AP European History
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Frye
Test 2 – Study Guide:
The Reformation Era
BACKGROUND & BEGINNING
[APE 1.3 IB] Religious pluralism – especially after the Reformation – challenged and
changed theology, religious institutions, and European culture. Reformers like Luther,
Calvin, and the Anabaptists were angered by indulgences and simony.
Problems in the Catholic church, c.1500
Frederick the Wise of Saxony
Erasmus
Luther
95 Theses [OCT 31, 1517]
Wittenberg
Translation of Bible into German
Tetzel
Pope Leo X
Charles V
Diet of Worms 1521
German Peasant Revolt
5 SOLAS
Protestant beliefs (in contrast to Catholic)
Schkamaldic League [war] 1544-55
Peace of Augsburg 1555
Ulrich Zwingli
Anabaptists
Menno Simons
Munster cult
[APE 1.3 IIA/B/C] The Reformation saw increased state control of religion (for example the Spanish
Inquisition, and the top down control by Henry VIII and Elizabeth via the Book of Common Prayer.
But The Reformation also led to challenges against the state. Calvin and the Anabaptists refused to
subordinate church to the state. This led to conflicts between people and the state – for example the
Huguenots (France) and Puritans (England).
Calvin Institutes
TULIP, Predestination
Huguenots
John Knox, Presbyterianism
Covenant democracy in Geneva
Anglicans
Via media
William Tyndale
Henry VIII
Act of Supremacy 1534
Catherine of Aragon
Seizing monasteries
Anne Boleyn
Sir Thomas More
“Bloody” Mary (Tudor)
Elizabeth I
Attitude toward religion
Book of Common Prayer
[APE 1.3 IC] The Catholic Reformation after the Council of Trent and led by Loyal and
the Jesuits revived the church but refused theological compromise with the Protestants.
Council of Trent
Loyola and the Jesuits (ultramontanism)
Inquisition
Index
[APE 1.3 IIIA] Religious conflicts overlapped with politics and economic competition within states
and between nations. For example it intensified competition between noble families in the French
“Wars of Religion” [aka War of the Three Henrys]…
Religious wars of France
Catherine de Medici
St. Bartholomew’s Massacre (1572)
Henry Bourbon of Navarre (Henry IV)
Politiques
Edict of Nantes (1598)
Parlements [French]
[APE 1.3 IIIB]…frustrated the Hapsburg attempts to restore Catholic unity to Europe…
Phillip II
Siglo de oro
The Escorial
Dutch revolt (“United Provinces”)
Duke of Alva
William the Silent (of Orange)
[APE 2.1 IIB] The Dutch Republic developed an oligarchy of elites [urban merchants
and aristocrats] that promoted trade and traditional rights
Sea dogs
Mary Queen of Scots (Stuart)
Lepanto (1571)
Francis Drake
Spanish Armada (1588)
[APE 1.3 IIID] A few states like the French [Edict of Nantes] or Dutch allowed limited
religious pluralism [toleration].
Marie de Medici and Cardinal Richelieu
30 Years War [causes, Peace of Westphalia 1648]
[APE 1.2 I A/D] The Rise of a Secular State – New concepts of secular state and law led
to changes in the state or new political institutions; [A] for example by gaining a
monopoly on tax collection, organizing national armies, national law systems, and
determining the religious practice for their subjects (Peace of Augsburg [1555 HRE],
Act of Supremacy [1534 England], Edict of Nantes [1598 France]); backed by secular
theorists like Hugo Grotius [natural law as basis of international law]
[APE 1.2 I B] The Peace of Westphalia [1648] marked the end of “universal
Christendom”, and accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire by granting local
princes, etc. control over religion.
Hugo Grotius and natural law
British Parliamentary struggles
JAMES I
Puritans
Structure and function of Parliament (pre-Cromwell and post-Glorious Rev.)
{Lords and Commons}
Divine right
King James Bible
CHARLES I
Tonnage and poundage, ship money
Star Chamber
Long Parliament
English Civil War (1642-48)
Roundheads
Cromwell (1648-1660)
Cavaliers
The Rump
The Commonwealth
Levelers
[APE 1.2 III A] The competition for power between kings, merchant elites, an nobles
changed political structures; for example the English Civil War’s competition between
crown and Parliament.
[APE 2.1 IIA] The outcome of the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution asserted
the rights of Parliament, protecting some rights of the nobles and elite commoners
[gentry].
The Restoration era…
CHARLES II
Plague, Fire, and Academy
JAMES II
Glorious Revolution (1688)
William (III, Orange) and Mary
Bill of Rights, 1689
Act of Toleration, 1690
Battle of the Boyne, 1690
QUEEN ANNE
Act of Union
Fate of Ireland in the 1600s
[APE 1.5] The Reformation affected social customs…
Use of interest [no ban on usury]
Strong merchant classes sometimes ruled city-states and regulated morals (Calvin’s
Geneva)
..and raised debate about family roles [APE 1.5IVB]
…women preachers and education
Ursulines
religious MAP of EUROPE c. 1648