Theoretical and practical reason in economics - UvA-DARE

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Theoretical and practical reason in economics: capacities and capabilities
Crespo, R.F.
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
Crespo, R. F. (2011). Theoretical and practical reason in economics: capacities and capabilities Buenos Aires:
R.F.Crespo
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Download date: 18 Jun 2017
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