UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Theoretical and practical reason in economics: capacities and capabilities Crespo, R.F. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Crespo, R. F. (2011). Theoretical and practical reason in economics: capacities and capabilities Buenos Aires: R.F.Crespo General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. 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