü?ýPû4ÿÌ0ý|ý ÿû
)ÿÇ?ÿý/þ>?ÿ û:ÿ û>þ*ü?ÿ)¡7R7ý.±?ü þ*ý
D m
Jný/ü.0)ÿ/Jûqÿ_y?ü%þ'ý ( G0½-
ü"þ*ÿ"þný/ý|þ$%û)ÿSü ý33ý"Pþ
*ÿ])Zû'ü#
%û'ý3}û4üý3)þ«'ýþnÿ?þ*ýGaIZü?ýþÿy?ÿ
?ü%þ'ý ë
û'ÿ;ü þ'ý
ûDþ'üÿ]):)þmû
Rûû
þ7û)ÿ%'ÿ
Jû*@û)*'ýþJ_ÿ0RR(-ûQ%û4ýZþ*û
ýG
:eý/þmû
e%û
Cþ:%û
7ÿ?þT)*7û4üy(Gý'ýHûa
"ý^û4ý*þM7û[R.QJnýR/ÿRýSû4üû
û4üý>7þ«87þ*ý/þGÿ(lû4ÿlû4üý>nýmû
JGý)*@û4üXy%R^û
7ÿiÿ?ýû þ'þ-þ'ÿ
þný/ýGXIZü?ý'ÿ)Zû4ü¥%û4ý;pÿ><R/ÿþ*û'û Ò ) þ±?ý.±{û
"ý¥7%Rû)ÿ¥ÿ Ò Ó
¤´R)ý.'ý%û)ÿXJnýû+)qý/ý6'ÿ)Zû4ü5
û4ýy({þ*ÿþGýýOR/ÿX?ÿ û Jný$pÿ(5Jû37þ
G
*ÿJJ_(?ýkû4ÿ>û'ü?ý*ÿ:Hû'ÿ>û4ü*ý/ý3_ý'ýHû*ý"ýþGM½Rÿ)ýHýCû4ü?ýkû'ü'ýþ'ü?ÿ
R/ÿ7û)ÿ±pÿû4ü?ý!Hû4ý"ýû4ýþ'ÿ(Sþný/ýSþ:(%û)ÿ?þTR:Jnýc?ýþRJnýQ M
þ êö ÷Ù0ùú û G
¤&?ÿ%û4ü?ý-«%ý#4Pÿû'ü)þ)qÿ«87þDû'ü%ûDû4üý>
Pýû'ýüuêÈö÷
Õ Üc÷ª?ý^û4ý;?ýþ
û4üýþ'ü?ÿ0R'«t7ÿ^R%û
7ÿª(ºRÿ?þ*ýÌ,?ýHû`û'ü?ý1)þ«t*ý/þnÿ?þ*ýGBIZü?ý*ýpÿ*ýCû'ü?ý1*ÿ])Zû'ü
û4ý|ÿZû4ü?ýUnÿ
û'ýHû
/ ÿ*ûR7û+O'ÿ4)ýxû4üý|û4ü*ý/þ*ü?ÿÇR/ÿ(7û
7ÿ6pÿ$?ýHý7ÿ
þ'ýR/ÿ(#?þ*û
J7û)ýþc*ý±y%(Rû)ÿoÿ[üÎ þ)qýG
IZü?ýU?ý^û')þvÿZû4üý}þ'ü?ÿ0R'«{þ*û
Rû'ý)ý'ý#7þ'ÿ<ý/þRJGýpÇ)Düeû'ü?ý6)ý¥û'ÿ
û4üý-?ýHý)ÿPýHûqÿý`
û
'ý±lû4ü?ý-ý»('ÿ47ýG Z
I ü?ý&*ÿ47ýýný?þqÿlû4ü?ý)ÿ0R.%û)ÿ
)Dü?ý'ý8û'ü?ýmû
R)ýPÿ]
ý/þû'ü'ÿü|û'ü?ýkþ'üÿ^R'«;Jûqû4ü%ûc)ÿ0R.%û)ÿ;)þqþ'ü_û4ýU?ý8û'ÿ1û4üý
%û*û
Rû
_ýVGÿ û'ýHû
ÿ?û'ü?ýc?ý^û.G²IZü?ýþ*ûR^û
*ý/þMvû'ü?ýýª*ÿ47ýc*ý!*%Rû)ÿEÿ
þ'ýHý
d
Pýû'ý'þVR(>'ý`¦Aþ'üÿ^R'«?ý?þ7û+Cû'(ýHû
r
7ýHû4þqÿû4ü?ý&?ÿ
ý)ÿ0R@û+tRÿnÿ?ýHû.Cº=<R\üº,$JGý#%û|û'ü?ý1GÿHû)Dü?ý'ýzû'ü?ýXmû
R)ý?R*ÿþ'þ*ý/þ
û4ü('ÿ ü{û'ü?ý"þ*ü?ÿ0R'«EG
þ )c
±
þvþ'ü?ÿ)*6pþ'û4ü%û,û'ü?ýQ)ÿþ*þvÿ±1%'ÿÛû4ü?ýlþ*ü?ÿ^R'«5R
Jný$%û
R\ü?ýiû'ÿU ±
ý ý*ý/ý$)*@û4üXPþ7ý±_ûR,ýH
^*ý/þ*þ)ÿX?'ý)ÿ?þ*%mû4ü?ý
D]{
.)!.%*ÿû4ü?ýU(?ý^û7W¢*ý7ÿ
F`GyéDý7ÿ
)þ±)Dü?ý*ýoû'ü?ýU£ÿ)zý/þ$R'ÿþ*þ
%û,û4üýlûÿqû4ü?ýlþ'üÿ^R'«5(C[)þ'ÿ(Cû4ü?ýHO'ýlü?ý01(£?ýR/ýÇJeû4ü?ýQnÿ û4ýHû
yÿ
û4üý±(?ý^û.G
û 'ý?þRý*û
7[lþ;7ý3_û
Rý`
(('ý/þ*þ7ÿ<Riý`
^û4ü7þ
'ý)ÿÿ²"ÿ'ý3?üeþR.d*ÿný*û)ýþRü
ýCû4ÿ;JGý3Rÿ?þ?ý*ýG
Ü ^pÿ*û%û'ýC'ý)ÿ
)þRû4ü?ýy'ý.|û'ü%û3JnýRÿPý/þþ*û'J)ý$4'þ*ûJ,?pÿ;(ÿ*û
R/ýþG3IZü7þ(£?ýRý/þCû4üý
'ýþ*û8ÿû'ü?ý>()þ«ýþnýRU)Dü?ýwû4üý/þ'ý±ÿmû
R/ý/þ-'ÿ)È<PýýGZéDý)ÿ
?ýHýJnýR."ý?þmû'J()ý3û'ü?ý,þ$%û)ÿþýH
^Rýû&}û4üý±$7û?ýûDþmû
7ý/þG
¤ûZû4ü7þGÿHû.Cû4ü?ý3#8'ý)ÿ 7þÿ;R7ûû'ÿSýH
^#(oû'ü?ý3?üeþR/þDüoû'ÿ
?ÿ)*GMIZüý-pÿ%û)ÿSÿû4üý-RÿJný ý ";)qýû4ÿ:,PýR.('ÿJ7ýµJû
7ûcR/ÿ(UJný37þ'ÿ:ýkû4ÿ:?üeþR/þû'ü%ûZü%þ!?ÿ
û Jný/ý8R/ÿþý'ý8pÿqû'ü?ý_û
Rpÿ"¦
:(GyéDý)ÿ 7þMý"lþIû4ÿ>±Jnÿy.ý/*ÿJ)ýB)*@û4ü"ê,ý00¦½ýPü?ÿ@û
9
þ*û'J7û
7ý/þ¤-5R'ý.%þ'ýy1*ý/þ*ÿû)ÿ<)ý.?þkû4ÿ#8?ýR'ý þ #?ýû4ü{ÿû4ü?ýyJnÿ0¦
"< ý G1éDý/þ*ÿû)ÿiû4ý/þmû4þ,þ'üÿ])qýû4ü%ûkû4üýyX1'ý)ÿ
JnýRÿ"ýþ3)ýþ'þ3(O7ý/þ*þ
*ÿ?ÿ(R/ýrGVIZü?ýÌ,?ýþ*û
7ÿ7'ý?þC_²7û)*7þ'ü7%û-yR/ý*û'#'ýþ'ÿû
7ÿG
¤´R/ÿ)þ*ÿ<)*@û4üXý3½±D:)!%þ3?ÿ
¤¡(Gý'ýHûyR/ÿ0?ýCM«%ýYÆd¤ ½%*ÿ
Pý/þ'ü?'ýH4?ýPýHûCERÿiþ*ÿ
ûkû'ü%ûCü?ý(%([JnýR.?þ'ýSÿû'ü?ý:,PýR. ? ÿ7þ'ýG
û4ü?ý
ü R. X
ÿ ?þ1û
Ü ý *þ7û+¥ÿ Ú ý
ývû'ü?ý>('ÿJ7ý7GV¤-?ÿ û'ü?ý('ÿeR\ü7)ÿ7JGý,û4ÿ;R\ü(ý
û4üýRþ*ü?ÿ0R'«yR.û3Pýû4üÿ^QSû'ü?ýDü,0J;R/ÿ0?ý*Q4)!.Sû'ÿ±*ý)*7û4ýû'ü?ýËM)ý
ýÌ,û
)ÿþR\üiû'ü%ûnÿ û4ýûÿmû
R7û+)þR/ÿ?þ'ýý<)*7û'üoý.R\üû
Pýkþmû4ýrG
OU_û4ý:Rÿ$R%û
7ÿCnê3)ýHpW\{{ m F?ÿ(R/ýû'ü%ûCü()þRÿ^?ýQ)þ'ÿ|þ'ü?ÿ)Dþ
?ýHý7ÿ ÿ *ûR/ýþG½Rý1ü%þ-?ÿ?ýEþmû
()ý/þ)*7û'ü?_ý'ýû0)þR/ÿþ7û
7ý/þ7pÿû4üû
D]^D
ÿ*û
R/ýþ*()þ'ü7Je8?þ;lüüý*?üw¦ +û ^ný0)þR/ÿþ7û+ÿV³»D.{
IZü)þy*ý/þ*ý.R\üt7þ'ÿ1Rÿ'ýhû'ü?ý8'ýþ@û4þ:%*ÿ
Ù æ
G
üe0*ÿ^(0Rþ$%û)ÿ5)*7û'ü
þ()ýa'ýþ*û
R^û4ývû4ü*ý/ý`¦+Jnÿ^(,þ:(%û)ÿ?þGT¤ûû'ü?ýc7ÿ])¥û4ýný%û
*ýV;7ûC/û4ü?ýV?ýþ7û+
n
*ÿ47ýû
R\ü?ýþc)ýr)*@û4ü##9$û4üy ý ý7,:Jný!ý?þ7û+ÿ²1û'ü'ýý
Jnÿ^(þ:%û
7ÿG RýEû'ü?ý$*û
R7ý/þoû4ü?ýEþ'ý
%ûÐ
<*ý7ÿwþ(GýPþ*û'ÿpÿRý
%'ÿ
û4üý7(?ý^û.CKû4üý*ý8«0R'« ýtHû'ÿ{ü(üýRR/ýHû
R@û+hÿJ@û4þGIZü?ý/þ*ýiÿJ@û4þQ*ý
7þ*û
Jû4ýÿ ý #Çýý`
û'ýHû?`û'ü?ý*ýpÿ*ýzû4ü?ýX,$JGýU?ýþ7û+t'ÿ?þ
)*7û'ü}û'ü?ý,þ'ý
û
Ð
#'ý)ÿG
è?ýV;7û
%û
7ÿkÿû4ü?ý/R'ýûþ*û(±)þû4ü%ûû'ü?ý/ýû²)þ²JGý-mû
4RRü?ýEÿ
34(
ýRRKÿJ(7û.G R\ü"þ*û
*ÿ$;
>0(,û'ÿÌ,?ýþV%*ÿ¬ÿ*û
R/ýþ/;
R.?þ'ý1û'ü?ý:?ý^ûû'ÿ
ÿþR%û'ý
X7ÿþ'ý±7û'þ&?ü
üû
þ'ý:Rÿü?ý'ý(R/ý:)*7û'üwû4üý1þ('ÿ
£ÿ)GIZü7þpýýJR'«t*ÿ^Rý/þ'þ|þ'ü?ÿ(`ü. 1
ý ;Gÿmû'Hû;;R.û
)ÿ?þ:pÿlû4ü?ýwû+0ný
;%û
7ÿ#'ÿJ()ý7G¤&7ÿ)*lû4ü?ý>?ýûû4ÿU;%û4ý:?þmûJný:Rý?pÿ
ý'þmû'(lû4üý±(?ý^û.Ýõþ*'ý/þGÿ?þ'ý,û4ÿlþ(R\üiû4ÿÌ,?ý/þG
D]\
´
¬
óK¬µ
¦ ¢¡
º·
;pÿ*û4ürC>Gì(GÉ@êCÿ0R?þ«eECA:G QG\{{(DC=<8é*¤ CÉ|\Å(C~||
ë
ë ÿþ*þC¤>GÉ
GE\{{^D(C¤-ì(CE^DCÆaD.Åel
G\{{(D.JrC¤&ì(CEÅ|(C|Ål
ë
"^ýC QG_C Ú üýC :G_CrÆdrCrA:GE>G Ú G_CRý)þ*ÿCGé±GE²GCr@µ[)ÿ9/ÿCGì(G Ú G
¤-
ì(CE^D m C| m m
ë
"^ýC QG_Cé
ÿI 9Hã 0R9«w(C(=6G_C(ÆdC,A:G,>G Ú
ÿ 7ý(C^ GÉ@
Ú n
ÿÿ0()crC
A:Ý ¤&ý)ÿCQG_Cê3)ýHC n
G_C(@
ë ÿ^?ý?ü?ýPýC0²G(\{{{(Ce¤-ì(C^
ë
G D.(C
m {(CÉD{^D
GdD~ m Cì(G Ú ÿ ;GKüeþG_C m CD]l m
A:Ý ¤&ý)ÿC QG_C½ýCI3G_CE@ê3)ýHC n
GE\{{e\^C(¤@3¤$CÉ|~^CÅ m l
GCÉ@´½Rý(C(I3GE\{{|(C(¤&ì(CE~Å(CÉ m {
Aký"ÿ%û'û.C GÉYcG@´=?.C Ú GEA:GD.~(DC R.?þC m ~(CrD]\
ËMý0JnýýCɤ$G_C Ü "EC GCÉ@¬=<.ÿCr=OGE\{{ m C^¤@3¤$C m D]l^C|e|
Y[7ý;C^½>Gnì(GÉ@B½&;@û4ÿrC(A:G²GE\{{{^C R.?þCdD m ~(C m l
Cÿ*ýR\üC²GÉ@¬I
*ýýC GrDel(C(¤&ì(CE\||(C~el
GrD~{(C(¤&ì(CE\ m DC m \
½&)þR\ürCêQGË*G_CÉÆT(CÉËG¤>GCÉ@BƲ(C Ú Gnì(GE\{{(DC¤-ì(CE|(CÆaD|
½&.
ý/þC
n
GÉA:GD.el^Cì(GÉY 7=iýR\üG_C\^CÉ
½ý?ÿCE=OGdD~(DC&%û'ýCE\|(C||
ÿ« ýCM½>G n
½ÿ)ý,JR\üC[A:Gì(G_C
ý$C m {(D
G_CM@ðì
ÿüþ*û4ÿ?ýCMA:G
êCý0%üC±GêyG ¦Aé±GD.el^Cì(GY[7=iýR\ürGCE|
D]|
m DC|el^D
\{{{(C a*ÿ
û4ÿ þ*û''þ>¥M?ýû'þ
ê3)ýHC
GdD~(C(¤@3¤$CÉ||~(CÆT|el
n
GrD(C=<8é*¤ CÉ|{|(CÅÅ
G\{{ m C(_G(R/ÿ;?G
ê3)ýHC
n
GCÉA:Ý ¤& ý )ÿ(C QG_C@´½Rý(C(I3GE\{{(DC(¤&ì(CE m l^C m l
êCÿ7ýCì(Gd@¡ÆdZCT½>GT\{{|(Cd1¤
ÿ ?Ë[
û þ'ÿ *M?ýû'þ CÉ|| ^| m \
êCÿýû.CêyG_Cé ÿ9ã 0R9«w(C=6GCÉ@
ÿ ^G ý G²\ m R)ýHû
4RQYÉ*ÿHû
7ý'þ3éRýþ'ýR\ü
Ú û4ýþ«,CI3GÉYcG\{{
m C(¤@3¤$C m Dl^CD]^D
êCÿ('ýR\üCÉ
G@
ÆT?ýHC Ú G
GdD~(C Ú ÿ (û'%û)ÿ þ ^^R/þ±W Ú :Jý Ü ý *þ7û+8a*ý/þ*þ'F
ë
R.)ÿCì(G\{{{(C(¤&ì(CE|^DC|ÅÅ
ÆdC½±GC Ú ÿ e%û'ýC G¤$G_C n
ý*ÿ[C ë
GCÉ@BÆT7þ«w(CéGE\{{^DC(¤-ì(CE^DC~el m
ÆdüHû'üC^=6Gnì(GdDel^Cì(GÉY[#=ýR\üG_C\0CD
ÆdCA:G>G Ú GÉ@B[)ÿ9/ÿC?ì(GdD~e0C7M'ÿ
û'ÿþ*û
'þ(?M?ýû'þ
CÉ~(D ED{el\
ÆdCA:G>G Ú GÉ@B[)ÿ9/ÿC?ì(GdD~Å(C¤&ì(CÉ|{el^C|e
GrD~ÅJrC¤&ì(CÉ|{(C~ m Å
ÆdC(A:G±G Ú G@¬ 7ÿ9ÿCì(G Ú G
Æd)þ*þ
?ýCnì(Gnì(G_C ,
ü CEYcG½±GCÉ@
ë
GD|(C^#M'ÿ%û4ÿþmû'*þ*7M?ý^û4þ CÉl m ^~|e
Ú 99Cnì(GɱGdD~(DC&%û'ýCE\e\^CÉl{el
ÆdJnÿ])C Gɽ>G_C ý JGý*û.C=6GCÉ@B¤&*û+0Pÿ)*R9CÉ GdD(C(¤-ì(CE\Å^CD{{(D
= RECyG n
<
=<REC QG n
GÉ@
GC Ú ^
ÿ R\üC n
D\~e
ë û)ýCéGÉ
=<
þ*þ'ý^û.CEYcGÉ\{{{(C¤&@¤
=<
þ*þ'ý^û.CEYcG
GD.~(C¤8é¤&@3¤$CÉ|Å(Cl
G²A:G_C@=<. ÿ Ca=OG\{{{(C a*ÿ
û4ÿ þ*û''þ:M?ýû'þ
CdD m DCDÅe
GE\{{(DC¤-ì(CE~^C m |
G\{{e\^C(¤@3¤$CÉ|~l^CÅ{e
=<.ýCEÆMGC CI3G_C n
?þ7ýECnì(G_CÉ@
û ?ýZCnì(GÉ\{{\^C R)ý(R/ýC\~(CrD]lÅ
?ý)ÿ9CA:GDe^C-%û
*ýCÉ|el~(C|e
=<.ÿC=6GÉ@
D] m
ý:C
=?
.EC Ú G^A:G0@jAkýPÿ û*û.C G^YcGÉD^C ÿ þ"þmû4ýz(0R/þ&W Ú :J((ý Ü ý ¦
þ7 û+Ua*ý/þ*þ'F
=?
.ECE>G_C½&þ'ýrC
ë
GCɽRÿC=6GCÉ@}I *ýýC GdD.~(C R)ýR/ýCE\l(CÅ
ý)þ*ÿCéG²GCT 7ÿ9ÿCì(G Ú G
D.~
ë
þ*þ'ý^û.CTYcG_Cd@
G_C²=<
ê7ýEC
n
GT\{{{(C=<8é*¤ C|(D~(C
[)ÿ9/ÿCì(GÉ@BÆTCA:G±G Ú GdD~ m C¤&ì(CE\~e^C~(D.~
ý^û
@û.Cnì(Gæ"=6G@¬½ýÿCE=6GdD~~(C¤&@¤>CD^C| m |
ÿR'«ECZì(G ë GC½JR'«,.·CRè:G_C ë ÿ0?ý?üýPýC!²GC*Æd)þ*þ
ýCZì(Gì(G_CIÿ^?ÿ«ÉC*=6G_C@
3' ýý9H
) ýC :GdDÅ^C R.?þC²D\ m CÅe\
é þ7ÿCYcG¤>GÉ@¬YÿCËG ë
GdDÅ(C R)ýR/ýCr\l m Ce m
(Ì,)þmû.CEËGÆMG_CEAkÿ«Hû4ýCnì(GGì(GCEÆdCÉA:GɱG Ú GC@µ=<C?é±G¤>Gr\{{e\^C¤-ì(Cl\^C
D.{(D]\
Hû'ÿþCr>G Ú GC þ %ýC yGCr=<.ÿCT=6G_CéDýJnÿ)ÿ(CGéG_Cr@
|Å|
IIÿ'ÿCË*G YcG/D^CKé7ý
W ý'F
Ü (EC Gr\{{|(C¤&@3¤$C|~(C
ÿ _ý*þy-PýR.!=iý^û4ü?ÿ0?þ$pÿ$Y[ÇA&0;R/þ
I²C0A:GËGCÉÆd(?ýCnì(G GCÉ@
ë ý9C
GÉ\{{e\0C¤@3¤$CÉ| m CÉ\ m D
n
I²?ýþ?ýC Ú GdD.e\^C?ì(G¤8ý*ÿG RG_CD(C~\Å
Ü (EC G_CE=<.ÿCr=OGCÉ@
Hû4ÿþCE>G Ú GE\{{|(C¤&@¤>C m {el^C|Å
G?é±GdDel^C R?þCdD]\Å(C\Å(D
n
C n
n
ýý?þR\ü(C
n
ý)þ*þ*û'ýrCÇËG
=?%û4ü n ÿ n
ÿ)þ9R9C¤>GdD
n
ÿ)þ9R9C¤>GÉ@¬Y
C^A:G¤$GdD.e\^C-%û
('ýCÉ|^CD
Gì(GÉ@µ=<9.CYVGdDÅ(C(&%û'ýCÉ|~ m CÅ(D
G \{{ m C¥üHû*û
ää%û4üe)qÿG )ÿ_%
7G R/ÿäwýýR^û4ÿAký%û
_ýG üHû
;C
n 7
U¤ n ÿ_%
n ýJwéDý/þ*ÿR/ý
m C R7ýRýCE\Å m CÉ|~
D]
m
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz