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THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES ON THE YORKSHIRE
DIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT’S THE SECRET
GARDEN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH NILAKANDHI
Student Number: 104214071
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
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THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES ON THE YORKSHIRE
DIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT’S THE SECRET
GARDEN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH NILAKANDHI
Student Number: 104214071
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2015
ii
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES O1\ THE YORKSHIRE
DIALBCT AS SEEi\ IN HODGSON BURNETT'S THE SECRET
GARDEN
STEVANY DY
ILAKANDHI
June 19,2015
r{'p
June 19,2015
Anna Fitriati. S.Pd.. M.Hum.
Co-Advisor
lll
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OI{ THE YORKSHIRE
DIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT'S THE SECRET
GARDEN
By
BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH NILAKANDHI
Student Number: 1 0421 407
1
Defended before the Board of Examiners
On 28 July 201 5
and Declared Accentable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
Name
Chairperson
Secretary
Member i
Member 2
Member
3
Anna Fitriati. S.Pd.. M. Hum.
Yogyakarla, 31 July 2015
Facultv of Letters
tv
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
LNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama
Nomor
: Brigita Stevany Dyah Nilakandhi
Mahasiswa : 104214071
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada
Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
THE GRAMMATICAL FEATURES ON THE YORKSHIRE
DIALECT AS SEEN IN HODGSON BURNETT'S THE SECRET
GARDEN
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,
mendistribusikannya secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di intemet atau media
lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun
memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya br-rat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta,
Pada tanssal l9 Juni 2015
Yang menyatakan,
tl
I
[/[A '
l/
Brigita Stevany Dyah Nilakandhi
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I
certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text ofthe undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, June 19, 2015
\H l^
\wz
Brigita
r*In,
Dyah Nilakandhi
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"Expect nothing and you’ll be surprised by
something."
~unknown
"Keep your face to the sunshine and
you cannot see the shadow. It's what
sunflowers do."
~ Helen Keller
"If I were a flower I would be a sunflower. To
always follow the sun, turn my back to
darkness, stand proud, tall and straight even
with my head full of seeds."
~Pam Stewart
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Dedicated to
My Beloved Parents,
And my lovely Sisters and Brother
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I want to thank God for all blessings that He gives me, so I can
finish my undergraduate thesis. I also would like to say my gratitude to my thesis
advisor, Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. who had patiently guided me in writing my thesis,
supported me, and given her time to improve my thesis. I thank my co-advisor, Anna
Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. for all suggestions that are given to me so I can improve my
analysis. I thank my examiner Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. for giving me a lot of
suggestions in my thesis defense. I thank all lecturers in English Letters Department
of Sanata Dharma University, especially to my academic advisor, Adventina Putranti,
S.S who always helps me as a student in English Letters Department.
My big thanks are also dedicated to my beloved parents, Petrus Pras Anggono
and Atik Purwaningsih who always pray for me and give me big supports to finish
my study. I also want to thank my sisters, Monica Claudia Debby Indira and Regina
Gracia Sonyaruri, and my brother, Andreas Kevin Anggriawan, who also always give
me a lot of supports and cheer me up. I hope that this thesis can make them proud to
have me as their family. I also want to dedicate my big thank to my dearest Iwan
Stefanus Sanjaya for always loving me, giving me a lot of supports, accompanying
me, cheering me up when I am down, and patiently hearing all my emotions and
problems. Thanks for the togetherness that we share.
The last but not least, I also would like to thank my friends who help me
during my study. First of all, I thank my friends of you C 2010, especially Atika, Tya,
Iche, Winda, Dea, Kory, and Ray who always accompany me for these five years.
Thanks for comforting me when I am sad and always beside me when I am happy. I
also would like to thank mbak Kika and mbak Ursula, who had been my partners
when I worked at library of Sanata Dharma University. Thanks for always giving me
a lot of supports.
Brigita Stevany Dyah Nilakandhi.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………………….. ii
APPROVAL PAGE ………………………………………………………………... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………………….. iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ……. v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY……………………………………………….. vi
MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………………………. vii
DEDICATION PAGE …………………………………………………………….. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………....... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………… x
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………... xiii
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………….. xiv
ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………………... xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………….. 1
A.
B.
C.
D.
Background of the Study …………………………………………………. 1
Problem Formulation ……………………………………………………... 4
Objectives of the Study …………………………………………………... 4
Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………. 4
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE …………………………………….. 6
A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………………….. 6
B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………………........ 9
1. Theory of Sociolinguistics …………………………………………… 9
a. Language, dialect, and Standard ………………………………..... 9
b. Regional Dialect and Social Dialect …………………………….. 10
i.
Regional Dialect ………………………………………… 10
ii.
Social Dialect …………………………………………… 11
c. Ethnography of Communication ………………………………... 11
i.
Setting and Scene ……………………………………….. 12
ii.
Participants ……………………………………………… 12
iii.
Ends ……………………………………………………... 12
iv.
Act Sequence ……………………………………………. 12
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v.
Key ……………………………………………………… 12
vi.
Instrumentalities ………………………………………… 12
vii.
Norms of interaction and interpretation ………………… 12
viii. Genre ……………………………………………………. 12
d. Language Variation ……………………………………………... 13
e. Solidarity and Politeness ………………………………………... 13
i.
Tu and Vous ……………………………………………... 14
ii.
Address Terms …………………………………………... 15
2. Theory of Syntax ……………………………………………………. 15
a. Part of Speech …………………………………………………… 15
i.
Pronouns ………………………………………………… 15
ii.
Adjective ………………………………………………... 16
iii.
Inflection of Verbs ……………………………………… 16
iv.
Adverbs …………………………………………………. 20
b. Agreement between subject and predicate ……………………… 20
The use of suffix –s or –es ………………………………………. 21
c. Emphatic Tags …………………………………………………... 21
d. No and none ……………………………………………………... 22
e. Possessive’s ……………………………………………………... 22
f. Article …………………………………………………………… 22
g. There …………………………………………………………….. 23
h. Sentence …………………………………………………………. 23
i.
Parallel Structure ………………………………………... 24
ii.
Question ………………………………………………… 25
C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………. 25
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………… 27
A. Object of the Study ……………………………………………………… 27
B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………………... 29
C. Method of the Study …………………………………………………….. 29
1. Data Collection ……………………………………………………… 29
2. Data Analysis ……………………………………………………….. 31
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS (RESULTS AND DISCUSSION) ………………… 36
A. Analysis of the Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire dialect used by
Martha and Ben in their utterances to the children ……………………... 36
B. Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and the
Yorkshire dialect to the children ……………….……………………….. 57
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION …………………………………………………… 66
BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………. 71
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APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………... 74
Appendix 1: Martha’s utterances to Mary and Colin ……………………..... 74
Appendix 2: Ben’s utterances to Mary and Colin ………………………… 104
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. List of Pronoun ………………………………………………………….. 15
Table 2. Tenses ……………………………………………………………………. 17
Table 3. The Simple Tenses ………………………………………………………. 18
Table 4. The Progressive Tenses …………………………………………………. 18
Table 5. The Perfect Tenses …………………………………………………….... 19
Table 6. The Perfect Progressive Tenses ………………………………………... 19
Table 7. Conditional Sentence …………………………………………………...... 20
Table 8. Number of Martha’s and Ben’s Utterances …………............................ 28
Table 9. Number of Utterances of Standard and Non Standard Used by Martha
and Ben ………………………………………………............................................. 29
Table 10. Utterances Spoken by Martha and Ben to Mary and Colin ………... 31
Table 11. The Example of Martha’s Utterances ………………………………... 31
Table 12. The Example of Ben’s Utterances …………………………………….. 31
Table 13. The Example of the Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire Dialect
Used by Martha and Ben in Their utterances to the Children ………………… 33
Table 14. The Example of List of the Common Grammatical Features on the
Yorkshire Dialect Spoken by Martha and Ben …………………………………. 34
Table 15. The Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire Dialect Used by Martha
and Ben in Their Utterances to the Children ………………………………….... 36
Table 16. List of the Common Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire Dialect
Spoken by Martha and Ben …………………………………….………………... 46
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ABSTRACT
NILAKANDHI, BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH. The Grammatical Features on the
Yorkshire Dialect as Seen in Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2015.
English as a language has a variety that is called dialect. Yorkshire is one
example of English dialects. In The Secret Garden novel, the characters who live in
Misselthwaite Manor such as Martha and Ben speak the Yorkshire dialect.
There are two problems formulated in this study. Those problems are the
grammatical features on the dialect used by Martha and Ben in their utterances to the
children and Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and the
Yorkshire dialect to the children.
The Yorkshire dialect spoken by Martha and Ben is compared with the theory
of Standard English made by linguistics experts. The grammatical features are
divided into nouns and pronouns; verb and auxiliaries; word order; article;
prepositions, conjunctions, and adverb; negatives; and vocabulary. On the other sides,
Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and the Yorkshire dialect
to Mary and Colin are shown by showing Martha’s and Ben’s relationship with Mary
and Colin.
The writer finds out 35 grammatical features used by Martha and Ben. It is
seen that Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect more than Ben since Martha is an
untrained housemaid. The writer also finds out two reasons of Martha and Ben of
speaking Standard English and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin which are
solidarity and politeness. Martha and Ben use the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and
Colin to show solidarity since they are close enough and feel the same one to another.
On the other hand, Martha and Ben use Standard English to Mary and Colin to show
politeness since they have lower social status than Mary and Colin who are their
employer.
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ABSTRAK
NILAKANDHI, BRIGITA STEVANY DYAH. The Grammatical Features on the
Yorkshire Dialect as Seen in Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden. Yogyakarta:
Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2015.
Bahasa inggris sebagai bahasa memiliki variasi yang disebut dialek. Yorkshire
merupakan salah satu dialek Inggris. Di novel The Secret Garden, karakter yang
tinggal di Misselthwaite Manor seperti Martha dan Ben menggunakan dialek
Yorkshire.
Dalam studi ini terdapat dua rumusan masalah. Dua rumusan masalah tersebut
adalah fitur tata bahasa dialek Yorkshire yang dipakai oleh Martha dan Ben dalam
semua ucapan mereka pada anak-anak serta alasan Martha dan Ben dalam
menggunakan dialek Inggris standar dan dialek Yorkshire pada anak-anak.
Dialek Yorkshire yang digunakan Martha dan Ben akan dibandingkan dengan
teori bahasa inggris standar dari para ahli bahasa. Fitur tata bahasa dibagi menjadi 7
seperti kata benda dan kata ganti orang; kata kerja dan kata kerja bantu; susunan kata;
artikel; preposisi, kata hubung, kata keterangan; kata negatif, dan kosakata. Di sisi
lain, alasan Martha dan Ben dalam menggunakan dialek Inggris standar dan dialek
Yorkshire pada Mary and Colin ditunjukkan dengan melihat hubungan Martha dan
Ben dengan Mary dan Colin.
Penulis menemukan 35 fitur tata bahasa yang digunakan oleh Martha dan
Ben. Martha menggunakan dialek Yorkshire lebih banyak dibanding Ben karena
Martha hanya seorang pembantu rumah tangga yang tidak terlatih. Penulis juga
menemukan dua alasan Martha dan Ben dalam menggunakan dialek Inggris standar
dan dialek Yorkshire pada Mary dan Colin yaitu solidaritas dan kesopanan. Martha
dan Ben menggunakan dialek Yorkshire untuk menunjukkan solidaritas karena
hubungan mereka dekat dan berpola pikir sama. Martha dan Ben menggunakan dialek
Inggris standar untuk menunjukkan kesopanan karena mereka mempunyai status
sosial yang lebih rendah dibanding Mary dan Colin yang merupakan atasan mereka.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Every country in this world has a variety of language that is usually called as
dialect. Dialect can be used both for local varieties of English and for various types of
informal, lower class, or rural speech. Dialect can also contain the speech of people
from different regions (Wardhaugh, 2010: 25). England, for instance, as a big country
also has many regional dialects such as Northern, Scotland, North-East, South-East
and Yorkshire.
People from the South of England may speak of the Yorkshire dialect (as
Frances Hodgson-Burnett does in The Secret Garden). Yorkshire is a dialect that has
a number of sub-dialects (www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/britishisles, March 12,
2014).
The Secret Garden novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett has a setting in a town
named Misselthwaite Manor. In The Secret Garden, it is stated that the characters
who live in Misselthwaite Manor speak the Yorkshire dialect.
The station was a small one and nobody but themselves seemed to be getting
out the train. The station-master spoke to Mrs. Medlock in a rough, goodnatured way, pronouncing his words on a queer broad fashion which Mary
found out afterward was Yorkshire. (Burnett, 1998:20)
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Based on An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, it is stated that dialect
does not have negative connotations. Dialect is just a variety of language among
people to communicate. Sometimes dialect can be said as nonstandard dialect but it
has different meaning with substandard. (Fasold and Connor-Linton, 2006: 312)
The pattern of the dialect can be described from the lexical variation,
phonological variation, syntax variation, and also discourse variation (Fasold and
Connor-Linton, 2006: 310). This study will focus more on discussing syntax variation
and will show the grammar pattern on the Yorkshire dialect.
The writer chooses to explain Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children.
The characters of children in The Secret Garden are Mary, Colin, and Dickon. In fact,
Martha and Ben do not talk directly to Dickon. In the novel, Martha and Ben are
stated as lower class people.
Martha is a Yorkshire girl who works as a housemaid in Mr. Archibald
Craven’shouse.
“I'm Mrs. Medlock's servant. An' she's Mr. Craven's—but I'm to do the
housemaid's work up here an' wait on you a bit. But you won't need much
waitin' on.” (Burnett, 1998: 27)
She was, however, only an untrained Yorkshire rustic who had been brought
up in a moorland cottage with a swarm of little brothers and sisters who had
never dreamed of doing anything but waiting on themselves and on the
younger ones who were either babies in arms or just learning to totter about
and tumble over things. (Burnett, 1998: 31)
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Besides, Ben is an old Yorkshire man who works as a gardener in Mr.
Archibald Craven’s house.
Presently an old man with a spade over his shoulder walked through the door
leading from the second garden. He looked startled when he saw Mary, and
then touched his cap. He had a surly old face, anddid not seem at all pleased
to see her—but then she was displeased with his garden and wore her "quite
contrary" expression, and certainly did not seem at all pleased to see him.
(Burnett, 1998:36)
In their utterances, both Martha and Ben as main characters share both Non
Standard and Standard dialect. For example, in chapter IV of the novel, Martha said
to Mary Why doesn’t tha’ put on your own shoes. That utterance is an example of
Non Standard. In Standard English, the word tha or you does not take the word
doesn’t.
It will be interesting to discuss the Yorkshire dialect due to the fact that there
are still many people who do not know Yorkshire which is included in British dialect.
Based on Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children, the writer wants to show that
they are as Yorkshire people have pattern on their grammar that will distinguish the
Yorkshire dialect from other dialects.
The writer also wants to analyze the reasons behind language choice that are
used by Martha and Ben in talking to the children. Based on An Introduction to
Sociolinguistics, when people speak, they must make choices of many different
kinds: what they want to say, how they want to say it, and the specific sentence types,
words, and sounds (Wardaugh, 1992: 258). As it can be seen from The Secret Garden
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novel, Martha and Ben use both Standard English and Yorkshire dialect to talk to the
children.
B. Problem Formulation
In order to make this study better organized, the writer has set up some
questions that will be answered. The questions are:
1. What grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect are used by Martha and Ben
to the children?
2. What are Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard English and the
Yorkshire dialect to the children?
C. Objectives of The Study
Based on two problems formulation above, there are two objectives of this
thesis. The first objective is to identify grammar’s features on the Yorkshire dialect
based on Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children and to find out the common
grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect spoken by Martha and Ben. The second
objective is to explain Martha’s and Ben’s reasons by using both Standard English
and the Yorkshire dialect to talk to the children.
D. Definition of Terms
In this study, the terms that will be used frequently are dialect, grammar, and
grammatical feature. The writer will give a further explanation of each term.
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Dialect is used both for local varieties of English, e.g. Yorkshire dialect, and
for various types of informal, lower class, or rural speech. (Wardaugh, 2010: 25)
Based on Finch, grammar has of a set of rules of well-formed constructions
which will be followed by native speakers. Grammar can be applied in number of
different uses and interpretations. Grammar is known as principles when the language
operates. (Finch, 2000: 20)
Grammatical feature contains a class of units such as noun and verb or
features such as number and case that share a common set of grammatical properties.
(grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/grammaticalcategory.htm, August 4, 2015)
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
This chapter will be divided into three parts. There are review of related studies,
review of related theories, and theoretical framework. In the first part, the studies that
have been done on the same topic or the same literary work are given. The studies
similar to this thesis are taken from Widyatmoko’s and Anthony Fox’s ones. In the
second part, some related theories that help to answer the questions mentioned in the
previous chapter are presented. In the last chapter, how the theories are applied to
answer the questions is explained.
A. Review of related Studies
1.
Widyatmoko’s undergraduate thesis “English Negation as a Dialect Feature
in Tom Sawyer’s Speech in Mark Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry
Finn”
The undergraduate thesis discusses the dialect features in negative
construction of Tom Sawyer, one of the characters of Mark Twain’s novel The
Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. In his daily life, Tom Sawyer uses Non Standard
English to talk to others. Yet, he knows Standard English by reading books.
Widyatmoko finds four negative constructions that are used by Tom Sawyer.
They are ain’t, hain’t, warn’t, and double negation. Ain’t is a negative construction of
copula + not, hain’t is a negative construction of has + not or have + not, and warn’t
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is a negative construction of was + not or were + not. Tom Sawyer uses those
negative constructions in every negative sentence. Besides, he also uses Standard
English’s negative constructions does not and do not to make double negative.
Widyatmoko also analyzes Tom Sawyer’s purpose to use language choice by
viewing the use of Tom Sawyer’s dialect feature in negative construction.
Widyatmoko finds out two purposes, feeling solidarity and showing power. It shows
that Tom Sawyer uses Non Standard English to build solidarity. In other case, Tom
Sawyer uses Standard English to influence people that have lower social class than
him.
It can be seen that although this present thesis and Widyatmoko look alike,
they are still different. This present thesis wants to analyze all of grammatical
patterns that are used by Martha and Ben Weathestaff, as characters in The Secret
Garden novel whereas Widyatmoko only analyze the pattern on negatives
construction that are used by Tom Sawyer. Another difference also lies on novels that
are used. This present thesis uses Hodgson Burnett’s The Secret Garden whereas
Widyatmoko uses Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn. However, in third
problem in this present thesis has the same topic with Widyatmoko’s. This present
thesis also wants to analyze the purpose of using language choice.
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2. Anthony Mary Fox research’s “The Controversy Goes On: Standard vs.
Black Dialect”
The research discusses the black dialect that is used by black students in
American school. In their school, black students have to speak with General
American dialect. It is shown that black students sometimes have big fear since
teachers in their school always state that their language is incorrect. The writer says
that the child’s black dialect should be accepted since it has a complete grammatical
system related to the American dialect. The writer also gives patterns of black dialect
based on Ralph W. Fasold and Walt Wolfram such as “s” or “es” suffix that is not a
part of the grammar of black dialect (he do, we do, you do, they do), black children
usually say aks for ask due to the fact that blacks learn originally from the supervisor
in the field who speak a non-standard English and the use of the archaic English form
of aks for ask.
It is said that the teacher should teach black students about what Standard
English is and also how and where it differs from non-standard English. The writer
says that even though black dialect and American dialect are different, it cannot be
stated that one dialect is “right” or “wrong”.
Both this present thesis and Mary Fox’s research wants to analyze dialect. In
her research, Fox states that such dialect cannot be said as right or wrong dialect. This
present thesis also wants to analyze the Yorkshire dialect and its grammatical
patterns. The Yorkshire dialect also cannot be stated as a corrupt language. Yet, this
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present thesis is still different from Mary Fox’s research. Lord analyses black dialect
that is used by black children in American school whereas this present thesis analyzes
the Yorkshire dialect on The Secret Garden novel by Hodgson Burnett.
B. Review of Related Theories
The writer will explain some related theories to make her able to solve the
three problems mentioned in the problem formulation above. The theories that are
related to the problems are sociolinguistics and syntax.
1. Theory of Sociolinguistics
a. Language, dialects, and Standards
The term “language” is sometimes stated that it is equal with the standard
language. Standard is called as a correct language in grammar books and used in
education, workplace, and government. Since the Standard is related to education,
other varieties are called as lesser versions of the language. In fact, all varieties of
language, including those that are different from “standard” are equally complex,
patterned, and also can be used to communicate to each other. (Fasold, Ralph and Jeff
Connor-Linton, 2006: 312)
Based on Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton, labeling varieties as
‘language’ or ’dialect’ is usually complicated. The term of ‘language’ and ‘dialect’ is
may be more about cultural and political issues than with linguistics. For example, in
China, the different varieties of Chinese (Cantonese and Mandarin) are linguistically
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different from one another and also cannot be easy to understand (especially in
spoken form). Yet they consider speaking one language. On the other hand, Swedish
and Norwegian are considered two separate languages although they are really similar
in linguistics aspect. Many of their speakers also easily understand one another.
(Fasold, Ralph and Jeff Connor-Linton, 2006: 313)
Wardhaugh also adds that dialect is used for local varieties of English, for
example, a Yorkshire dialect, and for a various types of informal, lower-class, or rural
speech. Dialect is often related to non-standard or sub-standard when such terms are
applied to language and can imply various degrees of inferiority. That term of
inferiority is continued to exist to those who speak dialect. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 25)
b. Regional Dialect and Social Dialect
Dialect is divided into two kinds, social dialect and regional dialect, which can
show differences in speech associated with various social group or classes.
i.
Regional Dialect
Regional dialect is geographically based. Every regional has different linguistic
varieties such as different pronunciation, in the choices and forms of words, and in
syntax. When a language is seemed to be spoken in different varieties, how many
varieties and how to classify each variety are then decided. Wardhaugh also states
about dialect geography. Dialect geography is the term that is used to describe the
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distribution of linguistic feature and to show their geographical provenance.
(Wardhaugh, 2010: 41-43)
ii. Social Dialect
Social dialect is used among social groups or classes. To determine a social
group or social class is by giving to many factors that determines someone’s social
position. Those factors are occupation, place of residence, education, ‘new’ versus
‘old’ money, income, racial or ethnic origin, cultural background, caste, and religion.
Those factors can influence how people speak. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 46)
Wardhaugh also states that there are different scales of classifying people in
social systems. An occupational scale divides people from a number of categories
such as major professionals and executives of large businesses, technicians and
owners of small businesses, skilled workers, semi-skilled workers, and unskilled
workers. Income scale focuses on how much money people have. It has also to see
the place where people live; the type of housing and the location. (Wardhaugh, 2010:
150)
c. Ethnography of Communication
Hymes has eight factors that are involved in speaking. Those are setting and scene,
participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms of interaction and
interpretation, and genre. The word of SPEAKING as an acronym is used.
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Setting and Scene
Setting refers to the time and place whereas scene refers to the psychological setting
and the cultural setting.
ii. Participants
Participant includes speaker-listener, addressor-addressee, or sender-receiver.
iii. Ends
Ends are the speaker’s and addressee’s goals in their practice in communication and
the outcomes that attained. The outcomes whether intended or not may be different
from the goal that have been planned.
iv.
Act Sequence
Act sequence refers to the actual form and content of what is said.
v.
Key
Key refers to the tone, manner, and spirit when the message is conveyed.
vi.
Instrumentalities
The choice of channel (oral or written) and the forms of speech, such as the language,
dialect, code, register that is chosen.
vii.
Norms of interaction and interpretation
It refers to the specific behaviors and properties in speaking.
viii. Genre
Genre refers to the type of utterance.
(Wardhaugh, 2010: 259-261)
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d. Language Variation
Based on Ralph Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton, people use nonstandard dialect
for important social reasons. A nonstandard dialect is related to home and their local
neighborhood. A nonstandard dialect is sometimes also used to carry connotations of
coolness and toughness. (Fasold, Ralph and Jeff Connor-Linton, 2006: 315)
In some communities, speakers in lower-social-class groups that are seen from
their income, occupation, and education use more non standard dialect than the
standard one. The inherent variability of dialects also seen from the individual level:
the formality of the situation or who they’re talking to. (Fasold, Ralph and Jeff
Connor-Linton, 2006: 316)
e.
Solidarity and Politeness
Wardhaugh states when people speak, they use choices of many different
kinds; what people want to say, how people want to say it, and the specific sentence
types, words, and sounds. How people say something is at least as important as what
people say; in fact, the content and the form are inseparable, but being two facets of
the same object. One way to see the relation between speakers is to examine the
aspects of communication such as the use of tu and vous, the use of naming and
address terms, and the use of politeness markers. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 274)
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Tu and Vous
Many languages have a distinction corresponding to the tu-vous distinction in
French. Both tu and vous mean you. The grammatical difference is tu (T) is a
‘singular you’ and vous (V) is a ‘plural you’. Wardhaugh says that T form is
described as the ‘familiar’ form and the V form as the ‘polite’ one. Other languages
also use tu and vous distinction. Those languages are Latin (tu/vous), Russian (ty/vy),
Italian (tu/lei), German (du/sie), Swedish (du/ni), greek (esi/esis), and English
(thou/you). (Wardhaugh, 2010: 274)
Wardhaugh says that tu and vous are based on someone’s social class. In
medieval times, the upper classes use T forms to show solidarity. The upper classes
treat lower classes with T but received V. That condition symbolizes a ‘power’
relationship. It happens to such situations such as people to animals, master or
mistress to servants, parents to children, and priest to penitent. (Wardhaugh, 2010:
275)
The use of V becomes ‘polite’ use. In other sides, the use of T is available to
show intimacy, and its use for that purpose also spread to the situations in which two
people agreed they had strong common interests, i.e. ‘feeling of solidarity’. T for
solidarity comes to replace politeness since solidarity is often more important than
politeness in personal relationships. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 275)
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ii. Address Terms
In An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, Wardhaugh states Brown and Ford’s
study about naming practices in English that is based on modern plays. It is stated
that the use of unequal title, last name, and first name (TLN/FN) shows inequality in
power whereas the use of mutual TLN shows inequality and unfamiliarity, and the
use of mutual FN shows equality and familiarity. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 282)
Address someone by title alone is the least intimate form address. Knowing
and using someone’s first name, a sign of intimacy. For example: Doctor Smith is
more intimate than Doctor alone. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 282-283)
2. Theory of Syntax
a. Part of speech
i. Pronouns
Table 1. List of Pronoun
Personal
Pronouns
Subj
Obj
case
Case
1st
pers
2nd
pers
3rd
pers
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
masc
fem
NonSingular perso
I
We
Me
Us
You
He
Him
She
Her
It
Reflective
Pronouns
Myself
Ourselves
Yourself
Yourselves
Himself
Herself
Itself
Possessive
Pronouns
Determiner Nominal
function
function
My
Our
Mine
Ours
Your
His
Her
Its
Hers
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nal
Plural
(Quirk, 102: 1973)
They
Them
Themselves
Their
Theirs
ii. Adjective
An adjective is used with a pronoun or pronoun to describe the living being or
lifeless thing. For example: a little boy, that boy, this boy, a little house. (Curme,
1966: 18) Most adjectives can go in two main places in a sentence. It can be placed
before a noun or after be, seem, look, become and other ‘copular’ verbs. (Swan, 1981:
9)
iii. Inflection of Verbs
Based on Curme, the English verb has forms called voices, moods, tenses,
aspects, numbers, and persons that represent the action suggested by the verb as
limited in various ways, such as in person, number, time, manner of conception, etc.
(Curme, 1966: 52)
English has two voices, the active and the passive. Active voice is indicating
that subject doing something. For example: Mary makes good bread. In other case,
passive voice is showing that the subject is affected the action from the verb. For
example: John was punished for disobeying his mother. (Curme, 1966: 52-53)
English has two numbers which are singular and plural. For example He
sings, she sings, you sing. Be also keeps the numbers distinct in the first and third
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person indicative in both the present and the past tense. For example are I am, he is, I
was, he was, and we were. In other hand, English has three person that are 1st person,
2nd person, and 3rd person. (Curme, 1966: 56)
Tense is a category to indicate the time of some actions. There are three types
of tenses: past, present, and future. For example: I wrote (past); I write (present); I
shall write (future). Tense also shows whether the action or a state of being expressed
by the verb is (or was, or will be) complete (perfect), or whether the action is (or was,
or will be) incomplete (continuous or imperfect). For example: I was writing (past
continuous or past imperfect). I had written (past perfect). (Burton, 1982: 133)
Table 2. Tenses
Form
(1) Base
Symbol
V
(2) –s form (3rd V-s
person
singular
present)
(3) Past
V-ed1
(4)
–ing
participle
(present
participle)
V-ing
E.g.
Call
Drink
Put
Calls
Drinks
Puts
Called
Drank
Put
Calling
Drinking
Putting
Functions
(a) All the present tenses except
3rd
person
singular;
I/you/we/they callevery day
(b) Imperative: Call at once!
(c) Subjunctive: He demanded that
she call and see him.
(d) The bare infinitive: He wants
her to call.
rd
3 person singular present tense:
He/she/it calls every day
Past tense: He called yesterday
(a) Progressive aspect (be+V-ing):
He’s calling in a moment.
(b) In –ing participle clauses:
Calling early, I found her at
home.
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(5)
–ed
participle
(past
participle)
V-ed2
Called
Drunk
Put
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(a) Perfective aspect (have+Ved2): He has drunk the water.
(b) Passive voice (be+V-ed2): he is
called Jack.
(c) In –ed participle clauses:
Called early, he had a quick
breakfast.
(Quirk, 1973:27)
The Simple Tenses
Table 3. The Simple Tenses
Tense
Simple Present
Example
It snows in Alaska.
Simple Past
Simple Future
It snowed in Alaska.
It will snow tomorrow.
Meaning
It expresses events or situations that
exist now, existed in the past, and
probably will exist in the future.
Began and ended in the past.
Happen in one particular time in the
future.
(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 2)
The Progressive Tenses
The form of Progressive Tense is be + -ing
Table 4. The Progressive Tenses
Present
Progressive
Past Progressive
He is sleeping right now.
It has a progress at the present time
and probably will be continued.
He was sleeping when I It had a progress at the past time and
arrived.
probably continued.
Future
He will be sleeping when It will be in progress at a particular
Progressive
we arrive.
time in the future.
(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 3)
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The Perfect Tenses
The form of perfect tense is have/ had / will have + Past participle. The Perfect
Tenses give the idea that something happens before another time or event.
Table 5. The Perfect Tenses
Tense
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future Perfect
Example
I have already eaten.
I had already eaten when they
arrived.
I will already have eaten when
they arrived.
(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 4)
The Perfect Progressive Tenses
The form of perfect progressive tense is have/ had/ will have + been + -ing. The
Perfect Progressive tenses give the idea that one event is in progress immediately
before, up to, until another time and event. The tenses are used to show the duration
of something.
Table 6. The Perfect Progressive Tenses
Tense
Present Perfect Progressive
Example
I have been studying for two
hours.
Past Perfect Progressive
I had been studying for two
hours before my friend came.
Future Perfect Progressive I will have been studying for two
hours by the time you arrive.
(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 5)
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Conditional Sentence
Table 7. Conditional Sentence
Situation
If-clause
True
in
the Simple
Present / Future
present
Untrue in the Simple past
Present / Future
Untrue in the past Past perfect
Result clause
Will + simple
form
Would + simple
form
Would have +
past participle
Examples
If I have enough time, I
watch TV every evening.
If I had enough time, I would
watch TV now or later on.
If I hadhad enough time, I
would have watched TV
yesterday.
(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 416)
iv. Adverb
Adverbs of manner say how something happens or is done. For example:
quickly, happily, terribly, fast, badly, well. These adverbs should not be confused
with adjectives (happy, quick, etc). Adverb is used, not adjectives, to modify verbs.
(Swan, 1981: 16)
b. Agreement between subject and predicate
Curme states that the predicate agrees- wherever the form will permit- with
the subject in number, person, gender, and case. In number, if the subject is singular,
the verb is also singular. If the subject is plural, or if there are several subjects, the
verb is plural. (Curme, 1966: 115)
If the subject in a sentence is singular, the verb is also singular. The verb that
follows an anticipatory it is always singular. The verb is also singular when the
subject takes regular form of each one, everybody, everyone, either, and no one. If the
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subject of a sentence is the name of a book, drama, or newspaper, the verb is singular.
(Curme, 1966: 115-118)
If the subject is plural, or of there are many subjects, the verb is also plural. In
some cases, nouns that are plural in form are singular in meaning. For example are
gallows, news, and mumps. They take a singular verb in the English usage. The verb
is also plural when the there are two subjects and connected by conjunction and.
(Curme, 1966: 116-117)
The use of suffix –s or –es
A suffix –s or –es is given to a simple present verb when the subject is a
singular noun (such as Mary, my father, the machine) or third person singular
pronoun (she, he, it). In other sides, if a suffix –s or –es is not given, the subject must
be a plural noun (such as the students work). (Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen,
2009: 85)
c. Emphatic tags
Based on Bernice Rafferty, it is stated that emphatic tag is used in Northern
Irish. For example is in this statement, I was a back-seat passenger in a car accident,
so I was and there’s not really anything else for it, so there is. So is used and it is
followed by a verb phrase as an emphatic tag. Emphatic tag is a construction that
reinforces the information already provided in the main body of the previous
statement.
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Tags used to change statements into questions, such as isn’t it and can’t you.
The use of tags with so is typical of speech in Northern Ireland, while in the north of
England one frequently hears constructions with an inverted verb phrase, such as
she’s a good dancer, is Katy or simply an emphatic pronoun tagged onto the end of a
statement, such as I play football, me. (http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/textonly/ni/lissummon, October 27, 2014)
d. No and None
No is used before a singular or plural noun. For example; we’ve got no plans
for the summer. In other side, none of is used before a determiner (e.g. the, my, this)
and also before pronoun. For example: none of the keys would open the door. (Swan,
1981: 370)
e. Possessive’s
Definite articles are usually dropped when possessives are used. For example:
the car that is John’s= John’s car (NOT the John’s car or John’s the car) But a
possessive word may have its own article. For example: the car that is the boss’s =
the boss’s car.
When a noun with a/an or this/that are wanted to be used, ‘of mine’ construction is
used. For example: she’s a cousin of John’s (NOT …. A John’s cousin). (Swan,
1981: 433)
f. Article
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Article a/an is used with singular countable nouns since the original meaning
of a/an is ‘one’. Before plural and uncountable nouns, some/any or no article are
normally used. For example: we met some nice French girls on holiday. (NOT …. A
nice French girls …. (Swan, 1981: 60)
The article a changes to an if it comes before a vowel. For example: a rabbit,
a lemon, an elephant, and an orange. The choice between a and an depends on
pronunciation, not spelling. An article an is used before a vowel sound, even if it
written as a consonant. For example: an hour. (Swan, 1981: 61)
g. There
The uses of there are as an adverb of place and as an introductory subject.
When there is used as an adverb of place, there has a meaning of ‘in that place’. For
example: what’s that green thing over there? When there is used as an introductory
subject, there is placed in the beginning of sentences. For example: there’s a book
under the piano. (Swan, 1981: 591)
h. Sentence
A sentence can be classified into its function. The functions are declarative,
interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. A declarative sentence contains
statement. It uses a period in the end of sentence. An imperative sentence asks a
question. It uses a question mark in the end of sentence. An exclamatory sentence
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shows strong feeling. It uses an exclamation point. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962:
250)
A sentence also can be classified based on its number and kinds of clauses. A
clause is a group of some words that has a subject and predicate. Some clauses can be
used alone as complete sentence, whereas others are used as a part of sentence. There
are two kinds of clauses such as independent or principal clause and dependent or
subordinate clause. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962: 250)
An independent clause is a clause that shows a complete thought and can
stand alone as a sentence whereas a dependent clause is a clause that depends on the
rest of the sentence for its meaning. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962: 251)
A simple sentence is made up of one independent clause. A compound
sentence is made up of two or more independent clause. The independent clauses in a
compound sentence can be linked by and, but, or, or nor preceded by a comma. A
complex sentence is made up of one independent clause and one or more dependent
clause. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent
clauses and one or more dependent clauses. (Brewton, John E. et al, 1962: 251)
i. Parallel structure
In owl.english.purdue.edu, parallel structure uses the same pattern of words to
show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. It happens at the
word, phrase, or clause level. To join parallel structures, the coordinating conjunction
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such as and or or are used. (https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/623/01/,
April 30, 2015)
The use of conjunctions and, but, or, and nor are to connect words or phrases
that have same grammatical function in a sentence and this use of conjunctions is
called parallel structure. The examples are given such as:
Susan raised and snapped her fingers. (Verb + and + verb)
He is waving his arms and (is) shouting at us. (Verb + and + verb)
(Azar, Betty S. and Stacy A. Hagen, 2009: 91)
i. Question
In a question, an auxiliary verb normally comes before the subject. For example: why
are you laughing? In question, only the auxiliary verb that comes before the subject,
not whole of the verb. For example: when was your reservation made? (Swan, 1981:
474-475)
C. Theoretical Framework
There are two main points to be analyzed in this thesis. The points are the
grammatical features that are made by Martha and Ben in their utterances to the
children and Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire
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dialect to the children. Theory of dialect and grammar are needed to help analyzing
those main points.
In the first point, the theory of grammar is needed because this thesis wants to
analyze further about the grammatical features used by Martha and Ben, two
characters in The Secret Garden novel who use the Yorkshire dialect.
In the second point, the theory of speaking by Dell Hymes is needed since the
writer wants to find out Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and Non
Standard to the children. The theory of solidarity and politeness is also used. Both
Martha and Ben sometimes use Standard English and sometimes use Non Standard
English to talk to the children.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The main source of this study is the utterances of two characters in Burnett’s
novel The Secret Garden, Martha and Ben to the children; Mary, Colin, and Dickon.
Martha is a little girl who works as a housemaid in Mr. Archibald’s house. She has a
head of servant called Mrs. Medlock. In Mr. Archibald’s house, Martha is required to
take care of Mary. Mary is a girl who was born in India. She is sent to England, to
Mr. Archibald’s house since her parents die in cholera. In Mr. Archibald’s house,
Mary does not have any friends. She always plays alone. One day, when she walks
around the garden, she meets Ben. Ben is an old gardener who works as a gardener in
Mr. Archibald’s house. He is a bachelor who lives at the gate. Mary and Ben always
talks about the robin redbreast. One day, Martha finds out that there is someone else
in Mr. Archibald’s house. She always hears someone cries. When she asks Martha
about the sounds that Mary hears, Martha says that it is only the sound of the wind.
Mary feels that Martha lies to her and Mary wants to know the truth. Finally, Mary
finds Colin. Colin is Mr. Archibald’s son. He always spends his time alone in his
room since his father does not like him and everyone thinks that he cannot walk.
During his life time, he never sees anyone except his father and the servants. Then,
Mary and Colin become friends. Mary often goes to Colin’s room. Suddenly, Martha
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knows that Mary knows the existence of Colin. Martha is required by Mrs. Medlock
not to tell Mary about Colin. Martha feels afraid that she will be fired. In fact, Colin
as her employer does not fire her. Colin asks Martha that he wants to go outside. He
wants to play with Mary in the garden. For the first time, Colin meets Ben. Ben really
shocks of what he sees since Colin has eyes like her mother. When Colin’s mother
lives, Ben is Colin mother’s gardener. He loves Colin’s mother and always takes care
of her roses.
As stated in The Secret Garden, Martha and Ben are the Yorkshire lower class
people who use the Yorkshire dialect. Even though there are many characters using
the Yorkshire dialect in The Secret Garden such as Mrs. Medlock, Dickon, Mr.
Archibald Craven, and Colin, Martha and Ben are chosen to represent the grammar
feature on the Yorkshire dialect based on their utterances to the children.
The number of Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to each child is listed below:
Table 8. Number of Martha’s and Ben’s Utterances
No.
1.
2.
3.
Speaking To
Mary
Colin
Dickon
TOTAL
Martha
129
4
0
133 utterances
Ben
51
36
0
87 utterances
From the table above, it is seen that Martha shares 137 utterances whereas
Ben shares 87 utterances. The utterances spoken by Martha and Ben have different
number of sentences. The utterances sometimes contain only some words, one
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sentence, or even more than one sentence. In their utterances, Martha and Ben use
Standard and Non Standard dialect. The table of utterances of Standard and Non
Standard dialect is as follow.
Table 9. Number of Utterances of Standard and Non Standard Used by Martha
and Ben
No The character
1. Martha
2. Ben
Standard
29
16
Non Standard
104
71
B. Approach of the Study
In studying the grammatical aspects on the Yorkshire dialect used by two
characters, Martha and Ben in Burnett’s novel, The Secret Garden, Syntax of English
language and Sociolinguistics are used.
C. Method of the Study
1. Data Collection
The grammatical features on utterances spoken by Martha and Ben to the
children are explained in this study. Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children
(Mary and Colin) are given in the appendix of this research.
In collecting the data, library research is done. The first step of this study is by
reading the novel to understand the contexts of The Secret Garden. By reading the
novel, it also can be known that Martha and Ben use the Yorkshire dialect which is a
dialect spoken in Britain.
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After reading the novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett, all utterances of Martha
and Ben to Mary and Colin as children are written. The utterances are presented in
the appendix. Then, the writer finds sources that are related to this study including
books, undergraduate thesis, journals, and websites that will help to answer problems
mentioned before. Next, there are two tables that are made. The first table is Martha’s
utterances whereas the second one is Ben’s utterances.
There are six columns made in every table i.e. number, reference’s column,
speaking to’s column, utterances’ column, Standard or Non Standard’s column, and
types of feature’s column. In reference’s column, the number of the page is made to
make reader knows where the utterances are placed. The utterances are shown next to
the references’ column. In the utterances’ column, the underlined-bold selected texts
are given to emphasize the grammatical features used by Martha or Ben. Beside
utterances’ column, there is Standard or Non Standard dialect’s column. It gives the
information whether the utterances that are spoken by Martha and Ben are Standard
or not. If the utterances are Standard, there will be no underlined-bold selected texts
in utterances column. Then, in types of feature’s column, there are types of feature
based on the underlined selected texts in the utterances column. If the utterances are
Standard, there will be no types of feature. An example of the table is given.
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Table 10. Utterances Spoken by Martha and Ben to Mary and Colin
No.
References
Speaking To
(Number of (Mary
page)
Colin)
Utterances
Standard or
Non
Standard
or (Utterances
spoken
by
Martha or Ben)
Types of
feature
(The types
of
feature
based on the
underlined
selected
texts
in
utterances’
column)
The example from the novel is:
Table 11. The Example of Martha’s utterances
No. References
Speaking To
Utterances
1
Mary
That
there?
25
Standard or
Non Standard
Non Standard
Feature
The use of there
after a noun that
Table 12. The Example of Ben’s utterances
No. References Speaking To Utterances
1
37
Mary
Standard or
Non Standard
One o' th' Standard
kitchengardens.
Feature
-
2. Data Analysis
There are two problems discussed in this study i.e. the grammatical features
on the Yorkshire dialect based on Martha’s and Ben’s utterances to the children and
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Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire dialect to the
children. To be able to answer those questions, the analysis is done in some steps.
The first problem contains the features used by Martha and Ben in talking to
the children. Based on Fasold and Connor-Linton, the pattern of the dialect can be
described from the lexical, phonological, syntax, and also discourse variation (Fasold
and Connor-Linton, 2006: 310). In fact, the writer only focuses on syntax variation.
In The Secret Garden novel, Martha and Ben sometimes speak the Yorkshire
dialect and sometimes speak Standard English to the children. In this research, the
writer wants to determine what the grammatical features used by Martha and Ben in
the Yorkshire dialect only. The writer will compare the Yorkshire dialect spoken by
Martha and Ben with the theory of Standard English made by linguistics experts.
In this explanation of the grammatical features, the writer divides the types of
features into seven such as pronouns and nouns, verbs and auxiliaries, word order,
article, prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, negatives, and Non Standard
vocabulary. For example, in pronoun feature, Martha and Ben often use pronoun tha
in their utterances. It compares with Standard English. In Standard English, pronoun
you is used.
After dividing the types of features, the writer gives the utterances of Martha
and Ben. To make the explanation clearer, the table is made.
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The example of the table is:
Table 13. The Example of the Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire Dialect
Used by Martha and Ben in Their Utterances to the Children
Features
Yorkshire form
Standard English
The
example
utterances
of
In the table, the features column contains pronouns and nouns, verbs and
auxiliaries, word order, article, prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, negatives, or
vocabulary. In the Yorkshire form column, each grammatical feature of the Yorkshire
dialect used by Martha and Ben are written. In Standard English column, the
explanation of Standard English’s theory that is related to each Yorkshire feature
used by Martha and Ben is given. In the example of utterances, the example of
Martha’s and Ben’s utterances is given. The examples of Martha’s and Ben’s
utterances are:
(Martha/25/Mary) That's th' moor. Does tha' like it?
(Ben/37/Mary) If tha' likes. But there's nowt to see.
In the bracket, it contains three things. The first is the person who speaks
(Martha or Ben), the second is the page of Martha’s or Ben’s utterances, and the last
is the person who Martha or Ben talks to. Beside the bracket, the utterances that are
spoken by Martha and Ben are given. In the utterance, there will be underlined-italicbold selected texts. Those underlined-italic-bold selected texts are given to make
clear the grammatical features used by Martha or Ben.
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Then, the common grammatical feature of the Yorkshire dialect spoken by
Martha and Ben is given. The table is made.
Table 14. The Example of List of the Common Grammatical Features on the
Yorkshire Dialect Spoken by Martha and Ben
Features
No.
Types of Form in
Non-Standard
Number
Martha
Ben
Total
The table above has six columns; features, number, type of form in NonStandard, number in Martha or number in Ben, and total. Column of feature contains
the feature that is mentioned before. It can be pronouns and nouns, verbs and
auxiliaries, word order, article, prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, negatives, or
Non Standard vocabulary. In type of form in Non-Standard’s column, the form of
grammar used by Martha and Ben is given. In number’s column, two columns are
made. The first is Martha’s number and the second is Ben’s. Number’s column
contains the quantities of the grammatical features used by Martha and Ben that has
been counted.
The second problem is Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and
the Yorkshire dialect to the children. In The Secret Garden novel, Martha and Ben
speak both standard and the Yorkshire dialect to the children; Mary and Colin.
To answer the second problem, Hymes’ theory is used. According to Hymes,
there are 8 factors influence someone in using language choice; participants, act,
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raisan (resultat), locale, agents (instrumentalities), norms, to (key), and types (genres)
(Hymes, 1974:62). One of those factors above is ends. Ends is divided into two
things. The first is the speaker’s and addressee’s goals in their practice in
communication. The second is the outcomes that attained. The outcomes whether
intended or not may be different from the goal that has been planned. (Hymes, 1974:
57)
The theory of tu and vous by Wardhaugh is also used to help answering the
second problem. Wardhaugh says that tu and vous are used based on someone’s
social class. In medieval times, the upper classes use V forms with each other to show
politeness whereas the lower classes use T forms to show solidarity. The upper
classes treat lower classes with T but received V. that condition symbolizes a ‘power’
relationship. It happens to situations such as people to animals, master or mistress to
servants, parents to children, and priest to penitent. (Wardhaugh, 1992: 259)
Before using those theories, the writer explains who Mary and Colin are and
Martha’s and Ben’s relationship with Mary and Colin as children. The situations
when Martha and Ben use Standard English and the situations when Martha and Ben
use the Yorkshire dialect are also given. The last step taken is by making a conclusion
based on the answers of the problems in this study.
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ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, there will be two analyses. The first one is the grammatical
features in Non-Standard form used by Martha and Ben in talking to the children. The
second is Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire dialect
to the children.
Based on What is Sociolinguistics, standard is the rule or law of a language.
Standard English is often taught in school, used in formal writing, and often be heard
from newscasters, and other media figures who are trying to project authority or
ability. In other side, non-Standard is described as varieties of language that is out of
the standard. (Herk, 2012: 12)
A. Analysis of the grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect used by
Martha and Ben in their utterances to the children
Table 15. The Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire Dialect Used by Martha
and Ben in Their Utterances to the Children
Features
The
Yorkshire
Form
Nouns and Pronoun tha
pronouns
Standard English
The example of utterances
You
Tha
means
you.
(www.urbandictionary
.com/define.php?term
=Tha,Oct 16, 2014)
(Martha/25/Mary) That’s th’
moor. Does tha’ like it?
36
(Ben/37/Mary) If tha’ likes.
But there’s nowt to see.
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The
Yorkshire
Form
Nouns and Pronoun thee
pronouns
Pronoun thy
Reflective
pronoun
thysen, thyself
The adding of
that
in
answering
yes/no
interrogative
sentence
37
Standard English
The example of utterances
You
Thee is an old English
form
of
object
pronoun thou and now
replaced by you (The
Oxford
American
Dictionary
and
Thesaurus,
2003:
1585)
(Martha/86/Mary)
Two
pieces o’ meat an’ two helps
o’ rice puddin’! Eh! Mother
will be pleased when I tell
her what th’ skippin’-rope’s
done for thee.
Your
Thy is a possessive
pronoun and now
replaced by your
except in some formal,
liturgical, dialect, and
poetic
uses
(The
Oxford
American
Dictionary
and
Thesaurus,
2003:
1597)
Yourself
Thysen and thyself are
the archaic form of
yourself
(http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionar
y/thyself, October 16,
2014)
(Martha/30/Mary) I’ll help
thee on with thy clothes if
tha’ll get out o’ bed.
Yes/no + subject +
auxiliary (+ n’t)
(http://www.englischhilfen.de/en/grammar/
frage4.htm, October 8,
2014)
(Martha/26/Mary) Aye, that
I do. I just love it. It's none
bare. …
(Ben/39/Mary) There was
nothin’ to prevent thee.
(Ben/79/Mary) Well! Upon
my word! P’raps tha’ art a
young ‘un, after all, an’
p’raps tha’s got child’s
blood in thy veins instead of
sour buttermilk.
(Martha/28/Mary) Well, it's
time tha' should learn. Tha'
cannot begin younger. It'll
do thee good to wait on
thysen a bit.
(Ben/246/Colin) What did
tha’ shut thysel’ up for?
(Ben/41/Mary) Aye, that he
will. I've knowed him ever
since he was a fledgling. …
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Features
The
Yorkshire
Form
Nouns and Subject
pronoun used
pronouns
as a redundant
element
38
Standard English
The example of utterances
Redundant
means
repeating something
else and therefore
unnecessary
(http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionar
y/redundant Oct 20,
2014)
(Martha/30/Mary) He said,
‘I won’t have a child
dressed in black wanderin’
about like a lost soul,’ he
said. ‘It’d make the place
sadder that it is. Put color
on her.’ Mother she said
she knew what he meant.
Mother always knows what
a body means. She doesn’t
hold with black hersel’.
3rd
person He, she
singular
(Quirk, 102: 1973)
subject
pronoun him
and her
(Martha/51-52/Mary) Him
an’ her used to go in an’
shut th’ door an’ stay three
hours an’ hours, readin’
and talkin’.
(Ben/239-240/Mary) Him
showin' thee th' way! Him!
Zero
plural Nouns such as week,
marker
month, year, pound,
stone and mile are
unmarked for plural in
many varieties of nonstandard English, but
Standard
English
requires the plural
suffix <-s>
(http://www.bl.uk/lear
ning/langlit/sounds/cas
estudies/geordie/gramm
ar/, Sept 30, 2014)
(Martha/65/Mary)
Tha’
couldn’t walk five mile. It’s
five mile to our cottage.
(Ben/292/Colin)
I
was
thinkin’ as I’d warrant tha’s
gone up three or four
pound this week. I was
lookin’ at tha’ calves an’
tha’ shoulders. I’d like to
get thee on a pair o’ scales.
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The
Standard English
Yorkshire
Form
They, we
Nouns and Subject
pronoun them (Quirk, 102: 1973)
pronouns
and us
39
The example of utterances
(Martha/88-89/Mary) Them
was the very words she said.
(Martha/120/Mary)
Well,
he's th' best lad as ever was
born, but us never thought
he was handsome.
Anticipatory
pronoun
Reflective
pronoun
hisself
Verbs and The use of –s
Auxiliaries on non-third
person
singular
present-tense
verb
Much of the North of
England
speakers
frequently
use
a
pronoun
as
an
emphatic
tag
in
expressions, such as I
play football, me or
he's a madman, him
(http://www.bl.uk/lear
ning/langlit/sounds/cas
estudies/geordie/gramm
ar/, Sept 30, 2014)
Himself
(Quirk, 102: 1973)
(Martha/30/Mary)
She
doesn’t hold with black
hersel’.
-s on third person
singular present-tense
verb
Agreement between
subject
and
verb
(Curme, 1966: 115)
(Martha/25/Mary) That's th'
moor. Does tha' like it?
(Ben/42/Mary) I’m lonely
mysel’ except when he’s
with me.
(Ben/41/Mary) He knows all
th' things Mester Craven
never troubles hissel' to find
out.
(Ben/44/Mary) … Th' very
blackberries
an'
heatherbells knows him. I
warrant th' foxes shows
him where their cubs lies
an' th' skylarks doesn't hide
their nests from him.
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The
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Form
Verbs and Pronoun tha +
archaic to be
auxiliaries
or
tha
+
archaic modal
verb (tha’rt
and tha’lt)
40
Standard English
The example of utterances
You are, you will
Archaic is commonly
used in an earlier time
but rare in present-day
usage
except
to
suggest the older time,
as in religious rituals
or historical novels
(http://dictionary.refer
ence.com/browse/arch
aic, April 20, 2015)
(Martha/26/Mary)
That’s
because tha’rt not used to
it. Tha thinks it’s too big an’
bare now. But tha’ will like
it.
Subject + be + V – ing
(Azar, Betty S and
Stacy A. Hagen, 2009:
3)
(Martha/27/Mary) I'm Mrs.
Medlock's servant. An' she's
Mr. Craven's—but I'm to do
the housemaid's work up
here an' wait on you a bit.
But you won't need much
waitin' on.
3rd person and Were, are
2nd
person
plural was/is
Agreement between
subject
and
verb
(Curme, 1966: 115)
(Martha/28/Mary) When I
heard you was comin' from
India I thought you was a
black too.
Present
Progressive
Tense
and
Past
Progressive
Tense be + to
+ simple verb
(Ben/42/Mary) Then no
wonder tha’rt lonely. Tha’lt
be lonelier before tha’s
done.
(Ben/96/Mary)
Tha's
beginnin'
to
do
Misselthwaite credit. Tha's
a bit fatter than tha' was an'
tha's not quite so yeller.
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Features
The
Yorkshire
Form
Verbs and Unequal verb
tenses
with
auxiliaries
coordinating
conjunction
and
Standard English
Parallel structure
The use of conjunction
and, but, or, and nor
are to connect words
or phrases that have
same
grammatical
function in a sentence
(Azar,
Stacy
A.
Hagen, 2009: 91)
Verb + about
41
The example of utterances
(Martha/32/Mary) He found
it on th' moor with its
mother when it was a little
one an' he began to make
friends with it an' give it
bits o' bread an' pluck
young grass for it. And it
got to like him so it follows
him about an' it lets him get
on its back. Dickon's a kind
lad an' animals likes him.
(Ben/41/Mary) When he
went over th' wall again th'
rest of th' brood was gone
an' he was lonely an' he
come back to me.
(Martha/32/Mary)
They
tumble about on th' moor
an' play there all day an'
mother says th' air of th'
moor fattens 'em.
(Ben/99/Mary) Once or
twice a year I'd go an' work
at 'em a bit—prune 'em an'
dig about th' roots.
3rd
person A final –s or –es is
singular
+ given to a simple
simple verb
present verb when the
subject is a singular
noun
(Azar, Betty S. and
Stacy A. Hagen, 2009:
85)
(Martha/74/Mary) It would
be same as a wild beast
show like we heard they had
in York once.
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The
Yorkshire
Form
Verbs and Would have +
simple verb in
auxiliaries
conditional
sentence type
3
Standard English
42
The example of utterances
[past
perfect
(ifclause)] + [would have
+
past
participle
(result clause)]
(Azar, Betty S. and
Stacy A. Hagen, 2009:
416)
Had + simple Had + past participle
past in Past is used in past perfect
Perfect
(Azar, Betty S., Stacy
A. Hagen, 2009: 4)
(Martha/78/Mary) If tha’d
been our ‘Lizabeth Ellen
tha’d have give me a kiss.
The use of None of
auxiliary verb
after none as
None of is used before
a determiner (the, my,
this) and also before
pronoun. (Swan, 1988:
370)
Seed as a past Saw
tense of see
(Ben/45/Mary) None as any
one can find, an' none as is
anyone's business.
The use of Past tense
present tense
to
describe
past event
3rd person and Was
1st
person
singular were
(Martha/122/Mary) She’d
never spoke to him before,
but Mrs. Craven had been
to our cottage two or three
times. He’d forgot, but
mother hadn’t an’ she made
bold to stop him.
(Ben/246/Colin) When I
seed thee put tha' legs on th'
ground in such a hurry I
knowed tha' was all right.
(Ben/247/Colin) I'm no one.
An' I didn't come through
th' door. I come over th'
wall. Th' rheumatics held
me back th' last two year'.
(Ben/247/Colin) Aye, it was
that! She were main fond of
it.
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Features
The
Yorkshire
Form
Word order To be comes
after subject
in
interrogative
sentence
Little + there
is formation
The absence
of subject in
interrogative
sentence
Article
The adding of
article a after
possessive
Article a on
third person
plural
43
Standard English
The example of utterances
Are you
Auxiliary verb is
placed before subject.
For example: why are
you laughing? (Swan,
1988: 474)
There + be formation
introduces the idea
that something exists
in a particular place
and there + be
formation have to be
followed
by
the
subject (Azar, Betty S.
and Stacy A. Hagen,
2009: 91)
Are you
Auxiliary + Subject +
Verb is used in
interrogative sentence
(Kruisinga, 1915: 461)
Defines articles are
usually dropped when
possessives are used.
For example: the car
that is John’s = John’s
car (not the John’s car
or John’s the car)
(Swan, 1988: 440 441)
Article a/an is used
with
singular
countable nouns since
the original meaning
of a/an is ‘one’.
(Swan, 1988: 60)
(Ben/241/Colin) Who tha'
art?
(Martha/34/Mary) However
little there is to eat, he
always saves a bit o' his
bread to coax his pets.
(Ben/245/Mary) What art _
sayin'?
(Martha/28-29/Mary) You
always read as a black’s a
man an’ a brother.
(Martha/120/Mary) Though
they’re a nice color.
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Features
Article
Preposition
s,
conjunction
s, adverbs
The
Standard English
Yorkshire
Form
Article
a An
comes before
a vowel
The article a changes
to an if it comes
before
a
vowel.
(Swan, 1988: 61)
Zero
Adverbs of manner
adverbial
say how something
marker
happens or is done.
Adverbs should not be
confused
with
adjectives. Adverb is
used, not adjectives, to
modify verbs. (Swan,
1988: 16)
There used as There used as an
an adjective
adjective
for
emphasis,
usually
placed
after
a
demonstrative
adjective but before
the noun modified.
This function of there
is used in nonstandard
form
(http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionar
y/there, April 28,
2015)
In Standard English,
the uses of there are as
an adverb of place and
an
introductory
subject. (Swan, 1988:
589)
44
The example of utterances
(Martha/150/Mary)
Th’
world’s comin’ to a end!
(Martha/28-29/Mary) When
I come in to light your fire
this mornin’ I crep’ up to
your bed an’ pulled th’
cover back careful to look
at you.
(Martha/93/Mary)
Mr.
Craven would be that there
angry there’s no knowin’
what he’d do.
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TERPUJI
Features
Preposition
s,
conjunction
s, adverbs
Negatives
Vocabulary
The
Yorkshire
Form
Unequal
clause level
with
coordinating
conjunction
and
Double
negative
45
Standard English
The example of utterances
Conjunctions and, but,
or, and nor are used to
connect words or
phrases that have same
grammatical function
in a sentence and this
use of conjunctions is
called
parallel
structure. (Azar, Betty
S., Stacy A. Hagen,
2009: 91)
(Martha/151/Mary)
He'd
been out of his head an' she
was talkin' to th' nurse,
thinkin' he didn't know
nothin', an' she said, 'He'll
die this time sure enough,
an' best thing for him an'
for everybody.'
Single
particle
negative (Martha/51-52/Mary)
No
one’s never gone in since,
an’ he won’t let any one talk
Nobody,
nothing, about it.
never,
or
other
negatives word are (Ben/261/Colin) I canna'
enough
to
give do no swayin' back'ard and
negative meaning, and for'ard.
not is unnecessary.
(Swan, 1988: 356)
Non Standard Nothing of the sort, (Martha/64/Mary) Eh! No!
vocabulary
one,
impudent, Nowt o’ th soart!
enough, nothing
(Ben/ 239-240) Tha’ young
Standard vocabulary
bad ‘un! Layin’tha’ badness
on a robin,- not but what
he’s impidint enow for
anythin’. Him showin’ thee
th’ way! Him! Eh! Tha’
young nowt, however i’ this
world did tha’ get in?
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Based on the analysis above, it can be seen that in The Secret Garden novel,
there are 35 features made by Martha and Ben in their utterances. Then, to know the
common grammatical feature in The Secret Garden novel, the table is made to show
the number of features used by Martha and Ben and the common grammatical feature
in The Secret Garden novel is drawn.
Table 16. List of the Common Grammatical Features on the Yorkshire Dialect
Spoken by Martha and Ben
Features
No The Yorkshire Form
Number
Total
Martha
Ben
Pronoun tha
89
59
148
Nouns
and 1.
pronouns
2.
Pronoun thee
25
25
50
3.
Pronoun thy
6
3
9
4.
Reflective
pronoun 5
3
8
thysen, thyself
5.
The adding of that in 1
2
3
answering
yes/no
interrogative sentence
6.
Subject pronoun used 4
2
6
as a redundant element
7.
3rd person singular 2
2
4
subject pronoun him
and her
8.
Zero plural marker
2
2
4
9.
Subject pronoun them 2
0
2
and us
10. Anticipatory pronoun
8
4
12
11. Reflective
pronoun 0
1
1
hisself
The use of –s on non- 39
22
61
Verbs
and 1.
third person singular
Auxiliaries
present-tense verb
2.
Pronoun tha + archaic 11
14
25
to be or tha + archaic
modal verb (tha’rt and
tha’lt)
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Features
No
Verbs
and 3.
auxiliaries
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Word order
1.
2.
3.
Article
1.
2.
The Yorkshire Form
Number
Martha
Ben
Present
Progressive 3
0
Tense
and
Past
Progressive Tense be
+ to + simple verb
3rd person And 2nd 26
15
person plural was/is
Unequal verb tenses
with
coordinating
conjunction and
Verb + about
3rd person singular +
simple verb
Would have + simple
verb in conditional
sentence type 3
Had + simple past in
Past Perfect
The use of auxiliary
verb after none as
Seed as a past tense of
see
The use of present
tense to describe past
event
3rd person and 1st
person singular were
To be comes after
subject in interrogative
sentence
Little + there is
formation
The absence of subject
in
interrogative
sentence
47
Total
3
41
9
1
10
8
2
3
0
11
2
1
0
1
2
1
3
0
1
1
0
3
3
0
3
3
0
2
2
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
The adding of article a 1
after possessive
Article a comes before 1
a vowel
0
1
0
1
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Features
No
The Yorkshire Form
Total
Prepositions,
conjunctions,
adverb
3.
Article a on
person plural
1
1.
2.
Zero adverbial marker
There used as an
adjective
Unequal clause level
with
coordinating
conjunction and
Double negative
Non-Standard
vocabulary
3.
Negatives
Vocabulary
1.
1.
Number
Martha
Ben
third 1
0
48
2
5
0
0
2
5
1
0
1
8
13
2
44
10
57
Based on the table, Martha and Ben share different number of each
grammatical pattern on their utterances.
In nouns and pronouns feature, it can be seen that the common type used by
Martha and Ben is pronoun tha with total 148 numbers. Martha uses pronoun tha
more than Ben does. Martha shares 89 numbers and Ben shares 59 numbers. Martha
and Ben use pronoun tha as a subject in their utterances. In Standard English, tha is
you.
In Martha’s utterances, she uses both pronoun tha and Standard English
pronoun you to Mary but only uses Standard English pronoun you when talking to
Colin. It can be seen from page 154 when Martha talks with Colin.
I have to do what you please, sir.
Thank you, sir, I want to do my duty, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)
Martha uses pronoun tha followed by bare verbs with suffix –s or -es. For
example; tha thinks, tha doesn’t, and tha goes. If the verb does not followed by suffix
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–s or –es, Martha uses pronoun you. For example; you wrap up warm, you do your
best, and if you practice you’ll mount up. Pronoun tha is used when it is followed by
archaic to be and archaic modal verb (art and wilt). For example; that’s because
tha’rt no used to it and art tha’ thinkin’ about that garden yet? On other sides,
pronoun you is used when it is followed by Standard English to be and modal verb.
For example; you’ll want to get out on it, you’ll mount up, and I thought you was a
black too.
In Ben’s utterances, he uses pronoun tha when talking to Mary and Colin. As
same as Martha, Ben also uses pronoun tha if it is followed by bare verbs with suffix
–s or –es. For example; tha likes, doesn’t tha’ know, and tha shapes. On other sides,
Ben uses pronoun tha that is followed by both archaic to be, archaic modal verb and
Standard English to be, modal verb. For example; tha’ll have to wait for ‘em, tha
was, tha’lt be lonelier, art tha’ th’ little wench from India. Standard English pronoun
you is used when it is followed by bare verb without suffix –s or –es such as you
watch ‘em. Pronoun you is also used when it is followed by modal verb will and past
tense verb. For example; you’ll see and you said.
In verbs and auxiliaries feature, the common type used by Martha and Ben is
the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb with total 61 numbers.
Martha shares 39 numbers and Ben shares 22 numbers.
In Martha’s utterances, the use of –s on non-third-person singular presenttense verb is used when the verb is in present-tense and the subject is second person
tha, third person plural they, and plural nouns. For example; tha’ thinks, th’ bees and
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skylarks makes, our children plays. If the subject is Standard English pronoun you
and first person singular I, Martha does not put suffix –s or –es in the verb. For
example; you wrap up warm, and I know that. If there is a modal verb, the verb after
the modal verb does not used suffix –s or –es. For example; tha’ cannot begin
younger.
In Ben’s utterances, the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense
verb is used when the verb is in present-tense and the subject is second person tha
and plural nouns. For example; tha’ likes and th' skylarks doesn't hide. If the subject
is person singular I, Ben uses the verb with suffix –s and without suffix –s. For
example; I never knows, and I come over th’ wall. If the subject is third person plural
they and second person you, Ben does not put any suffix –s. For example; they run
wild, they tumble about, and you watch ‘em.
In word order feature, Martha shares 1 number of little + there is formation.
Ben shares 1 number of to be comes after subject in interrogative sentence and 1
number of the absence of subject in interrogative sentence.
In article feature, Martha shares 1 number of the adding of article a after
possessive, 1 number of article a comes before a vowel, and 1 number of article a on
third person plural. In other side, Ben shares no number in article feature.
Then, in prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs feature, the common type used
by Martha is the use of there used as an adjective. Martha shares 5 numbers.
Otherwise, Ben shares no number in prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs feature.
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In negatives features which only has 1 type of pattern, double negative,
Martha shares 8 numbers and Ben shares 2 numbers.
Martha and Ben use double negative when there are negatives such as no one,
nothing, and no. For example; I never told thee nothin' about him, and I canna' do no
chantin'.
The last, in vocabulary feature, Martha shares 13 numbers and Ben shares
more than Martha which is 44 numbers.
B. Martha’s and Ben’s Reasons of Speaking Standard English and the
Yorkshire Dialect to the Children
In The Secret Garden novel, it can be seen that Martha and Ben share both
Standard and the Yorkshire dialect in their utterances to talk to the children.
Sometimes Martha and Ben use Standard English and sometimes they use the
Yorkshire dialect when speaking to Mary and Colin. For example, on page 27,
Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect canna' tha' dress thysen! to Mary. On the same
page, Martha uses Standard English in her utterance eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told
me I'd have to be careful or you wouldn't know what I was sayin'. I mean can't you
put on your own clothes?
In this analysis to answer problem formulation 3, the writer will explain the
reasons behind Martha’s and Ben’s choice of Standard and the Yorkshire dialect in
talking to the children.
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As described before, both Martha and Ben work at Mr. Archibald Craven’s
house. Martha works as a housemaid whereas Ben works as a gardener. Mr.
Archibald Craven is Mary’s uncle who lives in Misselthwaite Manor, England. He is
a rich person who has a big house. He has a son named Colin.
"Not but that it's a grand big place in a gloomy way, and Mr. Craven's proud
of it in his way—and that's gloomy enough, too. The house is six hundred
years old and it's on the edge of the moor, and there's near a hundred rooms in
it, though most of them's shut up and locked. And there's pictures and fine old
furniture and things that's been there for ages, and there's a big park round it
and gardens and trees with branches trailing to the ground—some of them."
(Burnett, 1998: 15)
In The Secret Garden novel, Martha and Ben often talk to the children such as
Mary and Colin. Mary talks using Standard English to Martha and Ben.
“You thought I was a native! You dared! You don't know anything about
natives! They are not people—they're servants who must salaam to you. You
know nothing about India. You know nothing about anything!” (Burnett,
1998: 29)
In fact, from time to time Mary lives in a Yorkshire society and be friend with
Dickon who is Martha’s young brother, she sometimes speaks the Yorkshire dialect.
“I'm givin' thee a bit o' Yorkshire. I canna' talk as graidely as Dickon an'
Martha can but tha' sees I can shape a bit. Doesn't tha' understand a bit o'
Yorkshire when tha' hears it? An' tha' a Yorkshire lad thysel' bred an' born!
Eh! I wonder tha'rt not ashamed o' thy face.” (Burnett, 1998: 201)
In other side, Colin speaks Standard English. It can be seen when Colin and
Mary are firstly meet in Colin’s room in chapter 13.
"You are real, aren't you? I have such real dreams very often. You might be
one of them." (Burnett, 1998: 135)
"Because I am like this always, ill and having to lie down. My father won't let
people talk me over either. The servants are not allowed to speak about me. If
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I live I may be a hunchback, but I shan't live. My father hates to think I may
be like him." (Burnett, 1998: 136)
Martha’s and Ben’s relationship with Mary and Colin and the scenes when
Martha and Ben use Standard and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin is
explained below. Martha will be explained first, and then Ben.
1. Martha
As stated before, Martha is a Yorkshire girl who works as a housemaid in Mr.
Archibald Craven’s house. Besides working as a housemaid, she is also Mrs.
Medlock’s servant.
“I'm Mrs. Medlock's servant. An' she's Mr. Craven's—but I'm to do the
housemaid's work up here an' wait on you a bit. But you won't need much
waitin' on.” (Burnett, 1998:27)
In The Secret Garden novel, Martha is stated as an untrained rural person.
If Martha had been a well-trained fine young lady's maid she would have been
more subservient and respectful and would have known that it was her
business to brush hair, and button boots, and pick things up and lay them
away. She was, however, only an untrained Yorkshire rustic who had been
brought up in a moorland cottage with a swarm of little brothers and sisters
who had never dreamed of doing anything but waiting on themselves and on
the younger ones who were either babies in arms or just learning to totter
about and tumble over things. (Burnett, 1998: 31)
Martha is also described as a poor girl. She lives with her twelve siblings and
her father only gets sixteen shilling a week.
“Eh! you should see 'em all. There's twelve of us an' my father only gets
sixteen shilling a week. I can tell you my mother's put to it to get porridge for
'em all. …” (Burnett, 1998: 32)
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Evidence that shows Martha is a poor girl can be seen from page 89. It is the
scene when Mary tells Martha that she has more than five shillings in her pocket that
are given by Mrs. Morrison and Mr. Craven and she does not know how to spend it.
After hearing that fact, Martha shocks because it is difficult for her family to pay the
cottage’s rent although the price is lower than what Mary has in her pocket.
“My word! That’s riches. Tha' can buy anything in th' world tha' wants. Th'
rent of our cottage is only one an' threepence an' it's like pullin' eye-teeth to
get it. Now I've just thought of somethin'.” (Burnett, 1998: 89)
In the novel, Martha admits herself that she tends to talk in the Yorkshire
dialect.
“Eh! I know that. If there was a grand Missus at Misselthwaite I should never
have been even one of th' under housemaids. I might have been let to be
scullery-maid but I'd never have been let up-stairs. I'm too common an' I talk
too much Yorkshire. …” (Burnett, 1998: 27)
In The Secret Garden novel, it shows that Mary has a higher social status than
Martha. Martha works to take care of Mary and she calls Mary with Miss. Even
though Mary has a higher social status than her, Martha tends to talk in the Yorkshire
dialect than Standard English since she is only an untrained maid as described before.
“My word! It would set 'em clean off their heads. Would tha' really do that,
Miss? It would be same as a wild beast show like we heard they had in York
once.” (Burnett, 1998: 74)
Martha is a poor girl who lives with a lot of siblings in a small house. Martha
feels that Mary has a better life than her since in Martha’s house she and her family
do not have much food to be eaten whereas Mary has a lot of foods in Mr. Craven’s
house.
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“It's lucky for thee that tha's got victuals as well as appetite. There's been
twelve in our cottage as had th' stomach an' nothin' to put in it.” (Burnett,
1998: 47)
When Martha firstly meets Mary, Martha speaks using the Yorkshire dialect
with Mary. It can be seen from page 25 in The Secret Garden novel.
“That there?” (Burnett, 1998: 25)
“That's th' moor. Does tha' like it?” (Burnett, 1998:25)
“That's because tha'rt not used to it. Tha' thinks it's too big an' bare now. But
tha' will like it." (Burnett, 1998:26)
It shows that Martha uses the feature of the use of –s on non-third-person
singular present-tense verb in does tha like it, the use of there used as an adjective,
pronoun tha, and pronoun tha + archaic to be in tha’rt.
In The Secret Garden novel, Mary sometimes does not understand what
Martha is talking about since Mary does not understand the Yorkshire dialect.
“What do you mean? I don't understand your language." (Burnett, 1998: 27)
When Mary does not understand what Martha is talking about, Martha talks
using Standard English because she remembers that Mrs. Medlock as the head of
servant asks her to speak in Standard English.
“Eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told me I'd have to be careful or you wouldn't
know what I was sayin'. I mean can't you put on your own clothes?" (Burnett,
1998: 28)
Sometimes Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect and suddenly uses Standard
English without any specific reasons. For example, in page 33 when she speaks to
Mary about the meals that Mary does not want to eat. Martha tells Mary that her
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siblings cannot always have something to eat. Martha tells Mary that Mary should eat
her meal.
Martha : "Eh! I can't abide to see good victuals go to waste. If our children
was at this table they'd clean it bare in five minutes."
Mary : Why?
Martha : Why! Because they scarce ever had their stomachs full in their lives.
They're as hungry as young hawks an' foxes."
Martha : Well, it would do thee good to try it. I can see that plain enough. I've
no patience with folk as sits an' just stares at good bread an' meat. My
word! don't I wish Dickon and Phil an' Jane an' th' rest of 'em had
what's here under their pinafores.
Mary : Why don't you take it to them?
Martha : It's not mine. An' this isn't my day out. I get my day out once a month
same as th' rest. Then I go home an' clean up for mother an' give her a
day's rest.
Martha: You wrap up warm an' run out an' play you. It'll do you good and
give you some stomach for your meat."
(Burnett, 1998: 33-34)
The utterances above show that at first, Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect. She
uses the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb in our children
was. In 2nd utterance, Martha uses Standard English. In 3rd utterance, Martha uses the
Yorkshire dialect again. She uses pronoun thee. In 4th utterance, Martha uses
Standard English. In 5th utterance, Martha uses the Yorkshire dialect. She uses subject
pronoun redundant in you wrap up warm an’ run out an’ play you. It can be seen that
Martha speaks both Standard English and the Yorkshire dialect in the same scene.
According to Wardhaugh’s theory of tu and vous, it shows that when Martha
uses the Yorkshire dialect to Mary, she shows solidarity. As stated by Wardhaugh,
the use of T is available to show intimacy, and its use for that purpose also spread to
the situations in which two people agreed they had strong common interests, i.e.
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‘feeling of solidarity’. T for solidarity comes to replace politeness since solidarity is
often more important than politeness in personal relationships. (Wardhaugh, 1992:
275)
The solidarity can be seen that Martha and Mary are close enough since
Martha is Mary’s housemaid. At the first time, Mary looks that she does not like
Martha but from time to time, she seems to like Martha. Martha and Mary are close
enough since they often talks about Martha’s mother and also Martha’s little brother,
Dickon. Mary seems to like Martha’s mother and Dickon. The example of their
conversations about Martha’s mother and Dickon are as follow.
Mary : I should like to see your cottage.
Martha : I'll ask my mother about it. She's one o' them that nearly always sees
a way to do things. It's my day out to-day an' I'm goin' home. Eh! I am
glad. Mrs. Medlock thinks a lot o' mother. Perhaps she could talk to
her."
Mary : I like your mother
Martha : I should think tha' did. (Burnett, 1998: 65-66)
Mary : I like Dickon. And I've never seen him.
Martha : Well, I've told thee that th' very birds likes him an' th' rabbits an' wild
sheep an' ponies, an' th' foxes themselves. I wonder what Dickon
would think of thee?"
Mary : He wouldn't like me. No one does. (Burnett, 1998: 66)
In other hands, when Martha talks with Standard English to Mary, she shows
politeness to Mary since Mary is her employer. Based on Wardhaugh, the upper
classes treat lower classes with T but received V. That condition symbolizes a
‘power’ relationship. It happens to such situations such as people to animals, master
or mistress to servants, parents to children, and priest to penitent. (Wardhaugh, 2010:
275)
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It can be seen that Martha calls Mary with a title Miss. The other reason why
Martha sometimes talks in Standard English to Mary is because of Mrs. Medlock’s
power that requires her to speak Standard English to Mary. It can be seen from page
28.
“Eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told me I'd have to be careful or you wouldn't
know what I was sayin'. I mean can't you put on your own clothes?" (Burnett,
1998: 28)
In other sides, when Martha talks to Colin, she uses only Standard English.
There are 4 utterances that are spoken by Martha to Colin. The utterances are as
follow.
I have to do what you please, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)
Everybody has, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)
Please don’t let her, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)
Thank you, sir. I want to do my duty, sir. (Burnett, 1998: 154)
Those utterances occur in page 154. In that scene, Martha is frightened to be
sent away from Mr. Craven’s house since Mary knows the existence of Colin. As
described before, during his lifetime, Colin never sees anyone accept the servants and
his father. When Martha recognizes that Mary finally knows the existence of Colin,
Martha worries that she will be fired by Mrs. Medlock. In those utterances above,
Martha uses Standard English when talking to Colin. Martha uses pronoun you
instead of tha or thee that she often uses when talking to Mary. Martha always uses
an honorific title sir in every sentence.
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Based on Wardhaugh, address someone by title alone is the least intimate
form address. Knowing and using someone’s first name, a sign of intimacy.
(Wardhaugh, 2010: 282-283)
Based on Wardhaugh’s theory about tu and vous, it can be seen that Martha
shows politeness to his employer, Colin. At that time, since Mary has a lower status
than Colin who has a power, she has to do what her employer tells her to do.
2. Ben
As stated before, Ben is an old Yorkshire man who works as a gardener in Mr.
Archibald Craven’s house.
The old gardener pushed his cap back on his bald head and stared at her a
minute. He began to dig again, driving his spade deep into the rich black
garden soil while the robin hopped about very busily employed. (Burnett,
1998: 42)
It is a Yorkshire habit to say what you think with blunt frankness, and old Ben
Weatherstaff was a Yorkshire moor man. (Burnett, 1998: 43)
Ben is a bachelor and he does not have a house. He lives at the gate.
No. I'm bachelder an' lodge with Martin at th' gate. (Burnett, 1998: 98)
In The Secret Garden novel, Ben speaks 17 utterances using Standard English
and 70 utterances using the Yorkshire dialect. When Ben meets Mary for the first
time, he uses Standard English and then the Yorkshire dialect to talk to Mary. It can
be seen from page 37. In this scene, when Mary goes to the garden, she suddenly
meets Ben walking through the door from the second garden. As described by
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Frances Hodgson Burnett, in this scene, Ben does not like seeing Mary and Mary also
does not like seeing him.
Ben
Mary
Ben
Mary
Ben
: One o’ th’ kitchen-gardens.
: What is this place?
: One o' th' kitchen-gardens.
: What is that?
: Another of 'em. There's another on t' other side o' th' wall an' there's
th' orchard t' other side o' that.
Mary : Can I go in them?
Ben : If tha' likes. But there's nowt to see.
(Burnett, 1998: 37)
In the scene above, it can be seen that at the first¸ in utterance one o’ th’
kitchen-gardens, Ben uses Standard English in talking to Mary and then in utterance
If tha’ likes. But there’s nowt to see, he uses the Yorkshire dialect. In that utterance,
he uses pronoun tha, the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb,
and non-Standard vocabulary nowt which means nothing.
In another scene, Ben uses both Standard English and the Yorkshire dialect to
talk to Mary. This scene happened in page 39-40 when Mary feels curious about the
garden that had been locked for 10 years and tells Ben about it.
Mary
Ben
Mary
Ben
Mary
Ben
Mary
: I have been into the other gardens.
: There was nothin' to prevent thee.
: I went into the orchard.
: There was no dog at th' door to bite thee.
: There was no door there into the other garden.
: What garden?
: The one on the other side of the wall. There are trees there—I saw
the tops of them. A bird with a red breast was sitting on one of them
and he sang.
Ben : Here he is.
(Burnett, 1998: 39-40)
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In 1st utterance, there was nothin’ to prevent thee, Ben uses pronoun thee
instead of you. In that utterance, Ben uses Standard English nothing instead of the
Yorshire dialect nowt that he uses in page 39. In second utterance, there was no dog
at th' door to bite thee, Ben also uses pronoun thee. In third and fourth utterance,
what garden and here he is, Ben uses Standard English. He uses Standard English
since he just utters simple clauses.
In The Secret Garden novel, Ben sometimes uses the Yorkshire dialect tha
and sometimes he uses Standard English you. For example is on page 41 and 68.
Ben
: Doesn't tha' know? He's a robin redbreast an' they're th' friendliest,
curiousest birds alive. They're almost as friendly as dogs—if you
know how to get on with 'em. Watch him peckin' about there an'
lookin' round at us now an' again. He knows we're talkin' about him.
(Burnett, 1998: 41)
Ben
: These won't grow up in a night, tha'll have to wait for 'em. They'll
poke up a bit higher here, an' push out a spike more there, an' uncurl a
leaf this day an' another that. You watch 'em.
(Burnett, 1998: 68)
In two utterances above, Ben uses the Yorkshire dialect tha which means you
and also the Standard you. In utterance on page 41, Ben uses tha in doesn’t tha’ know
and also the Standard you in they’re almost as friendly as dogs—if you know how to
get on with ‘em. In utterance on page 68, Ben uses pronoun tha in these won't grow
up in a night, tha'll have to wait for 'em and pronoun you in you watch 'em.
From the explanation above, it can be seen that Ben modifies his dialect.
Sometimes Ben uses Standard English and sometimes he uses the Yorkshire dialect.
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On page 43, Ben says to Mary that Ben and Mary are alike. In this scene, Ben
tells Mary that he does not have any friends at all. His friend is only a robin redbreast.
Then, Mary replies that she also does not have friends at all. Her servant in India does
not like her and she never plays with anyone. When Mary tells the fact that she also
does not have friends at all, Ben tells Mary that they are the same. In The Secret
Garden novel, Burnett describes that the Yorkshire habit is to tell what you think on
your mind.
“Tha' an' me are a good bit alike. We was wove out of th' same cloth. We're
neither of us good lookin' an' we're both of us as sour as we look. We've got
the same nasty tempers, both of us, I'll warrant.” (Burnett, 1992: 43)
From the utterance above, it can be seen that Ben thinks that he and Mary are
alike. Based on Wardhaugh’s theory about the distinction of tu and vous, T or tu will
be used in which two people agree that they have common interests, i.e. feeling of
solidarity (Wardhaugh, 2010: 275). From what Ben thinks about Mary, it shows that
he feels solidarity with Mary. Moreover, they also have the same interest about the
robin redbreast. Both Ben and Mary like that bird and always talk about it whenever
they meet. The examples of Ben’s and Mary’s conversation about the robin are as
follow.
Mary : Will he always come when you call him?
Ben : Aye, that he will. I've knowed him ever since he was a fledgling. He
come out of th' nest in th' other garden an' when first he flew over th'
wall he was too weak to fly back for a few days an' we got friendly.
When he went over th' wall again th' rest of th' brood was gone an' he
was lonely an' he come back to me.
Mary : What kind of a bird is he?
Ben : Doesn't tha' know? He's a robin redbreast an' they're th' friendliest,
curiousest birds alive. They're almost as friendly as dogs—if you
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know how to get on with 'em. Watch him peckin' about there an'
lookin' round at us now an' again. He knows we're talkin' about him.
(Burnett, 1992: 41)
In other sides, when Ben talks to Colin, he also uses a lot of the Yorkshire
dialect rather than Standard English. There are 36 utterances that Ben talks to Colin.
There are 4 utterances that he talks with Standard English and there are 32 utterances
that he talks with the Yorkshire dialect.
On page 99, Ben talks to Mary about how he loves Colin’s mother. When
Colin’s mother lives, Ben works as her gardener and he likes her very much.
"Well, yes, I do. I was learned that by a young lady I was gardener to. She had
a lot in a place she was fond of, an' she loved 'em like they was children—or
robins. I've seen her bend over an' kiss 'em." He dragged out another weed and
scowled at it. "That were as much as ten year' ago." (Burnett, 1998: 99)
Because of his deep loving to Colin’s mother, he always takes care of roses
that Colin’s mother likes.
“Well, I'd got to like 'em—an' I liked her—an' she liked 'em. Once or twice a
year I'd go an' work at 'em a bit—prune 'em an' dig about th' roots. They run
wild, but they was in rich soil, so some of 'em lived.” (Burnett, 1998: 99)
When Ben meets Colin for the first time in page 240, Ben really shocks of
what he sees since Colin’s eyes really look like his mother’s eyes.
How Ben Weatherstaff stared! His red old eyes fixed themselves on what was
before him as if he were seeing a ghost. He gazed and gazed and gulped a
lump down his throat and did not say a word. (Burnett, 1998: 40-41)
"Who tha' art? Aye, that I do—wi' tha' mother's eyes starin' at me out o' tha'
face. Lord knows how tha' come here. But tha'rt th' poor cripple." (Burnett,
1998: 241)
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It can be seen that when Ben meets Colin for the first time, he uses the
Yorkshire dialect when talking to Colin. For example is on page 241.
Who tha' art? Aye, that I do—wi' tha' mother's eyes starin' at me out o' tha'
face. Lord knows how tha' come here. But tha'rt th' poor cripple. (Burnett,
1998: 241)
Based on Wardhaugh’s theory about the use of tu and vous, it can be seen that
Ben shows solidarity when he talks with the Yorkshire dialect to Colin. According to
Wardhaugh, the use of T shows intimacy. This mutual T for solidarity gradually came
to replace the mutual V of politeness, since solidarity is often more important than
politeness in personal relationship. (Wardhaugh, 2010: 275). He shows solidarity
since Colin’s eyes really look like her mother, the woman that Ben loves. Ben and
Colin’s mother are close enough in the past. Ben feels the same with Colin since he is
the son of the person that Ben loves, so he shows the solidarity by using the
Yorkshire dialect.
Yet, in such situations, Ben speaks Standard English to Colin. It can be seen
from page 243, when Colin reminds Ben that he is Ben’s employer and Ben has to
obey him.
"I'm your master when my father is away. And you are to obey me. This is my
garden. Don't dare to say a word about it! You get down from that ladder and
go out to the Long Walk and Miss Mary will meet you and bring you here. I
want to talk to you. We did not want you, but now you will have to be in the
secret. Be quick!" (Burnett, 1998: 243)
When Colin reminds Ben like that, Ben remembers his position in the house
and then he talks in Standard English.
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"Eh! lad," he almost whispered. "Eh! My lad!" And then remembering himself
he suddenly touched his hat gardener fashion and said, "Yes, sir! Yes, sir!"
and obediently disappeared as he descended the ladder. (Burnett, 1998: 243)
It shows that Ben uses Standard English to show politeness since Colin is his
employer in the house and Ben is required to obey Colin. Based on Wardhaugh, tu
and vous are used based on someone’s social class. The upper classes treat lower
classes with T but received V and it symbolizes a ‘power’ relation (Wardhaugh,
2010: 275). It seems that Colin has a power above Ben who is only a gardener in his
house.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
In this chapter, the conclusion of the research is drawn. This research is a
study on the grammatical features on the Yorkshire dialect as seen in Hodgson
Burnett’s The Secret Garden. It wants to show the grammatical features of the
Yorkshire dialect used by Martha and Ben as the character in The Secret Garden
novel and Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking Standard and the Yorkshire dialect
to the children such as Mary and Colin.
Martha and Ben are the character of The Secret Garden novel using the
Yorkshire dialect. Both of them work in Mr. Archibald Craven’s house. Martha
works as a housemaid whereas Ben works as a gardener. In the novel, they use both
the Yorkshire dialect and Standard English when talking to the children.
The first problem contains the type of grammatical features on the Yorkshire
dialect used by Martha and Ben. The writer finds out 35 features. Those features are
divided into 7 such as nouns and pronouns; verbs and auxiliaries; word order; article;
prepositions, conjunctions, and adverb; negatives; and vocabulary.
In nouns and pronouns, the features are pronoun tha, pronoun thee, pronoun
thy, reflective pronoun thysen; thyself, the adding of that in answering yes/no
interrogative sentence, subject pronoun used as a redundant element, 3rd person
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singular subject pronoun him and her, zero plural marker, subject pronoun them and
us, anticipatory pronoun, and reflective pronoun hisself.
In verbs and auxiliaries, the features are the use of –s on non-third-person
singular present-tense verb, pronoun tha + archaic to be (tha’rt) or tha + archaic
modal verb (tha’lt), present progressive tense and past progressive tense be + to +
simple verb, 3rd person and 2nd person plural was/is, unequal verb tenses with
coordinating conjunction and, verb + about, 3rd person singular + simple verb, would
have+ simple verb in conditional sentence type 3, had + simple past in past perfect,
the use of auxiliary verb after none as, seed as a past tense of see, the use of present
tense to describe past event, and 3rd person and 1st person singular were.
In word order, the features are to be comes after subject in interrogative
sentence, little + there is formation, and the absence of subject in interrogative
sentence.
In article, the features are the adding of article a after the apostrophe to show
possession, article a comes before a vowel, article a on 3rd person plural.
In prepositions; conjunctions; and adverb, the features are zero adverbial
marker, and there used as an adjective, and unequal clause level with coordinating
conjunction and. In negative, the feature is double negative. The last, in vocabulary,
the feature is non-Standard vocabulary.
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In verbs and auxiliaries, the common grammatical feature used by Martha and
Ben is the use of –s on non-third-person singular present-tense verb with total 61
numbers. Martha shares 39 numbers and Ben shares 22 numbers.
In word order, Martha shares 1 number of little + there is formation. Ben
shares 1 number of to be comes after subject in interrogative sentence and 1 number
of the absence of subject in interrogative sentence.
In article, Martha shares 1 number of the adding of article a after the
apostrophe to show possession, 1 number of article a comes before a vowel, and 1
number of article a on third person plural. In other side, Ben shares no number in
article.
Then, in prepositions; conjunctions; and adverbs, the common grammatical
feature used by Martha is the use of there used as an adjective. Martha shares 5
numbers. Otherwise, Ben shares no number in prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs.
In negatives feature which only has 1 type, double negative, Martha shares 8
numbers and Ben shares 2 numbers.
The last, in vocabulary, Martha shares 13 numbers whereas Ben shares 44
numbers.
The second problem contains Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of speaking
Standard and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin, as children. To be able to
answer the second problem, the writer uses the theory of SPEAKING by Hymes and
also the theory of tu and vous by Wardhaugh.
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When Martha talks to Mary, she talks with the Yorkshire dialect and also
Standard English. She uses the Yorkshire dialect to show solidarity since Martha is
Mary’s housemaid and they are really close. Although at first, Mary does not like
Martha but from time to time, she seems to like Martha. Martha and Mary are close
enough since they often talks about Martha’s mother and also Martha’s little brother,
Dickon. Mary seems to like Martha’s mother and Dickon.
When Martha uses Standard English to Mary, she shows politeness since
Mary is her employer. It can be seen that Martha calls Mary with an honorific title
Miss. Another reason is because Martha is asked by a head of servant, Mrs. Medlock,
to speak with Standard English to Mary. It is seen that Mrs. Medlock’s power
requires her to speak Standard English to Mary.
In other side, when Martha talks to Colin, she always uses Standard English.
She uses Standard English to show politeness to Colin since Colin is her employer.
Since Mary has a lower status than Colin who has a power, she has to do what her
employer tells her to do.
When Ben talks to Mary, he refers to talk with the Yorkshire dialect to show
solidarity with Mary. Ben thinks that he and Mary are alike. Moreover, they also have
the same interest about the robin redbreast. They always talk about the bird whenever
they meet.
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When Ben talks to Colin, he speaks the Yorkshire dialect and Standard
English. He shows solidarity since Colin’s eyes really look like her mother, the
woman that Ben loves. Ben and Colin’s mother are close enough in the past. Ben
feels the same with Colin since he is the son of the person that Ben loves, so he
shows the solidarity by using the Yorkshire dialect. On the other side, when Ben talks
with Standard English, he shows politeness to Colin since Colin is his employer in
the house.
As seen from Martha’s and Ben’s reasons of talking with Standard English
and the Yorkshire dialect to Mary and Colin, the writer finds out two uses of dialects
which are solidarity and politeness. The solidarity is shown since two person or even
more feel the same and close enough whereas politeness is shown since someone has
lower social status than the others.
The writer hopes that this research can be useful for those who are interested
in studying the Yorkshire dialect.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Merriam Webster. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thyself).
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Widyatmoko, Ignatius Bagus. English Negation as a Dialect Feature in Tom
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APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Martha’s utterances to Mary and Colin
No. References Speaking To
Utterances
Standard
or Non
Standard
Non
Standard
Non
Standard
1
25
Mary
That there?
2
25
Mary
That's th' moor. Does tha' like it?
3
26
Mary
That's because tha'rt not used to it. Non
Tha' thinks it's too big an' bare Standard
now. But tha' will like it.
4
26
Mary
Aye, that I do. I just love it. It's Non
none bare. It's covered wi' growin' Standard
things as smells sweet. It's fair
lovely in spring an' summer when
th' gorse an' broom an' heather's in
flower. It smells o' honey an' there's
such a lot o' fresh air—an' th' sky
looks so high an' th' bees an'
skylarks makes such a nice noise
hummin' an' singin'. Eh! I wouldn't
live away from th' moor for
anythin'.
74
Feature
There used as an adjective
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb
Pronoun tha + archaic to
be, the use of –s on nonthird-person singular
present-tense verb,
pronoun tha
Non Standard vocabulary,
the adding of that in
answering yes/no
interrogative sentence, the
use of –s on non-thirdperson singular presenttense verb
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5
27
Mary
6
27
Mary
7
27
Mary
Eh! I know that. If there was a
grand Missus at Misselthwaite I
should never have been even one of
th' under housemaids. I might have
been let to be scullery-maid but I'd
never have been let up-stairs. I'm
too common an' I talk too much
Yorkshire. But this is a funny house
for all it's so grand. Seems like
there's neither Master nor Mistress
except Mr. Pitcher an' Mrs.
Medlock. Mr. Craven, he won't be
troubled about anythin' when he's
here, an' he's nearly always away.
Mrs. Medlock gave me th' place out
o' kindness. She told me she could
never have done it if Misselthwaite
had been like other big houses.
I'm Mrs. Medlock's servant. An'
she's Mr. Craven's—but I'm to do
the housemaid's work up here an'
wait on you a bit. But you won't
need much waitin' on.
Canna' tha' dress thysen!
Standard
-
Non
Standard
Present Progressive Tense
be + to + simple verb
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary,
pronoun tha, reflective
pronoun thysen
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8
27
Mary
9
28
Mary
10
28
Mary
11
28-29
Mary
Eh! I forgot. Mrs. Medlock told me
I'd have to be careful or you
wouldn't know what I was sayin'. I
mean can't you put on your own
clothes?
Well, it's time tha' should learn.
Tha' cannot begin younger. It'll do
thee good to wait on thysen a bit.
My mother always said she couldn't
see why grand people's children
didn't turn out fair fools—what with
nurses an' bein' washed an' dressed
an' took out to walk as if they was
puppies!
Eh! I can see it's different. I dare
say it's because there's such a lot o'
blacks there instead o' respectable
white people. When I heard you
was comin' from India I thought
you was a black too.
Who are you callin' names? You
needn't be so vexed. That's not th'
way for a young lady to talk. I've
nothin' against th' blacks. When you
read about 'em in tracts they're
always very religious. You always
read as a black's a man an' a
brother. I've never seen a black an'
I was fair pleased to think I was
Standard
-
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, third person
plural was, reflective
pronoun thysen
Non
Standard
Second person plural was
Non
Standard
The adding of article a
after possessive, zero
adverbial marker, second
person plural was
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12
29
Mary
13
30
Mary
14
30
Mary
goin' to see one close. When I come
in to light your fire this mornin' I
crep' up to your bed an' pulled th'
cover back careful to look at you.
An' there you was no more black
than me—for all you're so yeller.
Eh! you mustn't cry like that there!
You mustn't for sure. I didn't know
you'd be vexed. I don't know
anythin' about anythin'—just like
you said. I beg your pardon, Miss.
Do stop cryin'.
It's time for thee to get up now.
Mrs. Medlock said I was to carry
tha' breakfast an' tea an' dinner into
th' room next to this. It's been made
into a nursery for thee. I'll help thee
on with thy clothes if tha'll get out
o' bed. If th' buttons are at th' back
tha' cannot button them up tha'self.
These are th' ones tha' must put on.
Mr. Craven ordered Mrs. Medlock
to get 'em in London. He said 'I
won't have a child dressed in black
wanderin' about like a lost soul,'
he said. 'It'd make the place sadder
than it is. Put color on her.' Mother
she said she knew what he meant.
Mother always knows what a body
Non
Standard
There used as an adjective
Non
Standard
Pronoun thee, past
progressive tense be + to
+ simple verb, pronoun
tha, pronoun thy,
anticipatory pronoun
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, subject
pronoun used as a
redundant element, verb +
about, anticipatory
pronoun
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15
30
Mary
16
32
Mary
17
32
Mary
18
33
Mary
means. She doesn't hold with black
hersel'.
Why doesn't tha' put on tha' own Non
shoes?
Standard
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb
Third person plural is,
verb + about
Eh! You should see 'em all. There's
twelve of us an' my father only gets
sixteen shilling a week. I can tell
you my mother's put to it to get
porridge for 'em all. They tumble
about on th' moor an' play there all
day an' mother says th' air of th'
moor fattens 'em. She says she
believes they eat th' grass same as
th' wild ponies do. Our Dickon, he's
twelve years old and he's got a
young pony he calls his own.
He found it on th' moor with its
mother when it was a little one an'
he began to make friends with it an'
give it bits o' bread an' pluck young
grass for it. And it got to like him
so it follows him about an' it lets
him get on its back. Dickon's a kind
lad an' animals likes him.
Non
Standard
Non
Standard
Unequal verb tense with
coordinating conjunction
and, verb + about, the use
of –s on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb
Tha' doesn't want thy porridge!
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, pronoun thy,
the use of –s on non-thirdperson singular present-
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TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
79
19
33
Mary
Tha' doesn't know how good it is. Non
Put a bit o' treacle on it or a bit o' Standard
sugar.
20
33
Mary
21
33
Mary
22
33
Mary
23
33-34
Mary
24
34
Mary
Eh! I can't abide to see good
victuals go to waste. If our
children was at this table they'd
clean it bare in five minutes.
Why! Because they scarce ever had
their stomachs full in their lives.
They're as hungry as young hawks
an' foxes.
Well, it would do thee good to try
it. I can see that plain enough. I've
no patience with folk as sits an' just
stares at good bread an' meat. My
word! don't I wish Dickon and Phil
an' Jane an' th' rest of 'em had
what's here under their pinafores.
It's not mine. An' this isn't my day
out. I get my day out once a month
same as th' rest. Then I go home an'
clean up for mother an' give her a
day's rest.
You wrap up warm an' run out an'
play you. It'll do you good and give
you some stomach for your meat.
Non
Standard
tense verb
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb
Third person plural was
Standard
-
Non
Standard
Pronoun thee
Standard
-
Non
Standard
Subject pronoun used as a
redundant element
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
80
25
34
Mary
Well, if tha' doesn't go out tha'lt Non
have to stay in, an' what has tha' Standard
got to do?
26
34
Mary
27
35
Mary
28
35
Mary
You'll go by yourself. You'll have
to learn to play like other children
does when they haven't got sisters
and brothers. Our Dickon goes off
on th' moor by himself an' plays for
hours. That's how he made friends
with th' pony. He's got sheep on th'
moor that knows him, an' birds as
comes an' eats out of his hand.
However little there is to eat, he
always saves a bit o' his bread to
coax his pets.
If tha' goes round that way tha'll
come to th' gardens. There's lots o'
flowers in summer-time, but there's
nothin' bloomin' now. One of th'
gardens is locked up. No one has
been in it for ten years.
Mr. Craven had it shut when his
wife died so sudden. He won't let
no one go inside. It was her garden.
He locked th' door an' dug a hole
and buried th' key. There's Mrs.
Medlock's bell ringing—I must run.
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, pronoun tha
+ archaic modal verb
(tha’lt), the use of –s on
non-third-person singular
present-tense verb
The use of –s on nonthird-person singular
present-tense verb, little +
there is formation
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb, third person plural is
Non
Standard
Double negative
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
81
29
47
Mary
Tha' got on well enough with that Non
this mornin', didn't tha'?
Standard
Pronoun tha
30
47
Mary
Non
Standard
Pronoun thee, pronoun
tha, the use of –s on nonthird-person singular
present-tense verb, subject
pronoun used as a
redundant element
31
47
Mary
Non
Standard
32
51
Mary
Non
Standard
The use of –s on nonthird-person singular
present-tense verb, verb +
about
Pronoun tha + archaic to
be (art tha’), pronoun tha
33
51
Mary
It's th' air of th' moor that's givin'
thee stomach for tha' victuals. It's
lucky for thee that tha's got
victuals as well as appetite. There's
been twelve in our cottage as had
th' stomach an' nothin' to put in it.
You go on playin' you out o' doors
every day an' you'll get some flesh
on your bones an' you won't be so
yeller.
Nothin' to play with! Our children
plays with sticks and stones. They
just runs about an' shouts an' looks
at things.
Art tha' thinkin' about that garden
yet? I knew tha' would. That was
just the way with me when I first
heard about it.
Listen to th' wind wutherin' round
the house. You could bare stand up
on the moor if you was out on it tonight.
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary,
Second person plural was
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
82
34
51-52
Mary
Mind. Mrs. Medlock said it's not to Non
be talked about. There's lots o' Standard
things in this place that's not to be
talked over. That's Mr. Craven's
orders. His troubles are none
servants' business, he says. But for
th' garden he wouldn't be like he is.
It was Mrs. Craven's garden that she
had made when first they were
married an' she just loved it, an'
they used to 'tend the flowers
themselves. An' none o' th'
gardeners was ever let to go in.
Him an' her used to go in an' shut
th' door an' stay there hours an'
hours, readin' an' talkin'. An' she
was just a bit of a girl an' there was
an old tree with a branch bent like a
seat on it. An' she made roses grow
over it an' she used to sit there. But
one day when she was sittin' there
th' branch broke an' she fell on th'
ground an' was hurt so bad that next
day she died. Th' doctors thought
he'd go out o' his mind an' die, too.
That's why he hates it. No one's
never gone in since, an' he won't let
any one talk about it.
Third person plural is,
anticipatory pronoun,
third person singular
subject him and her,
double negative
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
83
35
53
Mary
36
53
Mary
37
55
Mary
No. It's th' wind. Sometimes it
sounds like as if some one was lost
on th' moor an' wailin'. It's got all
sorts o' sounds.
It was th' wind. An' if it wasn't, it
was little Betty Butterworth, th'
scullerymaid.
She's
had
th'
toothache all day.
Try to keep from under each other's
feet mostly. Eh! there does seem a
lot of us then. Mother's a goodtempered woman but she gets fair
mothered. The biggest ones goes
out in th' cowshed and plays there.
Dickon he doesn't mind th' wet. He
goes out just th' same as if th' sun
was shinin'. He says he sees things
on rainy days as doesn't show when
it's fair weather. He once found a
little fox cub half drowned in its
hole and he brought it home in th'
bosom of his shirt to keep it warm.
Its mother had been killed nearby
an' th' hole was swum out an' th' rest
o' th' litter was dead. He's got it at
home now. He found a halfdrowned young crow another time
an' he brought it home, too, an'
tamed it. It's named Soot because
Standard
-
Standard
-
Non
Standard
The use of –s on nonthird-person singular
present-tense verb, verb +
about
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
84
it's so black, an' it hops an' flies
about with him everywhere.
Can tha' knit?
Non
Standard
Can tha' sew?
Non
Standard
Can tha' read?
Non
Standard
Then why doesn't tha' read Non
somethin', or learn a bit o' spellin'? Standard
Tha'st old enough to be learnin' thy
book a good bit now.
38
56
Mary
39
56
Mary
40
56
Mary
41
56
Mary
42
56
Mary
That's a pity. If Mrs. Medlock'd let Non
thee go into th' library, there's Standard
thousands o' books there.
43
57
Mary
44
64
Mary
Hasn't tha' got good sense? Susan
Ann is twice as sharp as thee an'
she's only four year' old. Sometimes
tha' looks fair soft in th' head.
Aye. Th' storm's over for a bit. It
does like this at this time o' th' year.
It goes off in a night like it was
pretendin' it had never been here an'
never meant to come again. That's
because th' springtime's on its way.
It's a long way off yet, but it's
Non
Standard
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha
Pronoun tha
Pronoun tha
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb, pronoun tha +
archaic modal verb
(tha’st), pronoun thy
Pronoun thee, third person
plural is
The use of –s on nonthird-person singular
present-tense verb,
pronoun thee, pronoun tha
Non Standard vocabulary
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
85
comin'.
45
64
Mary
46
65
Mary
47
65
Mary
48
66
Mary
Eh! no! Nowt o' th' soart!
Non
Standard
There now. I've talked broad Non
Yorkshire again like Mrs. Medlock Standard
said I mustn't. 'Nowt o' th' soart'
means 'nothin'-of-the-sort, but it
takes so long to say it. Yorkshire's
th' sunniest place on earth when it is
sunny. I told thee tha'd like th'
moor after a bit. Just you wait till
you see th' gold-colored gorse
blossoms an' th' blossoms o' th'
broom, an' th' heather flowerin', all
purple bells, an' hundreds o'
butterflies flutterin' an' bees
hummin' an' skylarks soarin' up an'
singin'. You'll want to get out on it
at sunrise an' live out on it all day
like Dickon does.
I don't know. Tha's never used Non
tha' legs since tha' was born, it Standard
seems to me. Tha' couldn't walk
five mile. It's five mile to our
cottage.
I'll ask my mother about it. She's Standard
one o' them that nearly always sees
a way to do things. It's my day out
to-day an' I'm goin' home. Eh! I am
Non Standard vocabulary
Pronoun thee, pronoun tha
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb, second person plural
was, zero plural marker
-
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
86
49
66
Mary
50
66
Mary
51
66
Mary
52
66
Mary
53
67
Mary
glad. Mrs. Medlock thinks a lot o'
mother. Perhaps she could talk to
her.
I should think tha' did.
Non
Standard
No, tha' hasn't.
Non
standard
Well, she's that sensible an' hard Standard
workin' an' good-natured an' clean
that no one could help likin' her
whether they'd seen her or not.
When I'm goin' home to her on my
day out I just jump for joy when I'm
crossin' th' moor.
Well. I've told thee that th' very Non
birds likes him an' th' rabbits an' Standard
wild sheep an' ponies, an' th' foxes
themselves. I wonder what Dickon
would think of thee?
How does tha' like thysel'?
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb
-
Pronoun thee, the use of –
s on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb, anticipatory pronoun
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb, reflective pronoun
thyself
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
87
54
67
Mary
55
73
Mary
56
74
Mary
57
74
Mary
Mother said that to me once. She
was at her wash-tub an' I was in a
bad temper an' talkin' ill of folk, an'
she turns round on me an' says:
'Tha' young vixon, tha'! There tha'
stand sayin' tha' doesn't like this
one an' tha' doesn't like that one.
How does tha' like thysel'?' It
made me laugh an' it brought me to
my senses in a minute.
I got up at four o'clock. Eh! it was
pretty on th' moor with th' birds
gettin' up an' th' rabbits scamperin'
about an' th' sun risin'. I didn't walk
all th' way. A man gave me a ride in
his cart an' I can tell you I did enjoy
myself.
I had 'em all pipin' hot when they
came in from playin' on th' moor.
An' th' cottage all smelt o' nice,
clean hot bakin' an' there was a
good fire, an' they just shouted for
joy. Our Dickon he said our cottage
was good enough for a king to live
in.
Eh! they did like to hear about you.
They wanted to know all about th'
blacks an' about th' ship you came
in. I couldn't tell 'em enough.
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, unequal verb
tense with coordinating
conjunction and, the use
of –s on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb, reflective pronoun
thyself
Non
Standard
Verb + about, unequal
verb tense with
coordinating conjunction
and
Standard
-
Standard
-
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
88
58
74
Mary
59
75
Mary
60
75
Mary
My word! It would set 'em clean
off their heads. Would tha' really
do that, Miss? It would be same as a
wild beast show like we heard they
had in York once.
Why, our Dickon's eyes nearly
started out o' his head, they got that
round. But mother, she was put out
about your seemin' to be all by
yourself like. She said, 'Hasn't Mr.
Craven got no governess for her,
nor no nurse?' and I said, 'No, he
hasn't, though Mrs. Medlock says
he will when he thinks of it, but she
says he mayn't think of it for two or
three years.'
But mother says you ought to be
learnin' your book by this time an'
you ought to have a woman to look
after you, an' she says: 'Now,
Martha, you just think how you'd
feel yourself, in a big place like
that, wanderin'about all alone, an'
no mother. You do your best to
cheer her up,' she says, an' I said I
would.
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, third person
singular + simple verb
Standard
-
Non
Standard
Verb + about
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
89
61
75-76
Mary
62
76
Mary
What does tha' think. I've brought
thee a present. A man was drivin'
across the moor peddlin'. An' he
stopped his cart at our door. He had
pots an' pans an' odds an' ends, but
mother had no money to buy
anythin'. Just as he was goin' away
our 'Lizabeth Ellen called out,
'Mother, he's gotskippin'-ropes with
red an' blue handles.' An' mother
she calls out quite sudden, 'Here,
stop, mister! How much are they?'
An' he says 'Tuppence,' an' mother
she began fumblin' in her pocket an'
she says to me, 'Martha, tha's
brought me thy wages like a good
lass, an' I've got four places to put
every penny, but I'm just goin' to
take tuppence out of it to buy that
child a skippin'-rope,' an' she bought
one an' here it is.
For! Does tha' mean that they've
not got skippin'-ropes in India, for
all they've got elephants and tigers
and camels! No wonder most of
'em's black. This is what it's for;
just watch me.
Non
Standard
The use of –s on nonthird-person singular
present-tense verb,
pronoun tha, pronoun
thee, pronoun thy
Non
Standard
The use of –s on nonthird-person singular
present-tense verb,
pronoun tha, third person
plural is
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
90
63
77
Mary
64
77
Mary
65
77
Mary
66
78
Mary
I could skip longer than that. I've
skipped as much as five hundred
when I was twelve, but I wasn't as
fat then as I am now, an' I was in
practice.
You just try it. You can't skip a
hundred at first, but if you practise
you'll mount up. That's what mother
said. She says, 'Nothin' will do her
more good than skippin' rope. It's th'
sensiblest toy a child can have. Let
her play out in th' fresh air skippin'
an' it'll stretch her legs an' arms an'
give her some strength in 'em.'
Put on tha' things and run an' skip
out o' doors. Mother said I must tell
you to keep out o' doors as much as
you could, even when it rains a bit,
so as tha' wrap up warm.
Eh! tha' art a queer, old-womanish
thing. If tha'd been our 'Lizabeth
Ellen tha'd have give me a kiss.
Standard
-
Standard
-
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha + archaic to
be (tha art), pronoun tha,
would have + simple verb
in conditional sentence
type 3
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
91
67
78
Mary
Nay, not me. If tha' was different, Non
p'raps tha'd want to thysel'. But Standard
tha' isn't. Run off outside an' play
with thy rope.
68
86
Mary
69
87
Mary
70
87
Mary
71
87
Mary
Two pieces o' meat an' two helps o'
rice puddin'! Eh! mother will be
pleased when I tell her what th'
skippin'-rope's done for thee.
They're bulbs. Lots o' spring
flowers grow from 'em. Th' very
little ones are snowdrops an'
crocuses an' th' big ones are
narcissusis
an'
jonquils
an'
daffydowndillys. Th' biggest of all
is lilies an' purple flags. Eh! they
are nice. Dickon's got a whole lot of
'em planted in our bit o' garden.
Our Dickon can make a flower
grow out of a brick walk. Mother
says he just whispers things out o'
th' ground.
They're things as helps themselves.
That's why poor folk can afford to
have 'em. If you don't trouble 'em,
most of 'em'll work away
underground for a lifetime an'
spread out an' have little 'uns.
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary,
pronoun tha, second
person plural was,
reflective pronoun thyself,
second person plural is,
pronoun thy
Pronoun thee
Non
Standard
Third person plural is
Non
Standard
Third person singular+
simple verb
Non
Standard
The use of –s on nonthird-person singular
present-tense verb, third
person is, third person was
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
92
72
88
Mary
73
88-89
Mary
74
89
Mary
75
89
Mary
There's a place in th' park woods
here where there's snowdrops by
thousands. They're the prettiest
sight in Yorkshire when th' spring
comes. No one knows when they
was first planted.
Whatever does tha' want a spade Non
for? Art tha' goin' to take to Standard
diggin'? I must tell mother that, too.
There now! If that wasn't one of th'
things mother said. She says,
'There's such a lot o' room in that
big place, why don't they give her a
bit for herself, even if she doesn't
plant nothin' but parsley an'
radishes? She'd dig an' rake away
an' be right down happy over it.'
Them was the very words she said.
Eh! It's like she says: 'A woman as
brings up twelve children learns
something besides her A B C.
Children's as good as 'rithmetic to
set you findin' out things.'
Well at Thwaite village there's a
shop or so an' I saw little garden
sets with a spade an' a rake an' a
fork all tied together for two
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb, pronoun tha +
archaic to be (art tha)
Double negative, subject
pronoun them
Non
Standard
Third person plural is
Non
Standard
Unequal verb tense with
coordinating conjunction
and, third person plural
was
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
93
shillings. An' they was
enough to work with, too.
stout
76
89
Mary
Did he remember thee that much?
Non
Standard
Pronoun thee
77
89
Mary
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb
78
90
Mary
Non
Standard
Third person plural is, the
use of –s on non-thirdperson singular presenttense verb, pronoun tha
79
90
Mary
My word! that's riches. Tha' can
buy anything in th' world tha'
wants. Th' rent of our cottage is
only one an' three pence an' it's like
pullin' eye-teeth to get it. Now I've
just thought of somethin'.
In the shop at Thwaite they sell
packages o' flower-seeds for a
penny each, and our Dickon he
knows which is th' prettiest ones
an' how to make 'em grow. He
walks over to Thwaite many a day
just for th' fun of it. Does tha' know
how to print letters?
Our Dickon can only read printin'.
If tha' could print we could write a
letter to him an' ask him to go an'
buy th' garden tools an' th' seeds at
th' same time.
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, unequal verb
tense with coordinating
conjunction and
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
94
80
90
Mary
I've got some of my own. I bought
'em so I could print a bit of a letter
to mother of a Sunday. I'll go and
get it.
We'll put the money in th' envelope
an' I'll get th' butcher's boy to take it
in his cart. He's a great friend o'
Dickon's.
He'll bring 'em to you himself. He'll
like to walk over this way.
Standard
-
81
91
Mary
Standard
-
82
91
Mary
Non
Standard
Anticipatory pronoun
83
92
Mary
Does tha' want to see him?
Non
Standard
92
Mary
Non
Standard
85
92
Mary
86
92
Mary
Now to think. To think o' me
forgettin' that there; an' I thought I
was goin' to tell you first thing this
mornin'. I asked mother—and she
said she'd ask Mrs. Medlock her
own self.
What I said Tuesday. Ask her if you
might be driven over to our cottage
some day and have a bit o' mother's
hot oat cake, an' butter, an' a glass o'
milk.
Aye, she thinks she would. She
knows what a tidy woman mother is
and how clean she keeps the
cottage.
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb
There used as an
adjective, anticipatory
pronoun
84
Standard
-
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
95
87
93
Mary
What makes thee ask that?
Non
Standard
88
93
Mary
Non
Standard
89
93
Mary
90
120
Mary
Eh! Tha' mustn't go walkin' about
in corridors an' listenin'. Mr. Craven
would be that there angry there's
no knowin' what he'd do.
My word! There's Mrs. Medlock's
bell.
Tha's a bit late. Where has tha'
been?
91
120
Mary
I knew he'd come. How does tha' Non
like him?
Standard
92
120
Mary
93
120
Mary
Well, he's th' best lad as ever was
born, but us never thought he was
handsome. His nose turns up too
much.
An’ his eyes is so round. Though
they’re a nice color.
94
120
Mary
Pronoun thee, the use of –
s on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb
Pronoun tha, verb +
about, there used as an
adjective
Standard
-
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, third person
plural is, the use of –s on
non-third-person singular
present-tense verb
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb
Subject pronoun us
Non
Standard
Non
Standard
Mother says she made 'em that Standard
color with always lookin' up at th'
birds an' th' clouds. But he has got a
big mouth, hasn't he, now?
Third person plural is,
article a on third person
plural
-
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
96
95
121
Mary
It'd look rare an' funny in thy bit of Non
a face. But I knowed it would be Standard
that way when tha' saw him. How
did tha' like th' seeds an' th' garden
tools?
Pronoun thy, pronoun tha
96
121
Mary
Eh! I never thought of him not Non
bringin' 'em. He'd be sure to bring Standard
'em if they was in Yorkshire. He's
such a trusty lad.
Third person plural was
97
121
Mary
Who did tha' ask about it?
Pronoun tha
98
121
Mary
99
121
Mary
100 122
Mary
Non
Standard
Well, I wouldn't ask th' head Standard
gardener. He's too grand, Mr. Roach
is.
If I was you, I'd ask Ben Standard
Weatherstaff. He's not half as bad as
he looks, for all he's so crabbed. Mr.
Craven lets him do what he likes
because he was here when Mrs.
Craven was alive, an' he used to
make her laugh. She liked him.
Perhaps he'd find you a corner
somewhere out o' the way.
There wouldn't be no reason. You Non
wouldn't do no harm.
Standard
-
-
Double negative
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
97
101 122
Mary
102 122
Mary
103 122
Mary
104 129
105 131
Mary
Mary
106 148
Mary
I've got somethin' to tell you. I
thought I'd let you eat your dinner
first. Mr. Craven came back this
mornin' and I think he wants to see
you.
Well. Mrs. Medlock says it's
because o' mother. She was walkin'
to Thwaite village an' she met him.
She'd never spoke to him before,
but Mrs. Craven had been to our
cottage two or three times. He'd
forgot, but mother hadn't an' she
made bold to stop him. I don't know
what she said to him about you but
she said somethin' as put him in th'
mind to see you before he goes
away again, to-morrow.
He's goin' for a long time. He
mayn't come back till autumn or
winter. He's goin' to travel in
foreign places. He's always doin' it.
Eh! that was nice of him wasn't it?
Eh! never knew our Dickon was as
clever as that. That there's a picture
of a missel thrush on her nest, as
large as life an' twice as natural.
What's the matter with thee? Tha'
looks as if tha'd somethin' to say.
Non
Standard
Unequal verb tense with
coordinating conjunction
and
Non
Standard
Had + simple past in Past
Perfect
Standard
-
Standard
Non
Standard
There used as an
adjective, Non Standard
vocabulary
Non
Standard
Pronoun thee, pronoun
tha, the use of –s on nonthird-person singular
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
98
present-tense verb
107 148
Mary
Tha' hasn't! Never!
Non
Standard
108 148
Mary
Eh! Miss Mary! Tha' shouldn't Non
have done it—tha' shouldn't! Tha'll Standard
get me in trouble. I never told thee
nothin' about him—but tha'll get
me in trouble. I shall lose my place
and what'll mother do!
109 149
Mary
110 149
Mary
Was he? Art tha' sure? Tha'
doesn't know what he's like when
anything vexes him. He's a big lad
to cry like a baby, but when he's in
a passion he'll fair scream just to
frighten us. He knows us daren't call
our souls our own.
I can scarcely believe thee! It's as if
tha'd walked straight into a lion's
den. If he'd been like he is most
times he'd have throwed himself
into one of his tantrums and roused
th' house. He won't let strangers
look at him.
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb
Pronoun tha, pronoun
thee, double negative
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha + archaic to
be (art tha), the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb
Non
Standard
Pronoun thee, pronoun tha
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
99
111 149
Mary
112 149
Mary
113 150
Mary
114 150
Mary
115 150
Mary
116 150
Mary
117 150-151
Mary
I don't know what to do! If Mrs.
Medlock finds out, she'll think I
broke orders and told thee and I
shall be packed back to mother.
Aye, that's true enough—th' bad
lad!
Me! I shall lose my place—I shall
for sure!
Does tha' mean to say that he was
nice to thee!
Non
Standard
Pronoun thee
Non
Standard
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, pronoun
thee, the use of –s on nonthird-person singular
present-tense verb
Pronoun tha
Then tha' must have bewitched Standard
him!
Th' world's comin' to a end!
Non
Standard
Nobody knows for sure and certain. Standard
Mr. Craven went off his head like
when he was born. Th' doctors
thought he'd have to be put in
a'sylum. It was because Mrs.
Craven died like I told you. He
wouldn't set eyes on th' baby. He
just raved and said it'd be another
hunchback like him and it'd better
die.
-
Article a comes before a
vowel
-
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
100
118 151
Mary
He isn't yet. But he began all wrong. Non
Mother said that there was enough Standard
trouble and raging in th' house to set
any child wrong. They was afraid
his back was weak an' they've
always been takin' care of it—
keepin' him lyin' down and not
lettin' him walk. Once they made
him wear a brace but he fretted so
he was downright ill. Then a big
doctor came to see him an' made
them take it off. He talked to th'
other doctor quite rough—in a
polite way. He said there'd been too
much medicine and too much lettin'
him have his own way.
Third person plural was
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
101
119 151
Mary
120 152
Mary
He's th' worst young nowt as ever
was! I won't say as he hasn't been ill
a good bit. He's had coughs an'
colds that's nearly killed him two or
three times. Once he had rheumatic
fever an' once he had typhoid. Eh!
Mrs. Medlock did get a fright then.
He'd been out of his head an' she
was talkin' to th' nurse, thinkin' he
didn't know nothin', an' she said,
'He'll die this time sure enough, an'
_best thing for him an' for
everybody.' An' she looked at him
an' there he was with his big eyes
open, starin' at her as sensible as she
was herself. She didn't know what'd
happen but he just stared at her an'
says, 'You give me some water an'
stop talkin'.'
Mother says there's no reason why
any child should live that gets no
fresh air an' doesn't do nothin' but
lie on his back an' read picturebooks an' take medicine. He's weak
and hates th' trouble o' bein' taken
out o' doors, an' he gets cold so easy
he says it makes him ill.
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary,
double negative, the
absence of subject in an
independent clause on
compound sentence,
anticipatory pronoun,
unequal verb tense with
coordinating conjunction
and
Non
Standard
Double negative
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
102
121 152
Mary
122 152
Mary
123 152
Mary
124 153
Mary
One of th' worst fits he ever had
was one time they took him out
where the roses is by the fountain.
He'd been readin' in a paper about
people gettin' somethin' he called
'rose cold' an' he began to sneeze an'
said he'd got it an' then a new
gardener as didn't know th' rules
passed by an' looked at him
curious. He threw himself into a
passion an' he said he'd looked at
him because he was going to be a
hunchback. He cried himself into a
fever an' was ill all night.
He'll have thee if he wants thee.
Tha' may as well know that at th'
start.
I dare say th' nurse wants me to stay
with him a bit, I hope he's in a good
temper.
Well, tha' has bewitched him. He's
up on his sofa with his picturebooks. He's told the nurse to stay
away until six o'clock. I'm to wait
in the next room. Th' minute she
was gone he called me to him an'
says, 'I want Mary Lennox to come
and talk to me, and remember
you're not to tell any one.' You'd
Non
Standard
Third person plural is,
zero adverbial marker,
anticipatory pronoun
Non
Standard
Pronoun thee, pronoun tha
Standard
-
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person
singular present-tense
verb, Present Progressive
Tense be + to + simple
verb, unequal verb tense
with coordinating
conjunction and
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
103
125
126
127
128
better go as quick as you can.
I have to do what you please, sir.
Everybody has, sir.
Please don't let her, sir.
Thank you, sir, I want to do my
duty, sir.
Th' air from th' moor has done thee
good already. Tha'rt not nigh so
yeller and tha'rt not nigh so
scrawny. Even tha' hair doesn't
slamp down on tha' head so flat.It's
got some life in it so as it sticks out
a bit.
It looks it, for sure. Tha'rt not half
so ugly when it's that way an' there's
a bit o' red in tha' cheeks.
154
154
154
154
Colin
Colin
Colin
Colin
Standard
Standard
Standard
Standard
-
129 164
Mary
Non
Standard
Pronoun thee, pronoun tha
+ archaic to be (tha’rt),
pronoun tha, Non
Standard vocabulary
130 164
Mary
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha + archaic to
be (tha’rt), pronoun tha
131 178
Mary
Eh! Miss Mary it may put him all Standard
out of humor when I tell him that.
-
132 180
Mary
Pronoun tha
133 185
Mary
Eh! I wish tha'd gone. He was nigh Non
goin' into one o' his tantrums. Standard
There's been a nice to do all
afternoon to keep him quiet. He
would watch the clock all th' time.
Mr. Craven sent it to you. It looks Standard
as if it had picture-books in it.
-
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
104
Appendix 2: Ben’s utterances to Mary and Colin
No. References
Speaking
To
Utterances
Standard
or Non
Standard
One o' th' kitchen-gardens.
Standard
Another of 'em. There's another on Standard
t'other side o' th' wall an' there's th'
orchard t'other side o' that.
1
2
37
37
Mary
Mary
3
37
Mary
If tha' likes. But there's nowt to Non
see.
Standard
4
39
Mary
There was nothin' to prevent thee.
5
39
Mary
6
7
8
39
40
41
Mary
Mary
Mary
Non
Standard
There was no dog at th' door to bite Non
thee.
Standard
What garden?
Standard
Here he is.
Standard
Aye, that he will. I've knowed him Non
ever since he was a fledgling. He Standard
come out of th' nest in th' other
garden an' when first he flew over
th' wall he was too weak to fly back
for a few days an' we got friendly.
When he went over th' wall again
th' rest of th' brood was gone an' he
was lonely an' he come back to me.
Feature
-
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person singular
present-tense verb, Non
Standard vocabulary
Pronoun thee
Pronoun thee
Non Standard vocabulary,
The adding of that in
answering
yes/no
interrogative
sentence,
unequal verb tense with
coordinating
conjunction
and
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
105
9
41
Mary
10
41
Mary
11
42
Mary
12
42
Mary
Doesn't tha' know? He's a robin
redbreast an' they're th' friendliest,
curiousest birds alive. They're
almost as friendly as dogs—if you
know how to get on with 'em.
Watch him peckin' about there an'
lookin' round at us now an' again.
He knows we're talkin' about him.
He's a conceited one. He likes to
hear folk talk about him. An'
curious—bless me, there never was
his like for curiosity an' meddlin'.
He's always comin' to see what I'm
plantin'. He knows all th' things
Mester Craven never troubles
hissel' to find out. He's th' head
gardener, he is.
There's no knowin'. The old ones
turn 'em out o' their nest an' make
'em fly an' they're scattered before
you know it. This one was a
knowin' one an' he knew he was
lonely.
Art tha' th' little wench from
India?
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person singular
present-tense verb, verb +
about
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary,
reflective pronoun hisself
Standard
-
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha + archaic to be
(art tha)
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
106
13
42
Mary
Then no wonder tha'rt lonely. Non
Tha'lt be lonelier before tha's Standard
done.
14
42
Mary
Ben Weatherstaff. I'm lonely Non
mysel' except when he's with me. Standard
He's th' only friend I've got.
15
43
Mary
16
43
Mary
Tha' an' me are a good bit alike.
We was wove out of th' same cloth.
We're neither of us good lookin'
an' we're both of us as sour as we
look. We've got the same nasty
tempers, both of us, I'll warrant.
He's made up his mind to make
friends with thee. Dang me if he
hasn't took a fancy to thee.
17
44
Mary
Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +
archaic to be (tha art),
pronoun tha + archaic
modal verb (tha’lt), the use
of –s on non-third-person
singular present-tense verb
Anticipatory pronoun
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, third person
plural was, anticipatory
pronoun
Non
Standard
Pronoun thee
Why tha' said that as nice an' Non
human as if tha' was a real child Standard
instead of a sharp old woman. Tha'
said it almost like Dickon talks to
his wild things on th' moor.
Pronoun tha, third person
plural was
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
107
18
44
Mary
Everybody knows him. Dickon's
wanderin' about everywhere. Th'
very
blackberries
an'
heatherbells knows him. I warrant
th' foxes shows him where their
cubs lies an' th' skylarks doesn't
hide their nests from him.
He lives there. He came out o' th'
egg there. If he's courtin', he's
makin' up to some young madam
of a robin that lives among th' old
rose-trees there.
There was ten year' ago.
Non
Standard
Verb + about, the use of –s
on non-third-person singular
present-tense verb
19
45
Mary
Non
Standard
The use of –s on non-thirdperson singular presenttense verb
20
45
Mary
Non
Standard
Third person plural was(to
answer Mary’s question Are
there rose-trees?)
21
45
Mary
There was ten year' ago, but there Standard
isn't now.
-
22
45
Mary
Non
Standard
The use of auxiliary verb
after none as, subject
pronoun redundant
23
68
Mary
None as any one can find, an' none
as is anyone's business. Don't you
be a meddlesome wench an' poke
your nose where it's no cause to go.
Here, I must go on with my work.
Get you gone an' play you. I've no
more time.
Springtime's comin'. Cannot tha'
smell it?
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
108
24
68
Mary
25
68
Mary
26
68
Mary
27
69
Mary
28
69
Mary
That's th' good rich earth. It's in a
good humor makin' ready to grow
things. It's glad when plantin' time
comes. It's dull in th' winter when
it's got nowt to do. In th' flower
gardens out there things will be
stirrin' down below in th' dark. Th'
sun's warmin' 'em. You'll see bits o'
green spikes stickin' out o' th' black
earth after a bit.
Crocuses an' snowdrops an'
daffydowndillys. Has tha' never
seen them?
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary
Non
Standard
The use of –s on non-thirdperson singular presenttense verb, pronoun tha
These won't grow up in a night,
tha'll have to wait for 'em. They'll
poke up a bit higher here, an' push
out a spike more there, an' uncurl a
leaf this day an' another that. You
watch 'em.
Remembers thee! He knows every
cabbage stump in th' gardens, let
alone th' people. He's never seen a
little wench here before, an' he's
bent on findin' out all about thee.
Tha's no need to try to hide
anything from him.
What garden?
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha
Non
Standard
The use of –s on non-thirdperson singular presenttense verb, pronoun thee,
pronoun tha, third person
plural is
Standard
-
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
109
29
69
Mary
30
79
Mary
31
79
Mary
32
96
Mary
Ask him. He's the only one as
knows. No one else has seen inside
it for ten year'.
Well! Upon my word! P'raps tha'
art a young 'un, after all, an' p'raps
tha's got child's blood in thy veins
instead of sour buttermilk. Tha's
skipped red into thy cheeks as sure
as my name's Ben Weatherstaff. I
wouldn't have believed tha' could
do it.
Tha' keep on. Tha' shapes well
enough at it for a young 'un that's
lived with heathen. Just see how
he's watchin' thee. He followed
after thee yesterday. He'll be at it
again to-day. He'll be bound to find
out what th' skippin'-rope is. He's
never seen one.
Tha'rt like th' robin. I never knows
when I shall see thee or which side
tha'll come from.
Standard
-
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +
archaic to be (tha art),
pronoun thy, the use of –s
on non-third-person singular
present-tense verb
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person singular
present-tense verb, pronoun
thee
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha + archaic to be
(tha art), the use of –s on
non-third-person
singular
present-tense verb, pronoun
thee, pronoun tha
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
110
33
96
Mary
That's like him. Makin' up to th' Standard
women folk just for vanity an'
flightiness. There's nothin' he
wouldn't do for th' sake o' showin'
off an' flirtin' his tail-feathers. He's
as full o' pride as an egg's full o'
meat.
How long has tha' been here?
Non
Standard
-
34
96
Mary
35
96
Mary
Tha's
beginnin'
to
do
Misselthwaite credit. Tha's a bit
fatter than tha' was an' tha's not
quite so yeller. Tha' looked like a
young plucked crow when tha' first
came into this garden. Thinks I to
myself I never set eyes on an uglier,
sourer faced young 'un.
No. I'm bachelder an' lodge with
Martin at th' gate.
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, second person
plural is, second person
was,
Non
Standard
vocabulary
36
98
Mary
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary
37
38
98
98
Mary
Mary
Cabbages an' 'taters an' onions.
Standard
Bulbs an' sweet-smellin' things— Standard
but mostly roses.
-
39
99
Mary
Well, yes, I do. I was learned that Non
by a young lady I was gardener to. Standard
She had a lot in a place she was
fond of, an' she loved 'em like they
was children—or robins. I've seen
Second person plural was
The use of –s on non-thirdperson singular presenttense verb
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
111
her bend over an' kiss 'em. That
were as much as ten year' ago.
40
99
Mary
41
99
Mary
42
99
Mary
43
99
Mary
44
100
Mary
45
100
Mary
Heaven 'cording to what parson Standard
says.
They was left to themselves.
Non
Standard
Well, I'd got to like 'em—an' I liked Non
her—an' she liked 'em. Once or Standard
twice a year I'd go an' work at 'em a
bit—prune 'em an' dig about th'
roots. They run wild, but they was
in rich soil, so some of 'em lived.
Wait till th' spring gets at 'em—wait Non
till th' sun shines on th' rain an' th' Standard
rain falls on th' sunshine an' then
tha'll find out.
Look along th' twigs an' branches Non
an' if tha' sees a bit of a brown Standard
lump swelling here an' there, watch
it after th' warm rain an' see what
happens. Why does tha' care so
much about roses an' such, all of a
sudden?
Well, that's true. Tha' hasn't.
Non
Standard
Third person plural was
Third person plural was,
verb + about
Pronoun tha
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person singular
present-tense verb
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person singular
present-tense verb
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
112
46
101
Mary
Not been this year. My rheumatics Non
has made me too stiff in th' joints.
Standard
The use of –s on non-thirdperson singular presenttense verb
47
101
Mary
Now look here! Don't tha' ask so Non
many questions. Tha'rt th' worst Standard
wench for askin' questions I've ever
come across. Get thee gone an' play
thee. I've done talkin' for to-day.
Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +
archaic to be, pronoun thee,
Subject pronoun used as a
redundant element
48
239
Mary
If I wasn't a bachelder, an' tha' was Non
a wench o' mine, I'd give thee a Standard
hidin'!
Second person plural was,
pronoun thee
49
239
Mary
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary,
pronoun thee, pronoun tha
50
239-240
Mary
I never thowt much o' thee! I
couldna' abide thee th' first time I
set eyes on thee. A scrawny
buttermilk-faced young besom,
allus askin' questions an' pokin'
tha' nose where it wasna' wanted. I
never knowed how tha' got so thick
wi' me. If it hadna' been for th'
robin—Drat him—
Tha' young bad 'un! Layin' tha'
badness on a robin,—not but what
he's impidint enow for anythin'.
Him showin' thee th' way! Him!
Eh! tha' young nowt, however i'
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, Non Standard
vocabulary, third person
singular subject pronoun
him, pronoun thee
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
113
this world did tha'get in?
Who tha' art? Aye, that I do—wi' Non
tha' mother's eyes starin' at me out Standard
o' tha' face. Lord knows how tha'
come here. But tha'rt th' poor
cripple.
51
241
Colin
Pronoun tha + archaic to be
(tha’rt),pronoun tha, to be
comes after subject in
interrogative sentence, the
adding of that in answering
yes/no
interrogative
sentence
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person singular
present-tense verb
52
241
Colin
Tha'—tha' hasn't got a crooked Non
back?
Standard
53
241
Colin
Tha'—tha' hasn't got crooked Non
legs?
Standard
Pronoun tha, the use of –s
on non-third-person singular
present-tense verb
54
243
Colin
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha + archaic to be
(tha’rt),
pronoun
thee,
pronoun tha + archaic
modal verb (tha’lt)
55
243
Colin
Standard
-
56
245
Mary
Eh! th' lies folk tells! Tha'rt as thin
as a lath an' as white as a wraith,
but there's not a knob on thee.
Tha'lt make a mon yet. God bless
thee!
Eh! Lad. Eh! Mylad! Yes, sir! Yes,
sir!
What art sayin'?
Non
Standard
The absence of subject in
interrogative sentence
57
246
Colin
Not tha'. Nowt o' th' sort. What's Non
tha' been doin' with thysel'—? Standard
Pronoun tha, reflective
pronoun thyself, the use of –
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
114
58
246
Colin
59
246
Colin
60
247
Colin
61
247
Colin
62
247
Colin
63
247
Colin
64
247
65
247
hidin' out o' sight an' lettin' folk
think tha' was cripple an' halfwitted?
Lots o' fools. Th' world's full o'
jackasses brayin' an' they never
bray nowt but lies. What did tha'
shut thysel' up for?
Tha' die! Nowt o' th' sort! Tha's
got too much pluck in thee. When I
seed thee put tha' legs on th'
ground in such a hurry I knowed
tha' was all right. Sit thee down on
th' rug a bit young Mester an' give
me thy orders.
Anythin' I'm told to do. I'm kep' on
by favor—because she liked me.
Non
Standard
Non
Standard
Standard
Tha' mother.
s
on
non-third-person
singular present-tense verb,
second person plural was
Double
negative,
Non
Standard
vocabulary,
pronoun tha, reflective
pronoun thyself
Pronoun tha, Non Standard
vocabulary, pronoun thee,
pronoun thy, the use of –s
on non-third-person singular
present-tense verb, seed as a
past tense of see, second
person plural was,
-
Non
Standard
Aye, it was that! She were main Non
fond of it.
Standard
I've come here before when no one Standard
saw me.
Pronoun tha
Colin
Th' last time I was here was about Standard
two year' ago.
-
Colin
I'm no one. An' I didn't come Non
through th' door. I come over th' Standard
wall. Th' rheumatics held me back
th' last two year'.
The use of present tense to
describe past event
Non Standard vocabulary,
Third person singular were
-
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
115
66
247-248
Colin
67
248
Colin
68
249
Colin
69
249
Colin
70
256
Colin
She was so fond of it—she was!
An' she was such a pretty young
thing. She says to me once, 'Ben,'
says she laughin', 'if ever I'm ill or
if I go away you must take care of
my roses.' When she did go away
th' orders was no one was ever to
come nigh. But I come over th' wall
I come—until th' rheumatics
stopped me—an' I did a bit o' work
once a year. She'd gave her order
first.
Aye, I'll know, sir. An' it'll be easier
for a man wi' rheumatics to come in
at th' door.
Eh! That sounds as if tha'd got wits
enow. Tha'rt a Yorkshire lad for
sure. An' tha'rt diggin', too. How'd
tha' like to plant a bit o' somethin'?
I can get thee a rose in a pot.
Here, lad. Set it in the earth thysel'
same as th' king does when he goes
to a new place.
Aye, aye, sir!
71
256
Colin
Aye, aye, sir!
72
257
Colin
Aye, aye, sir!
Non
Standard
The use of present tense to
describe past event, Had +
simple past in Past Perfect
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary
Non
Standard
Pronoun tha, pronoun tha +
archaic to be (tha’rt), Non
Standard
vocabulary,
pronoun thee
Non
Standard
Reflective pronoun thyself
Non
Standard
Non
Standard
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary
Non Standard vocabulary
Non Standard vocabulary
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
116
73
259
Colin
74
259
Colin
75
260
Colin
76
261
Colin
77
262
78
79
Aye, aye, sir! Aye, aye!
Non
Standard
I've heard JemFettleworth's wife Non
say th' same thing over thousands o' Standard
times—callin' Jem a drunken brute.
Summat allus come o' that, sure
enough. He gave her a good hidin'
an' went to th' Blue Lion an' got as
drunk as a lord.
Tha'rt a clever lad as well as a Non
straight-legged one, Mester Colin. Standard
Next time I see Bess Fettleworth I'll
give her a bit of a hint o' what
Magic will do for her. She'd be rare
an' pleased if th' sinetifik
'speriment worked—an' so 'udJem.
I canna' do no swayin' back'ard Non
and for'ard. I've got th' rheumatics. Standard
Non Standard vocabulary
Colin
I canna' do no chantin'. They Non
turned me out o' th' church choirth' Standard
only time I ever tried it.
Double negative
263
Colin
Nowt o' th' sort. Th' sermon was Non
good enow—but I'm bound to get Standard
out afore th' collection.
Non Standard vocabulary
263
Colin
Not me. Who said I were? I heard Non
every bit of it. You said th' Magic Standard
was in my back. Th' doctor calls it
rheumatics.
The use of present tense to
describe past event, first
person singular were
Non Standard vocabulary
Pronoun tha + archaic to be
(tha’rt), Non Standard
vocabulary
Double negative
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
117
80
263
Colin
81
265
Colin
82
265
Colin
83
291
Colin
84
292
Colin
85
294
Colin
86
294
Colin
I'd like to see thee walk round the
garden.
We shall have thee takin' to boxin'
in a week or so. Tha'lt end wi'
winnin' th' Belt an' bein' champion
prize-fighter of all England.
Non
Standard
Non
Standard
Pronoun thee
Ax pardon—ax pardon, sir. I ought
to have seed it wasn't a jokin'
matter.
Th' best thing about lecturin' is that
a chap can get up an' say aught he
pleases an' no other chap can
answer him back. I wouldn't be
agen' lecturin' a bit mysel'
sometimes.
I was thinkin' as I'd warrant tha's
gone up three or four pound this
week. I was lookin' at tha' calves
an' tha' shoulders. I'd like to get
thee on a pair o' scales.
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary,
seed as a past tense of see
Non
Standard
Non Standard vocabulary,
anticipatory pronoun
Non
Standard
The use of –s on non-thirdperson singular presenttense verb, zero plural
marker,
pronoun
tha,
pronoun thee
Tha' might sing th' Doxology.
Non
Standard
Dickon can sing it for thee, I'll Non
warrant.
Standard
Pronoun thee, pronoun tha
+ archaic modal verb
(tha’lt)
Pronoun tha
Pronoun thee
PLAGIAT
PLAGIATMERUPAKAN
MERUPAKANTINDAKAN
TINDAKANTIDAK
TIDAKTERPUJI
TERPUJI
118
87
296
Colin
I never seed no sense in th' Non
Doxology afore, but I may change Standard
my mind i' time. I should say tha'd
gone up five pound this week,
Mester Colin—five on 'em!
Seed as a past tense of see,
pronoun tha, zero plural
marker