Chapter 53: Population Ecology
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Period
Name
Chapter 53: Population Ecology
The next three chapters on population, community, and ecosystem ecology provide the academic
backbone for this unit on ecology. Each chapter is a different organizational level in ecology, starting
with population ecology. Before beginning your study of each chapter, be sure you have a clear
understanding of the terms in the chapter title.
Concept 53.1 Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and
demographics
1.
What two pieces of data are needed to mathematically determine density?
—FlIZ n uns b e r c f
O , Vo I V nn e
fV
2.
enn
(n_.~(,!., r{C-~C'
s
reg~
reel
E; ~y
What is the difference between density and dispersion?
de"-.r i f - y of c' ('0PU lcz r o n i S, ~'1 ~ e, 1t OAI ~O e„~ o ~ ► n c' 11
va lv n. e. D ~spP.~-s.on ,s i%_ eof SPac;n9
rVrdr/cLCo wi-f"L•rn -f-L, C- 6a Undri eS of •/ ~..
_J- io/I.
P'
P~ Uni+ Glrect or
3.
in
Work through Figure 53.2, doing the math to make sure you get the same answer as the text.
Note and understand what the letters of the formula mean. Next, try the following problem.
A population ecologist wished to determine the size of a population of white-footed deer mice,
Peromyscus leucopus, in a 1-hectare field. Her first trapping yielded 80 mice, all of which
were marked with a dab of purple hair dye on the back of the neck. Two weeks later, the
trapping was repeated. This time 75 mice were trapped, out of which 48 of the mice were
marked. Using the formula N = mn/x, what is the population of mice in the field? (Answer is at
the end of this reading guide.)
x
4.
Explain the impact of immigration and emigration on population density. (To avoid confusion
between these two terms, it might help to use this memory trick: immigration is the movement
into a population, while emigration is the exiting of individuals from a population.)
^ G r- ea 56 S a ~ o~ U
✓
reades a
c UJ L ei f E emig rah
I NVw~ q rat f i D A i
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aP la ion "s
-•s ~~
1
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
5.
Chapter 53: Population Ecology
Label the dispersion pattern shown by each population in the figure below. Second, and most
important, what do the dispersion patterns tell us about the population and its interactions?
ccUti,rem
food ~S a~ U n oft f
a99 ~ess~ve ;~ +eraci- i4nS
V~,e j e en o e
i
6.
In what population statistic do demographers have a particular interest? How is this data often
presented?
Of 1'a ~ r- i CU (o~-f i n'~~
° r~S+ i GCE ~c.,o~r aP lv arm toi r ~L. r ~'~✓~-mod
7.
Is your biology class a cohort? Explain.
A co ka r t
S a j ra ut ,-F 1 ndiw(olved'j o
8.
Survivorship curves show patterns of survival. In general terms, survivorship curves can be
classified into three types. Using the figure below, label and explain the three idealized
survivorship patterns.
T 1,000
~o
v
a
0
Io w
0 100 `0
y
10
.0
E
Z
A,\ ,d,, t. 1i-f-e
vuLGt~ln rA+~'S I n C reel Se,
CL&-'-,OA older ccye droop.
O
z
0
A'2el t 1 Y-.4- C." Gf' 0fl'1
e rlL cam,.,of
o ve.,— 4-t. e o r J
1
50
100
Percentage of maximum life span
—TC~e 3
_ V e r-V 1, i tA dLa -~ k M +C 's
9
-(o
Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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j
o U ')j
-2-
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
9.
Chapter 53: Population Ecology
In the natural world, many species show survivorship curves that are combinations of the
standard curves. How would an open nesting songbird's survivorship curve appear if it was
Type III for the first year and then Type 11 for the rest of its life span? Sketch this curve on the
survivorship curve graph in question 8.
-7-k e- ici r51- Par+ o-C tl.,;S
10.
Gu rv e- wovM lc-, (
tc,- e-~ I u e I i n e i n 1-t e g r a p~1 / fl-e,—
9 1 e- o ve- r 1,'I. e ►t,, e, (o I a f
What does a reproductive table show? ' e +o f L z f-m, s. , ~, f ro r ~r o f-L-4e rv~~o ~
13
<~4.c. fe~ til(+~ .SG c° GiUa(, ~ S r~
aqe s~e~i F;c su.Kn,o~Jc o-~
r e p ro d u G+ i ve r--n `f-e
S
1/\
n a
P ° P" i a.F-ion .
Concept 53.2 Life history traits are products of natural selection
11.
On what is the life history of an organism based?
-F- ra ~ -Fs f(n a
12.
13.
2, f-low ofi-e,— +-tte or9 . ~Sn~ reP~oduces_
3, p o vi M eu - ,L1 o {{~~.5 ~. n q a rL' P ro d u c e d Pew r-e p r el cl u,- `) i v,'
Explain the difference between semelparity (big-bang reproduction) and iteroparity (repeated
reproduction) as life history strategies.
In
14.
a *e-c + a,.-,
1--A Su r v i l/aa.~
u p i fs I r fe
What three variables form the life history of a species?
S ew.
a.r i 'f-
~ /1
Explain how two critical factors influence whether a species will evolve toward semelparity or
iteroparity.
Tln e Sv r v, v
0-k ft-, e- a ~' v l!
15.
o r ~ o~ti-, i S n~ S ~a roOl v ~' ~ r'r ~ : ~. ~.. ~ a'{Fs ~ ri n9 •
[nJ l
11 S u r v i v e +o r- e-r rod v
Explain the effect of offspring care on parental survival in kestrels.
A 5+v6(,y of
surer Vr~-
co,S + +0 ~o.re . , l S t (n e(A < , ~ .e far ~ l ~v-~ e
y o 0/) 6 .
/1
Concept 53.3 The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited
environment
Do not let the math in this section be a problem. Instead of trying to understand the calculus involved,
concentrate on the idea of exponential growth, how it is graphed, and what this type of growth
indicates about a population.
16.
What is the advantage to using per capita birth and death rates rather than just the raw numbers
of births and deaths?
rc~J a~~~nc~~.1 rnr v\ coAl~~~r ~Sc~ri
US inq PP.r GaPi -F~ ~i r f
~e.~-t.oeen
P vpula~ti onS_
Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
_
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
17.
Chapter 53: Population Ecology
What will the per capita birth and death rates be if a population is demonstrating zero
population growth?
Z P G o c e v r,S W I~. e.. f'(.. e. p a r cRP i
C q un-k t r= 0) .
What does it mean for a population to be in exponential population growth?
Pot L, lo ion incy-ease und.2.r idea.(., cold 1' '1'-t' OA S i\ a PoPu lovEion w heade
4-,t .,, berS oua have 0.cc.eSS ~{-o a bu nd,, ,~., 1 food awed —,.-e f r-e e -to +- rep rod v Ge
ek
4L,e'r- rt~13SioIo co-e- ca Ac 4 ~.
In the graph below, expLin why the linwith the value of 1.0 shows a steeper slope that
reaches exponential growth more quickly than does the line with the value of 0.5. On this
graph, add a third line that approximates a population with an exponential value of 1.25.
18.
19.
2,000
e-
dl =1.ON
cT +; >k
dN =0.5N
a~
ev
`
I
a cC A S -i-MI-
e'L' t0
A'&& ;
a
°
500
r
5
10
r,o f U I ct' i s
lo -H- ed
15
Number of generations
20.
What are two examples of conditions that might lead to exponential population growth in
natural populations?
-1. 1nt- roe(u&e( re'1'fo c=, n Cw
v1ret1 (1,'4-4.
eve",
Concept 53.4 The logistic model describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its 'n~undirf
carrying capacity
Wlno,Se nurn 6er-S kAVe LCZL-
21.
22.
What is carrying capacity?
Symbol LC, iS f ~.e
v r0n nn-,., + e aII.,
M
draS+, ca.Gtj r-cduce- e( jay a e-60 oS4 f"
aktAA UM
P°P"
. 'C.
lo.io~ si Z7e fC.
What are six examples of limiting resources that can influence carrying capacity?
A va i 1 0+ b 1 I t^ +L
C1. N v f
4 . E ne,—~ J
5.
23.
In the logistic population growth model, the per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the
CAf-ry i no
Ca a c
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
is reached.
Chapter 53: Population Ecology
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
24.
If the carrying capacity (or K) is 1,000 and N is 10, the term (K— N)IK is large. Explain why a
large value for (K — N)IK predicts growth close to the maximum rate of increase for this
population.
,j plL C e
d
g e-ca,'o,5e ire iS (o+s o a vct 1
{
.
n,'
re so v r-,- e S i n +1-0_ e,— v (' r-o n
0 ~ \_ (I
25.
2,000
u
N
In the graph below, explain why the logistic model predicts a sigmoid (S-shaped) growth curve
when the population density is plotted over time. Hint: The critical part of this answer concerns
why growth slows as N approaches K.
Exponential
growth
---P~c F,ru Ja_/-cion j row -i't-.
dN=1.ON
~crease5
1,500
0
Logistic growth
1,500 - N)
dN
=1.ON (
1,500
di
`n 1,000
a
5
10
1U
der-aMaf~
a
a p rams V__
15
Number of generations
26.
The end of this concept attempts to bring together the ideas of life histories and growth models.
This is done with the introduction of two new terms: K-selection and r-selection. Explain the
ideas behind the creation of these two terms.
S f(.,a
are Les -j-; "/C 1, f orvfe'tX "Q
5ems-e- c-4-ion -(or +r-cc
deL..S~+b OA a>re -( a var -e_d
(„icJU
iL.~si c ~.S 'C 4"OWA aS
27.
Compare and contrast these two terms: ~/ ""`-T
density-independent regulation
-
density-dependent regulation
6t d-Ca t- C,
28.
I t1ACtA rriSe5 ak S
f ory
la-1 ia11 l{ r,,_ ,s H
ri sc,: -,
Explain how negative feedback plays an essential role in the unifying theme of regulation of
populations. Does negative feedback play a role in both density-independent and densitydependent regulation?
t✓
t
air
t CO n,,-P- i P e, o fi
~j i
n po
r v lot,t-ion oouI,o{ n erv e(- s+o
Copyright© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
`1 i"a
-5
Chapter 53: Population Ecology
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
29.
Complete the following chart.
Density-Dependent Population Regulation
Example
Explanation
Negative Feedback
Mechanism
I~cr~as~~~
Competion for resources
aA
P ®P
c{.eA,S
iM
Territoriality
o P v (ct:C . o
+r-ou ,.S rn i S S I0 n
Disease
oL ..s i i~
r0,4
1--c
fit -e e {sec f o t=
~eSovrce coM pet~iin,
C he e +o S
reSP
r A+©r J
.4
So ~
~~S i }~ -d-2-P~--~
nna r -f i I t' F ~
Predation
IoxsC
Toxic wastes
e ~S
w aw
re P ro aC U G+i Ve
Intrinsic factors
re-9 v 1
,,~, ; f-e
S
-Footed
30.
r , '(5e
Give both biotic and abiotic reasons for population fluctuations over the last 50 years in the
moose population on Isle Royale, based on population dynamics.
-t.
31.
Explain the importance of immigration and emigration in metapopulations.
~•., eo V - (t~~ .1 c...11
.~ ct /Ao
.ArC'
c"
oure 1; n Lc ec'f / 740 r'n^ 'k n0 eA ,,. e +,A r o P u I a— i o /1 .
Concept 53.5 The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing
rapidly
32.
Summarize human population growth since 1650. (Of all the reported statistics, which one
surprises you the most?)
,
SINCc
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6
Chapter 53: Population Ecology
AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Birth or death rate per 1,000 people
33.
What is demographic transition? Use the figure below to explain the process in Sweden and
Mexico.
2 avl; L, rafe5 f~ b e1~a t`~
50
b i r 1`L` ~``'~~
40
t a ~ f ems. l o~ ~`~
✓
30
20
10
Sweden
Mexico
Birth rate
Birth rate
Death rate — Death rate
0
1750
34.
1800
1850
1900
Year
2000 2050
You should be able to look at age-structure graphs and make predictions about the future
growth of the population. Using Figure 53.25, describe the key features for the three agestructure graphs and predict how the population of each country will grow.
Key Features
Country
Afghanistan
Predicted Future Growth
G.. CC a
(,o
United States
rkee sf- ruc`I ur e 13 rela+- V e,l( e~e~.
Ital y
35.
1950
srv.aG{
se i n foPvla1ion.
n e
pLeCreaSe.
bo<se
Why do infant mortality and life expectancy vary so greatly between certain countries?
So c t O ,. U
P
k e a Val Gt cc6z- j i ~~
j n -Fa< iatJS pr rsease-S_ V
36.
Can the world's population sustain an ecological footprint that is currently the average
American footprint? Explain.
71—
toy'
(r c--<- -F»o Con eep4- dvnn Ma r r` res -h.,e a~riq x{~ 1CL ,.d O-V C4 e Mkt t
e C'_co
do . r.
area. rCgvi reel b, ea ti ~ew- oit; c i f y o r - AA- --r'o.r i.-) Coro dvcC .-r-/ (
r' P,-OL
v / -S if eO
~1,---I --!o
r-I+EI S.
~r n ~( ,7.r ^ wc-s4-e i~- Ly
Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers
Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here:
1.
2.
4.
3.
Answer to Question 3:
125
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
P. leucopus
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7