A
tlas on Regional Integration
in West Africa
environment series
T HE
ECOLOGICALLY
VULNERABLE ZONE
OF SAHELIAN COUNTRIES
Introduction
Work carried out on the ecologically vulnerable zone of sahelian countries (specified in the text as the Sahel’s vulnerable zone) is based on
close collaboration with the CILSS1 and its Agrhymet Regional Centre
(CRA)2 to capitalise on their expertise and knowledge. This series of
the Atlas examines the Sahel’s vulnerable zone in a West African regional
context. CILSS member-countries often have to grapple with food shortages although the zone also defined as “agropastoral” undoubtedly
suffers the most and its inhabitants are usually considered the region’s
The Atlas on Regional Integration is
an ECOWAS — SWAC/OECD initiative,
financed by the development cooperation
agencies
of
France,
Switzerland
and
Luxembourg.
Divided into four series (population, land, economy, environment),
the Atlas chapters are being
produced during 2006-2007 and
will be available on-line on the site
www.atlas-westafrica.org
1.
2.
3.
The Permanent Inter-State
Committee for Drought
Control in the Sahel, set up in
1974 after a serious drought.
Member-countries are Burkina
Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, The
Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali,
Mauritania, Niger and Senegal.
www.cilssnet.org
The AGRHYMET Regional
Centre. www.agrhymet.ne
Most authors agree that
the critical level is between
400 and 800 mm of rainfall,
usually about 600 mm.
Agricultural intensification
is defined here as increasing
the amount of labour and/or
capital applied to each unit of
cultivated land.
poorest and its children the most vulnerable. Based on available data, this
survey describes from a macro regional perspective this zone, its people and how they
live. It shows how structurally vulnerable their pastoralists and agropastoralists are. We
hope that this series will encourage strategic thinking on structural regional solutions to
this vulnerability, quite apart from the emergency aid this area frequently requires.
I. The Sahel and its countries
Climatically the Sahel is defined as the area between the 200 and 600 mm isohyets (sometimes 150-500 mm) stretching through six continental West African countries (Mauritania,
Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger and Chad) and brushing northern Nigeria and northern
Cameroon.
The vegetation is savannah – tree-dotted steppes in the south and bushes the further north
you go. The wet season lasts only three months and rainfall varies from one year to another.
Much of the soil is barren and vulnerable. This rules out most export crops and makes more
intensive farming practices risky3. Halfway between the 200 and 600 mm isohyets is the limit
of the rain-fed agricultural area, a theoretical border which has many exceptions depending
CSAO
SWAC
ECOWAS-SWAC/OECD©2006 - April 2006
Atlas on Regional Integration
in West Africa
 Map 1. Rainfall and climate zones
N
MOROCCO
M
OROCCO
Evolution of the rain
countries from
1.5
ALGERIA
1.0
WESTERN
SAHARA
ATLANTIC
0.0
1935
1925
MAURITANIA
1915
-1.5
OCEAN
1900
-1.0
MALI
200
NIGER
200
600
SENEGAL
600
THE GAMBIA
BURKINA FASO
GUINEA
BISSAU
GUINEA
BENIN
SIERRA
LEONE
Source: Centre Régional Agrhymet (CRA),
SWAC / OECD (2005)
CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
NIGERIA
GHANA
TOGO
CAMEROON
LIBERIA
Current climate zones
Isohyet (mm/year)
0
500 km
200
Average isohyet 1940-1967
Saharan
200
Average isohyet 1968-2000
Sahelian
on soil quality and the existence of fossil valleys. North of this line is the
“nomadic area” where each year the extent of new vegetation indicates
Sahelo-sudanian
Sudano-sahelian
Figure 1. Cereal production in CILSS countries
300
the quality of the rainy season and determines pastoral activity. South of
the line are the villages of sedentary farmers, engaged in diverse activities
where cattle herds move north during the annual growing season. Both
250
nomadic and sedentary inhabitants have long devised ways to cope with
climate variations as best they can — by nomadism, by ancient traditions
200
of human and livestock migration in the dry season and by having extensive and scattered growing areas to reduce economic and climatic risk.
150
Vulnerability is ever-present and takes many forms in the Sahel and West
Africa, in both rural and urban areas as well as in poorer and more affluent
100
Gross produc tion
zones. However, the inhabitants of the agropastoral area (Sahel) suffer
Population
most from uncertainty and risk. This is where the four major droughts of
the last century (1909-13, 1940-44, 1969-73 and 1983-85) caused the most
devastation and killed the most people.
2
50
87
Gross produc tion trend
8
/8
* Forecast
89
0
/9
91
2
/9
Source: CILSS 2005
93
4
/9
environment series
It seems that due to global warming the Sahel is becoming drier. There
have been two distinct climate periods during the last century — a wet
nfall index in the CILSS
m 1895 to 2000
period which preceded a dry period as from the early 1970s. The southward drift of the isohyets is proof of this, which threatens the delicate
LIBYE
balance between people and their environment.
The Sahel’s image is one of drought, famine and food shortages. But the
2000
1985
1970
1955
II. Food dependency in Sahelian
countries is not increasing…
record of individual CILSS member countries illustrates a different picture.
Their cereal production over the past 17 years has risen faster than their
CHAD
4.
Cereal availability =
gross production seeds and losses + net
imports + variation in
stocks
population – by 73% compared to 54%. Per capita cereal availability4 also
increased slightly (Fig. 1). A thorough analysis of all food products shows
that output of fruit, vegetables and meat rose substantially over the same
period throughout the Sahel and West Africa (a series of the Atlas will deal
with agriculture and livestock). The overall share of food imports remained
fairly steady, rising from 19% to 21% of gross regional production. The
volume of food aid fell sharply (Fig. 2) while commercial imports increased
faster than production.
The landlocked countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali and Niger), which
produce 90% of the cereals, constitute 75% of the population and import
CAR
little, are distinct from the Atlantic coastal countries (Mauritania and
Senegal), which produce few cereals and import much more.
Border
Figs.
3 and 4 clearly illustrate the differences. Production in the two
coastal states has stagnated and their imports have risen sharply. The
agricultural sector is very small in Mauritania and average-sized,
but greatly degenerated, in Senegal. They are more urbanised
than most other countries and where food consumption is heavily
dominated by rice of which they do not produce enough.
(1987/88 = 100)
In
the landlocked countries, which have more agricultural
potential, cereal production is increasing while the share of
imports remains almost the same.
III. …But cereal production remains
very erratic
It seems that over the long-term Sahel countries will probably not
rely more on food imports, but will be subject to sharp annual
variations in cereal production which reflect the prevailing rainfed
Net Imports
cultivation methods. Crisis management of recurrent produc-
Av ailable c ereals c rops per c apita
Trend of av ailable c ereal c rops per c apita
95
6
/9
97
8
/9
99
0
/0
01
2
/0
03
4
/0
5*
/0
04
tion shortages involves extra-regional food imports in the forms
of commercial imports and food aid, and using existing cereal
stocks. Together they play the role of an adjustment variable
between supply and demand.
3
Atlas on Regional Integration
in West Africa
Figure 2. Food aid to CILSS countries
Since
the late 1980s, cereal production has varied by
an average 20% from year to year in both coastal and
landlocked countries. But the two groups have different
ways of stabilising cereal availability. In the coastal
Thousand of tons
400
states commercial imports significantly stabilise cereal
300
availability, with cereal stocks and food aid having
almost no influence. In landlocked countries cereal stock
200
management has the greatest impact on stabilising cereal
100
availability followed by commercial imports and food aid.
87
/8
8
88
/8
9
89
/9
0
90
/9
1
91
/9
2
92
/9
3
93
/9
4
94
/9
5
95
/9
6
96
/9
7
97
/9
8
98
/9
9
99
/0
0
00
/0
1
01
/0
2
02
/0
3
03
/0
4
04
/0
5*
0
* Forecast
Source: CILSS 2005
IV. The agropastoral area:
vulnerability and
unpredictability
In the rainfall-defined Sahel, an agropastoral area (Map 1),
Figure 3. CILSS - Coastal countries
there are between 50 and 110 days of rain a year5 (Map 5).
North of the blue line, the length of the rainy season varies
by approximately 30% from year to year. The area suffers
Gross production
Net imports
Thousand of tons
14000
from both persistently low and very unpredictable rain-
12000
fall. This is the area we initially defined as “Sahel’s fragile
10000
high-risk zone”. It is within this area that pockets of food
8000
shortages were observed in 2005, especially in Niger.
6000
The
4000
Sahel’s vulnerable zone is also the “front line”
against locust invasions that regularly sweep West
2000
Africa,6 most recently in 1986-89 and 2004, causing huge
87
/8
8
88
/8
9
89
/9
0
90
/9
1
91
/9
2
92
/9
3
93
/9
4
94
/9
5
95
/9
6
96
/9
7
97
/9
8
98
/9
9
99
/0
0
00
/0
1
01
/0
2
02
/0
3
03
/0
4
04
/0
5*
0
* Forecast
Source: CILSS 2005
damage to crops and vegetation.
The insects breed in the desert in April and May. They
Table 1. Average annual variation
in cereal availability
Source: CILSS 2005
Figure 4. CILSS - Landlocked countries
Gross production
Net imports
14000
1 = PRODUCTION
Thousand of tons
12000
20%
10000
8000
2 = 1 + IMPORTATIONS
16.6%
3 = 2 + STOCK VAR.
12.4%
44 == 33 +FOOD
+FOOD AID
AID
12.1%
12.1%
6000
4000
2000
87
/8
8
88
/8
9
89
/9
0
90
/9
1
91
/9
2
92
/9
3
93
/9
4
94
/9
5
95
/9
6
96
/9
7
97
/9
8
98
/9
9
99
/0
0
00
/0
1
01
/0
2
02
/0
3
03
/0
04 4
/0
5*
0
* Forecast
4
Source: CILSS 2005
In the landlocked countries, large producers, food stocks play
off-setting production variation ; but the fluctuations of cereals
In the coastal atlantic countries, imports for the most part offse
both cases, food aid plays a marginal role.
environment series

Map 2. Locusts in West Africa
N
Locust breeding grounds from July to September
Movement of Swarms from August to October
MAURITANIA
MALI
NIGER
CHAD
SENEGAL
THE
GAMBIA
Limit of the Sahel's
vulnerable zone
BURKINA FASO
GUINEA
BISSAU
Source : CILSS
SWAC / OECD (2005)
0
500 km
move south and attack the pastoral area between May and July. A second
wave appears in the Sahel, summer breeding ground, and the insects lay
“
The swarms (...)
attack the Sahelian
crops from July to
September...
„
waste to crops between August and October before often moving north
(Map 2) to winter and spring breeding grounds.
V. Vegetation and soil problems are not
just in the Sahel
Vegetation and soil quality are key determinants to West Africa’s food
security given the large part of the population that remain directly
dependent on the exploitation of these resources for their subsistence.
Rainfall and rural demographic pressure are closely linked to the Sahel’s
vegetation, which seems set in long-term decline as isohyets fall.
But
paradoxically, the vegetation season increased in the 1990s in
the Sahel (Map 4), especially after 1995 when vegetation significantly
18%
spread northward.
Soil suitability for agriculture varies greatly from region to region and
5.5%
determines significantly rural population settlement (Map 3). Hence no
5.8%
area combines major climatic uncertainty with the exploitation of poor
soil. Densely-populated areas with unsuitable soil are situated south
5.6%
5.6%
a more important role in
s availability remains acute.
et production variations. In
of the climatically defined vulnerable zone. This confirms that vulnerability and thus food insecurity are not only characteristics of the Sahel.
5.
6.
Source: The CILSS AGRHYMET
Regional Centre; 2005.
The main invasions occurred
in 1926-34, 1940-48, 1949-63,
1967-69, 1986-89 and 2004.
Therefore, most of the Sahelian population is naturally concentrated
mainly in Niger, where the best soils lie.
5
Atlas on Regional Integration
in West Africa

Map 3. Soil quality and rural population densities
Soil suitability for a
N
Low population density
on suitable soil
Niger
Source: CILSS
SWAC / OECD (2005)
Average suitab
10 to 30 inhab/km²
30 to 50 inhab/km²
50 to 100 inhab/km²
100 to 150 inhab/km²
> 150 inhab/km²
*Calculated upon administrative units
High population density
on suitable soil
M
Senegal
Rural population density
(inhab/km²)
Unsuitable soil
< 10 inhab/km²
I NDER
ARAD ZI
Lim
v
Lake Chad
High population density
on unsuitable soil
0
N
VI. Most agricultural and pastoral
methods are still traditional…
ATLANTIC
The lifestyle of most inhabitants in the vulnerable zone is probably one
OCEAN
of West Africa’s least-changed in recent decades. The main production
Nouakch
system, apart from traditional nomadic cattle-raising, is food crops/
50 days
pastoral. This system is centred around growing millet in northern regions,
and sorghum in southern regions and is accompanied by transhumant live-
Dakar
SENEG
stock farming so as to minimise risk. This farming system is essentially
110 days
defined by auto-subsistence, with little or no inputs, and monetary income
Banjul
THE GAM
Bissau
from crops or livestock is small or non-existent.
GUINEA
BISSAU
Between Maradi and Zinder in Niger, cowpeas, considered a cash crop
although not comparable with groundnuts or much less cotton, are grown
with millet and sorghum. Cowpeas are a food crop and are grown in the
same way as traditional cereals (with few inputs) and largely depend on
Source: Centre Régional Agrhymet (CRA
SWAC / OECD (2005)
good rainfall. In the Louga area, groundnuts and cowpeas are associated
with livestock in a system which also heavily relies on rainfall.
6
0
500 km
environment series
Only irrigated rice paddies in the Senegal and Niger River valleys provide
agriculture
protection against vulnerability except during severe drought.
ble soil
By simplifying, one could describe the cereal-producing areas in more
Suitable soil
or less horizontal strips: one of millet in the North; one of sorghum
mostly south of the 400 mm isohyet; and an area of maize in the southern
Sahel. This observation, based on agro-ecological criteria, is confirmed by
production figures. Agricultural surveys suggest that about a third of the

Map 4. Change in the length of the vegetation season (1990/99)
N
MOROCCO
Less than 20 days
Length of the vegetation
LIBYE
season
(between 1990 and 1999)
ALGERIA
From 20 to 60 days
From 60 to 100 days
More than 100 days
WESTERN
SAHARA
MAURITANIA
CHAD
mit of the Sahel's
vulnerable zone
MALI
NIGER
Trend of a prolongation
in the vegetation season
SENEGAL
THE
GAMBIA
BURKINA FASO
GUINEA
BISSAU
GUINEA
BENIN
NIGERIA
Trend of a shortening
500 km
SIERRA
in the vegetation season
LEONE
Source: CILSS
SWAC / OECD (2005)
MOROCCO
TOGO
CAR
GHANA
CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
LIBERIA
CAMEROON
ALGERIA
0
500 km
LIBYA
WESTERN
SAHARA
MAURITANIA
hott
CHAD
MALI
NIGER
Inter-annual variation of the length
of the rainy season
exceeding 30%
GAL
MBIA
Niamey
BURKINA FASO
Bamako
N'Djaména
Ouagadougou
GUINEA
BENIN
CAR
SIERRA
LEONE
CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
A),
TOGO
NIGERIA
GHANA
CAMEROON
LIBERIA
Desert region (nomadic breeding)
Average risk
Sahel's vulnerable zone
50 days
High risk
Sahel's vulnerable zone

Inter-annual variation of the length
of the rainy season
below 30%
Length of rainy season
Capitals
Limit of the Sahel's
vulnerable zone
Border
Map 5. The Sahel’s vulnerable zone
7
Atlas on Regional Integration
in West Africa

Map 6. Agricultural production systems in Sahel countries
N
MOROCCO
Agricultural production system
Transhumant
herding zone
Food crops /
pastoral
Mix-pastoral
Cash-crop / pastoral
Rice
Food crops /
non pastoral
Mix non-pastoral
Cash crop / non-pastoral
WESTERN
SAHARA
LIBYA
ALGERIA
MAURITANIA
CHAD
MALI
NIGER
LOUGA
THE
GAMBIA
MAR A
R
DI
SENEGAL
ZI N D
E
Limit of the Sahel's
vulnerable zone
BURKINA FASO
GUINEA
BISSAU
GUINEA
BENIN
SIERRA
LEONE
Source: CILSS (AP3A)
SWAC / OECD (2005)
CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
TOGO
NIGERIA
CAR
GHANA
CAMEROON
LIBERIA
0
500 km
Sahel countries’ total millet production was grown in the vulnerable zone
in 2000, along with 15% of all sorghum and just under 10% of maize.
In this zone, millet is the main cereal crop in Chad, Mali, Niger and
Senegal whereas flood-recession grown sorghum is the main cereal crop
Figure 5. Breakdown of agricultural production
in the Sahel’s vulnerable zone
in Mauritania.
Livestock
plays an important role in all Sahelian countries. It
accounts for up to 10-15 % of the GDP in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali,
Rice
Niger and Senegal. In the largely nomadic northern area, mainly
Maize
Cotton
camels and goats are reared. In the Sahelian zone, transhumant cattle
Cowpeas
with great seasonal North-South movements are raised throughout
the Sahel, along with agro-pastoral livestock rearing that migrate less
Peanut
and even sedentary livestock farming in the southern most parts.
FAO estimates show, that cattle farming in the Sahel’s vulnerable
(agro-pastoral) zone accounts for a relatively small number of livestock and no longer plays a significant role for the rest of West Africa
Millet
Sorghum
Source: CILSS (AP3A)
SWAC / OECD (2005)
Calculated on the basis of agricultural
production in tonnes (2000)
(Map 8). The permanent migration of herds southward after the major
droughts of 1973 and 19847 as well as the rapid growth of sedentary livestock farming in cotton-growing areas partly explains this evolution.
But livestock is still a major activity in the vulnerable zone — which has a
very high ratio of cattle per rural inhabitant (Map 11) — and is very often
the main source of income for rural families (Map 12).
8
7.
In Niger, for example, the number of
cattle has halved over 30 years due to
a steady decline in available fodder.
environment series

N
Map 7. Main crops in CILSS countries
Millet / Sorghum
Isohyet
200
Limit of the Sahel's
vulnerable zone
Millet production zones
(> 100 kg/rural inhab/year)
Sorghum production zones
(> 100 kg/rural inhab/year)
Source: CILSS (AP3A)
SWAC / OECD (2005)
0
500 km
0
500 km
0
500 km
Maize / Rice
N
Maize production zones
(> 50 kg/rural inhab/year)
Rice production zones
(> 50 kg/rural inhab/year)
Source: CILSS (AP3A)
SWAC / OECD (2005)
Peanut / Cowpeas / Cotton
N
Peanut production zones
(> 50 kg/rural inhab/year)
Cowpeas production zones
(> 30 kg/rural inhab/year)
Cotton production zones
(> 30 kg/rural inhab/year)
Source: CILSS (AP3A)
SWAC / OECD (2005)

Map 8. Cattle in West Africa
VII. Facing the regional
market
Although
production methods and life-
styles in the Sahel’s vulnerable zone remains
mostly very traditional, the overall environment has greatly changed over the past
30 years. The climate has become drier and
the average isohyets have moved 100-150
km further south. Also, West Africa’s population has grown very rapidly, from less than
130 million to nearly 300 million between
10 to 20 heads/km²
1975 and 2005. The number of cities of over
20 to 100 heads/km²
More than 100 heads/km²
Source: FAO
100,000 people has risen from 30 to 135 and
0
1000 km
the network of main roads has expanded
more than five-fold.
9
Atlas on Regional Integration
in West Africa

Map 9. Population of the vulnerable zone
N
Rural population in high risk fragile zone
Millions of inhabitants
Niger
3,5
3,0
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
Nouâdhibou
0,5
Senegal
Mali
Burkina
Faso
Chad
Mauritania
0,0
Nouakchott
SaintLouis
Dakar
Arlit
Richard-Toll
Agadez
Gao
Louga
Thiès Touba
M'bour
Banjul
M'Backé
Diourbel
Kaolack
Kolda
Ziguinchor
Bissau
Kayes
Mopti
Tahoua
Tamacounda
Ségou
San
Kati
Ouagadougou
Koutiala
Bamako
Birni N'Konni
Ouahigouya
Niamey
Koudougou
Sokoto
Dosso
Argungu
Birnin-Kebbi
Jega
Sikasso
Yelwa
BoboDioulasso
Banfora
Daura
Kaura Katsina
Namoda
Dutsin-Ma
Gusau
Gummi
Funtua
Abéché
Zinder
Maradi
Nguru
Limit of the Sahel's
vulnerable zone
Kukawa
Gashua
Gumel
Kano
Hadejia
Maiduguri
Azare
Kousseri
Potiskum Damaturu Bama
Dutse
Bauchi
Biu
N'Djaména
Maroua
Gombe
Kélo
Sarh
Moundou
Source : Centre Régional Agrhymet
SWAC / OECD (2005)
0
Rural population density (2000)
Border
Administrative units
(levels 1 and 2)
Towns (inhabitants)
More than 150 inhab/km²
From 50 to 100 inhab/km²
From 10 to 30 inhab/km²
From 100 to 150 inhab/km²
From 30 to 50 inhab/km²
Less than 10 inhab/km²
More than 500 000
From 250 000 to 500 000
From 100 000 to 250 000
From 50 000 to 100 000
From 20 000 to 50 000
500 km
Road network
Main asphalted
roads
Except Nigeria
The Sahel’s vulnerable zone is now home to 8 million people — about
3% of West Africa’s population — and has very few significant urban
centres. Its increasing links with big urban settlement areas mean that
the old Sahel lifestyles are now up against markets whose fluctuations
can magnify the effect of nature’s uncertainties such as locusts and lack
of rainfall. This is what happened during the 2005 dry season, especially
in southern Niger, whose inhabitants are heavily influenced by northern
Nigeria (Map 9).
But this proximity to large urban centres also provides part of the rural
population with opportunities and income, especially through seasonal

Map 10. West Africa’s road and urban net
migration to towns and to commercial agriculture areas (Map 12).
The connection of the Sahel with West African markets is now a reality
that neither prevention nor management strategies of food shortages nor
long-term development policies can ignore.
Town of more
than 100 000 inhabitants
Main paved or partially
improved roads
Sahelian zone
(between 200 and 600 mm)
10
environment series

Map 11. Ratio of cattle to rural population
N
MOROCCO
MORO
R CCO
RO
Bovine population density (2000)
ALGERIA
More than 2 bovines / rural inhab
Between 0,5 and 1 bovines / rural inhab
Between 1 and 2 bovines / rural inhab
Less than 0,5 bovines / rural inhab
WESTERN
SAHARA
MAURITANIA
MALI
NIGER
CHAD
SENEGAL
THE
GAMBIA
GUINEA
BISSAU
BURKINA FASO
GUINEA
BENIN
CAR
SIERRA
LEONE
Source: CILSS
SWAC / OECD (2005)
TOGO
CÔTE
D'IVOIRE
NIGERIA
GHANA
0
CAMEROON
500 km
LIBERIA
Conclusion
The past and recent history of the Sahel’s vulnerable zone shows that
this part of West Africa deserves special attention and probably special
treatment in medium- and long-term development policies. Some past and
N
present trends are not very encouraging. It is an area of structural emigra-
1975
tion8 and represents only a small percentage of the region’s population.
It is no longer a significant livestock breeding area and it is plagued by
unpredictable weather and crop pests and now also by market uncertainties. Its demographic, economic and climatic transition is probably the
most difficult and least-promising in West Africa.
However, the situation and the prospects are not homogenous. The
major valleys, of the Senegal and Niger rivers, have a future as irrigated
farmland that is still very under-used. But further east, especially in
twork
central Niger, the quest for positive connections to the Nigerian market is
2005
a more complicated issue.
The economic potential of these areas is often limited and they are
naturally areas of temporary or permanent emigration. The lure of more
attractive urban and rural areas will probably continue. It is not about
encouraging or opposing migration but rather to support those who
cannot or do not want to leave the region and help them acquire the
means to live in that region with dignity.
0
600 km
Source: Centre Régional Agrhymet (CRA); SWAC / OECD (2005)
8.
See CILSS-CERPOD; “Atlas migration et
environnement au Sahel”; 2000.
11

Map 12. Main sources of income
Towns (inhabitants)
Main sources of income*
N
Agricultural crops
Regional migration
Livestock breeding
and milk products
Other activities
(Tourism, mining)
More than 500 000
From 250 000 to 500 000
From 100 000 to 250 000
From 50 000 to 100 000
Fisheries
* The two most important sources of income of rural households are represented (excl. Senegal)
Nouâdhibou
MAURITANIA
MALI
Nouakchott
CHAD
Arlit
NIGER
SaintLouis
Richard-Toll
Louga
Agadez
Gao
Dakar Thiès Touba
M'Backé
Diourbel
M'bour
Kaolack SENEGAL
THE
Banjul
GAMBIA Ziguinchor Kolda Tamacounda
Bissau
GUINEABISSAU
Tahoua
Mopti
Kayes
Ségou
Kati
Bamako
San
Birni N'Konni
Ouahigouya
Ouagadougou
Koutiala
Niamey
Maradi
Lim
Limit
mit o
off th
tthe
he SSahel's
he
vvulnerable
e ble zone
Dosso
Koudougou
Sikasso Banfora Bobo-
Abéché
Zinder
BURKINA FASO
N'Djaména
Dioulasso
Kélo
Sarh
Moundou
Source : Fews-Net
SWAC / OECD (2005)
0
500 km
Bibliography and data sources
CILSS - Centre Régional Agrhymet (2001): Le contexte de la vulnérabilité structurelle par système de production dans les pays du
CILSS. Projet Alerte Précoce et Prévision des Productions Agricoles (AP3A); Programme Majeur Information; Niamey.
CILSS (2004): «Vingt ans de prévention des crises alimentaires au Sahel, bilan et perspectives»; Ouagadougou.
CILSS – CERPOD (2000): Atlas migration et environnement au Sahel; Bamako.
CILSS – Centre Régional Agrhymet (2004): Atlas décennal de la sécurité alimentaire et de la gestion des ressources naturelles au
Sahel (1991-2000).
CILSS (2005): Gestion de la situation alimentaire 2004-2005 au Sahel. Forum on the medium- and long-term challenges for food
security in the Sahel and West Africa, SWAC (OECD, Paris), 18 October 2005.
CIRAD (2003): Atlas: Agriculture et développement rural des savanes d’Afrique centrale (Cameroun, République centrafricaine,
Tchad). Pôle régional de recherche appliquée des savanes d’Afrique centrale (PRASAC), N’Djaména, Chad; Montpellier,
France.
SWAC/ECOWAS (2005): Atlas des transports et des télécommunications dans la CEDEAO; Paris-Abuja.
SWAC (2004): Analyse régionale de quelques indicateurs socio-économiques ouest-africains; Paris.
SWAC (2003): Transformation in West African Agriculture and the Role of Family Farms; Paris.
SWAC (1997): État des réflexions sur les transformations de l’agriculture dans le Sahel; Paris.
ENDA-Diapol/SWAC (2004): Maradi-Katsina-Kano: couloir de développement, Paris-Dakar
FAO Agro maps: www.fao.org/landandwater/agll/agromaps
FAOSTAT: http://faostat.fao.org/faostat
FEWS Net (2005): Burkina Faso Livelihood Profiles. USAID, Fews Net Project.
FEWS Net (2005): Chad Livelihood Profiles. USAID, Fews Net Project, March.
FEWS Net (2005): Niger Livelihood Profiles. USAID, Fews Net Project, January.
FEWS Net (2005): Mali Livelihood Profiles. USAID, Fews Net Project.
FEWS Net (2005): Mauritania Livelihood Profiles. USAID, Fews Net Project, March.
FEWS Net, CILSS (2005): Suivi de la situation alimentaire au Sahel et en Afrique de
l’Ouest. Evolution des marchés et situation alimentaire en 2004 et 2005. Forum
on the medium- and long-term challenges for food security in the Sahel and
West Africa, SWAC (OECD, Paris), 18 October 2005.
WFP (2005): Interim Report: Niger – Analysis of Cereal Markets in 2004-2005.
WFP (2005): WFP Emergency Assessment Brief: Niger.
Bernus E. and Hamidou S.A. (1981): Atlas du Niger; Ed. J.A.; Paris.
Lerebours-Pigeonnière A. and Arnaud J.C. (2001): Atlas du Mali;
Ed. J.A.; Paris.
Lerebours-Pigeonnière A. and Ménager. T. (2001): Atlas du Burkina Faso;
Ed. J.A.; Paris.
Pelissier P. and Laclavère G. (1980): Atlas du Sénégal; Ed. J.A.; Paris.
Chapter produced by P. Heinrigs and C. Perret. Under the supervision of L. Bossard
Photos: USAID/M. McGahuey; WFP/Mahamane Goni Boulama;
UNESCO/Alfred Wolf/Georges Malempré/B. Peloux/Eduardo Barrios;
Michel Hasson
12
ECOWAS
Executive Secretariat
60, Yakubu Gowon Crescent,
Asokoro District, PMB 401
Abuja – Nigeria
Tel: +234-9-31 47 647-9
Fax: +234-9-31 43 005
Web site: www.ecowas.int
Contact: [email protected]
SWAC/OECD
2 rue André-Pascal
75775 Paris Cedex 16 - France
Tel: +33 (0)1 45 24 78 55
Fax: +33 (0)1 45 24 90 31
Web site: www.oecd.org/sah
Contact:
[email protected]