(ed.)
“Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography
International Scientific Publisher
Polimetrica
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Michael Adams
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
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10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
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3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Contents
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Introduction .................................................................................................. 9
Michael Adams - Indiana University, Bloomington
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Legendary Lexicography: Joseph Bosworth’s Debt to Henry J. Todd’s Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Edition of Samuel Johnson’s A
of the
English Language .........61
25
and “Non-policies” in ItalyDictionary
and Europe
...........................................
Dabney
Bankert - James Madison University
LauraA.Zanfrini
Collaboration,
Competition,
Confrontation:
The Oxford
English Dictionary’s 4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
Associations with Other Dictionaries, c.1880–1900 ................................... 57
4.2Gilliver
Initiatives
for Governing
Family and Humanitarian
Peter
- Oxford
English Dictionary
1. Introduction
.............................................................................................57
Migration: Labour
Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
2. The Encyclopædic Dictionary (1879–88) ................................................58
4.3
From
Guest Dictionary
Workers to(1851;
Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
3. The
Imperial
new edition
1882–3),
the Century
Dictionary (1889–91), and the Stanford Dictionary (1892) ....................65
4.4
Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4. Collaborators............................................................................................71
5. Concluding remarks .................................................................................83
4.5
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
The OED and the Stanford Dictionary Controversy: Plagiarism or
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Paranoia? .................................................................................................... 85
Sarah Ogilvie - University of Cambridge
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
1. Introduction
.............................................................................................85
UrsThe
Watter
2.
Stanford Dictionary Controversy ......................................................86
3. Case Study: comparison of the Stanford Dictionary and the OED ........108
5.1
State
Interest
andStanford
Responsibility
4. The
Impact
of the
Dictionary on the OED ..............................108
towards their
Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5. Conclusion
.............................................................................................108
“There is much, very much, in the name of a book” or, the Famous
Title104
5.2 Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
of Hobson-Jobson and How it Got That Way .......................................... 111
5.3Nagle
Migration
Policy
and EthicsBloomington
......................................................... 106
Traci
- Indiana
University,
1. Introduction
...........................................................................................111
5.4
Migration Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
2. Reduplication in Indian Languages and in English ................................118
3. Hobson
and Jobson
in ......................................................................
English Folklore ................................................121
5.5
“Colombia
nos une”
109
4. Conclusion .............................................................................................124
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Historical and Sociological Methods in Slang Lexicography: Partridge,
5.7 Challenges
.................................................................................... 114
Maurer,
and Cant ......................................................................................
129
Julie Coleman - University of Leicester
Bibliography
116
1. Introduction.......................................................................................
...........................................................................................129
2. Lexicographers and Reviewers; Reviews and Responses ......................129
3. Motives
and Issues
Working
Together
for.................................................................................137
the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
4. Partridge’s Use of Glossaries by Maurer and Legman...........................139
Barry Halliday
5. Conclusions ...........................................................................................143
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
610
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the History
of Lexicography
Table
of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Defining Health: Melancholy and Mutation in Early Modern and
3.4 The
Human
Rights’ Approach
........................................................147
58
Modern
Medical
Dictionaries
...................................................................
Jennifer
Burek Pierce
- The University of Iowa
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
1. Introduction ...........................................................................................147
2. Melancholy.........................................................................................
and the First English-Language Medical Dictionaries .......150
Bibliography
60
3. Elyot’s 17th-Century Legacy .................................................................153
4. 18th Century Developments in Defining and Treating Depression .......156
4. The
Ethics of Migration.
5. Conclusion .............................................................................................161
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Ludicrous Exaggerations and Colloquial Licenses: “Prescriptive” Labels and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
in Samuel Johnson’s A
Dictionary of the English Language .................... 165
Laura Zanfrini
Kate Wild - University of Glasgow
4.1
Restrictive Policies
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
1. Introduction
...........................................................................................165
2. Some Problems in Quantifying and Classifying Johnson’s Usage 4.2Labels
Initiatives
for Governing Family and Humanitarian
....................................................................................................166
Migration
but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
3. AMigration:
Case StudyLabour
of LUDICROUS
...................................................................170
4. A Case Study of COLLOQUIAL .................................................................178
4.3
From Guest...........................................................................................184
Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
5. Conclusions
4.4 Selective PoliciesSPLENDID
and the Brain
Drain............................................
“A hackneyed phrase”: MISERY
as a Case Study in Quotation 87
Usage ........................................................................................................ 187
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Elizabeth Knowles - Editor, Oxford Dictionary of Quotations
1. Introduction.........................................................................................
...........................................................................................187
Bibliography
97
2. Current Usage ........................................................................................187
3. Early History ..........................................................................................188
5. Colombia:
inPresidency
Their Societies
of Origin ....... 101
4. SPLENDIDIncluding
MISERY andEmigrants
the American
.....................................190
UrsAllusive
Watter Uses .........................................................................................193
5.
6. SPLENDID MISERY and British Law ..........................................................195
5.1
State Interest
and Responsibility
7. Conclusion
.............................................................................................199
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
The Dictionary in an Era of Change: Butuzov’s English–Russian Dictionary
5.2 Applied
.............................................................................. 104
of English
slangEthics
........................................................................................
203
Donna M.T.Cr. Farina - New Jersey City University
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
George Durman - Bayonne Public Library
1. Introduction
...........................................................................................203
5.4
Migration Policy
in Colombia ...................................................... 108
2. The Sociocultural and Lexicographic Context .......................................205
5.5
“Colombiaand
nosUncle Tom’s Cabin
une”......................................................................
109
3. Translation
......................................................209
4. Butuzov and His Dictionary...................................................................211
5.6
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
5. The
Dictionary
Entries in the American Section of Butuzov .................218
5.7Altieri
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
From
to Zanichelli:
an Historical Overview of Idioms in Bilingual
Italian-English Dictionaries ...................................................................... 227
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Chris Mulhall - Waterford Institute of Technology
1. Introduction ...........................................................................................227
Working
Together
for the Well-being
of Migrants ........................... 119
2. Idioms
as a Lexicographic
Entry ...........................................................228
3.
Microstructure........................................................................................229
Barry
Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Contents
10
Table of Contents7
4. The Lemmatisation of Idioms in Bilingual Italian-English
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
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and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4Dictionaries
The Human...........................................................................................237
Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
4.1. 18th and 19th Centuries (1749-1899).............................................238
3.54.2.
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
20th Century
(1900-1960) ..............................................................240
4.3. 20th Century (1961-1999) ..............................................................242
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
4.4. 21st Century
(2000-2009) ..............................................................245
5. Conclusion .............................................................................................248
4. The Ethics of Migration.
TheReflections
Historical Thesaurus
the Oxford
English Dictionary .................... 253
on Recentof
Migration
Policies
Introduction ...............................................................................................253
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Classification:
Principles and Practice ...................................................... 255
Laura Zanfrini
Christian Kay - University of Glasgow
4.1
Restrictive Policies
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
1. Introduction
...........................................................................................255
2. Planning the HTOED Classification ......................................................256
4.2
Initiatives
for Governing
Family and
Humanitarian
3. Semantic
Fields
and Folk Categories
.....................................................264
Migration:
Labour
Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4. Internal
Structures
..................................................................................267
5. Conclusion .............................................................................................269
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
The Making of The Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English
4.4 Selective
Policies and the Brain Drain............................................271
87
Dictionary
.................................................................................................
Irené
- University
of Glasgow
4.5Wotherspoon
Equal Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities ................................ 90
1. Introduction ...........................................................................................271
2. Sources of the
Data ................................................................................273
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
3. Gathering the Data .................................................................................274
4. The Slips ................................................................................................275
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
5. Archive Management .............................................................................279
UrsClassification
Watter
6.
of the Slips ......................................................................280
7. Data Entry and Storage ..........................................................................282
5.1
State Interest and Responsibility
8. Final Insertion Stage ..............................................................................284
towards
their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
9. Index
......................................................................................................284
10. Conclusion .............................................................................................285
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Angelets, Trudgeons, and Bratlings: the Lexicalization of Childhood in the
5.3 Migration
Policy
andOxford
Ethics .........................................................
106
Historical
Thesaurus
of the
English Dictionary
289
Kate
Wild
University
of
Glasgow
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
1. Introduction ...........................................................................................289
5.5
“Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
2. Previous
Research
on the
Lexicalization of Childhood in English ........289
3. Some Remarks on Childhood as a Historical, Cultural, and Conceptual
5.6Phenomenon
Alianza País..........................................................................................290
.................................................................................. 112
4. The Lexicalization of Childhood in the HTOED ...................................292
5.7
Challenges.............................................................................................306
.................................................................................... 114
5. Conclusion
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
“The various forms of civilization arranged in chronological strata”: Manipulating the HTOED
309
Working
Together
for
the
Well-being
of
Migrants
...........................
119
Marc Alexander - University of Glasgow
1.
Introduction
Barry
Halliday ...........................................................................................309
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the History
of Lexicography
Table
of Contents
810
2. The Data ................................................................................................310
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4
The Human
Approach
........................................................ 58
3. Hierarchy
andRights’
Visualisation
...................................................................310
4. PASSION, LOVE and HATE ........................................................................311
3.5
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
5. Mapping
English
....................................................................................316
6. Summary ................................................................................................322
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
The Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
The
Historical
Thesaurus of the Oxford
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
English
Dictionary
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Introduction
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
“Non-policies”
in Italy and
...........................................
61
TheandHistorical
Thesaurus
of Europe
the Oxford
English Dictionary
Laura Zanfrini
(HTOED)
was published by Oxford University Press on October 22,
2009.
It containsPolicies
the contents
of theDemand
secondforedition
of Labour
the Oxford
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Immigrant
.. 65
English Dictionary (OED), supplemented by Old English vocabulary
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
from
A Thesaurus
of OldFamily
English,
arranged in hierarchically
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
structured semantic fields. Each level of the hierarchy displays lists
of 4.3
synonyms
for Workers
the concepts
in question,
their dates of use,
From Guest
to Unwelcome
Guestswith
..................................
82
under brief explanatory headings. The work thus forms a semantic
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
map of the development of the English vocabulary over its 1300-year
4.5 Equal
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
recorded
history.
The four papers
presented here deal with various aspects of the
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
production and potential of the work. They can be read in sequence
or independently. Wotherspoon’s theOrigin
progress
and
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants inpaper
Theirdescribes
Societies of
....... 101
methodology
Urs Watter of the project from its inception in 1965 as a penciland-paper operation to the technology-dependent final product. Kay
5.1 StateHTOED’s Interest and unique Responsibility
discusses
system of classification, designed to towards
their
Citizens
Living
Abroad
102
accommodate historical data, and
its ...........................................
theoretical basis in further
detail.
Wild takes
the
particular example of the conceptualization104
of
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
childhood, and shows how a thesaurus presentation sheds new light
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
on words and their cultural context. Alexander concludes by
5.4 Migrationhow
Policy
in Colombia ......................................................
108
demonstrating
HTOED’s rich
conceptual hierarchy can be used
to 5.5
produce
a novel visual display of the shifts and balances in the
“Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
history of the English lexicon.
5.6
Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
A bibliography
of works deriving from HTOED can be found
in
Kay
al. 2009, ....................................................................................
vol. 1, pp. xxxiii-xxxv, and on http://libra.englang.
5.7etChallenges
114
arts.gla.ac.uk/WebThesHTML/homepage.html
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays
in10the History of Lexicography, 255-270 ©2010 Polimetrica International
Scientific
Table of Contents
Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Classification:
Principles and Practice
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Christian Kay - University of Glasgow
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
[email protected]
4. The Ethics of Migration.
1. Introduction
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
Conceptually organised thesauri, such as the Historical Thesaurus of
Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
.. 65
the4.1
Oxford
English
Dictionary
(HTOED,
KayforetImmigrant
al. 2009)Labour
are one
of
the4.2
oldest
formsforofGoverning
lexicography
theHumanitarian
English-speaking tradition,
Initiatives
Familyinand
yet they
are alsoLabour
one ofMigration
the rarest.
indeed,
notes evidence
of
Migration:
butHüllen,
not Workers’
Migration
............. 73
topical word-lists, covering such things as plants, foodstuffs, tools,
From Guest
Workers todating
Unwelcome
Guests
and4.3musical
instruments,
back to
early..................................
civilizations such 82
as
Egypt
and China
(1999:and
30-31).
TheDrain............................................
earliest English glosses, usually
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brain
87
of Latin texts, date from the 8th century; thereafter, lists from
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
different
texts
were gradually
collected
together
for convenience90
of
reference,
and thus
divorced from their original contexts. The words
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
in such amalgamated lists were arranged according to subject matter,
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants
in Their Societies
Originimparting
....... 101
often
as a pedagogical
aid, concerned
as muchof with
Urs Watter about the natural and social worlds as with teaching
information
vocabulary.
Hüllenand
(1999:
62) attributes an important role to these
5.1 State Interest
Responsibility
word-lists
andtheir
suggests
that:
towards
Citizens
Living Abroad ........................................... 102
The most noteworthy example of an Old English universal topical
5.2
Applied […], Ethics ..............................................................................
104
glossary representing the beginnings of English onomasiological
lexicography, is the one attached to Ælfric’s (c.9555.3
Migration Policy
and Ethics ......................................................... 106
1020) grammar.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
Despite this auspicious start, and sporadic attempts at thesauri and
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
109
synonym
dictionaries
in......................................................................
later periods, the market in the Englishspeaking
world has been dominated by alphabetically-organized
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
dictionaries, sometimes with a nod in the direction of thesauri
5.7 Challenges
114
through
lists of....................................................................................
synonyms and antonyms attached to individual
headwords.
In .......................................................................................
the modern period, the thesaurus tradition has been
Bibliography
116
largely sustained through the work of Peter Mark Roget, whose
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
256
10
Kay
TableChristian
of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
ground-breaking Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases was first
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
published in 1852.1 Since then many versions of his work have
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
appeared,
in both
English and other languages, often with little
change
in the overall design. One which departs significantly from
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Roget’s framework is Chapman’s (1992) Roget’s International
Thesaurus,
reorganizes the overall structure of categories
4. The Ethicswhich
of Migration.
while remaining true to Migration
Roget’s Policies
general principles (Fischer 2004: Reflections
on Recent
43).and
More
radically different
structures
proposed in Hallig and
“Non-policies”
in Italy and
Europe are
...........................................
61
vonLaura
Wartburg
Zanfrini(1952) and McArthur (1986). No one, as far as the
HTOED team was able to determine, has ever attempted a thesaurus
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand forofImmigrant
of either
the sizePolicies
or the diachronic
perspective
HTOED.Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
2. Planning
theLabour
HTOED
Classification
Migration:
Migration
but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
For most of the period of HTOED data collection, starting in 1965,
Selective
and theedition Brain Drain............................................
87
the4.4
990
heads Policies
of Dutch’s of Roget’s Thesaurus (Dutch 1962),
plus an extra head under which to assemble the body and its
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
parts (see Wotherspoon, this volume), were used as a temporary
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
filing
system, but
the intention of the HTOED team was always97to
devise a new system of classification which would do justice to
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies The
of Origin
101
both
the nature
and theEmigrants
quantity of
our material.
sheer.......
weight
Urs Watter involved – almost 800,000 meanings taken from the
of vocabulary
Oxford
English
Dictionary
(OED) and A Thesaurus of Old English
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
(TOE,towards
Robertstheir
andCitizens
Kay 2000)
– Abroad
was one
issue. Another was how
to
Living
...........................................
102
organize all this material, representing many changes in culture and
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
attitudes,
within a coherent conceptual framework. We were also
keen
developPolicy
a hierarchy
headings and subheadings which
5.3 to
Migration
and Ethicsof.........................................................
106
would offer a much greater degree of semantic discrimination than
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
is found in most thesauri. While the resultant framework inevitably
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109it
coincides
with those
of other
thesauri at certain points, as a whole
offers
a new
and uniquely detailed system for semantic
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
classification.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
1
Working
forThesaurus
the Well-being
of Roget
Migrants
...........................
119to
ReferencesTogether
to Roget’s or simply
throughout
this paper are
Dutch
(1962),
the edition used in the preparation of HTOED.
Barry
Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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Starting Points: HTOED and Roget
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Thesaurus-makers who depart from Roget’s overall plan are united Conclusion
......................................................................................
in 3.5
at least one respect: rejection of his starting point. Roget’s 59
six major
classes are
as follows:
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
1. Abstract relations
4. The
Ethics of Migration.
2. Space
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
3. Matter
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
4. Intellect: the exercise of the mind
Laura Zanfrini
5. Volition: the exercise of the will
4.1
Restrictivereligion
Policies and
and Structural
6. Emotion,
morality Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 1Initiatives
and Existence,
Humanitarian
Class
includesfor
theGoverning
followingFamily
sections:
Relation, Quantity,
Workers’ Migration
............. 73
Order,Migration:
Number, Labour
Time, Migration
Change, but
andnot
Causation.
In his introduction,
Roget
says of
this Workers
scheme:to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.3 From
Guest
In constructing the following system of classification of the ideas
4.4
Selective
Policies and
Brain Drain............................................
which
are expressible
by the
language,
my chief aim has been to obtain 87
the Equal
greatest
amount ofand
practical
I have accordingly
adopted 90
4.5
Opportunity
Deniedutility.
Opportunities
................................
such principles of arrangement as appeared to me to be the simplest
and most natural,
and which would not require, either for their 97
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
comprehension or application, any disciplined acumen, or depth of
metaphysical or antiquarian lore. (Dutch xxvi)
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Hüllen
(2009: 43) points out that Roget’s original macrostructure Urs Watter
survived in all six main British editions of his work after the first,
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
writing:
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
All of them retained this ‘Plan of Classification’ with minimal 5.2
Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
changes;
it was
obviously
felicitously designed for the absorption of104
new vocabulary and so enhanced the general success of the book.
5.3
Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
Earlier in the same article he had claimed that “…this macrostructure was able to combine the impression of scientific
5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
universality with easy usability” (2009:
40). Neither of these claims,
nor5.6
Roget’s claim above that his scheme was “simple and natural,” Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
was borne out by the experience of HTOED slip-makers, who often
5.7 Challenges
114
found Roget’s ....................................................................................
system counterintuitive and difficult to operate. Admittedly,
we.......................................................................................
were using it in a somewhat unusual way, trying
to
Bibliography
116
find places in his classification system for the entire vocabulary of
English
and present,
rather than
looking ...........................
for better ways119
to
Workingpast
Together
for the Well-being
of Migrants
express
Barry ourselves
Halliday or answers to crossword puzzle clues. We were
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
258
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not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
tempted, however, to suppose that subsequent Roget editors had
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
experienced similar difficulties when trying to expand the coverage
......................................................................................
59
of 3.5
theConclusion
volume, especially
when it came to including more of the
vocabulary
of the material universe, the positioning of which is
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
sometimes hard to predict.
While
thereof isMigration.
a certain logic to beginning the classification with
4. The
Ethics
abstract
ideas on
which
areMigration
implicit in
later sections, it is odd to find
Reflections
Recent
Policies
sections
like 11 Consanguinity:
relations
of kindred so near the
and “Non-policies”
in Italy and Europe
...........................................
61
beginning
of the book, especially when the fairly comprehensive set
Laura Zanfrini
of kinship terms listed there is separated from other categories such
Policies
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. the
65
as 4.1
169Restrictive
Parentage
andand
170
Posterity
(subsets
of Causation),
latter
also separated
from Family
132 Young
person. Young animal.
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
and Humanitarian
2
YoungMigration:
plant (a Labour
subset of
Time). but
Without
wishing
to belittle
Roget’s Migration
not Workers’
Migration
.............
73
considerable achievement, it has to be said that the practical
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
problems arising from interpreting sections such as these drove the
4.4 Selective
Policies and in
thethe
Brain
Drain............................................
87
HTOED
team inexorably
direction
of a classificatory system
based
on theOpportunity
conceptualand
or Denied
semantic
field (see Section
3), that is the
4.5 Equal
Opportunities
................................
90
domain of experience or activity in which a word is likely to be used.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Our theoretical
position on HTOED has always been that the
classification at whatever level should develop from the data rather
5. Colombia:
Including
Theirpredetermined
Societies of Origin
....... 101A
than
be imposed
uponEmigrants
it using insome
schema.
Urs Watter survey of the data (Kay and Samuels 1975), where
preliminary
recurring
OED definitions were treated as meaning
5.1 Statekeywords
Interest andinResponsibility
components,
led to
the establishment
of three major divisions:
towards their
Citizens
Living Abroad ...........................................
102I
The External World, II The Mental World, and III The Social
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
World, each with a single one-place category at level 1 in the
classification
first
of these had seven two-place
5.3 Migrationsystem.
Policy andThe
Ethics
.........................................................
106
categories at level 2:
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114to
When
I was teaching
semantics, I used to illustrate this point by asking students
find words in Roget without using the index. Two which particularly frustrated them
Bibliography
....................................................................................... 116
were
DOOR, which they expected to find along with buildings rather than in 263
Opening, and NECK, which they expected to find with other body parts rather than in
Working
foropening
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
218
Support.Together
Even though
and supporting
are attributes
of doors and necks,
the students’ instinctive response was to look in the obvious field of meaning.
Barry Halliday
2
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Classification:
Principles and Practice
10
259
Table of Contents
I. The External World
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
01 The world
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
01.01 The earth
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 60
01.02
Life
01.03 Physical sensibility
4. TheMatter
Ethics of Migration.
01.04
Reflections
onin
Recent
Migration
01.05
Existence
time and
space Policies
andRelative
“Non-policies”
in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
01.06
properties
Laura
01.07
TheZanfrini
supernatural
4.1 Restrictive
Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Figure
1. Section I,Policies
levels 1and
andStructural
2
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
These Migration:
seven categories
in turn served
superordinates
between
Labour Migration
but notasWorkers’
Migrationfor
.............
73
four and eleven three-place level 3 categories, as in:
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
I. The External World
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
01 The world
4.5 The
Equalearth
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
01.01
01.01.01
Region
of the earth
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
01.01.02 Geodetic references
01.01.03
Direction
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
01.01.04
Land
01.01.05
Water
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
01.01.06
Named
earth Abroad ........................................... 102
towards
theirregions
CitizensofLiving
01.01.07 Structure of the earth
5.2 Applied
Ethics .............................................................................. 104
01.01.08
Minerals
01.01.09
Earth science
5.3 Migration
Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
01.01.10 The universe
5.4 Migration
Policy in
Colombia ...................................................... 108
01.01.11
Atmosphere,
weather
5.5 “Colombia
une”1,......................................................................
109
Figure
2. Section I,nos
levels
2 and 3
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Here, the seven level 2 categories and the lower level categories
5.7 Challenges
dependent upon ....................................................................................
them cover much of the material in Roget’s 114
first three
major classes,
but with a very different emphasis. Instead116
of
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
starting with “abstract relations” we put them near the end in 01.06 Relative
insteadoftoMigrants
begin with
the immediately
Working properties,
Together forchoosing
the Well-being
...........................
119
observable
physical universe, followed by living beings in 01.02, and
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
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260
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
then by more abstract concepts such as “Matter” and “Existence.” 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Thus the very first words in HTOED denote the world itself:
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Figure 3. Category 01, noun, The world, with subcategories.
Barry Halliday
© University of Glasgow 2009
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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261
Table of Contents
Other Starting Points
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Although the large number of words from Old English in Figure 3
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
(labelled “OE” in the text) can be at least partly attributed to the Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
survival
of many
religious texts from this period, contrasting the
earthly and the heavenly life, the substantial early lexicalization
4. The Ethics
exhibited
by of
theMigration.
category helps to justify its place in the overall
Reflections
on
Recent
Policies
framework of a historicalMigration
thesaurus.
In thus positioning the category,
and
“Non-policies”
in
Italy
and
Europe
........................................... 61
we are at odds with McArthur, whose first category is “A. Life and LauraThings” Zanfrini (1981: v) and Chapman, who begins with “1. The Living Body and the Senses” (1992;; quoted in Fischer 2004: 43). McArthur 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
has the universe much lower down his structure in “L. Space and 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Time” (1981: v), while Chapman has it in “3. Place and Change of Labour Migration
but2004: not Workers’
Migration
73
Place” Migration:
(1992;; quoted in Fischer 43). Of those .............
conceptual
thesauri
weGuest
wereWorkers
able to
consult, only
Dornseiff
(1959 [1933];
4.3 From
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
quoted in Fischer 2004: 45) begins with “1. The Inorganic World, 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Matter”, followed by “2. Plants, Animals, Humans”.
4.5
Equal Opportunity
and Denied
................................
90
Comparing
classifications
is an Opportunities
interesting exercise,
but must take
intoBibliography
account such
factors as the purpose and intended readership of97a
.........................................................................................
work. Chapman, with a 20th-century audience very firmly in mind,
claims that Roget’s scheme
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
…does not coincide with the way most people now apprehend the universe. Casting about for a more fitting arrangement [italics
5.1
State Interest and Responsibility
added] I chose what I call a ‘developmental-existential’ scheme […]. Citizens
Livingthe
Abroad
...........................................
Thetowards
notion their
has been
to make
arrangement
analogous with the102
development of the human individual and the human race. […] This 5.2
Applied Ethics ..............................................................................
seems to me ‘the simplest and most natural’ array in the
mind of our104
own time [italics added]. (1992; quoted in Fischer 2004: 43)
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
Twenty years earlier, the HTOED team would have agreed heartily
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
with Chapman’s first point, but, bearing in mind not only “the mind 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
of our own time” but those of previous generations represented in the diachronic
scope
of our work, we chose to begin with the natural
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
world, i.e. the context which predates human beings, in which they
Challengesand
....................................................................................
114
find5.7themselves
on which they depend. As Chapman says above,
when
making such
decisions one is indeed casting about for the most
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
fitting arrangement, that is the arrangement which best serves one’s data
and Together
one’s audience. A case ofin Migrants
point for HTOED is 119
the
Working
for the Well-being
...........................
positioning
of 01.01.10 The universe near the end of the list of coBarry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
ordinate categories at level 3 (see Fig. 2). To a modern mind, it
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
would seem more logical to make The universe the level 2 category,
3.5The
Conclusion
59
with
earth ......................................................................................
subordinate to it, but the weight of the evidence
suggested
that the immediately present world was more salient in
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
earlier periods.
A more
extreme
case of a classification adapted to historical data
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
is that
of Eugene
Nida Migration
for New Testament
Reflections
on Recent
Policies Greek, which makes an
initial division between “I. Entities, II. Events, III. Abstracts, and IV. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Relationals” (1975: 178-186). Such a system, although interesting,
Laura Zanfrini
often has the effect of splitting up semantically related parts of
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
Labour
65
speech,
so that, Policies
for example, foodstuffs are for
in Immigrant
I but verbs like .. “to cook” are in II. Another system which departs from most others from 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
the beginning
is Labour
that ofMigration
Hallig and
WartburgMigration
(1952) for
French,
Migration:
butvon
not Workers’
.............
73
which makes a broad tripartite division between “A. The Universe 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
(L’univers), B. Man (L’homme), and C. Man and the Universe
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87 3
(L’homme et l’univers)” (Hüllen 1999: 19-20;
Fischer 2004: 46-49).
Class
contains
plantsand
andDenied
animals
as well as................................
the inanimate world,
4.5 A.
Equal
Opportunity
Opportunities
90
B. contains intellectual and social aspects of human life as well as
Bibliography
97
man’s
physical .........................................................................................
existence, and C. contains abstract terms, science and
technology. Although this classification was “meant as a foundation
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
for onomasiological dictionaries of all languages” (Hüllen 1999: 19), Watter to apply to the lexicon, since, at least for English, the
it isUrs
difficult
postulated
between human and other animates is not in
5.1 State distinction
Interest and Responsibility
evidence,
for example
in body
parts
or in...........................................
basic verbs such as TO LIVE
towards
their Citizens
Living
Abroad
102 ,
TO BREATHE, TO EAT, and TO MOVE, which can have non-human
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
animals and in some cases plants as their subject. A classification
based
on such aPolicy
system
would
in a good deal of uninformative
5.3 Migration
and
Ethicsresult
.........................................................
106
repetition.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
Section
II
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”...................................................................... 109
Section
II, The
World, is the smallest of the three main
5.6 Alianza
PaísMental
..................................................................................
112
divisions in HTOED, and presented fewest problems in its overall
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
structure. It includes much of Roget’s Class 4. Intellect, and Class 5. Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
3
Working
Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...........................French
119
I gratefully acknowledge my use of Fischer’s translations from the original
and Barry
German
for quotations from the thesauri discussed in his article.
Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Classification:
Principles and Practice
10
263
Table of Contents
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Volition, as well as Emotion from Class 6, on the grounds that
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
emotions are mental in origin even though they may have physical
3.5 ConclusionOne
......................................................................................
59
manifestations.
of the most problematic categories was 02.07
Having/possession.
H-J Diller (2008: 125) queries why it is here rather
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
than in III The Social World, since many aspects of possession, such
as
materials,
and commerce, are to be found in 03.10
4. The
Ethics oftrade
Migration.
Occupation/work.
Although
to some
extent we shared his doubts, our
Reflections on Recent
Migration
Policies
decision
was influenced
by and
a comment
under HAVE in OED2,
and “Non-policies”
in Italy
Europe ...........................................
61
describing
HAVE, alongside BE and DO, which occur basically in
Laura Zanfrini
HTOED section I, as “the most generalized representatives of the
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand for
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
verbal classes”, Policies
predicating, in its weakened senses, “merely a static relation between subject and and
object.” The presence of this 4.2 Initiatives
for the Governing
Family
Humanitarian
relationship
suggested
mental process.
therefore
decided
that this
Migration:
LabouraMigration
but not We
Workers’
Migration
.............
73
more abstract notion of possession, along with associated concepts
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
such as giving, taking, wealth and poverty, should be separated from
Selective
Policies
andinthe
Brain Drain............................................
87
the4.4
huge
body of
material
Section
III. Somewhat similar issues were
raised
by theOpportunity
split between
Language
in Section................................
II as an intellectual
4.5 Equal
and Denied
Opportunities
90
activity, and Communication as a social activity, involving
Bibliographytransmitted
.........................................................................................
97
information
in books, journalism, correspondence,
broadcasting, telecommunications, etc., in Section III.
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Section
III
Urs Watter
The5.1changes
in Section
III overall were more radical. Initially we
State Interest
and Responsibility
tried to
make their
a distinction
between
Section
I as the wholly natural
towards
Citizens Living
Abroad
...........................................
102
world, and Section III for man’s social activities, including his 5.2 Applied
Ethics
104
operations
upon
the ..............................................................................
world, but this proved impractical. In categories
such
01.01.05.00.01.03
Channel
of water and its subcategories,
5.3as
Migration
Policy and Ethics
.........................................................
106
there was often no way of telling whether the item in question was
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
manmade or not. Given this, it seemed unhelpful to separate channels
5.5clearly
“Colombia
nos une”things
......................................................................
109
from
man-made
in the same domain of meaning, such
as 5.6
locks
and País
dams.
It was therefore decided to leave activities
Alianza
..................................................................................
112
connected with physical existence, such as Farming and Food, in
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Section
I, while moving
those with a more clearly social dimension,
such
as Kinship
and Inhabiting / dwelling, including buildings,
to
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
Section III. In some cases, there was a clear distinction between the
physical
the social,
to a of
category
in...........................
each section, as
in
Workingand
Together
for theleading
Well-being
Migrants
119
01.05.08
Movement and 03.09 Travel. A similar kind of separation
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
264
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of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
was made between 01.07 The supernatural, which occurs at the end
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
of Section I as a way of explaining the universe, and covers
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
supernatural
creatures
and practices of all kinds, from angels and
witches
to spiritualism, and 03.07 Faith in Section III, which covers
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
all aspects of organized religion. Such a division seemed best to
encapsulate
the lexis of this area, and the attitudes it reflects, has
4. The Ethicshow
of Migration.
developed
overonthe
years.Migration Policies
Reflections
Recent
Sometimes,
a concept
might
end up...........................................
with a place in all three
and
“Non-policies”
in Italy
and Europe
61
sections.
One which got moved around a lot as classifiers claimed or
Laura Zanfrini
rejected it was gem-stones, which can be minerals (Section I), a
4.1 Restrictive
Policies(Section
and Structural
Demandorforan
Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
means
of adornment
II Beauty),
industrial
material
(Section
III), and
fact wereFamily
put inand
allHumanitarian
these categories along with
4.2 Initiatives
forin
Governing
associated
vocabulary.
Migration:
Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
3. Semantic Fields and Folk Categories
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
The4.5need
to make decisions about the nature and placing of
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
categories may be one reason for the relative scarcity of conceptual
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
thesauri
(see Section
I). The compilers of a dictionary at least have
the alphabet as a structural starting-point, and, in the case of a major
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
of Origin
101
dictionary
produced
over
many years,
suchSocieties
as OED1,
could .......
generate
Urs Watter
income
by publishing in fascicles. Thesaurus-makers are in a
different
position,
since
they are dealing with structures which are
5.1 State
Interest and
Responsibility
endlessly
flexible.
For both
categories
and individual words, 102
the
towards
their Citizens
Living
Abroad ...........................................
placing is often a choice between better or worse rather than right or
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
wrong,
and the work as a whole cannot be considered complete and
offered
to the public
untilEthics
every.........................................................
last meaning is slotted into place.
5.3 Migration
Policy and
106
Although online publication can allow interim publication of
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
alphabetical dictionaries provided the status of each entry is clear, it
5.5not
“Colombia
109
does
help innos
theune”
case......................................................................
of an incomplete thesaurus, where words
may
movedPaís
or ..................................................................................
categories added right up until the end. Throughout
5.6beAlianza
112
compilation of HTOED, we were happy to supply sections of data to
5.7 Challenges
scholars
writing....................................................................................
articles or theses related to particular fields114
of
meaning,
but always
with the proviso that such data were inevitably
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
incomplete. Usually such incompleteness was part of the master
plan,
but sometimes
there
nasty of
surprises,
as...........................
when I received119
an
Working
Together for
the were
Well-being
Migrants
email from a colleague on 5 February 1998 reading: “Also, I ought to Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Classification:
Principles and Practice
10
265
Table of Contents
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
mention that Wit, which C. did right at the start when she did
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Ridicule, is in cupboard 6 and was intended to go somewhere in
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59I Mental Capacity.” I carried this note around until 2004, when started
the final editing of Section II and duly found a place for Wit
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
in 02.01.08 Understanding. One advantage of using paper slips
throughout
theofclassification
4. The Ethics
Migration. process is that one has the reassurance
of Reflections
knowing that
the project
is finished
on Recent
Migration
Policieswhen all the cupboards are
empty.
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
Semantic
Fields
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
While the term “semantic field” is used freely in linguistics, its definition
is problematic,
especially
inand
relation
to the associated term
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family
Humanitarian
“conceptual field.” One of the earliest and most influential scholars Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
in this area of semantics was Jost Trier, who did not use the term
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
“semantic field” at all. Instead, in his pioneering work of 1934, he
used
terms Policies
SINNFELD
WORTFELD
, usually translated as ‘con4.4the
Selective
and and
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
ceptual field’ and ‘lexical field’. The term BEDEUTUNGSFELD
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
‘semantic field’ was used by other German scholars, notably Walter
Bibliography
Porzig,
who, in .........................................................................................
another pioneering work of 1934, proposed a system97
of
classification radically different from that of Trier (Lyons 1977: 251).
5. Colombia:
Includingthe
Emigrants
in Their
of Origin
....... 101
Strictly speaking,
conceptual
fieldSocieties
lies outside
linguistics,
Urs Watter
referring
to the domain in the external world in which an object,
event,
relationship,
etc.,
occurs. The analyst identifies the field and
5.1 State
Interest and
Responsibility
then supplies
the words
which
concepts within the field.
towards their
Citizens
Livingexpress
Abroadthe
...........................................
102
This is the procedure advocated by Hallig and von Wartburg, who
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
impose
a set Ethics
of conditions
for developing conceptual systems,104
of
which
the first is:
5.3 Migration
Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
A scheme
should
be in
structured
according
to concepts (Begriffe), not108
5.4
Migration
Policy
Colombia
......................................................
words. Words are added or “filled in” when the scheme is used to study
the lexicon
of a......................................................................
particular language or dialect. (1952: ix,109
5.5
“Colombia
nos une”
quoted in Fischer 2004: 46)
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
As Fischer goes on to say, this starting point may be one reason why
5.7 Challenges
114
Hallig and von ....................................................................................
Wartburg’s scheme of classification has had little impact
among either
lexicographers or semanticists.
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
By contrast, a lexical or semantic field starts from the words of
the
language,
and,
examiningof how
they...........................
are related, 119
the
Working
Together
for by
the Well-being
Migrants
lexicographer
establishes a set of fields. This was essentially the
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
266
10
Kay
TableChristian
of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
procedure adopted in HTOED, and is what we mean by saying that
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
the classification should “emerge” from the data. Since our data are 3.5 Conclusion
59
words,
our fields......................................................................................
are by definition lexical fields, but we have tended
to follow
common usage and refer to them as semantic fields.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
In practice it is difficult to separate conceptual and semantic
fields.
conceptual field is thought somehow to have an
4. The Even
Ethicsifofthe
Migration.
existence
outside
of language,
it Policies
can only be described by using
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
language;; in other words, faced with the lexicographer’s and “Non-policies”
in Italywe andare Europe
...........................................
61
familiar
Laura problem
Zanfrini of being unable to separate the object of description
from the language of description. Equally, the meaning of words
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demandofforsemantic
Immigrantrelationships
Labour .. 65
cannot
always be
elucidated
by analysis
alone:
the analyst
has to
call on
encyclopaedic knowledge
4.2 Initiatives
for often
Governing
Family
andthe
Humanitarian
of theMigration:
world which
beings
accumulate
from their
culture,
Labourhuman
Migration
but not
Workers’ Migration
.............
73
education and life experience. Thus, although GIRL may be defined as
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
an antonym of BOY, and both GIRL and BOY are hyponyms of CHILD,
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the Brain
87
identifying
these
relationships
doesDrain............................................
not solve the problem of who
may
be referred
to asOpportunities
GIRL in any particular context.
4.5appropriately
Equal Opportunity
and Denied
................................ 90
Bibliography
Folk
categories......................................................................................... 97
At
every level
of theEmigrants
HTOED insystem
of classification
lies 101
the
5. Colombia:
Including
Their Societies
of Origin .......
contention
that, within certain limits, such as a fixed order of parts of
Urs Watter
speech, each category should be allowed to develop its own semantic
5.1 State
Interest
andofResponsibility
profile.
Since
much
our data predates the development of expert
towards
their
Citizens
Abroad
102a
scientific categories, thisLiving
decision
led...........................................
to the development of
taxonomy
based
on natural or folk categories, which 104
are
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
“…grounded in the way people normally perceive and interact with
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
the things in their environment” (Taylor 2003: 75). A similar stance was5.4taken
by Hallig
von Wartburg,
whose second condition
Migration
Policy inand
Colombia
......................................................
108
reads:
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
The scheme should represent a “linguistically conditioned pre5.6
Alianzamode
País ..................................................................................
112
scientific
of cognition.” Scientific categories should be added
only when folk categories are missing or insufficient. (Fischer 2004:
5.7
47)Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
Folk categories
are available to all members of a linguistic
community, but communities are influenced by factors such as time,
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
place
and occupation. HTOED, for example, contains categories for
Barry Halliday
creatures such as salmon or sheep according to their ages, but such
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Classification:
Principles and Practice
10
267
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
categories are likely to be beyond the knowledge of urban dwellers
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
nowadays. Folk categories are also notoriously fuzzy at their edges.
3.5applies
Conclusion
......................................................................................
This
to individual
words – how old is a person referred to59
as
a girl
or a boy, for example? – and to classes of meanings. Wild (this
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
volume) notes the problem of deciding whether to classify TODDLER
as
baby
or aofchild,
thus drawing attention to the fuzziness of both
4. aThe
Ethics
Migration.
these
categories
when Migration
does someone
stop being a baby and become
Reflections
on–Recent
Policies
a child?
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Expert
categories, on the other hand, are the work of people of
Laura Zanfrini
acknowledged competence in a field, and do not admit of fuzziness.
4.1 such
Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for belong
Immigrant
.. 65
Items
as plants,
animals
or minerals
either
to Labour
a particular
category
within for
an Governing
establishedFamily
scientific
taxonomy or they do not, in
4.2 Initiatives
and Humanitarian
whichMigration:
case either
the Migration
boundaries
have
to be Migration
redrawn .............
or a new
Labour
but not
Workers’
73
category set up. In other words, whereas folk categories cluster round
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
a prototype, admitting both good and less good examples of it, expert
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brain
Drain............................................ 87
categories
operate
on anand
either/or
basis.
In Equal
HTOED,
both folk
expert
categories
are used, with the
4.5
Opportunity
andand
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
former predominating. In major scientific categories, such as Plants
.........................................................................................
97
andBibliography
Animals, expert
categories take over; the folk categories simply
do not operate at the level of detail required by the vast accumulation
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants
Their Societies
of Origin
101
of
scientific knowledge
of recent in
centuries.
In some
cases, .......
a major
Urs Watter
category
may contain both folk and expert categories at lower levels.
Animals,
example,
contains categories for wild animals, pets,
5.1 Statefor
Interest
and Responsibility
strays,towards
and a cow
a bell
round
its neck
as well as the scientific
their with
Citizens
Living
Abroad
...........................................
102
taxonomy. Plants has categories for ornamental plants, poisonous
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
plants, and fruits regarded as vegetables – this last reminding us that
educated
peoplePolicy
can operate
both
kinds of categories, knowing 106
that
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
tomatoes are fruits, but treating them as vegetables for all practical
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
purposes (see further O’Hare 2004).
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
4. Internal
5.6 AlianzaStructures
País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Semantic
field theory
is essentially structuralist in nature. As Lehrer
says
(1974: 7): ....................................................................................... 116
Bibliography
The lexicon of a language is a network in which each item is related
to otherTogether
lexical for
items
a variety ofofMigrants
ways. There
is no single119
Working
theinWell-being
...........................
semantic
description which shows all of these relationships, and
Barry Halliday
different approaches highlight different aspects of the network.
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
268
10
Kay
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of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Trier and Porzig differed in what they considered to be the primary
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
relationships which structure a field.4 Trier advocated a paradigmatic
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
model,
in which
relationships such as synonymy, antonymy,
hyponymy,
and meronymy are used to group words on the basis of
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
whether they are alike in meaning, unalike, instances of a kind, or
parts
a whole.
Porzig, on the other hand, took a syntagmatic
4. TheofEthics
of Migration.
approach,
based
on collocation,
is, words which consistently
Reflections
on Recent
Migration that
Policies
appear
in proximity in
to Italy
one and
another,
as ...........................................
WHITE does with WINE 61
or
and “Non-policies”
Europe
5
COFFEE
well as with a host of other nouns. In the early days of
Laura as
Zanfrini
field theory, these two approaches were seen to be in competition,
RestrictiveasPolicies
Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
but4.1
nowadays,
Lyonsand
saysStructural
(1977: 261):
4.2
Initiatives
Governing
Family
Humanitarian
There can no for
longer be any doubt and
that both Trier’s paradigmatic Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
relations and Porzig’s syntagmatic relations must be incorporated in any satisfactory theory of lexical structure […].
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
This has certainly been our experience on HTOED. Our primary
4.4 Selective
Policies
and theTrier’s Brain Drain............................................
87
approach has been closer to in that initial classification was always
doneOpportunity
on the basis
sorting
according................................
to likeness, so that
4.5 Equal
and of
Denied
Opportunities
90
piles of synonyms, antonyms, etc. emerged at the first stage. Sorting
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
on the basis of collocational relations would have led to the same sort
of repetition as Hallig and von Wartburg’s attempts to separate 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
animal
and human attributes (see Section 2), since many words have
Urs Watter
a wide collocational range; some lead in the direction of a semantic
5.1 StateasInterest
Responsibility
category,
in theand
relationship
between dog and bark, others in no
towards
their Citizens
Living Abroad
particular
direction,
as in BRIGHT
LIGHT,...........................................
SUN, STAR, EYES, TEETH, 102
and
COLOUR
… Such a procedure is too open-ended to form a basis104
for
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
classification, but where collocations are frequent enough for the
5.3 editors
Migration
and them
Ethicsa.........................................................
106
OED
toPolicy
allocate
separate sense, they are of course
included
in the Policy
appropriate
category
of HTOED. Thus a place could
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
be found in 01.02.08.04 Hunting for OED2 PAD verb 2 “To place or 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
pack (big game, etc.) on the pad of an elephant,” but a word of such 5.6 Alianza
Paísas..................................................................................
112
broad
extension
CASE noun 2, sense 2a, “The outer protective or 5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
.......................................................................................
116
A Bibliography
detailed description
and critique of both Porzig and Trier can be found in Lyons
(1977: 256-266).
5
Working
Together
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119of
Such an approach
hasfor
become
more powerful
in recent years
with the advent
massive
online
corpora which enable collocations to be identified and quantified.
Barry
Halliday
4
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Classification:
Principles and Practice
10
269
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
covering part of anything, as the case of a watch, a fire-work, a
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
sausage; a natural outer covering, sheath or receptacle, e.g. a seed3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
vessel, the ‘case’ of a pupa or chrysalis, of a case-worm, etc.” could only
be put in a general category of coverings.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
5.
4. Conclusion
The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Compiling
a thesaurusinisItaly
an art
rather
than...........................................
a science. No single set61
of
and “Non-policies”
and
Europe
principles
is sufficient to encompass the whole, especially when the
Laura Zanfrini
whole has the scope of HTOED and has been edited by many hands
4.1aRestrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand for
65
over
long period
of time.
Our approach
to Immigrant
linguistic Labour
theory..has
necessarily
beenforsomewhat
butHumanitarian
it is has nevertheless been
4.2 Initiatives
Governingeclectic,
Family and
invigorating
to Labour
watch Migration
the project
develop
alongside
of
Migration:
but not
Workers’
Migrationtheories
............. 73
semantics in the twentieth century.
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
References
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal
and Denied Opportunities ................................
90
Chapman,
R. L.Opportunity
(ed.) (1992) Roget’s International Thesaurus,
5th ed., HarperCollins,
New York.
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 97
Diller, H.-J. (2008) “A Lexical Field Takes Shape: the Use of Corpora and Thesauri in Historical Semantics”, Anglistik 19 (1), pp. 123-140.
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Dornseiff, F. (1959 [1933]) Der deutsche Wortschatz nach Sachgruppen, Walter de
Urs Watter
Gruyter, Berlin.
Dutch,
A. (ed.)
1962and
Roget’s Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases,
Longman,
5.1 R.
State
Interest
Responsibility
Harlow.
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Fischer, A. (2004) “The notional structure of thesauruses”, in Kay and Smith (eds),
5.2
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
pp. 41-58.
Hallig,
R. & W. Policy
von Wartburg
(1952)
Begriffssystem als Grundlage für106
die
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
Lexikographie: Versuch eines Ordnungsschemas, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin.
5.4 Migration
Policy Dictionaries
in Colombia800-1700.
......................................................
108
Hüllen,
W. (1999) English
The Topical Tradition, Clarendon
Press, Oxford.
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Hüllen, W. (2009) “Dictionaries of Synonyms and Thesauri,” in A. P. Cowie (ed.) TheAlianza
Oxford History
of English Lexicography, vol. II: Specialized Dictionaries,
5.6
País ..................................................................................
112
Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 25-46.
.................................................................................... 114
Kay,5.7
C.Challenges
J. & M. L. Samuels (1975) “Componential Analysis in semantics: Its validity and applications”, Transactions of the Philological Society, pp. 49-81.
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Kay, C. J. & J. J. Smith (eds) (2004) Categorization in the History of English, John
Benjamins, Amsterdam and Philadelphia.
Working
Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Kay, C., J. Roberts, M. Samuels, & I. Wotherspoon (2009) Historical Thesaurus of
Barry
Halliday
the
Oxford
English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
270
10
Kay
TableChristian
of Contents
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Lehrer, A. (1974) Semantic Fields and Lexical Structure, North-Holland Publishing,
3.4
The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Amsterdam.
Lyons,
(1977) Semantics
(2 vols.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 59
3.5 J.Conclusion
......................................................................................
McArthur, T. (1986) The Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English, Longman,
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 60
Harlow.
Nida, E. A. (1975), Componential Analysis of Meaning: an introduction to semantic
structures,
The Hague and Paris.
4. The
EthicsMouton,
of Migration.
OED:
The Oxford
Reflections
on English
Recent Dictionary.
Migration 1884-1933,
Policies ed. by J. A. H. Murray, H.
Bradley,
W.
A.
Craigie,
&
C.
T.
Onions;
Supplement,
1972-1986, ed. by R. 61
W.
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe
...........................................
Burchfield; 2nd edn, 1989, ed. by J. A. Simpson & E. S. C. Weiner; Additions
Laura Zanfrini
Series, 1993-1997, ed. by J. A. Simpson, E. S. C. Weiner, & M. Proffitt; 3rd ed.
(in Restrictive
progress) OED
Online,
March 2000-,
ed. for
by Immigrant
J. A. Simpson,
4.1
Policies
and Structural
Demand
LabourOxford
.. 65
University Press, Oxford.
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family
andHTE Humanitarian
O’Hare,
C. (2004) for
“Folk Classification in the Plants Category”, in Kay and
Migration:
Smith
(eds), pp. Labour
179-191.Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Porzig. W. (1934) “Wesenhafte Bedeutungsbeziehungen”, Beiträge zur deutschen
4.3
From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Sprache und Literatur 58, pp. 70-97.
Roberts,
J. & C. Kay
with and
L. Grundy
(1995)
A Thesaurus of Old English, King’s 4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
College London, London; 2nd ed., 2000, Rodopi, Amsterdam.
4.5
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................
90
Trier, J. (1934) “Das sprachliche Feld. Eine Auseinandersetzung”,
Neve Jahrbücher
für Wissenschaft und Jugendbildung 10, pp. 428-449.
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 97
Taylor, J. (2003) Linguistic Categorization, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford.
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays
in10the History of Lexicography, 271-287 ©2010 Polimetrica International
Scientific
Table of Contents
Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
The Making of The Historical Thesaurus of
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
the Oxford English Dictionary
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Irené Wotherspoon – University of Glasgow
4. The Ethics of Migration.
[email protected]
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
1. Introduction
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
The Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
(HTOED),
published
in October
2009
(Kay, Roberts, Samuels and
Migration:
Labour
not Workers’
Migration
.............
73
Wotherspoon
2009),
is Migration
a unique but
resource
in which
users can
see the
history
of all
the Workers
words used
for a given
concept
or object, and also
4.3 From
Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
the range of words available to express any concept or object at any
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the
Drain............................................
87
given
time in the
history
of Brain
the English
language. This was made
possible
byOpportunity
using the and
data
fromOpportunities
the Oxford................................
English Dictionary
4.5 Equal
Denied
90
(OED), which gives dated citations indicating the period(s) when the
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
words
were used in written English.
The idea of making a thesaurus from the OED was publicly
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
proposed by M. L. Samuels in 1964 at a lecture given to the
Urs Watter
Philological Society (Samuels 1965). He saw it as a way of revealing
State Interest
Responsibility
the5.1
information
on and
semantic
and social change which was locked up in
towards their
Citizens Living
...........................................
the alphabetical
arrangement
of theAbroad
dictionary
(Samuels 1972: 180).102
TheApplied
structure
of HTOED
is a modified folk taxonomy; it is based
5.2
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
on the world view revealed by the pre-scientific terminology of
5.3 Migration
Policy and
Ethics .........................................................
English,
but modified
by reference
to more scientific taxonomies106
for
certain
domainsPolicy
whereinthis
was appropriate,
e.g., plants and animals.
5.4 Migration
Colombia
......................................................
108
It is organised within each major section according to the principle of
5.5 “Colombia
une”
109
hyponymy
(i.e., nos
from
the......................................................................
most general terms to the most specific),
making
extensive
use of the concepts “types of” and, for terms112
for
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
concrete things, “parts of.” The outline structure was devised by
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Christian Kay and M. L. Samuels (Kay and Samuels 1975), mostly
on Bibliography
the basis of .......................................................................................
recurrent key terms in the definitions in the OED,116
but
at lower levels the nature, quantity and distribution of the terms
Working Together
thethey
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119at
themselves
dictatedfor
how
were organised.
HTOED
is divided
the Barry
mostHalliday
general level for practical convenience into three main
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
272
10
Irené
TableWotherspoon
of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
sections: the external world, the mental world, and the social world.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
These in turn are divided into the 26 major categories devised by
3.5and
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Kay
Samuels,
reflecting the main activities and preoccupations
of users
of the language.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
01 The world
02 The mind
03 Society
01.01
earthof Migration.
02.01 Mental capacity 03.01 Society/the community
4. TheThe
Ethics
01.02
Life
02.02 Migration
Emotion Policies
03.02 Inhabiting/dwelling
Reflections
on Recent
01.03
02.03
Philosophy
Armed hostility
andPhysical
“Non-policies”
in Italy
and Europe03.03
...........................................
61
sensibility
Laura
Zanfrini
01.04 Matter
02.04 Aesthetics
03.04 Authority
4.1Existence
Restrictive Policies
Immigrant Labour .. 65
01.05
02.05and
WillStructural Demand
03.05for
Morality
01.06
Refusal/denial
Education
4.2Relative
Initiatives for 02.06
Governing
Family and 03.06
Humanitarian
properties
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
01.07 Supernatural 02.07 Having/
03.07 Faith
4.3 From Guest Workerspossession
to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
02.08 Language
03.08 Communication
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
87
03.09 Travel/travelling
03.10 Occupation/work
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities
................................ 90
03.11 Leisure
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Figure 1. The structure of HTOED, first and second level categories.
5. Colombia:
Includingfollow,
Emigrants
in Their
of general
Origin .......
101
Further
sub-categories
moving
fromSocieties
the most
ideas
to
Urs
Watter
the most specific. Headings leading to ‘musical instrument’ and a selection
ofInterest
its subcategories
illustrate this:
5.1 State
and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
03 Society
03.11
5.2Leisure
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
03.11.03 The Arts/art
5.3 Migration
03.11.03.01
MusicPolicy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
03.11.03.01.08 Musical instrument
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
03.11.03.01.08.03 Keyboard instrument
03.11.03.01.08.03.01
keyboards
5.5 “Colombia nosStringed
une”......................................................................
109
03.11.03.01.08.03.01/06 pianoforte
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
03.11.03.01.08.03.01/06.03
sound-board
03.11.03.01.08.03.01/06.03.01
parts of
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
114
Figure
2. Sample.......................................................................................
subcategories of Society
Bibliography
116
Within each sub-category the items are organized by grammatical
Working and
Together
the Well-being of
Migrants
...........................
119
category
then for
in chronological
order
according
to the citation
Barry
Halliday
dates
in OED,
as can be seen in the example at the end of this paper.
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The
273
10 Making of The Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
2. Sources
of the Data
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
3.5 Conclusion
59
HTOED
includes......................................................................................
data from OED 1 and 2 and the supplements and
additions,
and therefore
reflects both the strengths and weaknesses60
of
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
OED, on one hand unparalleled scope and detail, but on the other
bias
towards
literary, and towards periods for which most reading
4. The
Ethicsthe
of Migration.
forReflections
OED was on
done.
It is
hoped that
revision of HTOED will take
Recent
Migration
Policies
place
line with the third
edition
of OED...........................................
as that progresses.
andin“Non-policies”
in Italy
and Europe
61
As
a Zanfrini
matter of policy, OED includes no word whose history
Laura
ended by 1150. HTOED, however, was conceived so far as possible
Restrictiveclassification
Policies and Structural
Demand
Immigrant
Labourfrom
.. 65
as 4.1
a complete
of the senses
offor
words
in English
the4.2
earliest
written
records onwards.
Thesaurus of Old English
Initiatives
for Governing
Family andAHumanitarian
(TOE),Migration:
compiledLabour
by Kay
and Roberts
published
in 1995,
was73
in
Migration
but notand
Workers’
Migration
.............
effect a pilot project for HTOED, with only 48,000 senses as
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
opposed to more than 790,000 in HTOED. It uses the same principles
4.4 Selective Policies
and the Brain
Drain............................................
87
of classification,
but, reflecting
the society
in which Old English was
used,
has fewer
categories
thanOpportunities
HTOED; e.g.,
for “The Arts”
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
................................
90
HTOED has 5599 headings for nouns, compared with 137 in TOE,
.........................................................................................
97
forBibliography
“Work” 9021
compared with 338, and for “Communication” 4106 compared with 397. Note that these are the numbers of
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their Societiesnot
of Origin
101
headings,
i.e.,
categories
and subcategories,
lexical.......
items.
Urs Watter these figures indicate the extent to which these
Nevertheless
semantic
have
TOE was compiled as a separate
5.1 Stateareas
Interest
and expanded.
Responsibility
operation at King’s College, London. Roberts gathered the data from towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
the standard Anglo-Saxon dictionaries of Clark Hall and Bosworth
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Toller, plus the material then available from the Toronto Dictionary
andcorpus
Ethics .........................................................
of 5.3
OldMigration
EnglishPolicy
and its
of texts. The data from TOE 106
was
incorporated
in Policy
HTOED,
along with
some further additions from108
the
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
advancing work at Toronto. Not only does the inclusion of this Old
5.5 “Colombia
une”
......................................................................
109
English
material nos
make
the
historical data in HTOED more complete
than
OED,País
but..................................................................................
it also reveals connections between some 112
Old
5.6in
Alianza
English words and their descendants which are not evident from
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
OED.
For instance
OE becca, ‘a pick or mattock’, appears in OED
as Bibliography
beck, dated.......................................................................................
1875. Concepts which were lexicalised in 116
Old
English appear relexicalised much later: for instance OE
hygegebend, ‘heartstrings’, a term which appears in OED
with 119
first
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...........................
citation
Barry1596.
Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
274
10
Irené
TableWotherspoon
of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3. Gathering
the Data
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
When
the Historical
Thesaurus project was proposed by M. 59
L.
Samuels
to the.........................................................................................
staff of the Department of English Language at the
Bibliography
60
University of Glasgow it was envisaged that each member would
take
part
in collecting
the data from OED and would classify and
4. The
Ethics
of Migration.
research
the terms
for atMigration
least onePolicies
semantic field. It was hoped that
Reflections
on Recent
post-graduate
students
would
be ...........................................
attracted by this kind 61
of
and “Non-policies”
in Italy
andalso
Europe
research,
and to some extent this was so. At the beginning staff
Laura Zanfrini
members worked on one OED volume each. Extracting the data
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
Demand
forfor
Immigrant
Labour
65
consisted
of filling
out and
by Structural
hand a paper
slip
each sense
in.. the
dictionary.
Senses
tickedFamily
off inand
theHumanitarian
volumes as a record of what
4.2 Initiatives
for were
Governing
had been
done. This
was
similar but
to, but
in a way Migration
the converse
of, the
Migration:
Labour
Migration
not Workers’
.............
73
method used for compiling OED from paper slips containing
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
extracted quotations. It was laborious and time-consuming. Of course
4.4OED
Selective
and attempts
the Brain Drain............................................
once
wasPolicies
digitised,
were made to gather the data 87
for
the4.5
thesaurus
electronically,
by using
searches ................................
for specific words90
in
Equal Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
definitions, or by the subject labels used by OED, but this was just
.........................................................................................
97
notBibliography
possible because
the OED data is not consistent enough in these
respects, especially the latter. This is just one of the many problems
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
....... 101
of
adapting Including
the dictionary
data intoTheir
the Societies
purpose ofofOrigin
a thesaurus.
Urs Watter when OED became available in electronic form it was
Nevertheless
an 5.1
invaluable
time-saver
when definitions or dates had to be checked
State Interest
and Responsibility
duringtowards
the routine
of Living
the thesaurus
compilers.
their work
Citizens
Abroad ...........................................
102
5.2 AppliedSenses
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
Dictionary
versus Thesaurus Senses
5.3 Migration
Policy and
Ethics
.........................................................
106
Generally,
the senses
for any
given
word in OED will be paralleled
in 5.4
HTOED,
facilitating
reference......................................................
from one work to the other. 108
If a
Migration
Policy in Colombia
word has more than one sense in OED it will appear in more than
“Colombia
une”......................................................................
one5.5place
in thenosHTOED.
The policies adopted by HTOED109
for
dealing
with OED
definitions and sense divisions are the subject112
of
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
another paper (Kay and Wotherspoon 2002), but may be briefly
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
outlined
here. The
different purposes of dictionary and thesaurus
meant
that occasionally
the OED sense divisions were too broad,
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
obscuring nuances that might be significant in a thesaurus. An
example
this isfor
OED
HOST verb
2, 1a, where
the definition
Working of
Together
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
includes
being the host at a dinner party and being the compere of a
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The
275
10 Making of The Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
show. Here the compiler’s awareness of separate well-established
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
lexical domains would indicate that separate senses could be
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
recorded,
provided
there are citations to support them. (In fact this
item
appears in the section for Hospitality and in the section for
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Performing arts in HTOED.) More often, but still rare as a
proportion
ofofsenses,
the dictionary definition is too narrow for
4. The Ethics
Migration.
HTOED,
resulting
in theMigration
potential Policies
for two identical forms to occur in
Reflections
on Recent
theand
same
semantic category
of the
thesaurus.
Examples of this are
“Non-policies”
in Italy and
Europe
...........................................
61
where dictionary divides senses by context, such as ‘(a) of Laurathe Zanfrini
persons, (b) of things’, or where the distinction is grammatical only, 4.1asRestrictive
Structural
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
such
whether Policies
a verb isand
followed
byDemand
an infinitive
or a noun.
Splitting
up for
oneGoverning
OED sense
into
thesaurus senses can
4.2
Initiatives
Family
andseveral
Humanitarian
occur Migration:
where theLabour
main Migration
grammatical
category
forMigration
a lexeme
is finely
but not
Workers’
.............
73
divided in the dictionary, but others are more generalised: HARSH,
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
adjective, has many senses, but HARSHNESS, noun, has one general
4.4 Selective
Policies
andthe
the thesaurus
Brain Drain............................................
87
definition.
In such
cases
compiler had to split up the
noun
into the and
same
thesaurus
categories
as the adjectives,
4.5 citations
Equal Opportunity
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
where possible. Whenever dictionary senses were split up for the
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
thesaurus
care was
taken to select the appropriate citations and hence
dates.
5. Colombia:
Including of
Emigrants
in Their
Societies meanings
of Origin .......
101
The OED treatment
transferred
and figurative
is rather
Urs Watter sometimes giving them separate sense numbers and
inconsistent,
definitions, and sometimes merely marking them as ‘also transf.’ or 5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
‘also towards
fig.’. Intheir
theCitizens
thesaurus
separate
sense was made if 102
the
Livinga Abroad
...........................................
importance of the concept or number of citations justified it. Otherwise
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
figurative usage is indicated in the field for style and status labels.
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
4. The
Slips
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5render
“Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
To
indubitable,
support
by proof or testimony 478
5.6 Alianzastablish
País ..................................................................................
112
n
a.1325 – 1561
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Figure
3. A sample
HTOED
slip
+ 1885/94
ai
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Figure 3. A sample HTOED slip.
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
The diagram above illustrates what a typical slip looked like.
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
276
10
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of Contents
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
The slips formed the raw material which went through several
processes to become HTOED.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Manual processes
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4.OED
The 1Ethics of Migration.
(white
slips) on Recent Migration Policies
Reflections
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
OED 2 +
4.1 Restrictive Policies andInterim
Structural DemandMatching
for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Supplements
filing
&
& Additions
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing Family and Humanitarian
classifyingg
(pink
slips)
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
TOE (yellow
P
Data entry &
slips)
4.4 Selective Policies and the BrainDDrain............................................
87
i r
proof-reading
o
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied gOpportunities
................................ 90
i c
Bibliography .........................................................................................
97
t e
a s
Reformatting
l Their
s
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in
Societies
data of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
e
s
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ...........................................
102
Publisher
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Figure
4. Processes
underlying
HTOED
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics
......................................................... 106
Writing
out the Policy
thesaurus
slips was
by no means a mechanical task.
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
108
Decisions had to be taken about every part of any entry. Information
5.5 every
“Colombia
......................................................................
109
from
part nos
of une”
an OED
entry except etymology, orthographic
variants
and pronunciation,
which were considered the province 112
of a
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
dictionary, was included on a thesaurus slip.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
TheBibliography
Headwords....................................................................................... 116
A very few OED headwords did not find their way into the
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
thesaurus. Words with a single quotation were usually omitted if
Barry Halliday
they were nonce words, or found only in a dictionary, or were
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The
277
10 Making of The Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
undefined. In the early stages of compiling HTOED it was the policy
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
to omit very specialized obsolete technical and scientific terms.
3.5 Conclusion
59
However
as data......................................................................................
collection progressed this policy changed, mainly
because
it became apparent that there would be a large number of
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
modern technical terms from the supplements which would have to
be
included
in Migration.
any case. The same kind of creeping inclusion
4. The
Ethics of
happened
withon words
OED
recorded as dialectal only. It
Reflections
Recent which
Migration
Policies
gradually
became apparent
would ...........................................
be safer to include them61in
and “Non-policies”
in Italythat
anditEurope
caseLaura
further
evidence emerged. Some obvious compounds were
Zanfrini
omitted, especially those not individually defined in OED, and many
4.1 Restrictive
Structural
Demand
Labour
.. 65
negatives
such asPolicies
those and
in UN
- and -LESS
. Onfor
theImmigrant
other hand,
phrases
treated
as lexical
by the
dictionary
were included, and also
4.2 Initiatives
for items
Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
some Migration:
specialized
collocations
citational
evidence
Labour
Migration butwhich
not Workers’
Migration
.............and
73
parallel formations indicated should be treated as phrases in the
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
thesaurus. An example of this is POSITIVE LAW, treated as a phrase
Selective
PoliciesLAW
and .the
Brain Drain............................................
to 4.4
balance
NATURAL
Headwords
on thesaurus slips were 87
in
lower
case, with
initial and
capital
onlyOpportunities
where this was
the case with the
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
Denied
................................
90
OED headword.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Grammatical Categories
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their
of Origin
.......usual
101
Part
of speech
appearsEmigrants
on the slip
as an Societies
abbreviation
of the
Ursof
Watter
name
the grammatical category, taken from OED, except that “sb”
was5.1never
always
“n”, and verbal nouns were entered as simply
Stateused,
Interest
and Responsibility
“n.” Important
attributive
uses Abroad
of nouns,
marked ‘attrib’ in OED
towards their
Citizens Living
...........................................
102
were called “aj” (for adjective) on slips if a separate slip was made
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
for5.2
them
on grounds
of extensive citational evidence. This was104
all
straightforward
exceptand
forEthics
the issue
of the transitivity of verbs. OED
5.3 Migration Policy
.........................................................
106
has a variety of ways of indicating this, and is not consistent when it
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
comes to verbs followed by infinitives or clauses. The OE examples
5.5 do
“Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
often
not havenosenough
citations to judge transitivity (exclusively
transitive
usePaís
in ..................................................................................
a limited record does not guarantee exclusively
5.6 Alianza
112
transitive use in speech), and many OE verbs have an object in a case
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
other
than accusative.
Impersonal and absolute uses are usually
included
with intransitive
verbs in the HTOED. The verbal categories
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
are “v” (where transitivity is not determined), and “vi”, “vt” and
“vr”,
withTogether
occasional
of “v.pass”ofand
“v. impers.”
Working
foruses
the Well-being
Migrants
........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
278
10
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TableWotherspoon
of Contents
Definition
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
The full OED definition was written on the slips. In the early stages
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
of slip-making the definition was not written on cross-reference slips,
.........................................................................................
butBibliography
this soon proved
to be inefficient, as the definition had to 60
be
checked in OED.
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Dates
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies”
in Italy
...........................................
HTOED
does not include
the and
datesEurope
of all the
OED citations for any61
Laura
Zanfrini
given
word.
The intention is to indicate the period or periods when
the4.1
word
was inPolicies
use in
English.
the date of
the ..first
Restrictive
andwritten
Structural
DemandSo
for Immigrant
Labour
65
citation is used as a starting date. If the word is in use in the present
4.2the
Initiatives
Governing
Familyby
anda Humanitarian
day,
startingfordate
is followed
dash; in HTOED any OED
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers’
.............
sense with a date later than 1870 is considered toMigration
be still in
use or73to
have
potential
of beingto used.
If the Guests
word is..................................
obsolete, the starting
4.3the
From
Guest Workers
Unwelcome
82
date is followed by a dash and the date of the last OED citation.
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
However, if there is a gap of 150 years or more between OED
4.5 Equal
and Denied
................................
90
citations
thisOpportunity
is reflected
in the Opportunities
thesaurus entry,
which indicates
separate
periods of usage with a “;;”. Although HTOED uses the ante
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
and circa dates as in OED, the vaguer dates have been simplified, so
that
14.. becomes
a1500
and ?1500
becomes
c1500.
OE is.......
used
to
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
101
indicate
any date before 1150, dates in this period being particularly
Urs Watter
problematic. Of course some of the later dates given in OED are also
5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
notoriously
controversial,
such as those for Shakespeare’s plays, and towards
their
Citizens
Living
Abroad
some are inconsistent for the
same
work,...........................................
for instance those given102
for
Sir5.2
Gawain.
has to live with this, as does OED, until104
the
AppliedHTOED
Ethics ..............................................................................
third edition of OED is completed. However this does mean that
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
senses
traced by a user between the thesaurus and the dictionary can
be 5.4
confirmed
byPolicy
correspondence
dates.
Migration
in Colombiaof
......................................................
108
5.5and
“Colombia
une”...................................................................... 109
Style
Status nos
Labels
Alianza
Paísin
..................................................................................
112a
The5.6labels
used
OED to indicate region, domain, or status of
word,
e.g., “colloq.”,
“US”, “Law”, etc., constitute valuable infor5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
mation about restrictions on usage and are included in HTOED. They
.......................................................................................
areBibliography
added to the
appropriate date-range: a word might start life 116
in a
dictionary, and be labelled as such for the opening date only, then beWorking
Together for
the Well-being
Migrants
119
come
a well-used
term;
or it mightof have
been...........................
used in standard
Barry and
Halliday
English
then become restricted to dialectal use, so having a later
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The
279
10 Making of The Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
date range labelled as dialectal or as specific to a region. These la3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
bels, inconsistent in form in OED, were rationalised in HTOED. The
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
labels
are not used
in HTOED where they would be redundant; e.g.,
items
labelled Law in OED are not so labelled in the Law category of
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
HTOED, only where they appear in other categories.
The Ethics
aboveof descriptions
4. The
Migration. of the handling of the grammatical
categories,
dates,
and style
and status
labels from OED can be seen
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
exemplified
in the extended
from
HTOED at the end of this
and “Non-policies”
in Italyexample
and Europe
...........................................
61
paper.
Laura Zanfrini
Roget
Numbers Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.1 Restrictive
At 4.2
topInitiatives
right on for
every
paper slip
a category
number (or where more
Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
than one
was needed
representbutthe sense, numbers) from Roget’s Migration:
LabourtoMigration
not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Thesaurus was written. Before they were classified the slips were
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
temporarily
filed according to these numbers as a handy way of
roughly
sortingPolicies
them. and
Thethe
HTOED
classification was evolved from
4.4 Selective
Brain Drain............................................
87
the data as it was collected, so there was no detailed pre-conceived
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
scheme. It was never intended that HTOED would be organised
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
according to Roget’s scheme. The basis of Roget’s classification, abstract, through concrete, then mental then emotional categories,
5. Colombia:
Includingupon
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin
and
a heavy reliance
antonymy,
is quite
different
from.......
that101
of
Urs
Watter
HTOED. Even before classification began it was obvious that some
Roget
categories
not be useful, and that adjustments would
5.1 State
Interestwould
and Responsibility
need to
be made
towards
theirto the filing scheme. For example because Roget’s Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
system is based on abstractions, terms for the parts of the body are
5.2 Applied
Ethicsdozens
..............................................................................
104
distributed
among
of numbers; FOOT is in the right number
for5.3
lowness,
HEAD
in the
for height, etc. For thesaurus filing
Migration
Policy
and number
Ethics .........................................................
106
an extra number was added at the end to collect the body parts. Like
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
any thesaurus, including inevitably HTOED, Roget is very much of
“Colombia
noslistings
une”......................................................................
109
its 5.5
time,
e.g., the
in Roget of almost any kind of sexual
activity
under País
the ..................................................................................
heading “Impurity.”
5.6 Alianza
112
5.7 Challenges
.................................................................................... 114
5. Archive
Management
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The paper slips were stored in metal filing boxes, inside metal
cabinets.
building
in Well-being
which the ofproject
was...........................
housed suffered
Working The
Together
for the
Migrants
119a
serious
in 1978. Some of the marked volumes of OED were
Barryfire
Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
280
10
Irené
TableWotherspoon
of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
badly singed, but the slips themselves were all safe. After this, slips
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
were made in triplicate, with the extra copies stored at King’s 3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
College,
London,
and at the main archive at the University 59
of
Glasgow.
The English Language Department moved to a different
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
building, where a room was converted to be a specially secure fireand
water-proof
environment for the HTOED archive of slips.
4. The
Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
6. Classification
of in
theItaly
Slips
and “Non-policies”
and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
Classification of the slips was a labour-intensive and lengthy process
Restrictive
Policies and Structural
Demand for Immigrant
65
for4.1
which
no technological
aid was conceivable.
It beganLabour
in the..late
1970s,
before slip-making
was
completed,
and by the late 1980s was
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
the main
focus of
workMigration
on HTOED.
was carried
out by
research
Migration:
Labour
but notItWorkers’
Migration
.............
73
assistants funded at different times by the Leverhulme Trust, the
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
British Academy, the Arts and Humanities Research Council, other
4.4 Selective
Policies
andbut
thecontinuous
Brain Drain............................................
foundations,
and
a small
grant from the University87
of
Glasgow.
For a short time the project also benefited from a
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
government training scheme for unemployed graduates. Those who
Bibliography
97
came
to work at.........................................................................................
the thesaurus project helped with rough classifying,
sorting into grammatical categories and editing the slips to ensure
5. Colombia:for
Including
Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
consistency
data entry.
Urs Watter
The
method of classification meant that the structure of each
major
category
was
5.1 State
Interest
and determined
Responsibilityby its content, rather than being
imposed
in advance.
Generally,
large ...........................................
section of several thousands
towards
their Citizens
Living aAbroad
102
of slips corresponding to one of the second-level categories of the
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
thesaurus
(e.g., Armed Hostility or Music) was taken by a classifier.
Usually
this was
theand
equivalent
of several Roget numbers, 106
i.e.,
5.3 Migration
Policy
Ethics .........................................................
several archive drawers; for example, Armed Hostility ran from 718
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
to 723, Music from 410-414. The classifier sorted the slips roughly
“Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
by 5.5
sense,
according
to recurrent
words in the definitions, then sorted
progressively
more
finely, still by sense, until semantic groups112
of
5.6 Alianza País
..................................................................................
near-synonyms were arrived at. The words within each group would
Challengesor
....................................................................................
114
not5.7
necessarily
even usually be exact synonyms, but would have
most
of their .......................................................................................
semantic content overlapping, more or less in 116
the
Bibliography
manner now reflected in prototype theory. In some areas this
resulted
very small
groups,
and inofothers
in groups
of more than
WorkinginTogether
for the
Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
a hundred
words, reflecting the extent to which different types of
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The
281
10 Making of The Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
concept have been lexicalised. The terms within the semantic groups
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
were then sorted by grammatical category, and finally, by date of
Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
first3.5citation.
Bibliography
60
Ordering
of the.........................................................................................
Grammatical Categories
In
HTOED
number of terms in each of the grammatical
4. The
Ethics the
of Migration.
categories
is very
uneven:
nouns, verbs
and adjectives are numerous,
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
andand
adverbs
relativelyinfew.
reflects ...........................................
the OED data and the fact
“Non-policies”
ItalyThis
and Europe
61
thatLaura
the Zanfrini
potential for forming an adverb from an adjective nearly
always exists. Much consideration was given to whether the order in
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
which
the grammatical categories are presented in HTOED should
vary
the type
of conceptFamily
beingand
categorised.
Some concepts are
4.2with
Initiatives
for Governing
Humanitarian
Migration:
Migration
not Workers’
.............than
73
inherently
moreLabour
adjectival
thanbutnominal,
or Migration
more verbal
nominal.
In her thesis dealing with the classification of terms for
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
good and evil, Freda Thornton cogently argued for putting adjectives
4.4asSelective
Policies
thegrammatical
Brain Drain............................................
87
first,
being the
most and
basic
category for these concepts
(Thornton
However
the editors
of HTOED
came to the
4.5 Equal1988).
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
conclusion that, because of the size and varied nature of HTOED, the
Bibliography
97
least
confusing.........................................................................................
arrangement would be to follow a canonical order:
noun, adjective, adverb, verb, then the more minor parts of speech as
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
detailed
in HTOED
(1.xxii).
Urs Watter
5.1 Statethe
Interest
Matching
Slipsand Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Concurrent with the process of classification, the (pink) slips from
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
the5.2
OED
supplements
and the (yellow) slips duplicated from 104
the
TOE
were
matched
to their
equivalent (white) OED slips.106
5.3archive
Migration
Policy
and Ethics
.........................................................
In the case of slips made from the supplements this was usually
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
straightforward,
as notes were made on the pink slips to ensure a
correct
match. The
English slips were a very different matter,
5.5 “Colombia
nos Old
une”......................................................................
109
except where there was an obvious modern English descendant of an
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Old English form. As can be seen in TOE, the distribution of lexis
114
and5.7
theChallenges
mapping....................................................................................
of semantic fields is different from that of modern
English,
and of.......................................................................................
course many now familiar concepts simply did116
not
Bibliography
exist. Also figurative senses were not usually recorded separately for
TOE,
dueTogether
to the for
overall
small numbers
of extant
examples.119
In
Working
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
282
10
Irené
TableWotherspoon
of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
HTOED modern English forms are shown linked to their OE
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
antecedents by “<”, e.g., slackness<sleacnes OE-.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Headings
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
The classifiers wrote out a heading slip on green paper for each
4. The Ethics ofcategory
Migration.of each semantic group which (s)he
grammatical
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
established.
This slip went at the beginning of the series of slips to
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
which it belonged and bore a verbal heading of no more than fifty
Laura Zanfrini
characters. Repetitive headings were abbreviated, e.g., “one who”,
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
“quality
of.” HTOED
does
not use
antonymy
as a feature
for
distinguishing
unless
the and
number
of lexical items justifies
4.2 Initiativescategories
for Governing
Family
Humanitarian
it. Usually
negative
terms
such as
in UN- or
-LESS will
be in73a
Migration:
Labour
Migration
butthose
not Workers’
Migration
.............
sub-category with an abbreviated heading such as ‘not’ or ‘without’, 4.3 From
Guest Workers
Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
82
where
the meaning
of the to
heading
is understood
from the next above
category
heading.
The and
practice
of HTOED
is to use in the headings
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
only words which are in current use if at all possible.
4.5
Opportunity
andbore
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
TheEqual
heading
slip also
a category
or sub-category
number.
These
were decimal
numbers of the type 01.01.01.01.01 to seven
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
places for categories and to five places for sub-categories. The verbal
headings
for Including
sub-categories
wereinpreceded
by a ofnumber
of dots
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
Their Societies
Origin .......
101
Urs Watterto the level, from one to five (not replicated in published
appropriate
version).
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
7. Data Entry and Storage
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Almost
from thePolicy
startand
it was
known
that HTOED would be printed
5.3 Migration
Ethics
.........................................................
106
electronically from a database. Consultations with technical staff at
5.4 in
Migration
Policythat
in Colombia
......................................................
108
OUP
1981 meant
we began
with a robust database package
which
may seemnos
ridiculously
archaic today, but has in fact been able
5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
to support every form we subsequently wanted to put the data into.
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
This
database was dBaseII.4. The structure of the thesaurus database
was5.7devised
by Alastair
Forsythe. There are 29 fields, shown below
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
in three columns for compactness; the first column has the data for
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
the word and heading, the second the date and style data, and the
third
temporary
classification
data. of Migrants ........................... 119
Working
Together
for the Well-being
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The
283
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Table of Contents
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Group 01.05.05.09.04.01 oe OE
Roget 1
679
3.4
The
Human
Rights’
Approach
........................................................
58
Sub-group
Dsh1 Roget 2
Number 10 (not shown)
Ac1Roget 3
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Word
sweer<swær
Dt1 1668
Newx 1
P oBibliography
s
aj
Dt1a
Newx 2
.........................................................................................
60
Abb1 Sc&nd Newx3
4. The Ethics of Migration.Dsh2 +
Ac2
Reflections on Recent Migration
Policies
Dt2 1865
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Dt2a
Laura Zanfrini
Abb2 Sc&nd
Dsh3
4.1 Restrictive Policies and
Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Ac3
4.2 Initiatives for Governing
Dt3 Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration
Dt3a but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers Abb3
to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Bkt
4.4 Selective Policies andCurrent
the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
Figure
5. Structure
of the data
entry database
with a sample
entry
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Note “+” for discontinuity between dates, and two-letter codes for
grammatical
category Emigrants
and style inand
status
labels.
In print
“+”
5. Colombia: Including
Their
Societies
of Origin
....... 101
becomes
“;;” and the two-letter codes are expanded.
Urs Watter
The fields provided for new cross-reference numbers were in fact
5.1
State Interest
Responsibility
not required.
Fieldsand
were
provided for four possible date ranges, Old
towards
their
Citizens
Living Abroad
102
English and three others, though
it was ...........................................
rare for all of these fields
to
be 5.2
populated.
The ..............................................................................
combination of the group number, subgroup
Applied Ethics
104
number, and number in lists of words provided a unique identifier for
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
each
entry. dBase11.4 was used for data entry until almost the very
end5.4ofMigration
the work,
though
the data
has been stored in many other
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
successively more up-to-date forms over the years, e.g., Access,
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Ingres, Mysql. Modern databases were necessary to support complex
5.6retrieval,
Alianza País
..................................................................................
data
which
became ever more important as the size of112
the
database
increased
and classifiers had to be able to find whether114
an
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
item was already in the database and if so where.
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
Data entry was
done by undergraduate and post-graduate students
and by people on a government training scheme for the unemployed,
Working
for theofWell-being
of Migrants
119
under
theTogether
supervision
Flora Edmonds,
the...........................
HTOED database
BarryThey
Halliday
officer.
worked from bundles of classified slips and headings,
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
284
10
Irené
TableWotherspoon
of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
made up into files of about fifty items each. After the data for each
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
thesaurus file had been entered it was proof-read twice.
3.5
Conclusion
59
Eventually
an......................................................................................
electronic version of HTOED will provide links
with
OED and offer the possibility of refined searches not only by
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
semantic area but also by period of currency, status label, and
grammatical
or any combination of these. A prototype for
4. The Ethicscategory,
of Migration.
thisReflections
was devised
in theMigration
early 1990s
(Wotherspoon 1992), and has
on Recent
Policies
been
substantially
developed
Edmonds
for internet access.61
and
“Non-policies”
in Italy by
andFlora
Europe
...........................................
Laura Zanfrini
8. Final Insertion Stage
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
During
classification
of the slips
it and
wasHumanitarian
inevitable that some would
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family
be reassigned
different
numbers.
InWorkers’
fact some
difficult-to-place
Migration:toLabour
Migration
but not
Migration
............. 73
items were still going the rounds until the very end. So, unlike a
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
dictionary, a thesaurus cannot be published a bit at a time – it is not
4.4 Selective
Policies
Drain............................................
87
finished
until the
last and
itemtheisBrain
placed.
Also, since classifying began
before
all the
slips wereand
made,
extra
slips would
arrive for sections
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
Denied
Opportunities
................................
90
for which the data had already been entered. This meant that after
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
reaching
‘the end’
of classifying first time round, many sections97
of
the thesaurus had large numbers of additional items to be inserted.
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in Their Societies
of who
Origin
....... 101
This
task wasIncluding
mostly done
by post-graduate
students,
slotted
the
Urs
Watter
additional items into the already established categories or made
additional
as appropriate.
5.1 Statesubcategories
Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
9. Index
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration
Policy
Ethics .........................................................
A thesaurus
should
to and
an extent
be its own index, since the terms106
for
any5.4
given
concept
should
have the
terms closest in meaning nearby
Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
and those more distant in meaning proportionately more distant in
“Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
the5.5
thesaurus.
However,
the scale of HTOED on the one hand, 109
and
the5.6
level
of detail
on the other, is such that an alphabetical index 112
was
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
considered necessary to provide an easy way into the enormous
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
numbers
of lexical
items. The index was generated electronically114
by
theBibliography
publishers, .......................................................................................
and forms volume II of HTOED. In order to keep116
the
volume similar in physical size to the thesaurus, the index does not
include
English
nor words
which had
no continuation
WorkingOld
Together
forwords,
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
after
the Halliday
14th century, nor phrases of more than four words. As well
Barry
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The
285
10 Making of The Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
as convenient access to the word-lists, the index provides cross
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
references between categories, as of course every category and sub3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
category
in which
a form appears in HTOED is listed under that
form.
The highly polysemous character of much of the lexis of
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
English is evident at a glance, even more so than in a dictionary,
though
of course
all the meanings of any word are not necessarily in
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
useReflections
at any oneonperiod,
differing
from the arrangement in the
Recent and,
Migration
Policies
dictionary,
homonymsinare
under
the same
index heading. Only the
and “Non-policies”
Italy
and Europe
...........................................
61
category
numbers are given in the index, not the verbal headings.
Laura Zanfrini
However some semantic information can be deduced from the
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
for numbers,
Immigrant for
Labour
.. 65
numbers
themselves.
Widely
differentDemand
category
instance
if they
show theforoccurrence
the item
in section 1 of the thesaurus
4.2 Initiatives
Governingof
Family
and Humanitarian
(numbers
beginning
01)Migration
and also but
in section
2 (numbers
beginning
Migration:
Labour
not Workers’
Migration
.............02)
73
or 3 (numbers beginning 03), sometimes indicate homonyms, or more
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
often, the operation of metaphor. Concrete and abstract categories
4.4 Selective
Policies
the Brainfound
Drain............................................
87
linked
by metaphor
areand
especially
where a form has categories
in section
The External
and section 2,
The Mental World.
4.5 Equal1,Opportunity
andWorld,
Denied Opportunities
................................
90
Examples of this are the intransitive verbs SWELL and BOIL, which
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
have 01 categories and also appear in 02.02.28 ‘Be proud’ and
02.02.15.01 ‘Become ardent/fervent’ respectively, and the adjective 5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
THICK
, which has 01 categories and 02.01.09.03 ‘Dull, stupid’.
Urs Watter
10.5.1
Conclusion
State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
More than 40 scholars world wide have already made use of parts of
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
the5.2HTOED
data in published research, on topics as varied as
religion,
death, Policy
expectation,
and.........................................................
sex, love, and marriage.1 However
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
106
publication of HTOED is in a way the real beginning of a new phase
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
of identifying and analysing the interesting things about language
“Colombia
noscan
une”
......................................................................
109
and5.5
society
which
only
be revealed by a thesaurus which shows
terms
both their
semantic and their historical context.
5.6 in
Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
1
Working
forauthors
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
1191,
For a list Together
of topics and
see the bibliography
in Kay
et al. 2009, vol.
xxxiii-xxxv.
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
286
10
Irené
TableWotherspoon
of Contents
References
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Bosworth,
J & N. T. ......................................................................................
Toller (1898) An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, London.
3.5 Conclusion
59
Cameron, A. F., A. C. Amos, A. di P. Healey, S. Butler, J. Holland, D. McDougall
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
& I. McDougall
(eds.) (1986-) Dictionary of Old English, PIMS, Toronto. 60
Clark Hall, J. R. & H. D. Meritt (1960) A Concise Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 4th ed.,
4. The
EthicsUniversity
of Migration.
Cambridge
Press, Cambridge.
on Recent
Migration
Policies (2009) Historical Thesaurus of
Kay,Reflections
C., J. Roberts,
M. Samuels
& I. Wotherspoon
the Oxford
English Dictionary,
volumes,
Oxford
University Press, Oxford. 61
and
“Non-policies”
in Italy 2and
Europe
...........................................
Kay, C. J. Zanfrini
& M. L. Samuels (1975) “Componential Analysis in semantics: Its
Laura
validity and applications”, Transactions of the Philological Society, pp. 49-81.
4.1
Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
Kay, C.Restrictive
& I. Wotherspoon (2002) “Turning the Dictionary Inside Out: Some Issues in the Compilation of a Historical in J. E. Diaz Vera (ed.) A
4.2
Initiatives
for Governing
FamilyThesaurus” and Humanitarian
Changing World of Words, Rodopi, Amsterdam/New York, pp. 109-135.
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Roberts, J. & C. Kay with L. Grundy (1995) A Thesaurus of Old English, King’s College
London,
edition, 2000, Guests
Rodopi,..................................
Amsterdam.
4.3
From
Guest London;
Workers2nd
to Unwelcome
82
Roget, P. Mark (1962 [1852]) Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases, ed. Robert
4.4
Selective
Policies
and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
A. Dutch,
Longman,
Harlow.
Samuels. M. L. (1965) “The Role of Functional Selection in the History of English”,
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Transactions of the Philological Society, 1965, pp. 15-40.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Samuels. M. L. (1972) Linguistic Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Thornton, Freda J. (1988) A Classification of the Semantic Field ‘Good and Evil’ in 5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of Origin ....... 101
the Vocabulary
of English,
Ph.D. Thesis,
University
of Glasgow.
Urs WatterI. A. (1992) “Historical Thesaurus Database Using Ingres”, Literary
Wotherspoon,
and Linguistic Computing, 7 (4), pp. 218-225.
5.1
State Interest and Responsibility
The Oxford
English
Dictionary.
ed. by...........................................
J. A. H. Murray, H. Bradley, W.
A.
towards
their
Citizens1884-1933,
Living Abroad
102
Craigie & C. T. Onions; Supplement, 1972-1986, ed. by Robert W. Burchfield;
2ndApplied
ed., 1989,Ethics
ed. by..............................................................................
J. A. Simpson & E. S. C. Weiner; Additions Series, 19935.2
104
1997, ed. by J. A. Simpson, E. S. C. Weiner & M. Proffitt; 3rd ed. (in progress)
5.3
Migration
Policy2000-,
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
OED
Online, March
ed. by
J. A. Simpson, Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The
287
10 Making of The Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Figure
6. An illustrative
example from HTOED
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
Copyright © University of Glasgow 2009
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays
in10the History of Lexicography, 289-308 ©2010 Polimetrica International
Scientific
Table of Contents
Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Angelets, Trudgeons, and Bratlings: The
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Lexicalization of Childhood in the Historical
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Kate
Wild - University
of Glasgow
Reflections
on Recent
Migration Policies
[email protected]
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
1. Introduction
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
The recently
published
Historical
of Migration
the Oxford
English
Migration:
Labour Migration
butThesaurus
not Workers’
.............
73
Dictionary (HTOED) promises to be an invaluable resource for
4.3linguists
From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
..................................
82
both
and
historians.
Already,Guests
material
from the HTOED
has4.4been
usedPolicies
both to
lightDrain............................................
on the history of subjects 87
as
Selective
andshed
the Brain
diverse as horses and seaweed, and to investigate linguistic
4.5 Equalsuch
Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
90
processes
as metaphor,
metonymy
and................................
phonaesthesia. The
purpose of this paper is to examine the English lexis for ‘child’ Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
from both a historical and a linguistic perspective, and to show how
data
from the
HTOED
can inform
of theof history
of 101
the
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in TheirusSocieties
Origin .......
conceptualization
of childhood.
Urs Watter
After a survey of previous research in this area, and some brief
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
remarks on the concept of childhood, the lexemes for ‘young towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
person’, ‘child’, and ‘baby’ in the HTOED are described and
5.2 Applied
104
discussed
fromEthics
two ..............................................................................
angles: firstly, the extent to which they follow
metaphorical
metonymical
patterns; and secondly, what they
5.3 Migrationand
Policy
and Ethics .........................................................
106
suggest about the history of childhood and the conceptualization of
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
......................................................
childhood
in English-speaking
countries.
It will be shown that108
the
HTOED
offers previously
unavailable insights into the relationship
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109
between lexical change and cultural change.
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
2. Previous
Research
on the Lexicalization of Childhood 114
in
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
English
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
There
hasTogether
been significant
research of
onMigrants
aspects ...........................
of the lexical field
Working
for the Well-being
119
‘child’ in English. An early article by Taylor (1929) examines words Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
290
10
Wild
Table ofKate
Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
for the concept ‘child’ in a variety of languages (English, Latin, Greek, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Arabic, Celtic, and Native American languages, among others),
3.5 Conclusion
59
giving examples ......................................................................................
of lexemes based on notions such as ‘small’, ‘foolish’,
and ‘dirty’. Bäck’s (1934) study of the OE vocabulary for Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
‘child’ discovers that most words for ‘child’ in OE are based metonymically on etymons meaning ‘birth’ or ‘womb’, and that 4. The Ethics of Migration.
other
metaphorical
lexicalizations
are not found. 1 Diensberg (1985)
Reflections
on Recent
Migration Policies
examines
the restructuring,
Romance
loanwords, of the fields
and “Non-policies”
in Italydue
andtoEurope
...........................................
61
‘child’ ‘servant’ in ME. The words BOY, GIRL, and BABY, the
Lauraand Zanfrini
etymologies of which are still uncertain, have also been examined in
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65;
some
detail (seePolicies
e.g., Bammesberger
and Grzega
[2001]
on GIRL
Breeze
[2002] for
onGoverning
BABY; Liberman
on BOY and GIRL).
4.2 Initiatives
Family and [2008]
Humanitarian
Furthermore,
there
hasMigration
been extensive
research
on the.............
semantic
Migration:
Labour
but not Workers’
Migration
73
structuring of the field ‘human being’ (e.g., Kleparski [1997 and
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
2004] on ‘girl/young woman’;; Grygiel [2006] on ‘man/male human 4.4 Selective
and the Brain
Drain............................................
being’), some Policies
of which touches on the related area 87
of children/young
people. and
As Denied
yet, though,
there has
not been a study
4.5 Equal Opportunity
Opportunities
................................
90
of words for ‘child’ across all periods of English, and this is
Bibliography
97
something
that .........................................................................................
the HTOED allows us to do with ease.
5. Some
Colombia:
Including
in Their
Societies of Origin
....... 101
3.
Remarks
onEmigrants
Childhood
as a Historical,
Cultural,
Urs Watter
and
Conceptual Phenomenon
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Whiletowards
it would
beyond
the Abroad
scope ...........................................
of this paper to survey 102
the
theirbeCitizens
Living
history of childhood in the English-speaking world, it is worth
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
making a few points about the development of the concept of
5.3 Migration
and period
Ethics .........................................................
106
childhood
as a Policy
distinct
of life, and children as a distinct
section
of society.
It has
been argued
that the idea of childhood 108
is a
5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
modern phenomenon; that, in the famous (translated) phrase of
5.5 “Colombia
nosthe une”
......................................................................
Philippe
Ariès, in Middle Ages “the idea of childhood did 109
not 2
exist.”
RecentPaís
research
has gone a long way to disprove this claim,
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
1
The following abbreviations for periods of English are used throughout: OE = Old
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
English;
ME = Middle
English; EModE = Early Modern English; LModE = 116
Late
Modern English; PDE = Present Day English.
2
Working
Together
foret the
Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
Ariès (1960)
L’Enfant la Vie Familiale ofsous l’Ancien Régime, translated
by
Robert
Baldick
as Centuries of Childhood (1963), quoted in Heywood (2001: 5). As
Barry
Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Angelets, Trudgeons, and Bratlings: The Lexicalization of Childhood
291
in10the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
and to show the extent to which children in western cultures have
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
always had a separate identity. Crawford, for example, uses
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
archaeological
and
documentary evidence to argue that Anglo-Saxon
children “had their own characteristics and their own games” (1999: Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
174). There is also substantial evidence of medieval awareness of
childhood
discussions (inherited from the Graeco-Roman
4. The Ethicsinof Migration.
tradition)
of the
stagesMigration
of life, which
Reflections
on Recent
Policiesincluded the stage before
walking,
the stage of in
dentition,
stage...........................................
of growing facial hair, and
and “Non-policies”
Italy andthe
Europe
61
so on
(Heywood
Laura
Zanfrini 2001: 14).
However, research has also explored the extent to which
4.1
Restrictive
Policies and
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
.. 65
childhood
is a socially
constructed
phenomenon.
As Mintz
(2008:
93)4.2points
out, for
“[a]ge categories natural; rather, they are
Initiatives
Governing
Familyare
and not
Humanitarian
imbued
with cultural
andMigration
values.”.............
Thus, the
Migration:
Labourassumptions,
Migration butmeaning,
not Workers’
73
transition point to adulthood at the age of eighteen in modern Britain
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
and America is arbitrary and culturally variable; in other societies
Selective
Policies
the Brain
Drain............................................
and4.4other
periods
the and
transition
might
be at the age of, say, ten87
or
sixteen,
or itOpportunity
might notand
beDenied
at a fixed
age. For................................
example, Crawford
4.5 Equal
Opportunities
90
(1999: 52), using evidence from law codes, shows that Anglo-Saxons
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
became
responsible
for their actions – and thus, arguably, classed97
as
‘adults’ – at either ten or twelve years old. Another transition point
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in be
Their
of Originwork,
....... 101
from
childhood
to adulthood
might
theSocieties
age of starting
but
Urs
Watter
as Heywood (2001: 123) shows, this was highly variable before the
modern
period:
5.1 State
Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
Not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is there
evidence
of Ethics
a crisp..............................................................................
transition from childhood into the adult world of104
5.2
Applied
work, marked by the ritual of leaving school at the minimum age
5.3
Migration
required
by thePolicy
state. and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
Thus, in examining the history of words for ‘young person’, ‘child’ 5.5 “Colombia nos une”......................................................................
109
and ‘baby’ in English, the fuzziness and culturally-dependent
nature
of these
categories
will be considered.
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Heywood (2001: 19) points out, the original phrase sentiment d’enfance is
Working Together
for it the
of Migrants
119
ambiguous, and although is Well-being
usually translated as ‘idea ...........................
of childhood’, it could equally mean ‘feeling for childhood’. Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
292
10
Wild
Table ofKate
Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
4. The
Lexicalization of Childhood in the HTOED
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
3.5 Conclusion
59
Lexemes
related......................................................................................
to childhood appear in the HTOED within the
section ‘people’, which is a subcategory of ‘life’. Relevant parts 60
of Bibliography .........................................................................................
the hierarchy are as follows:
4. The01.
Ethics
Migration.
TheofWorld
01.02 Life
Reflections
on Recent Migration Policies
People in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
and01.02.07
“Non-policies”
01.02.07.04
Laura
Zanfrini Person
01.02.07.04.01 Man
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
01.02.07.04.02
Woman
01.02.07.04.03
Young person
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family and Humanitarian
01.02.07.04.03.01
Youth/young
Migration: Labour Migration but man
not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
01.02.07.04.03.02 Young woman
01.02.07.04.04
Childto Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.3 From
Guest Workers
01.02.07.04.04.01 Boy
4.4 Selective
Policies and
01.02.07.04.04.02
Girlthe Brain Drain............................................ 87
01.02.07.04.05
Baby/infant
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
01.02.07.04.06 Adult
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
01.02.07.04.07
Middle-aged person
01.02.07.04.08 Old person
5. Colombia:
Including Old
Emigrants
01.02.07.04.08.01
Man in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs01.02.07.04.08.02
Watter
Old Woman
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Thus, towards
while the category ‘person’ is first divided by gender (‘man’ their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
and ‘woman’), it is thereafter divided by age groups (‘young person’, 5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
‘child’, ‘baby/infant’, ‘adult’, ‘middle-aged person’, and 104
‘old person’). In turn, these categories are sometimes further divided by 5.3 Migration
Policy
and
Ethics .........................................................
106
gender (‘old person’ into ‘old man’ and ‘old woman’, for example), Migration not Policy
in Colombia
108
but 5.4
sometimes (there are no ......................................................
separate categories for ‘boy baby’ and ‘girl baby’). nos
Since categorization of the HTOED was data5.5
“Colombia
une”the ......................................................................
109
driven (see Wotherspoon, this volume), these categories follow the
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
evidence
of salience
in the senses and quotations in the Oxford
English
Dictionary
(OED). That is, while there is sufficient evidence
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
that ‘old man’ is or has been a salient category in English, with
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
separate lexemes from the more general category ‘old person’, there is no evidence that would justify separate categories for ‘boy baby’ Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
or ‘girl baby’. Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Angelets, Trudgeons, and Bratlings: The Lexicalization of Childhood
293
in10the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
In this paper, only the three broad categories related to childhood
are analyzed: ‘young person’, ‘child’, and ‘baby/infant’. The gender 3.5 Conclusion
59
divisions ‘young ......................................................................................
man’, ‘young woman’, ‘boy’ and ‘girl’ are not considered
here, partly because these have already been researched
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
elsewhere (see the summary of research in section 2 above), and
partly
focus of this paper is on age, rather than gender, as
4. Thebecause
Ethics ofthe
Migration.
a historical
conceptual
category.
It should also be noted that
Reflectionsand
on Recent
Migration
Policies
there
a separate section
theEurope
HTOED
for ‘child’ in the sense andis“Non-policies”
in Italyinand
...........................................
61
‘offspring’: this appears within 03.01.01 ‘kinship’ along with sections Laura Zanfrini
for ‘father’, ‘mother’, ‘sibling’, and so on, and is not included in this
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
analysis.
Each
category
the HTOED
is divided
into parts of speech, and
4.2
Initiatives
forinGoverning
Family
and Humanitarian
each Migration:
part of speech
into subcategories
(see Migration
Wotherspoon,
Labour Migration
but not Workers’
.............this
73
volume). Like many concrete categories, ‘young person’, ‘child’ and 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
‘baby/infant’ are predominantly nominal, with fewer adjectives and 3
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the of
Brain
Drain............................................
hardly
any verbs.
Because
this,
the focus of this paper is 87
on
nouns.
In addition,
moreand
attention
be paid to................................
the main categories,
4.5 Equal
Opportunity
Denied will
Opportunities
90
with selected examples from the subcategories.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
The approach
in analyzing these sections was to examine the
words in the HTOED, and to discern salient types of lexicalization
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
Their Societies
of Origin
.......
(such
as prominent
metaphors
andinmetonyms),
using
the data
in101
the
Urs
Watter
OED to determine etymologies and sense developments. Data from
the5.1
OED
from and
the Responsibility
second edition, as this is the edition on which
Stateare
Interest
the HTOED
based.
towardsistheir
Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
When referring to salient notions in different periods, I refer to
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
the date at which a lexeme is first recorded, rather than the dates of
its 5.3
continued
Forandexample,
kid is first recorded as meaning
Migrationuse.
Policy
Ethics .........................................................
106
‘child’ in 1599, and at this date its basis on the animal metaphor
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
‘young goat’ would have been alive;; when kid is used today to mean
5.5 “Colombia
une”
......................................................................
‘child’, however, nos
this animal metaphor is arguably dead. Thus 109
it is the5.6date
of País
coinage
which is evidence of the salience of 112
the
Alianza
..................................................................................
metaphor.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
3
Working
Together forperson’ there are 91 nouns, 33 adjectives, 4 adverbs, and the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
For example, in ‘young
onlyBarry
2 verbs.
Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
294
10
Wild
Table ofKate
Contents
Young Person
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Figure 1 shows the nouns for ‘young person’ in the HTOED. In OE and
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
ME, most of the coinages are based on the form ‘young’: YOUNGLING
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
60
(from
GEONGLING
), YOUTH, YOUNG and YOUNG PERSON. The only
exception is GIRL, which could originally refer to a young person of
4. The sex.
Ethics
of Migration.
either
Other
lexemes based on YOUNG (or the Latinate form
Reflections
on
Recent
Migration
Policies
JUVENILE) continue to be
coined in
subsequent centuries: JUVENAL,
and
“Non-policies”
in
Italy
and
Europe
61
NONAGE YOUTH, JUVENILE, YOUNG ’UN,...........................................
YOUNG BLOOD, JUVENILE
Laura
ZanfriniADULT, YA (‘young adult’), and YOUF (a jocular form
ADULT
, YOUNG
of ‘youth’).
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
It is not until the 16th century that the first metaphorical
4.2
Initiativesare
for Governing
Family
Humanitarian
lexicalizations
attested: the
plantand
metaphors
PRIMROSE, SAPLING,
Migration:
Labour
Migration
but
not
Workers’
Migration
.............by73A
and SLIP (originally ‘twig, sprig’), followed in the 17th century
SLIP
OFFrom
A BOY
/GIRLWorkers
. Animaltometaphors
appear
in the 17th century:
4.3
Guest
Unwelcomefirst
Guests
..................................
82
CHIT (originally ‘whelp;; pup;; kitten’) and EGG. These are followed by
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
KID in the 19th century and SPRING CHICKEN (usually in the phrase ‘no 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied
OpportunitiesQUAT
................................
90
spring chicken’) in the 20th.
The contemptuous
, which originally
meant ‘pustule, .........................................................................................
boil’, is the only metaphor relating to the supposed Bibliography
97
dirtiness of young people. BOOTS is an interesting example of the
overlap between the concepts and ‘young person’ (as 5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants‘servant’ in Their Societies
of Origin
....... 101
discussed
in Diensberg 1985; see section 2 above): it originally
Urs Watter
referred to a servant who cleans boots, and later extended to any young
5.1 State
Responsibility
member
of aInterest
club orand
regiment.
YOB is backslang for BOY, and was used
towards
their
Citizens
Living
...........................................
102
in the 19th century to denoteAbroad
any young
person; it has since
specialized
in meaning
to refer specifically to hooligans.
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
01.02.07.04.03
youngling<geongling OE- 106
∙ 5.3 Migration
Policy(n.)
andYoung
Ethics person
.........................................................
youth c1250- ∙ girl c1290-c1450 ∙ young a1300-a1500 ∙ young 5.4 Migration
Policy
Colombia
......................................................
person 1535∙ in
primrose a1568 ∙ slip 1582- ∙ juvenal 1588-108
1664;; 1820 ∙ sapling 1588-1905 ∙ quat 1604-1623
(contemp.) ∙ 5.5 “Colombia
nos une”......................................................................
109
egg 1605 (contemp.); 1835 (contemp.) ∙ airling 1611-1775 ∙ no5.6 Alianza
País1628 ..................................................................................
112
nage youth ∙ chit 1649- (contemp.) ∙ a slip of a boy/girl a1660- ∙ juvenile 1733- ∙ boots 1806 (slang) ∙ young (’)un c18105.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
∙ snip 1838- ∙ yob 1859-1886/96 (slang) ∙ young blood 1862;; 1885 ∙ kid 1884(colloq., orig. US) ∙ spring chicken 1910- ∙ chis-116
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
eller 1922- (Irish) ∙ juvenile adult 1926;; 1959 ∙ YA 1974- (US) ∙ yoof/youf(f)
(chiefly
colloq. joc.
& iron.)........................... 119
Working
Together1989
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
Barry
Halliday
Figure
1. Nouns in the main section of ‘young person’
in the HTOED
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Angelets, Trudgeons, and Bratlings: The Lexicalization of Childhood
295
in10the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
It is of further interest to look at the subcategory ‘adolescent’, shown in figure 2. The concept was not lexicalized until the 14th
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
century,
a fact that
could not easily have been ascertained without the
HTOED.
Furthermore, the first recorded lexeme, PUBER – from the
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Latin PUBERTAS ‘age of maturity’– was restricted to legal and official
usage.
ADOLESCENT
itself – from the Latin ADOLESCERE ‘to grow 4. The Ethics
of Migration.
up’ Reflections
– was first
in Migration
English inPolicies
the 15th century. Metaphors and
onused
Recent
metonyms
for this concept
animal ...........................................
metaphor FARROW and the
and “Non-policies”
in Italy (the
and Europe
61
clothing
Laura metonym
Zanfrini JEAN-AGER) do not appear until the 19th and 20th
centuries.
4.1
Structural
Labour .. 65
A Restrictive
similar Policies
patternand can
be Demand
seen forinImmigrant
the subcategory
‘adolescence/puberty’ (see Fig.
3).and
TheHumanitarian
pre-19th-century coinages
4.2 Initiatives for Governing
Family
are Latinate
andLabour
technical
(PUBERTY
ADOLESCENCY
, and
so on),
Migration:
Migration
but not, Workers’
Migration
.............
73
whereas the 19th- and 20th-century coinages give more of a sense of
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
the character of adolescence: HOG-AGE, THE AWKWARD AGE, and
4.4-AGE
Selective
Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
JEAN
.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
05 adolescent
puberand
c1315
(Scots);
1545 (Scots) ∙ adolescent 14824.5 Equal
Opportunity
Denied
Opportunities
................................ 90
1495;; 1815 ∙ farrow 1820 ∙ teen 1820- ∙ teener 1894- ∙ teen(-)ager
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
1941- ∙ jean-ager 1959;; 1961 ∙ teen(e)y 1969(colloq.) ∙ skin 1970-97
(slang)
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Figure
Nouns in the subcategory ‘adolescent’ in the HTOED
Urs2.
Watter
5.1 State
and Responsibility
05.03Interest
adolescence/puberty
puberty 1382- ∙ adolescency 1398towards
their Citizens Living
Abroad ........................................... 102
1719 ∙ adolescence 1430∙ pubes 1637 ∙ pubescency 1658-1684 ∙ teens 1673∙ pubescence 1822/34 ∙ hog-age 1848-1893 (US) 104
∙ 5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
teenhood 1893 ∙ the awkward age 1895- ∙ prepubescence 1916 ∙ 5.3 Migration
Ethics ......................................................... 106
prepubertyPolicy
1922- and
∙ teenagedness 1952 ∙ jean-age 1960 ∙ teenager 19605.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
Figure 3. Nouns in the subcategory ‘adolescence/puberty’ in the HTOED
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
Child
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
01.02.07.04.04. (n.) Child bearn OE ∙ gebyrd OE ∙ magotimber 5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
OE ∙ umbor OE ∙ wuscbearn OE ∙ wenchel<wencel OE-a1225 114
∙ burden<gebyrþen
OE;1489-1667 ∙ littling<lytling OE;;1721Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
(Dict. dial.) ∙ child<cild OE- ∙ hired-child c1205 ∙ wee a1300 ∙ chick
c1320- ∙ broll a1325-1575;
(obs. exc.
dial.) ∙ innocent
Working
Together
for the Well-being1865of Migrants
...........................
119
c1325-1641 ∙ congeon/conjon c1330-a1400
(contemp.) ∙ imp Barry Halliday
c1380-1809 ∙ young one 1382- ∙ faunt a1400-a1400/50 ∙ chicken Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
296
10
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Table ofKate
Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
a1400-1809 ∙ enfaunt c1450 ∙ schild c1450 ∙ whelp 14833.4 The
Human Rights’
........................................................
c1591;1852
(joc.) ∙ Approach
brat c1505(contemp.) ∙ little one 1526- ∙ 58
younkerkin ......................................................................................
a1529 ∙ kitling 1541-a1745 ∙ urchin 1556 ∙ budling 59
3.5 Conclusion
1577 ∙ breed 1586(2) ∙ tadpole 1588;; 1881 ∙ pledge 1590- ∙ Bibliography
.........................................................................................
bantling 1593-1831
(derog.) ∙ two-year-old 1594/5- ∙ bud 1595- ∙ 60
lambkin 1597- ∙ eyas-musket 1598 ∙ kid 1599- (orig. slang) ∙ 4. Thebratchet
Ethics of
Migration.
a1600(contemp.& joc.) ∙ younker 1601-1866 ∙ dandling 1611-1695 ∙ butter-print
(slang) ∙ doveling Reflections
on Recent
Migration 1616-1709
Policies
∙ whelpling a1618∙ chit c1624-1864 (contemp.) ∙ 61
anda1618;;1888 “Non-policies”
in Italy and
Europe
...........................................
ninny c1626 ∙ lap-child 1655 ∙ chitterling 1675-1826 ∙ nyny 1687 ∙ Laura
Zanfrini
wee ane 1692-a1774 (Scots & dial.) ∙ kinchin a1700;;1838- (cant)
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural Demand for Immigrant(Scots
Labourdi.. 65
∙ cherub 1705∙ charity child 1714-1861 ∙ wean 1725al.) ∙ youngster 1732- (colloq.) ∙ poult/pout 1739- (colloq. &
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family and
Humanitarian
dial.) ∙ elfin 1741-1804 two-shoes
1766-1870 ∙ piccaninMigration:
Labour
Migration∙ but
not Workers’
Migration
............. 73
ny/pickaninny 1785- (humorous) ∙ small boy/girl 1786- ∙ 4.3 From
Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests ..................................
piggy/piggie
1799- (joc.) ∙ totum a1800-1898
(Scots) ∙ suck-(a)-82
thumb c1800-1890 ∙ olive 1803- ∙ piece of goods 1809;; 1895 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
(humorous & contemp. dial.) ∙ stumpie 1820- (Scots) ∙ sexennarian Opportunity
1821 ∙ totty and
1821;; 1849 Opportunities
∙ poppet 1830∙ brancher 1833 ∙ 90
4.5 Equal
Denied
................................
toad 1836- ∙ bosom-child 1838 ∙ young ’un 1838- (colloq.) ∙ twoBibliography
......................................................................................... 97
penny 1844 ∙ weeny 1844 (colloq.);; 1973;; 1977 ∙ tottykins 1849 ∙ brattock 1858 (local) ∙ ninepins 1862 (humorous) ∙ piggy-wiggy
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of ∙ Origin
101
1862- (joc.) ∙ ragazzo 1862- (Ital.) ∙ angelet 1868 tenas .......
(man) Urs1870 Watter∙ nipper 1875- (slang) ∙ pee-wee 1877- (N.Amer & dial.) ∙ tad 1877- (colloq.) ∙ tacker 1885;; 1893 ∙ joey 1887 ∙ simplicity 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
1887 ∙ thumb-sucker 1891- ∙ littly 1893/4 - ∙ (little) tyke 1894 - ∙ towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
che-ild/chee-(y)ild 1896- (iron.) ∙ kipper 1905- (slang) ∙ small 1907- ∙ God forbid 1909(slang) ∙ toto 1916 – ∙ snookums 19195.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
1928 ∙ problem child 1920- ∙ trottie 1924 ∙ squirt 1924 – (colloq.)
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics .........................................................
106
∙ tiddler 1927∙ pre-adolescent
1930- ∙ teeny 1931- (colloq.) ∙ accident 1932(colloq.
) ∙ sprout 1934(US slang & colloq.) ∙ juvie 5.4 Migration
Policy
in Colombia
......................................................
108
1941- (US slang) ∙ sprog 1945- (slang, orig. Nautical) ∙ subteen 5.5 “Colombia
une”......................................................................
109
1952- (orig.nos
US) ∙ pre-schooler
1954- ∙ subadolescent 1957 ∙ pintsize 1959- ∙ subteenager 1959- ∙ saucepan lid 1960- (slang) ∙ pre5.6 Alianza
País .................................................................................. 112
teenager 1966- (orig. US) ∙ pre-teen 1967- (orig. US) ∙ rug-rat
1968/70- (US
slang) ∙ preteener 1969
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
Figure
4. Nouns in the main section of ‘child’
in the HTOED
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Angelets, Trudgeons, and Bratlings: The Lexicalization of Childhood
297
in10the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Figure 4 shows the nouns in the main section of ‘child’. As discussed 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
in Bäck (1934), OE words for ‘child’ are mainly based on the
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
concept
of childbearing:
BEARN, GEBYRD, and GEBURÞEN from ‘that 4
which is born’; and UMBOR and CILD, which are thought to derive
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
from etymons meaning ‘womb’.5 After the OE period, words with
similar etymologies are coined, but only for ‘child’ in the sense 4. The Ethics
of Migration.
‘offspring’, for example,
BIRTH, CONCEPTION
Reflections on Recent Migration
Policies , SPAWN, and BEGET. As
noted
these areinall
found
in the HTOED
in section 03.01.01
andabove,
“Non-policies”
Italy
and Europe
...........................................
61
‘kinship’. It is only in OE that words for ‘child’ meaning ‘young Laura Zanfrini
person’ are based on the concept of birth.6
4.1
Restrictive
Structural
Demand
for is
Immigrant
.. 65
There
is also Policies
one OEand
word,
WENCEL
, which
thought Labour
to relate
to
WANCOL
, ‘totter’, is perhaps precursor of the 19th-century
4.2 Initiatives
for and Governing
Familya and
Humanitarian
wordsMigration:
for TODDLER
1934:
80).
One OE
word,.............
LYTLING
Labour(Bäck
Migration
but not
Workers’
Migration
73 ,
denotes small size, and this concept is the basis of several subsequent
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
lexemes, such as WEE, LITTLE ONE, WEAN, and PINT-SIZE.
4.4
Selective
and the Brain
Drain............................................
87
From
the Policies
14th century,
animal
metaphors are frequently
employed,
with theand
diminutive
suffixes -LING
and -KIN: children
4.5 Equaloften
Opportunity
Denied Opportunities
................................
90
are referred to, for example, as CHICKENS, WHELPS, KITLINGS, URCHINS,
Bibliography
97 ,
CHITTERLINGS
, .........................................................................................
TADPOLES, LAMBKINS, KIDS, DOVELINGS, WHELPLINGS
PIGGIES, POULTS, TIDDLERS, KIPPERS, and TOADS. Plant metaphors are,
5. Colombia:
Including less
Emigrants
in Theirand
Societies
Origin
perhaps
surprisingly,
productive,
there ofare
only.......
a 101
few
Urs
Watter
coinages in each period: IMP in the 14th century, BUDLING and BUD
in the
OLIVE in
19th and SPROUT in the 20th.
5.1 17th,
State Interest
andthe
Responsibility
In towards
the 18th
19thLiving
centuries,
words are coined on
theirand
Citizens
Abroadtwo
...........................................
102a
metaphorical extension of ‘angel’– CHERUB and ANGELET – which
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
reflect the Romanticization of childhood in this period (for example,
the 5.3image of Policy
‘heaven [lying] about us in our infancy’ 106
in Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
Wordsworth’s “Intimations of Immortality”, 1807). Related to these
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
4
Or perhaps ‘that which is carried’ (Bäck 1934: 66).
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
See Bäck (1934: 32; 78).
6
5.716th-century
Challengescoinage
....................................................................................
114
The
BREED, which is listed under ‘child’ (as young person),
appears to have been miscategorized: both the OED quotations indicate that it was
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
only used in the sense ‘offspring’:
1586 WARNER Alb. Eng. I. ii. 4 Cybell [had] brought to light Her second
breede, aTogether
smiling boy.
X. lv. 253 When
Junos Breed
on farther bankes
his
Working
forIbid.
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
passenger
had set.
Barry Halliday
5
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
298
10
Wild
Table ofKate
Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
are the coinages based on the metaphor ‘fairy/magical being’: 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
CONGEON/CONJON (from ‘changeling’) in the 14th century and ELFIN
......................................................................................
59
in 3.5
the Conclusion
18th. One further lexeme is based on the metaphor ‘doll’: POPPET, 1830. Two metonyms are based on the perceived qualities
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
of children: INNOCENT in the 14th century and SIMPLICITY in the 19th.
There
only ofone
lexeme related to the notion of dirtiness: SQUIRT,
4. TheisEthics
Migration.
1924, with the original meaning ‘diarrhoea’.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
Other
types include
foreign
NYNY and NINNY from
and
“Non-policies”
in Italy
and loans
Europe(e.g.,
...........................................
61
Spanish
, KINCHIN from German KIND, and TOTO from Swahili
Laura NIÑO
Zanfrini
MTOTO) and rhyming slang in the 20th century (GOD FORBID and
4.1 Restrictive
SAUCEPAN
LID). Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
TheInitiatives
19th century sees a Family
spate of based on children’s 4.2
for Governing
andcoinages Humanitarian
actionsMigration:
or activities:
-(A)-THUMB
NIPPER Migration
(‘one who
nips’),
Labour SUCK
Migration
but not ,Workers’
.............
73
TACKER (‘one who attaches’), and THUMB-SUCKER. The most notable
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
development, though, is the number of words showing finer
4.4 Selective
and 20th
the Brain
Drain............................................
distinctions
in Policies
age in the
century.
There were a few words87
of
this4.5type
coined
beforeand
this
period,
such as SEXENNARIAN
, but 90
far
Equal
Opportunity
Denied
Opportunities
................................
more in the 20th century, when nearly a third of the coinages are ageBibliography
.........................................................................................
related.
One refers
to children before school-age – PRE-SCHOOLER97–
and there are a further seven words referring to children before they
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their
Societies
Origin ....... 101 ,
become
teenagers:
PRE
-ADOLESCENT
, SUBTEEN
, ofSUBADOLESCENT
Urs Watter , PRE-TEENAGER, PRE-TEEN, and PRETEENER. As noted
SUBTEENAGER
above,
TEENAGER
5.1 State
Interestitself is in the category ‘adolescent’ (within ‘young
and Responsibility
person’) and this raises issues in classification: where does one draw towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
the line between a child and a young person? Regardless of how they
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
are classified, though, the fact that in the 20th century a large number
of 5.3
words
are coined
finely discriminate the category ‘child’ Migration
Policy which
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
suggests the increased attention paid to children as a section of
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
society.
5.5
“Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
Slightly
different
patterns
of lexicalization emerge in 109
the
subcategory ‘childhood’, shown in Figure
5. Until the 17th century,
5.6 Alianza País ..................................................................................
112
all the lexemes are based on the form CHILD or Latinate or French
5.7 Challenges
114
versions
such as ....................................................................................
ENFAUNCE and PUERICE. In later centuries, though,
weBibliography
find clothing
metonyms – LEADING-STRINGS in the 17th century
.......................................................................................
116
and CAP AND FEATHER DAYS and TUNICHOOD in the 19th – which are
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Angelets, Trudgeons, and Bratlings: The Lexicalization of Childhood
299
in10the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
not attested in the nouns for ‘child’ itself.7 There is also one 19th3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
century metonym based on what children tend to eat: BREAD-AND3.5 Conclusion
59
BUTTERHOOD
. It ......................................................................................
is notable that, as was the case with the concept
‘adolescence’,
discussed above, there is no evidence of the
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
metaphorization of childhood until the 19th century. This is the kind
of
would be very difficult to access by looking at
4. information
The Ethics ofwhich
Migration.
individual
words;
by Migration
presentingPolicies
the words conceptually and
Reflections
on Recent
chronologically,
the HTOED
allows
such ...........................................
insights.
and “Non-policies”
in Italy and
Europe
61
Laura
07 Zanfrini
childhood cildgeogoþ OE ∙ cildyldu OE ∙ childhood<cildhad OE- ∙ bairnheid ∙ childhead a1300-1588 ∙ enfaunce 4.1 Restrictive
Policiesa1300-1588 and Structural
Demand for
Immigrant Labour
.. 65
c1400 ∙ puerice 1481;; 1660 ∙ puerility 1512-1849 ∙ child-age 15484.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
1638 ∙ childishness 1660 ∙ leading-string(s)
1677- ∙ impuberty
1785 ∙ cap and feather days 1821 ∙ bairnhood a1835 (Scots);
1894
Migration:
Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration .............
73
(Scots) ∙ pupilarity 1846 ∙ tunichood 1859 ∙ child-life 1865- ∙ 4.3 From
Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ..................................
82
bread-and-butterhood 1884 ∙ latency 1910(Psychology) ∙ preadolescence 1930∙ puerilism 1940 (Psychology)
4.4 Selective
Policies
and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Figure
5. Nouns in the subcategory ‘childhood’ in the HTOED
4.5 Equal
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Baby/Infant
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Their Societies
Origin .......
101
Figure 6 shows the section ‘baby/infant’ in the of
HTOED.
Again,
Urs Watter
only the OE words are based on the concept ‘womb’: UMBOR and
CILD
Many
of the
early words are variants of BABY and
5.1. State
Interest
andother
Responsibility
INFANT
, such their
as INFANT
, FAUNTELET
, BABY, and BABE
towards
Citizens, FAUNTEKIN
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
(all first recorded in the 14th century). Even though the word
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
INFANT
derives from the Latin ‘unable to speak’, there is little evidence
that Policy
this and
meaning
was still alive in the English
5.3 Migration
Ethics .........................................................
106
derivatives, and ‘speechlessness’ does not seem to be a salient 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
notion
in the lexicalization of this concept. BABY is probably
onomatopoeic
see Breeze 2002 for the argument that
5.5 “Colombia(although
nos une”......................................................................
109it
is a Celtic loanword).
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
7
Working
Together
for the
Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
BRAT is a possible
exception:
it has
been arguedofthat
it is related
to BRAT meaning ‘cloth, rag’ (see e.g.,
Bammesberger and Grzega 2001), but this etymology is uncertain.
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
300
10
Wild
Table ofKate
Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
01.02.07.04.05 (n.) Baby/infant cradolcild OE ∙ umbor OE ∙ 3.4 The
HumanOERights’
Approach
........................................................
child<cild
∙ baban c1230 ∙ chrisom-child c1275-1680 ∙ 58
fauntekin 1377-c1446 ∙ baby 1377- ∙ infant 1382- ∙ fauntelet 59
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
1393 ∙ babe 1393- (now chiefly poet.) ∙ lakin c1440-1570∙ mop Bibliography
.........................................................................................
c1460-1598 ∙ tenderling 1587-a1900 ∙ chrisom 1596-a1667; 60
1755 (Dict.) ∙ chrisomer 1605 ∙ flosculet 1648 ∙ childling 1648;
4. The1855
Ethics
of Migration.
(arch.) ∙ bratling 1652;; 1796 ∙ lullaby-cheat
1671 (cant) ∙ stranger on
a1674-1896
(joc.) ∙ hoppet 1695 (northern
English diReflections
Recent Migration
Policies
∙ tot 1725-in(colloq.&
dial.) ∙ ...........................................
bambino 1761;; 1863 ∙ 61
andal.) “Non-policies”
Italy and Europe
weanie/weany
1785- (dial.) ∙ nursling babe 1793∙ dab 1797;; Laura
Zanfrini
1833- (dial.) ∙ tiny 1797- ∙ toddler 1812- ∙ trudgeon 1814 ∙ nurs4.1 Restrictive
Policies and Structural Demand for
Immigrant Labour .. 65
ling child 1818 ∙ child/baby in arms 1819∙ toddle 1825-1882 ∙ toddles 1828
4.2 Initiatives
for (dial.);; 1854 ∙ chrisom-babe 1829 ∙ yearnling 1829 Governing Family and Humanitarian
∙ toddlekins 1852-1904 ∙ mite 1852Migration: Labour Migration but not ∙ trot 1854-1905 ∙ dot 1859Workers’ Migration ............. 73
∙ nurseling 1860 ∙ tiny 1863-1883 ∙ nestler 1866 ∙ babelet 1867 ∙ 4.3 From
Guest Workers to Unwelcome
Guests .................................. 82
spoon-child 1868 ∙ toddlekin 1879-1904 ∙ the new-born 1879 ∙ kiddy 1889- (colloq.) ∙ toddleskin 1890 ∙ kidling 1899 (slang) ∙ 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
kidlet 1899- ∙ babe in arms 1912- ∙ liddly 1929- ∙ maumet 1932 (dial.);Opportunity
1949 (dial.) ∙ neonate ∙ snork ................................
1941- (Austral. & 90
4.5 Equal
and
Denied 1932Opportunities
NZ slang)
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
Figure 6. Nouns in the main section of ‘baby/infant’ in the HTOED
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
There
is a smattering of metonyms based on clothing, derived
Urs Watter
from the chrisom-robe that babies wore at baptism: CHRISOM-CHILD,
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
CHRISOM, CHRISOMER, and CHRISOM-BABE, all of which are now
towards
their Citizens Living
Abroad
102
obsolete.
A chrisom-robe
was also
used...........................................
as a shroud if a child died
within
a monthEthics
of baptism,
so CHRISOM and CHRISOMER came to refer
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
to those who died in infancy, and the general sense ‘baby’ became 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
obsolete, as it was presumably felt to be incompatible. There are also
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
108
a few
animal metaphors,
but not......................................................
until the 19th and 20th century:
NESTLER, KIDDY, KIDLING, KIDLET, and SNORK (which has the
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
semantic progression ‘snort’ – ‘young pig’ – ‘baby’). There is only Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
one5.6plant
metaphor:
FLOSCULET in the 17th century. Two lexemes
are based on the metaphor ‘toy, doll’ –
LAKIN in the 15th century114
and
5.7 Challenges ....................................................................................
MAUMET in the 20th – and one derives from the sense ‘fool’: MOP,
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
c1460-1598.
Lexemes referring to size appear from the 18th century, for
Working
for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
example, Together
WEENIE, DAB, MITE, DOT, TINY, and LIDDLY. The most
Barry Halliday
significant
development, though, is the group of lexemes referring to
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Angelets, Trudgeons, and Bratlings: The Lexicalization of Childhood
301
in10the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
how babies move. Before the 19th century there is only one lexeme
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
of this type: HOPPET, 1695, glossed as ‘a young child danced in the 3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
arms’ in the OED
quotation. In the 19th century, the coinages refer59to
babies
beginning to walk, and most of these are variants of TODDLER.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
TODDLER itself is first recorded in 1812 to refer to a ‘child that toddles’, and it is highly productive in the 19th
century: there follows
4. The Ethics of Migration.
TODDLE
, TODDLES
, TODDLEKIN
, TODDLEKINS
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies , and TODDLESKIN. There
areand
two“Non-policies”
other words based
onand
theEurope
way that
babies move: TRUDGEON
in Italy
...........................................
61
andLaura
TROTZanfrini
, coined in the 19th and 20th century. Like TEENAGER,
these raise problematic issues in classification: is a toddler a kind
Restrictive
Policies
Structural
Demand for
Immigrant
Labour
of 4.1
baby, or would it and
be better classified under ‘child’, or ..in 65a category
of itsfor
own?
No matter
section these words are
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family which
and Humanitarian
grouped
in, though,
remains
all the Migration
words for
babies
Migration:
Labour it
Migration
butthat
not Workers’
.............
73
beginning to move around and find their feet are coined from the
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
19th century onwards, even though babies would of course have
4.4 Selective
the8 Brain
Drain............................................
87
toddled
beforePolicies
that and
time.
These
coinages for more finely
discriminated
stages ofand
infancy
an increased
attention 90to
4.5 Equal Opportunity
Denied suggest
Opportunities
................................
and interest in this concept, and account in part for the vast increase
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
in 19th-century coinages for ‘baby/infant’. As further evidence of this, the subcategories of ‘baby/infant’ are 5.
Colombia:
in Their
of Origin .......
presented in Including
Figure 7.Emigrants
Over half
of theSocieties
sub-categories
are 101
first
Urs
Watter
lexicalized in the 19th or 20th century. For example, the subcategory
‘premature baby’
first
lexicalized (with the phrase SEVEN MONTHS
5.1 State Interest is
and
Responsibility
CHILD) in 1859;; first Living
lexeme in the category ‘baby reared 102
by towards
theirthe Citizens
Abroad
...........................................
specific method’ (BOTTLE-BABY) is first recorded in 1893; and the
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
first lexicalization of ‘presence/expectation of [babies]’ is PATTERING
(OF5.3
LITTLE
FEETPolicy
), attested
in 1849.
These reflect in part the history
of
Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
raising babies – bottle-feeding only became a viable option in the
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
mid-19th century with the invention of rubber teats, while premature
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
babies
were unlikely
to survive
before the development of incubators
in the
century
– but they also show the increased salience
of
5.6 late-19th
Alianza País
..................................................................................
112
infancy.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
8
Working
Together
forfor
thea Well-being
of Migrants
119
See Heywood
(2001: 89)
summary of evidence
of the ...........................
way babies first learned
to walk
in earlier
periods.
Barry
Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
302
10
Wild
Table ofKate
Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Subcategory
Date of lexicalization
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
babyhood/infancy
OE
3.5
Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
suckling
OE
weanling .........................................................................................
1532/3
Bibliography
60
caesarean baby
1540
baby
girl of Migration.
1611
4. The
Ethics
Reflections
personalityon
of Recent Migration Policies
1648
and
“Non-policies” inof
Italy and Europe ...........................................
61
presence/expectation
1849
Laura
Zanfrini
premature
baby
1859
babies
collectively
1860
4.1
Restrictive
Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
baby boy
1881
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
baby reared by specific method
1893
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
baby conceived in specific method
1935
4.3
From
Guest
Workers
to
Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
82
baby exhibiting signs of abuse
1963
4.4 Selective
Policies and the Brain Drain............................................
Figure
7. Subcategories of ‘baby/infant’ (noun) in the HTOED,
arranged87
by
date4.5
of Equal
lexicalization
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
By way of contrast,
Figure 8 shows one subcategory which was
more highly lexicalized in earlier periods of English: SUCKLING.
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
suckling deonde OE- ∙ diend OE ∙ meolcsucend OE ∙ Urs06
Watter
sucking<sucende OE-1382 ∙ sucker 1382-c1440 ∙ suckerel 5.1 State
Interest
Responsibility
c1440;; 1813 and
∙ suckling c1440- ∙ pap-hawk c1450 ∙ milksop towards
their Citizens Living Abroad
........................................... 102
c1460∙ nursling/nurseling 1607∙ teatling 1631 ∙ nuzzling 1638 ∙ nursery 1642-1650
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
Figure 8. Nouns in the subcategory ‘suckling’ in the HTOED
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
All5.4
thirteen
words
in in
this
section......................................................
were first recorded in OE, ME108
or
Migration
Policy
Colombia
EModE; none were coined in the LModE period. Furthermore,
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
most of the words are now obsolete in this sense. In some cases
5.6figurative
Alianza Paíssenses
..................................................................................
112
their
now predominate: SUCKER has been taken
over modern ....................................................................................
use by the extended sense ‘simpleton’, while 5.7 in Challenges
114
MILKSOP has always been more common in the sense of a feeble
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
person
or effeminate
man. There are now only two words
available for the concept ‘suckling’: NURS(E)LING and SUCKLING.
for the Well-being
Migrants
...........................
119
SWorking
UCKLINGTogether
is now usually
applied to of
animals,
which
perhaps limits
Barry Halliday as a word for human babies. NURS (E)LING is quite
its acceptability
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Angelets, Trudgeons, and Bratlings: The Lexicalization of Childhood
303
in10the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
rare: it occurs only twice in the 100-million word British National
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Corpus, and ten times in the 400-million word Corpus of
3.5 ConclusionAmerican
......................................................................................
Contemporary
English.9 In PDE a phrase such 59
as
BREAST -FED BABY is generally preferred. The decline in words in
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
this section is partially a reflection of the history of feeding
babies:
moreofbabies
are bottle-fed now, and babies tend to be
4. The Ethics
Migration.
10
weaned
earlier.
However,
it is Policies
also suggestive of the way that
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
babies
are conceptualized:
as acting
and doing, and less 61
as
and “Non-policies”
in Italymore
and Europe
...........................................
attached to their mothers’ (or wet-nurses’) breasts.
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive
Policies
and Structural
Demand for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
Summary:
Salient
Notions
in the Lexicalization
of Childhood
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
The following
a summary
most prominent
Migration: is
Labour
Migrationof
butthe
not Workers’
Migration underlying
............. 73
notions in the lexicalization of the categories ‘young person’, ‘child’,
4.3‘baby/infant’, From Guest Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests Figure ..................................
82
and considered as a whole. 9 presents the number
of nouns
in the
sections
(not subsections) of these
4.4 Selective
Policies
and main
the Brain
Drain............................................
87
categories, divided into the most salient notions identified:
4.5 Equal Opportunity
and Denied
................................
90
birth/womb;
small; young;
animal Opportunities
metaphors; plant
metaphors; agedistinction;; and ‘other’. Figure 10 illustrates a selection of these
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
11
types.
In OE, the Including
most salient
notion in
lexicalization
of childhood
5. Colombia:
Emigrants
in the
Their
Societies of Origin
....... 101is
Watter of childbearing: over half of the nouns for ‘young the Urs
concept
person’, ‘child’,
and ‘baby’ derive from etymons meaning ‘birth’ or 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
‘womb’. After OE, this notion becomes much less salient as the basis towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
of words for ‘child as young person’, although it continues to be 5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
salient for ‘child as offspring’. The concepts ‘small’ and ‘young’ are fairly
prominentPolicy
underlying
notions
in all periods, with no clear
5.3 Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
106
diachronic pattern.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
9
Both
Davies’ (2004-,
2008-) online corpus sites.
5.6available
Alianza atPaís
..................................................................................
112
Crawford (1999: 71) suggests that Anglo-Saxon babies were breastfed until they
5.7
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
were
two
or three: dental
evidence shows decay after this time, indicating a sudden
movement onto adult food.
11 Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
The higher number of coinages in the 16th and 19th centuries is partially due to
the fact that the HTOED is based on the OED, which overrepresents these periods in
its
quotations
(see e.g., for
Brewer
2000). For this
I have
focused on types119
and
Working
Together
the Well-being
of reason,
Migrants
...........................
proportions
of coinages rather than overall figures.
Barry Halliday
10
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
304
10
Wild
Table ofKate
Contents
age/stage distinction
birth/ womb
total
other
plant
animal
young
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
small
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
OE
coinages
7
1
1
0
0
0
4
13
Reflections
on Recent Migration
Policies
and “Non-policies”
Italy and
61
% of total in54
8 Europe
8
0...........................................
0
0
31
Laura Zanfrini
13th c. coinages
0
1
2
0
0
0
4
7
4.1 Restrictive
Policies and
for
Labour .. 65
% of total
0 Structural
14 29 Demand
0
0 Immigrant
0
57
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family
14th
c. coinages
0
0
1 and Humanitarian
2
1
0
9
13
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
% of total
0
0
8 15
8
0
69
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
15th c. coinages
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
5
4.4 Selective
87
% ofPolicies
total and
0 the 0Brain0Drain............................................
20
0
0
80
4.5 Equal
Opportunity and
Opportunities
90
16th
c. coinages
0 Denied
1
3
7
5 ................................
1
6
23
Bibliography
97
% of.........................................................................................
total
0
4 13 30 22
4
26
17th c. coinages
0
1
2
6
2
1
13
25
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
% of total
0
4
7 24
8
4
52
Urs Watter
18th
c. coinages
0
5
2
2
0
0
9
18
5.1 State
Interest and Responsibility
towards
their
Citizens
...........................................
102
% of
total
0 Living
28 Abroad
11 11
0
0
50
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
19th
c. coinages
0
7
3 11
1
9
28
59
% of total
12 .........................................................
5 19
2
15
47
5.3 Migration
Policy and0 Ethics
106
20th
c. coinages
4 ......................................................
4
5
1
8
13
35
5.4 Migration
Policy in 0Colombia
108
% of total
11 11 14
3
23
37
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”0......................................................................
109
total
coinages
7 20 18 34 10
19
90
198
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
% of total
4 10
9 17
5
10
45
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Figure
9. Types of lexeme for nouns in the main sections of ‘young person’, Bibliography
....................................................................................... 116
‘child’ and ‘baby/infant’, by date of coinage
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Angelets, Trudgeons, and Bratlings: The Lexicalization of Childhood
305
in10the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Figure 10. Number of coinages for three types: birth/womb; animal and
plant
and age/stage-distinction
4.5metaphors;
Equal Opportunity
and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
The single most
frequent notion is the animal metaphor: thirtyBibliography
.........................................................................................
97
four lexemes, or 17% of the total, are of this type. This follows the
pattern
of metaphorization
for human
beings
generally.
5. Colombia:
Including Emigrants
in Their
Societies
of OriginKleparski
....... 101
Urs Watter
(1997:
230-41) shows that the concept ‘girl/young woman’ is frequently
lexicalized by animal metaphors, especially birds (e.g.,
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
BIRD, HEN, CHICK) and mammals (JADE, KITTEN, COW). Similarly, the
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
concept ‘man’ has often been lexicalized by mammal metaphors
5.2 Applied
..............................................................................
104
(HOUND
, RAT),Ethics
and especially
horses (STUD, STALLION) (Grygiel 2006:
61). ‘man’ nor tends to be lexicalized by fish or 5.3Neither Migration
Policy
and‘woman’ Ethics .........................................................
106
amphibian metaphors (Kleparski 1997: 232 gives only BACKFISH,
5.4 Migration
Policy in‘young Colombia
......................................................
recorded as meaning woman’ in the 19th century). 108
The
animal metaphors used ......................................................................
for ‘man’ and ‘woman’ perspectivize 5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
109
particular characteristics or these groups, such as the supposed
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
delicacy
of birds/women and the virility of horses/men. The
metaphors for ‘child’, on the other hand, are more varied: children 5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
are described as young birds (CHICK, NESTLER, POULT), mammals
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
(KITLING, LAMBKIN, KID), amphibians (TOAD, TAD, TADPOLE), and fish
(Working
KIPPER, TIDDLER). This suggests that, in the case of children, it is
Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
solely
the
concept of small size, rather than the perceived
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
306
10
Wild
Table ofKate
Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
characteristics of these animals, that is perspectivized in these
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
metaphors.
3.5
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Plant
metaphors
are most frequent in the 16th century: five
coinages
(BUDLING, BUD, PRIMROSE, SLIP, and SAPLING), or 22% of
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
the total, are of this type. In other periods, plant metaphors are
sporadic.
It isofalso
interesting to speculate about the lack of other
4. The Ethics
Migration.
types
of metaphor,
although,
of course,
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policiesnegative evidence must be
treated
with caution. inInItaly
his and
article on ...........................................
words for ‘child’ in other and “Non-policies”
Europe
61
languages, Taylor (1929: 314) concludes that ‘from such notions as Laura Zanfrini
“small”, “foolish” or “dirty”, the step to the concept ‘child’ was not a 4.1one Restrictive
Policies
Structural
Demand
forHowever, Immigrant Labour
65
long and could be and
taken in many lands’. with a ..few exceptions
(MOPfor
meaning both ‘fool’ and ‘baby’;; QUAT meaning both
4.2 Initiatives
Governing Family and Humanitarian
‘pustule’ and ‘young sense of Migration
SQUIRT developing
Migration:
Labourperson’;; Migrationand but the not Workers’
............. 73
from ‘diarrhoea’ to ‘child’), these concepts do not appear to be 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
salient in the lexicalization of ‘child’ in English. Furthermore, there Selective
Policies and
the Braincompared
Drain............................................
are4.4
very
few clothing
metonyms,
to the large number 87
of
such for ‘girl/young woman’ (SKIRT................................
, PETTICOAT etc.; see
4.5metonyms Equal Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
90
Kleparski 2004), indicating that this is not a salient aspect of
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
children.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the main development is the
5.
Colombia:
Includingwhich
Emigrants
in Theirdifferent
Societiesages
of Origin
....... 101
number of coinages
distinguish
or stages
of
Urs
Watter
infancy and childhood, such as TODDLER, PRE-SCHOOLER, and PREADOLESCENT
. As noted in section 3 above, ‘child’ is a rather fuzzy 5.1 State Interest
and Responsibility
category,
and their
in earlier periods was only ‘loosely defined’ (Heywood towards
Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
2001: 17). The development of more specific age-categories in this
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
period reflects the increasingly segmented nature of childhood in the
modern
age, when
age-graded
schools and laws necessarily divide
5.3 Migration
Policy
and Ethics .........................................................
106
children into different groups.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5. Conclusion
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
The conceptual and chronological arrangement of lexemes in the
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
114
HTOED
facilitates
a kind of semantic analysis that would previously
have
been difficult,
if not impossible. Using the HTOED116in
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
conjunction with the OED, the lexicalization of childhood has been
analyzed
from both
and
a linguistic
perspective.119
In
Working Together
for athehistorical
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
particular,
it has been shown that patterns of lexicalization have
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Angelets, Trudgeons, and Bratlings: The Lexicalization of Childhood
307
in10the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
changed diachronically: in OE the most prominent concept was
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
child-bearing; since the 14th century animal metaphors have been
3.5 Conclusion
59
productive;
and ......................................................................................
in the 19th and 20th centuries lexemes have also
been
based on the activities of children, and on finer distinctions of
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
age-groups. In particular, the LModE coinages indicate an increased
attention
to children
in this period. As Kay (1997: 50) remarks:
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
Reflections
Recent
Policies
Areas of lifeon
which
are Migration
important to
a culture, or to subsections of it,
will “Non-policies”
be highly lexicalized;
there ...........................................
will be words or phrases 61
and
in Italy that
and is,
Europe
available
to
describe
many
aspects
of
those
areas, and to make fine
Laura Zanfrini
distinctions in meaning.
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
The evidence of the HTOED indicates that ‘young person’, ‘child’,
and ‘baby/infant’ have become more highly and finely lexicalized in 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration:
Labour
Migration
not Workers’
Migrationof
.............
73
the LModE
period,
reflecting
thebutincreasing
importance
children
as a4.3
distinct
section of society in the modern age.
From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
References
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bäck, H. (1934) The Synonyms for “child, boy, girl” in Old English: An
Etymological-Semasiological
Investigation, Gleerup, Lund.
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Bammesberger, A. & J. Grzega (2001) “ModE girl and Other Terms for ‘young female person’ in English Language
2........ 101
5. Colombia:
Including EmigrantsHistory” Onomasiology
in Their Societies ofOnline
Origin
Breeze, A. (2002) “Seven Types of Celtic Loanword”, in M. Filppula, J. Klemola &
Urs Watter
H.Pitkänen (eds.) The Celtic Roots of English, University of Joensuu Press,
Joensuu,
175-181.
5.1
Statepp.
Interest
and Responsibility
Brewer, towards
C. (2000) “OED
Sources”, in L. Mugglestone (ed.) Lexicography and102
the
their
Citizens
Living
Abroad
...........................................
OED: Pioneers in the Untrodden Forest, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp.
5.2
Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
40–58.
Crawford,
S. (1999)Policy
Childhood
Anglo-Saxon
England, Sutton, Stroud.
5.3 Migration
and in
Ethics
.........................................................
106
Davies, M. (2004-) BYU-BNC: The British National Corpus, available online at
5.4
Migration Policy in Colombia
......................................................
108
<http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc>
[last accessed
10th October 2009].
Davies,
M. (2008-)nos
Theune”
Corpus
of Contemporary American English, available
5.5 “Colombia
......................................................................
109
online at <http://www.americancorpus.org> [last accessed 10th October 2009]
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
Diensberg,
B. (1985) “The Lexical Fields Boy/Girl - Servant - Child in Middle
English” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen 86, pp. 328-336.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Grygiel, M. (2006) “On the Cyclicity of Meaning Alterations in English Historical
Synonyms of .......................................................................................
MAN/MALE HUMAN BEING’, in R.W.McConchie, 116
O. Bibliography
Timofeeva, H. Tisaari & T. Säily (eds) Selected Proceedings of the 2005
Symposium on New Approaches in English Historical Lexis (HEL-LEX),
Working
Together
for Project,
the Well-being
ofMA,
Migrants
........................... 119
Cascadilla
Proceedings
Somerville,
pp 60-68.
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
308
10
Wild
Table ofKate
Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Heywood, C. (2001) A History of Childhood: Children and Childhood in the West
3.4
Human
Approach
........................................................
58
fromThe
Medieval
to Rights’
Modern Times,
Polity
Press, Cambridge.
Kay, C.J. (1997) “Historical Semantics and Material Culture”, in S.M. Pearce (ed.) 3.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................
59
Experiencing Material Culture in the Western World, Leicester University Press,
London, pp. 49-64.
Bibliography
......................................................................................... 60
Kay, C., J. Roberts, M. Samuels & I. Wotherspoon (2009) Historical Thesaurus of
the Oxford
Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
4. The
EthicsEnglish
of Migration.
Kleparski,
G. (1997)
TheoryMigration
and Practice
of Historical Semantics: The Case of
Reflections
on Recent
Policies
Middle English and Early Modern English Synonyms of Girl/Young Woman,
and
“Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
University Press of the Catholic University, Lublin.
Laura Zanfrini
Kleparski, G.A. (2004) “CDs, Petticoats, Skirts, Ankas, Tamaras and Sheilas: The
metonymical
of lexical
categoriesDemand
related for
to Immigrant
the conceptual
category
4.1
Restrictiverise
Policies
and Structural
Labour
.. 65
FEMALE HUMAN BEING”, in C.J. Kay & J. Smith (eds) Categorization in the
History
of English,
John Benjamins,
Amsterdam,
pp. 71-84.
4.2
Initiatives
for Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
Migration:
Migration
but not
Workers’
Migration
73
Liberman,
A. (2008)Labour
An Analytic
Dictionary
of English
Etymology:
an .............
Introduction,
University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN /London.
4.3
From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Mintz, S. (2008) “Reflections on Age as a Category of Historical Analysis”, Journal
of the
History of
Childhood
(1), pp. 91-94.
4.4
Selective
Policies
andand
the Youth
Brain1Drain............................................
87
Taylor, A. (1929) “The Semantics of ‘Child’” Modern Language Notes 44 (5), pp.
4.5
Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
309-314.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays
in10the History of Lexicography, 309-323 ©2010 Polimetrica International
Scientific
Table of Contents
Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
“The various forms of civilization arranged 3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
in chronological strata”: Manipulating
the
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
HTOED
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Marc Alexander – University of Glasgow
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
[email protected]
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
1. Introduction
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
The complete
Historical
Thesaurus
OxfordMigration
English .............
Dictionary
Migration:
Labour Migration
but of
notthe
Workers’
73
(HTOED) is an unparalleled companion to the Oxford English
4.3 From Guest
to Unwelcome
Guests
..................................
Dictionary
itself Workers
for the study
of words.
Its database,
containing82a
little
800,000
sense
a resource which can be used87
in
4.4under
Selective
Policies
and entries,
the BrainisDrain............................................
many different ways beyond the preparation of the printed volumes.1
4.5article
Equal Opportunity
and Denied
Opportunities
90
This
uses the HTOED
database
to take................................
some steps towards
generating
data-rich
displays of some of the data stored within the
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
thesaurus itself. With access to the database and means of organizing
what
they find
there, researchers
canTheir
unlock
data contained
but101
not
5. Colombia:
Including
Emigrants in
Societies
of Origin .......
accessible
within the OED (the principal ‘parent’ of the HTOED
Urs Watter
(Kay et al 2009: xiii)) due to its alphabetical arrangement. Charlotte
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Brewer,
identifying the problem of scope, refers to the statement in
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
The Times from which this article’s title is taken:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
...even the intensively habitual user [of the OED] could not hope to
construct,
fromPolicy
an overwhelming
multiplicity of individual items, the106
5.3
Migration
and Ethics .........................................................
complete picture, ‘the various forms of […] civilization arranged in chronological strata’… (Brewer
232)
5.4
Migration Policy in Colombia2007:
......................................................
108
By5.5
taking
some nos
steps
towards
visually displaying HTOED data,109
we
“Colombia
une”
......................................................................
can glimpse ways in which this thesaurus moves toward giving us a
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
‘complete picture’.
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography
116
For
information .......................................................................................
about the structure of the original database, see Kay and Chase
(1987), Wotherspoon (1992) and Wotherspoon (this volume). The database used
Working
Together
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
here
was based
on that for
described
in those articles,
with a large
number of structural
modifications
by the author.
Barry Halliday
1
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
310
10
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Table
ofAlexander
Contents
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
2. The
Data
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
As 3.5
outlined
elsewhere
in this volume (in the chapters by Kay and
Wotherspoon),
the data stored within the HTOED is a fine-grained
Bibliography .........................................................................................
60
conceptual hierarchy containing almost all of the recorded words in
English,
arranged
semantically. Each category of words is nested
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
within
other, wider
categories,
so that,
for example, the verb category
Reflections
on Recent
Migration
Policies
Live
dissolutely
is within
Licentiousness,
itself adjacent to Guilt and
and
“Non-policies”
in Italy
and Europe ...........................................
61
Rascalry
and within the wider category Morality. This hierarchical
Laura Zanfrini
structure differs from the organization of many other thesauri, such
Structural
Demand
for categories Immigrant Labour
65a as 4.1
thatRestrictive
of PeterPolicies
Mark and
Roget.
While Roget’s exist ..in single
linear sequence,
HTOED
categories
can relate to others either
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
horizontally
(onLabour
the same
hierarchical
level) Migration
or vertically
(on73a
Migration:
Migration
but not Workers’
.............
higher or lower level, either containing or being contained by another
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
category). In addition, each concept is able to contain a series of
4.4 Selectivewithin
Policies
and the
Brain Drain............................................
87
subcategories
itself,
separate
from the main sequence. It is this
complex
hierarchical
structure
helps ................................
make the HTOED
4.5 Equal
Opportunity and
Denied which
Opportunities
90
database so useful for visualization: each individual point in the
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
hierarchy
can contain
both word entries for the concept represented
by that point, and also all the conceptual descendants which follow
5. each
Colombia:
Including
Emigrants
in Theirmeaning.
Societies of Origin ....... 101
it,
surrounded
by siblings
of similar
Urs Watter
The
size of the HTOED also makes it amenable to computational
analysis.
current
version of the database (as of early 2010)
5.1 StateThe
Interest
and Responsibility
contains
793,747
to OED2’s
616,500 (Algeo 1990:
towards
theirentries,
Citizenscompared
Living Abroad
...........................................
102
137), all within 236,346 categories, each representing a distinct
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
concept. Taking into account each field stored within it, the database
5.3contains
Migrationapproximately
Policy and Ethics
.........................................................
106
itself
22.7
million pieces of data.
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
3. Hierarchy and Visualisation
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
To 5.6
best
display
data visually, an analyst attempts to increase
Alianza
Paísany
..................................................................................
112
informational density while simultaneously maximising what de
5.7 Challenges
Beaugrande
and ....................................................................................
Dressler call “informativity” (1981: 17ff). This 114
is a
careful
act because,
beyond an ideal ‘peak’, as information density
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
increases within a fixed space, information transfer rapidly
approaches
zero (Tufte
2006).
HTOED
data presents
a challenge
in
Working Together
for the
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
thisBarry
area Halliday
due to its hierarchical nature.
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
“The various forms of civilization arranged in chronological strata”: 311
Manipulating
the HTOED
10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
The normal metaphor for visualising hierarchy is a tree-like
system, like that often used in organisation charts. HTOED data is,
3.5 Conclusion
59
however,
far too ......................................................................................
large to be used in such a way – even a spider-like
treeBibliography
or hypertree
could not represent the thesaurus, whose largest
......................................................................................... 60
category alone (for the adverb IMMEDIATELY) contains over 250
synonyms.
Alternative
and emerging tree-like representations were
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
investigated
Robertson
et al 1991,
Reflections(see
on Recent
Migration
Policies2002 and Furnas and Zacks
1994),
but none could
appropriately
the scale of the
and “Non-policies”
in Italy
and Europerepresent
...........................................
61
HTOED.
Laura Zanfrini
An alternative way of displaying hierarchy two-dimensionally is
Restrictive each
Policies
and Structural
Demand
for Immigrant
Labour
by 4.1
representing
category
as a nested
object
on a plane,
such..as65a
rectangle.
This for
technique
produces
a “treemap”
(see Shneiderman
4.2 Initiatives
Governing
Family and
Humanitarian
2009),Migration:
wherein each
entry
in a hierarchy
is represented
by a.............
rectangle
Labour
Migration
but not Workers’
Migration
73
which is large enough to contain smaller rectangles representing its
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
descendants while simultaneously being itself small enough to nest
4.4 Selective
and the
Brain Drain............................................
87
within
further Policies
rectangles
representing
its parent categories, rather
like4.5a Equal
Russian
matryoshka
doll. InOpportunities
short, a treemap
structure takes
Opportunity
and Denied
................................
90
the organisational chart metaphor of SENIOR IS UP and replaces it
Bibliography
97
with
SENIOR IS .........................................................................................
BIG.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
5. Passion,
Colombia:Love
Including
in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
4.
and Emigrants
Hate
Urs Watter
Figure
1 shows
theandHTOED
data for the transitive verbs for Affect
5.1 State
Interest
Responsibility
with passion/strong
emotion
(Kay
et al...........................................
2009: 1053) as a treemap.
towards their Citizens
Living
Abroad
102
Each rectangle is equal in area, if not identical in dimension, and the
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
algorithm
varies these dimensions while keeping area constant in
2
order
ensure Policy
it tessellates
precisely.
The visualisation in Figure
5.3 to
Migration
and Ethics
.........................................................
1061
shows an extra dimension of data by adding shading to each
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
rectangle, with the shade representing the first cited date of each
5.5 “Colombia
nos une”
word,
mapped onto
a ......................................................................
linear scale between 1000CE (black) 109
and
2000
(white).
necessitates converting the Old English value
5.6CE
Alianza
PaísThis
..................................................................................
112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
The
algorithm used
throughout this paper is Treemap-Squarified, written by116
Ben
Bederson and Martin Wattinberg and available as an open source Java
Working Together
forUniversity
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
implementation
from the
of Maryland
Human-Computer
Interaction119
Lab
at http://www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap/.
Barry Halliday
2
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
312
10
Marc
Table
ofAlexander
Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
in HTOED to an integer value of 1000, and the Current value to
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
2000. These values were chosen to give a reasonable linear scale.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Figure 1. 02.02.15 (vt.): Affect with passion/strong emotion by first cited
date
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
“The various forms of civilization arranged in chronological strata”: 313
Manipulating
the HTOED
10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
This visualization, although large and thus relatively data-poor,
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
displays features of interest. It maintains the principle that word entries
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
should
be the most
salient part of the image while it attempts to add59
as
much
information as feasible, for instance, adding a display of the first
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
cited date and an overlay of the word form, as here. This extra
dimension
canof Migration.
vary, however: Figure 2 shows all of the Strong
4. The Ethics
feeling/passion
with the parts
of speech differently coloured
Reflections oncategory
Recent Migration
Policies
(white
black in alphabetical
order
of adjective,
adverb, interjection,
and to
“Non-policies”
in Italy and
Europe
...........................................
61
noun,
verb
intransitive, verb reflexive and verb transitive). From the
Laura
Zanfrini
visualization, one quickly perceives that, unlike some categories,
4.1 Restrictive
Policies is
anddominated
Structural Demand
foradjectives
Immigrant Labour
.. 65
Strong
feeling/passion
by both
and nouns
(compare
01.02.08.02
Beverage,
a category
dominated by nouns, or
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family
and Humanitarian
01.05.08.04.01
movement,
by verbs).
Migration:Swift
Labour
Migrationdominated
but not Workers’
Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
Figure 2. 02.02.15 (all): Strong feeling/passion by part of speech
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
HTOED data can also be filtered to contextually represent a
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
subset
of the data.
Figure 3 shows a subset of the Ardour/fervour
category, displaying only those words which have citation evidence
Working
the Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
119
after
1870Together
CE. Thisfordate
was deliberately
chosen
to approximate
Barry
usage
in Halliday
modern times (due to the age of parts of the OED). This
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
314
10
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Table
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Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
allows an analyst to compare the overall category above with the
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
recent category, and to visually inspect areas of interest, such as the
3.5 number
Conclusion
59
small
of......................................................................................
words from Old English (eight), and the relatively
large
number from Middle English.
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Figure 3. 02.02.15.01 (all): Ardour/fervour, current citation evidence only
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
The other option to add information, alongside colour/shading, is
to vary the size of each rectangle. While this is technically possible,
Ethics .........................................................
it 5.3
is Migration
not idealPolicy
for and
linguistic
data. The general principle 106
for
visualisation
is to ensure that the number of variable dimensions
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
should not exceed the number of dimensions in the data itself;
5.5 “Colombia
nos of
une”
......................................................................
citation
dates, parts
speech
and other information contained in109
the
HTOED
are generally
linear or categorical, and so unidimensional.
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
112
As Edward Tufte says:
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
There are considerable ambiguities in how people perceive a twodimensional .......................................................................................
surface and convert that perception into a one-116
Bibliography
dimensional number. Changes in physical area on the surface of a
graphic do not reliably produce proportional changes in perceived
Working
Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
areas. […] These designs cause so many problems that they should
Barry
Halliday
be
avoided.
(Tufte 2001: 71; see also Macdonald-Ross 1977)
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
“The various forms of civilization arranged in chronological strata”: 315
Manipulating
the HTOED
10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
Experiments in this area have shown that Tufte’s advice is best 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
followed with the HTOED visualizations.
3.5
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Lastly,
the final
axis which can be varied with respect to these
treemaps
is scale; that is, the size of each word-rectangle can be
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
reduced, increasing the range of data which each can display. This
loses
dimension
of data, as small rectangles do not have enough
4. Theone
Ethics
of Migration.
space
availableonfor
text Migration
to be superimposed
Reflections
Recent
Policies upon them (such as the
word
the rectangle
represents),
although
this can also be 61
an
andform
“Non-policies”
in Italy
and Europe
...........................................
advantage
in focusing the visual display on wider, more data-dense
Laura Zanfrini
patterns. Figure 4 shows the category Love, with the first-cited date
4.1introduced
Restrictive Policies
Demand fortoImmigrant
scale
above, and
andStructural
can be compared
Figure 5,Labour
Hate. ..It65is
immediately
apparent
that Hate
is aand
“darker” category
4.2 Initiatives
for Governing
Family
Humanitarian than Love; in
the monochrome
scale used
here,but
a category
which
appears.............
“dark” is
Migration: Labour
Migration
not Workers’
Migration
73
one which is relatively early, with most lexical innovation occurring
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
in Hate in the Old and Middle English periods (note that Old English
Selective
Policies and
BrainasDrain............................................
87
is 4.4
always
represented
as the
black,
it is a binary category in the
HTOED
database).
4.5 Equal
Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography
.........................................................................................
97
Figure
4 (left). 02.02.22
(all): Love by first cited date
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry
Figure
5 Halliday
(right). 02.02.23 (all): Hate by first cited date
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
316
10
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
5. Mapping
English
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
The3.5sections
above
explored the visualization of the HTOED at the
level
of lexical .........................................................................................
and categorical exploration; what might be termed the
Bibliography
60
“mid-level” of the thesaurus. Moving back further in the hierarchy
lets
us Ethics
view of
theMigration.
semantic structure of the English language as a
4. The
whole.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies”
Present-Day
English in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
Figure
6. Present-day
English as shown by the HTOED, shaded by 104
first
cited date
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration
Policy in Colombia
Figure
6 is a treemap
showing ......................................................
all of present-day English in 108
the
HTOED,
with every word represented by a small dot of ink. Those
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
black dots are present-day words which originated in Old English,
Alianza
Paísrepresent
..................................................................................
112
and5.6white
dots
those which entered the language much
more
recently. Again,
the map is arranged by semantic field,114
so
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
words in close semantic proximity are also physically close to one
Bibliography
116
another
on the.......................................................................................
diagram. Such a visualisation is not very useful
without a key, which Figure 7 provides.
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
“The various forms of civilization arranged in chronological strata”: 317
Manipulating
the HTOED
10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Figure 7. A key for the present-day English treemap
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
318
10
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ofAlexander
Contents
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License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
One unintended side-effect of this visualization is that it produces what
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
might be called a “patchwork” effect. Areas such as Physics and
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
Chemistry
are quite
light, as are parts of Number (which includes
Mathematics)
and Language. Although unexpected, this is natural –
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
such light patches are areas of recent lexical innovation, made up of
clusters
of words
first cited in the OED in recent years (or, rather, from
4. The Ethics
of Migration.
theReflections
late 19th century
onwards
– recent
from the perspective of much of
on Recent
Migration
Policies
OED2,
an issue OED3
will and
address).
we can expect61a
and “Non-policies”
in Italy
EuropeTherefore,
...........................................
“patchwork”
effect in areas affected by rapid social, technological or
Laura Zanfrini
academic growth, such as Computing (inside Number, adjacent to
4.1 Restrictive Physics,
Policies andChemistry,
Structural Demand
for Immigrant
Labour .. 65
Mathematics),
Linguistics,
Communication,
Travel,
and so for
on.Governing
Conversely,
darker
and therefore older patches
4.2 Initiatives
Family
and Humanitarian
cover Migration:
existence Labour
in Time
and Space,
Creation,Migration
Causation,
Faith,
Migration
but not Workers’
.............
73
Emotion, and the parts of Number which refer to Arithmetic or
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
Enumeration.
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
Diachronic
‘Slices’
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
This
effect is pronounced in present-day English, but if other
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
selections of the data are taken, it reduces somewhat. If the presentday
data is thought
of Emigrants
as a ‘slice’in of
the Societies
HTOED,ofthen
other
5. Colombia:
Including
Their
Origin
.......such
101
slices
can
be
taken
between
the
Old
English
period
and
the
present
Urs Watter
day.
5.1
State8Interest
Responsibility
Figure
showsand
three
such ‘slices’ of the data, centred on major
towards
their
Citizens
...........................................
literary-historical figures Living
of theAbroad
Late Modern,
Early Modern 102
and
Middle
English
periods.
Proceeding backwards from the present day,
5.2 Applied
Ethics
..............................................................................
104
the first treemap is that of Samuel Johnson, and shows those entries
Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
first5.3cited
before his death in 1784 and last cited after his birth in
1709,
a total of Policy
247,933
senses. The
second covers those senses108
we
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
have evidence of being in use during the life of Shakespeare (15645.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
1616, 207,930 senses) and the third illustrates the same for Geoffrey
5.6 Alianza
País ..................................................................................
Chaucer
(an approximation
of 1340-1400, with 73,432 senses). 112
Looking
at these
treemaps, there is a visible reduction between
5.7
Challenges
....................................................................................
114
present-day English and that of Johnson in the patchwork effect
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
116
observed
in Figure
6, although it is still observable in places (most
notably in the area of Leisure). A further reduction is visible in the
Working space
Together
the Well-being
of these
Migrants
...........................
119
semantic
of for
Shakespeare
where
shades
are much more
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
“The various forms of civilization arranged in chronological strata”: 319
Manipulating
the HTOED
10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
evenly distributed, and by the time of Chaucer almost no delineated
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
rectangular patches of innovation can be found.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...................................................... 108
5.5 “Colombia nos une”...................................................................... 109
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
Figure 8. From top to bottom: English during the life of Samuel Johnson,
William
and
Chaucer
respectively,
shaded by 119
first
WorkingShakespeare
Together for
theGeoffrey
Well-being
of Migrants
...........................
cited
dateHalliday
Barry
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
320
10
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Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
One point to note here is that although the images in Figure 8
have been displayed at identical size for clarity’s sake, when the size Conclusion
59
of 3.5
each
word is ......................................................................................
fixed then the relative size of these images varies
greatly
(as is apparent from the difference in granularity of the word
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
‘blocks’ between Johnson and Chaucer). To disambiguate, Figure 9
shows
the relative
sizes of the semantic spaces of all four high4. The Ethics
of Migration.
density
treemaps
in this section.
Reflections
on Recent
Migration Policies
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
Figure towards
9. Relative
of Living
HTOEDAbroad
visualization ‘slices’;; anti-clockwise
their sizes
Citizens
...........................................
102
from top right, present-day English, English in the age of Johnson, English
5.2age
Applied
Ethics ..............................................................................
104
in the
of Shakespeare
and English in the age of Chaucer
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
Overlays
5.4 Migration
in Colombia
......................................................
Finally
in this Policy
section,
it is possible,
using two colour scales,108
to
overlay
one setnosofune”
data
results on an existing chart. As109a
5.5 “Colombia
......................................................................
demonstration, Figure 10 overlays on the present-day English
5.6 Alianza
..................................................................................
treemap
all País
those
words which have been first cited in 112
the
OED/HTOED
1983 (that is, in the lifetime of the current
5.7 Challengessince
....................................................................................
114
author). Some patterns show up which bear further investigation – a
Bibliography ....................................................................................... 116
small
cluster in Computing highlighting the large number of
neologisms in that area in the 1980s and 1990s, and a surprisingly
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
large cluster in Leisure which shows a jump in music-related
Barry Halliday
neologisms (especially in 03.11.03.01.03.03 (n.) Pop music, with
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
“The various forms of civilization arranged in chronological strata”: 321
Manipulating
the HTOED
10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
entries such as GANGSTA RAP 1990-, TECHNO-HOUSE 1991- and TRIP
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
HOP 1994-; cf p.1705 of Kay et al 2009). Such overlays can show the
3.5 Conclusion
......................................................................................
59
location
of selected
senses and link the study of neologisms, word
forms
or other information with their semantic distribution. Beyond
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
this, they should also be of interest to researchers into the practice of
lexicography,
giving
(as here) information about recent emphases in
4. The Ethics of
Migration.
theReflections
collection on
of neologisms
pre-OED3,
as it is unlikely that the high
Recent Migration
Policies
number
of musical terms
theEurope
overlay
shown in Figure 1061is
and “Non-policies”
in Italyinand
...........................................
proportionally
Laura Zanfrinicorrelated with developments in the English language
itself, but is rather related to the nature of the OED Additions series
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
within
the data asPolicies
a whole.
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ................................ 90
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 97
5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin ....... 101
Urs Watter
5.1 State Interest and Responsibility
towards their Citizens Living Abroad ........................................... 102
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ......................................................... 106
5.4 Migration
Policysince
in Colombia
108
Figure
10. Neologisms
1983 as ......................................................
recorded in HTOED
5.5
“Colombia
nos une”
......................................................................
109
Similarly,
Figure
11 similarly
overlays onto present-day English
the5.6
famously
polysemous
word-form set in HTOED, which appears
Alianza País
..................................................................................
112
in 313 distinct categories. Its distribution is not as clustered as the
5.7 Challenges
....................................................................................
neologisms
above,
with remarkably few clusters – demonstrating114
the
extensive
spread
of the word form across the semantic space116
of
Bibliography
.......................................................................................
English.
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
322
10
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ofAlexander
Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
4. The Ethics of Migration.
Reflections on Recent Migration Policies
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Laura Zanfrini
4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65
4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Figure 11. The senses of the word-form set, as recorded in HTOED
4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests .................................. 82
6. Summary
4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain............................................ 87
In the
ways Opportunity
outlined above,
such visual
displays................................
of HTOED data can
4.5 Equal
and Denied
Opportunities
90
provide useful entry points to a large, complex lexicographical and
Bibliographydataset.
.........................................................................................
97
lexicological
Firstly, in a pedagogical sense, displays could
give students and others a new way of looking at lexicological data,
5. Colombia:
Including
in Their Societies
of Origin
1013
and
of exploring
them Emigrants
as an application
of semantic
field .......
theory.
Urs Watter
Secondly,
as computer displays and online dictionary interfaces
become
more
polished,
new ways of encouraging exploration of
5.1 State
Interest
and Responsibility
lexicaltowards
data online
are needed
to replace
the lost experience102
of
their Citizens
Living Abroad
...........................................
browsing a printed dictionary, rather than only providing users with a
5.2 Applied Ethics .............................................................................. 104
blank search interface. And finally, such visualizations can point
5.3 Migration
Policy
and of
Ethics
.........................................................
106
analysts
towards
areas
possible
semantic, lexical or cultural
interest,
whetherPolicy
areasinofColombia
trauma in
the history of the language, areas
5.4 Migration
......................................................
108
of rapid growth, or areas of relative stability. All of these could be
5.5 easily
“Colombia
nos through
une”......................................................................
made
visible
some enhancement and development109
of
5.6 Alianza País .................................................................................. 112
3
5.7 Challenges .................................................................................... 114
Adrienne Lehrer (1974: 15) describes semantic fields as the theory that “the words
of aBibliography
language can .......................................................................................
be classified into sets which are related to conceptual fields116
and
divide up the semantic space or the semantic domain in certain ways.” If Figure 7
above shows the semantic space of English, then Figure 6 can be said to show the
Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ........................... 119
“word space” of the language, a plane containing lexical items and parallel to the
Barryspace,
Halliday
semantic
but without explicit semantic divisions.
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
“The various forms of civilization arranged in chronological strata”: 323
Manipulating
the HTOED
10
Table of Contents
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
the first steps given here towards displaying and exploring the data
3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach ........................................................ 58
stored within the HTOED itself.
3.5 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 59
References
Bibliography ......................................................................................... 60
Algeo, J. (1990) “The Emperor’s New Clothes: The Second Edition of the Society’s Dictionary”,
of the Philological Society, 88(2), pp. 131-150.
4. The
Ethics Transactions
of Migration.
de Reflections
Beaugrande, on
R.-A.
& W.Migration
Dressler (1981).
Recent
PoliciesIntroduction to Text Linguistics,
Longman,
London.
and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ........................................... 61
Brewer,
(2007) Treasure-House of the Language: The Living OED. Yale
LauraC.Zanfrini
University Press, New Haven, CT.
4.1 Restrictive
and Structural
Demand
for and
Immigrant
.. 65
Furnas,
G.W. & J. Policies
Zacks (1994)
“Multitrees:
Enriching
ReusingLabour
Hierarchical
Structures”, Human Factors in Computing Systems: Proceedings of the CHI ‘94 4.2
Initiatives
forppGoverning
Conference
1994,
330-336. Family and Humanitarian
Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration ............. 73
Kay, C. & T. Chase (1987) “Constructing a Thesaurus Database”, Literary and
Linguistic
Computing
2(3), pp.
161–163.
4.3
From Guest
Workers
to Unwelcome
Guests .................................. 82
Kay, C., J. Roberts, M. Samuels, & I. Wotherspoon (2009). Historical Thesaurus of
4.4
Selective
Policies
and the
Brain
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Barry Halliday
Michael Adams (ed.), “Cunning passages, contrived corridors”: Unexpected Essays in the
History of Lexicography. ©2010 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
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Lexicography worldwide:
theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives
Series Editor
Giovanni Iamartino (Milano)
Scientific Committee
Michael Adams (Bloomington)
Ignacio Ahumada (Jaén)
Maria Colombo (Milano)
Giovanni Iamartino (Milano)
Félix San Vicente (Bologna-Forlì)
André Thibault (Paris)
Anche se l’attività lessicografica ha alle proprie spalle una lunga e onorevole tradizione, gli anni recenti hanno visto nuovi e significativi
sviluppi nella teoria lessicografica e nella descrizione e produzione dei
dizionari, in un periodo in cui il lessico ha riconquistato una certa
preminenza nella riflessione linguistica.
La collana “Lexicography worldwide: theoretical, descriptive and
applied perspectives” si propone pertanto come forum di discussione sulle nuove prospettive in ogni ambito lessicografico: i nuovi sviluppi
nella teoria lessicografica; le analisi critiche dettagliate dei dizionari del
passato e del presente;; le ricerche sull’interfaccia tra i dizionari, la loro produzione e il loro uso, e gli utenti.
La collana pubblicherà studi monografici, raccolte di saggi o atti di
convegni. Ciascun volume della collana è sottoposto a revisione
anonima da parte di due membri del Comitato Scientifico e/o del
Comitato Consultivo internazionale (attualmente composto da 13
studiosi americani, inglesi, francesi, spagnoli e italiani). Si auspica che la
pubblicazione in rete open-access della collana “Lexicography The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
worldwide” possa incoraggiare il dialogo scientifico internazionale tra i ricercatori, e tra questi e i lessicografi di professione.
~~~~
Though the practice of dictionary-making has a long, time-honoured
tradition behind, recent years have witnessed new and significant
developments in lexicographical theory and in the description and
production of dictionaries, at a time when lexis has regained prominence
in linguistic research.
The book series “Lexicography worldwide: theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives” is therefore meant to be a forum for discussion and debate over new perspectives on any aspect of lexicography: new
developments in lexicographic theory; detailed critical analyses of past
and present dictionaries; research on the interface between dictionaries,
their production and use, and their users.
The book series will publish monographs, collections of essays or
conference proceedings. Each book in the series is blind peer-reviewed
by two members of the Scientific Committee and/or the international
Advisory Board (currently consisting of 13 American, British, French,
Spanish and Italian scholars). It is hoped that the online open-access
publication of the “Lexicography worldwide” series will encourage international scientific dialogue among researches and between
researchers and practising lexicographers.
~~~~
Bien que l’activité lexicographique ait derrière soi une tradition longue et
honorable, au cours de ces dernières années tant la lexicographie que la
description et production de dictionnaires ont connu un développement
considérable, parallèle au renouveau d’intérêt dont le lexique bénéficie au seine de la réflexion linguistique.
Dans une telle optique, la collection « Lexicography worldwide :
theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives » se propose comme
un lieu de discussion sur les nouvelles approches dans tous les
domaines lexicographiques : nouveaux développements dans la théorie
lexicographique ;; analyses critiques des dictionnaires d’hier et The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
d’aujourd’hui ;; recherches sur les rapports entre les dictionnaires, leur
production et leur usage.
Cette collection accueillira des études monographiques, des recueils
d’articles ou des actes de colloques. Chaque volume de la collection sera soumis à la lecture, sous forme anonyme, de deux membres du
Comité Scientifique et / ou du Comité de lecture international (celuici étant composé, à l’état actuel, de 13 spécialistes américains,
anglais, français, espagnols, italiens). On souhaite que la publication
de la collection « Lexicography worldwide » sur le réseau Internet en
libre accès encouragera les échanges scientifiques internationaux
entre les chercheurs, et entre ceux-ci et les lexicographes professionnels.
~~~~
Aunque la actividad lexicográfica cuenta ya con una larga y honrosa
tradición, en los últimos años se han producido nuevos y significativos
avances, tanto en cuestiones teóricas como en producción de
diccionarios, en un momento en el que se puede observar que el estudio
del léxico ha alcanzado cierta preponderancia en la reflexión lingüística.
La colección “Lexicography worldwide: theoretical, descriptive and applied perspectives” se propone como fórum de discusión de nuevas
perspectivas en ámbito lexicográfico: renovados aspectos teóricos;
análisis crítico de diccionarios del pasado y de la actualidad;
investigaciones sobre la interfaz entre diccionarios, su produción,
utilización y usuarios.
La colección publica estudios monográficos, artículos seleccionados y
actas de congresos. Dos miembros, componentes del Comité Científico
o bien del Comité del Consulta Internacional (actualmente compuesto
por 13 expertos: americanos, ingleses, franceses, españoles e italianos),
son los encargados de evaluar de modo anónimo la obra. La colección
“Lexicography worldwide” nace con la intención de estimular el diálogo científico internacional entre investigadores y lexicógrafos de profesión,
a través de su publicación abierta on-line.
The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica
License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does
not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper
and electronic format and by any other means of publication. Additional rights on the contents of the work are the author’s property.
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