EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Acacia senegal (L.)
Willd.
2H: unspecified parts
Acanthea virilis
Pharm. ex Wehmer
2D: unspecified parts
Achillea
abrotanoides Vis.
2H: unspecified parts
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Achillea
fragrantissima
Sch.Bip.
2E: unspecified parts
2E: known to contain estragole in unspecified quantities
Achillea millefolium
L.
2D: unspecified parts
1H herb, flowers
1G: herb, flower
1H- Plant used as a source of food flavourings and subject to assessment. Category 4, with restrictions for
camphor, eucalyptol, thujone (alpha and beta thujone 0.5 ppm under Leg. Decree 107/92 Annex V) (herb, flowers);
Achyrantes
bidentata Blume
2D: unspecified parts
Acorus calamus L.
2N: leaves, rhizome;
2D: unspecified parts
2E: unspecified parts
2H: rhizome
1B: oil, rhizome
1C: roots
1D: unspecified parts
The food additive Acacia gum ( E414) is obtained from the dried exudation obtained from the stems and branches
of Acacia senegal or closely related species.
2D: only the use of the root is authorised
2N: known to contain asarone in unspecified quantities; (diploide no cis isoasaron; tetraploide up to 80% in
essential oil)
2E: known to contain estragole in unspecified quantities
2H: methyleugenol content 1.0% , 1.025 ppm (rhizome)
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 1 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Acorus calamus L.
var. calamus
2N: leaves, rhizome
2N: known to contain asarone: 50-65% (leaves), 9-19% (rhizome), 0.3% (dried rhizome); triploid herb
Acorus calamus L.
var.angustatus Bess
2N: leaves, rhizome
2N: known to contain asarone: 85-95% (rhizome), 4.4-8.3% (dried rhizome); tetraploid herb
Acorus gramineus
Sol.
2N: unspecified parts
2N: known to contain asarone in unspecified quantities
2G: unspecified parts
1G: leaves (classified as
unacceptable)
2G: plant from which active pharmaceutical ingredients are extracted (vasicine =? peganine); quinazoline alkaloids
Adhatoda vasica
Nees.
Justicia adhatoda L.
Adiantum capillusveneris L.
2D: folium
Aesculus
hippocastanum L.
2D: unspecified parts
2G: unspecified parts
1B: seeds
1G:entire plant
2D: food containing the seeds must have the warning not to ingest quantities of escin >75mg/day
2G: active ingredient: escin
2A and 2C: dry ripe seed, containing not less than 3% triterpene glycosides, expressed as anhydrous escin.
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 2 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Aframomum
angustifolium
(Sonn.) K.Schum.
Synonyms
Amomum
angustifolium Sonn.
Aframomum
Amomum melegueta
melegueta K.Schum. Rosc.
Agastache
foeniculum (Pursh)
Kuntze
Lophantus anisatus
(Nutt.) Benth.,
Agastache
anethiodora Britton
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: unspecified parts
spice (seeds)
2D: fructus, semen
1H: seeds
1G: seed
1 G: seed classified as unacceptable
1H: Category 5
2E: plant, essential oil
2H: unspecified parts
2E: estragole content: 555-12.160ppm (plant); 43.7% (essential oil)
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Agastache
nepetoides (L.)
Kuntze
2H: unspecified parts
Agastache rugosa
Kuntze
2E: essential oil
2H: unspecified parts
2E: estragole content: 90% (essential oil)
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Agathosma
cerefolium Bartl. &
Wendl.
2E: unspecified parts
2E: known to contain estragole in unspecified quantities
Agrimonia eupatoria
L.
2D: unspecified parts
1G: entire plant
Agropyron repens
(L.) Beauv.
Elymus repens (L.)
Gould
2D: rhizoma
1G: rhizome
1H: rhizome
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
1H: plant used as a source of food flavourings and subject to assessment. Category 5, with restrictions for
carvacrol. CEFS of the Council of Europe, maximum allowed limits 5 ppm for food, 2 ppm for beverages (TDI 2.5
mg/kg bw/day)
Ajuga reptans L.
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 3 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Akebia quinata
(Houtt.) Decne
Akebia trifoliata
(Thunb.) Koidz.
2L: caulis
Alaria esculenta (L.)
Grev.
2D: thallus
Albizia julibrissin
Durazz.
2D: bark
Alchemilla alpina L.
2D: herba
Alchemilla vulgaris
L.
2D: herba
Alchemilla
xanthochlora
Rothm.
2D: herba
Alisma orientale
(Sam.) Juz.
2D: rhizoma
1G: rhizome
1H: rhizome
Alliaria petiolata
(M.Bieb.) Cavara &
Grande
2D: herba
Allium cepa L.
2A: fresh or dried bulb
2D: unspecified parts
2O: bulb
2D: only bark authorised in food, with the warning that it is prohibited from use by pregnant women
2D: only the use of the rhizome is authorised in food
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 4 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Allium sativum L.
2A: fresh, cut and dried bulb
2C: fresh, cut and dried bulb
2D: bulb
2O: bulb
Alnus glutinosa (L.)
Gaertn.
2D: cortex, folium
Aloe barbadensis
Mill.
Alpinia galanga (L.)
Willd.
2A and 2C: fresh bulb, cut and dried at a temperature not higher than 65°C or dried and powdered, containing not
less than 0.45% aglycine, calculated in reference to dried drug
1G: latex (reference to the limits for
aloin in the regulation on flavourings),
2A: dried essence from the leaves containing not less than 18% hydroxyanthracenes, expressed as babaloin and
gel
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.
calculated in reference to dried drug
1H: leaves
1H: Category 5, with restrictions for aloin (0.1 ppm), aloe-emodine
2A: leaves, dried leaves
2D: unspecified parts
2A: leaves
2C: leaves
2D: folium, gel, latex (juice)
2A and 2C: Aloe ferox M. and its hybrids, A. africana M. and A. spicata B.: dried essence from the leaves containing
1G: latex (reference to the limits for
not less than 18% hydroxyanthracenes, expressed as babaloin and calculated in reference to dried drug
aloin in the regulation on flavourings),
gel
Aloe ferox Mill.
Aloe vera (L. )
Burm.f.
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
See Aloe barbadensis
Mill.
2D: folium, gel, latex (juice)
2D: rhizoma
2H: unspecified parts
2O: rhizome used as food (spice)
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 5 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Alpinia officinarum
Hance
2D:
1H:
1G:
2O:
Alpinia katsumadae
Hayata
A. katsumadai Hayata 2D: fructus, semen, rhizoma
Alpinia oxyphylla
Miq.
Althaeae officinalis
L.
rhizoma
rhizome
rhizome
rhizome rarely used as food
2D: fructus
Malva officinalis
Schimp. & Spenn.
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: only seeds authorised for use in foodstuffs
2D: only the fruit is authorised for use in foodstuffs
2A: peeled or whole dried root
2D: folium, radix; flos
1G:
Root
Ammi visnaga Lam.
2D: fructus 2F: fruit
2G: unspecified parts
1B: fruit, herbaceous plant with fruit,
essence from the leaves
1I: fruit
2G: plant from which active pharmaceutical ingredients are extracted (khellin)
Amorphophallus
konjac K.Koch
2D: Tube
The food additive konjac gum E 425 is obtained by aqueous extraction of Konjac flour, which is the unpurified raw
product from the ground roots of Amorphophallus konjac. So products made from these plant may be regulated as
a food additive
Anabasis aphylla L.
2G: unspecified parts
2G: plant from which active pharmaceutical ingredients are extracted (anabasine)
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
; khelline)
Pagina 6 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Ananas comosus
(L.) Merrill
2D: fructus, caulis
2G: unspecified parts
2O: fruit
2G: plant from which active pharmaceutical ingredients are extracted (bromelin)
Anemarrhena
asphodeloides
Bunge
2D: rhizoma
1H: rhizome
2D: only use of the rhizomes is authorised
Anethum graveolens
L.
2E: unspecified parts
2F: fruit
2D: fructus, aetherolum
fruit + herb, seeds (EHIA list)
2O: leaf, fruit (schizocarp),
infrutescence (immature)
2E: known to contain estragole in unspecified quantities
Angelica
archangelica L. ssp.
archangelica
2D: folium, fructus, rhizoma, radix
1A: fruit, herb
1H: leaves, fruit, roots
2O: leaf, petiole, stem
1A: Presence of phototoxic furanocoumarins for certain parts and preparations
1H: Plant used as a source of food flavourings and subject to assessment. Category 4, with restrictions for
coumarin (2 ppm) and furocoumarin
Angelica dahurica
(Fisch.) Benth.&
Hook.f. ex Franch. &
Sav.
2D: unspecified parts
2D: only the use of the root is authorised
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 7 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Angelica pubescens
Maxim.
2D: radix, rhizoma, folium
2D: only the use of the root is authorised
Angelica sinensis
(Oliv.) Diels
2A: dried root
2D: radix
1L: root
1L: Known to contain isosafrole carcinogenic on mice and rats (IARC, 1987; IECEA, 1981)
Angelica sylvestris
L.
1H: fruit, roots, relevant essential oils 1H: Plant used as a source of food flavourings and subject to assessment. Category 5, with restrictions for
+ herb (EHIA list)
furocoumarin
Antennaria dioica
(L.) Gaertn.
2D: Capitulum ,herba
Arbutus unedo L.
1F: unspecified parts
2O: fruit
Arctium lappa L.
Lappa major Gaertn.
Arctium minus (Hill)
Lappa minor Hill
Bernh.
2D: Radix, herba, fructus
1G: root
2D: radix, semen, folium, caulis
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 8 di 62
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DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
2A: dried leaves
2C: dried leaves
2D: folium
Arctostaphylos uvaursi (L.) Spreng.
Artemisia
abrotanum L.
Artemisia
absinthium L.
Artemisia vulgaris L.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
1F: unspecified parts
1H: herb
Absinthium officinale
Brot., Artemisia
vulgare Lam.
1B: oil
1F: unspecified parts
1H: herb
1L: herb
2D: folium, flos, caulis
1H: herb, flowers
1L: herb
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2A and 2C: dried leaves containing not less than 8% hydroquinonic derivatives expressed as arbutin anhydride and
calculated in reference to dried drug
1H: Herb and essential oil: Category 4, with restrictions for eucalyptol, methyleugenol, thujone (alpha and beta
thujone 0.5 ppm under Leg. Decree 107/92 Annex V)
1L: it may contain up to 3.7% eucalyptol in essential oil and 1.3% of thujone
1L: it may contain up to 26.8% eucalyptol in essential oil
1H: Plant used as a source of food flavourings and subject to assessment. Herb and preparations: Category 4, with
restrictions for camphor, eucalyptol, polyecetylenic compounds, thujone (alpha and beta thujone 0.5 ppm under
Leg. Decree 107/92 Annex V)
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 9 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Ascophyllum
nodosum (L.) Le
Jolis
Synonyms
Fucus nodosus L.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
2D: thallus
1G: entire "plant" (reference to a
footnote)
Asparagus
officinalis L.
2D: rhizoma, radix, sprout
2O: Stem (shoot)
Astragalus
membranaceus
Bunge
2A: dried root
2D: unspecified parts
Astragalus
mongholicus Bunge
2A: dried root
2D: unspecified parts
Avena sativa L.
2D: semen
1G: shoot/sprout
2O: fruit
Ballota nigra L.
2D: herba
Barosma betulina
(Bergius) Bartl &
H.L.Wendl.
Agathosma betulina
(Bergius) Pillans
Betula alba L.
1G footnote: the total amount of iodine from Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesicolosus and Macrocystis pyrifera
must not exceed 250 µg per daily dose
1G: leaf
2G:
1A:
1C:
1D:
1F:
Berberis vulgaris L.
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
unspecified parts
bark, root bark, root
bark, root bark, root
bark, root
unspecified parts
2G: active ingredients: berberine
1A: Presence of toxic substances (berberine alkaloid)
2O: As a source for flavouring (Council of Europe 1981) - restriction on the content of berberine in foods (EU law
on flavourings). The fruit is specified as a food but with the remark it is rarely used
See B. pubescens
Ehrh.
Betula pendula Roth B. verrucosa Ehrh.
1G: bark, leaves
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 10 di 62
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DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
1G: bark, leaves
2C: leaves
2D: folium, cortex, gemma, juice
2C: dried whole or parts of birch leaf, containing not less than 1.5% flavonoids, calculated in hyperoxide form in
reference to the dried active ingredient - Category B (can contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids??)(dried leaves);
Borago officinalis L.
1A: herb, flowers
1B: flowers, leaves, herbaceous plant
with flowers
1E: unspecified parts
1G: herb, fatty oil from the seed
1A: Presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with genotoxic, carcinogenic and hepatotoxic properties
1G: The herb is not acceptable due to the content of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The fatty oil: restrictions on the content
of pyrrolizidine alkaloids
2D: only oil pyrrolizidine alkaloid free accepted
Boswellia serrata
Roxb.
2E: unspecified parts;
2D: gummiresina
2E: known to contain estragole in unspecified quantities
Brassica nigra (L.)
W.D.J.Koch.
2G: unspecified parts
1E: unspecified parts (1E 2)
2G: active ingredients: allyl isothiocyanate
1E: 1E2 (with the exception of the seeds)
2O: the seed is a food
Bupleurum chinense
DC.
2D: radix, folium, sprouts
Bupleurum falcatum
L.
2A: dried root
Bupleurum
scorzonerifolium
Willd.
2A: dried root
Betula pubescens
Ehrh.
Betula alba L., B.
tomentosa Retz. &
Abel
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
2D: only the use of the roots is authorised in food
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 11 di 62
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DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
2A:
2B:
2C:
1G:
Calendula officinalis
L.
Calamintha nepeta
(L.) Savi
C. officinalis Moench
Calluna vulgaris (L.)
Hull
Camellia sinensis
(L.) Kuntze
Capsicum annuum
L. var. annuum
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
flowers
flowers
flowers
flowers, herb
2D: unspecified parts
2D: unspecified parts
Thea sinensis L.
Capsella bursapastoris (L.) Medik.
Capsicum annuum
L. var. minimum
(Mill.) Heiser
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
2D: folium
2G: active ingredients: caffeine, theophylline
2O: leaf for tea
- Category B (possible presence of saponin) (leaves, seeds)
2D: unspecified parts
1G: herb
C. annuum L. var.
glabriusculum
(Dunal) Heiser &
Pickersgill
2I: dried fruit
2I: known to contain capsaicin
1H: Fruit and preparations: Category 5, with restrictions for capsaicin (0.05 ppm (TDI 0.2 mg/kg bw/day) CEFS of
the Council of Europe)). Category B (presence of capsaicin and other capsaicinoids with mutagenic activity and
suspected carcinogenic activity)
1H: fruit
2O: fruit
1H: Fruit and relevant preparations: Category 5, with restrictions for capsaicin (0.05 ppm (TDI 0.2 mg/kg bw/day)
CEFS of the Council of Europe), solanine and solanidine glycoalkaloids.
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 12 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Capsicum
frutescens L.
2I: unspecified parts
1H: fruit
2O: fruit
Carex arenaria L.
2D: unspecified parts
Carica papaya L.
2D: unspecified parts
2G: unspecified parts
fruit, leaves (EHIA list)
2O: fruit
Carlina acaulis L.
2D: radix
Carum carvi L.
2C: fruit
2D: unspecified parts
dried ripe fruit + seeds (EHIA list)
2O: fruit
Caryophyllus
aromaticus L.
See Syzygium
aromaticum (L.)
Merr. & L.M.Perry
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2I: known to contain capsaicin
2G: active ingredients: chymopapain, papain
2C: dried ripe fruit, containing not less than 3% v/m essential oil
2F: unspecified parts
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 13 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Cassia acutifolia
Delile
Cassia angustifolia
Vahl
Cassia fistula L.
Synonyms
C. senna L., Senna
alexandrina Mill.
Senna angustifolia
(Vahl) Batka
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
2A:
2C:
2D:
2G:
1G:
2A:
2C:
2D:
2G:
1G:
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
fruit, leaves
fruit, leaves
pods, leaves
unspecified parts
leaves, fruit
2A and 2C: dried ripe fruit, containing not less than 3.4% hydroxyanthracenic glucosides, calculated as sennoside
B in reference to dried drug; dried new leaves containing not less than 2.5% hydroxyanthracenic glucosides,
calculated as sennoside B in reference to raw drug
2D: food containing the pods and/or the leaves must have the warning not to ingest quantities of
hydroxyanthracene (calculated as sennoside B) > 18 mg/day and "not to be given to children under 12 years of
age; consult a physician if pregnant or breastfeeding; for prolonged use consult a specialist”
2G: active ingredients: sennosides A and B
1G: with a max. level and a footnote saying that if more anthraquione containg plants are found in the same
product the max. dose for each plant part has to be reduced accordingly The antraquinone containing plants
mentioned are: Cassia acutifolia and C. angustifolia , Rhamnus carthartica , R. frangula and R. purshiana and
Rheum officinale and R. palmatum)
fruit, leaves
fruit, leaves
pods, leaves
unspecified parts
leaves, fruit
2A and 2C: dried ripe fruit containing not less than 2.2% hydroxyanthracenic glucosides, calculated as sennoside B
in reference to dried drug; dried leaves containing not less than 2.5% hydroxyanthracenic glucosides, calculated
as sennoside B in reference to raw drug
2D: food containing the pods and/or the leaves must have the warning not to ingest quantities of
hydroxyanthracene (calculated as sennoside B) > 18 mg/day and "not to be given to children under 12 years of
age; consult a physician if pregnant or breastfeeding; for prolonged use consult a specialist”
2G: active ingredients: sennosides A and B
1G: with a max. level and a footnote saying that if more anthraquione containg plants are found in the same
product the max. dose for each plant part has to be reduced accordingly The antraquinone containing plants
mentioned are: Cassia acutifolia and C. angustifolia, Rhamnus carthartica, R. frangula and R. purshiana and
Rheum officinale and R. palmatum)
2D: pods, leaves
fruit (EHIA list)
2D: food containing the pods and the leaves must have the warning not to ingest quantities of hydroxyanthracene
(calculated as sennoside B) > 18 mg/day and “not to be given to children under 12 years of age; consult a
physician if pregnant or breastfeeding; for prolonged use consult a specialist”
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 14 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
C. tora L. var.
obtusifolia (L.)
Cassia obtusifolia L. Haines, Senna
obtusifolia (L.)
H.S.Irwin & Barneby
2D: unspecified parts
Cassia occidentalis
L
1B: seeds
Castanea sativa Mill.
C. vesca Gaertn., C.
vulgaris L.
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: only seeds authorised for use in foodstuffs
2F: flowers
Centaurea
centaurium L.
Centaurea cyanus L.
2D: flos
Centaurium
erythraea Rafn.
C. minus Moench,
C.umbellatum Gilib.,
Erythraea centaurium
(L.) Borkh.
2C: whole or cut, dried aerial
flowering parts
2D: herba
1H: flowering tops
1H: Flowering tops: Category 4, with restrictions for xanthones
Centella asiatica
(L.) Urb.
Hydrocotyle asiatica
L.
2A: dried aerial parts of the entire
plant
2D: herba
2G: active ingredients: asiaticoside
Cetraria islandica
(L.) Ach.
Chamaemelum
nobile (L.) All.
2C: dried thallus
2D: unspecified parts
Anthemis nobilis L.
2D: flos
2O: Inflorescence, flower
2O: inflorescence, flower for tea
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 15 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Chondrus crispus
Stack.
Synonyms
Fucus crispus L.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
2D: thallus
Chrysanthellum
americanum Vatke
2D: unspecified parts
Cichorium intybus L.
2D: unspecified parts
herb, root (EHIA list)
2O: root from C. intybus L. ssp.
intybus Sativum group
Cimicifuga
racemosa (L.) Nutt.
Cimicifuga
serpentaria Pursh,
Actaea racemosa L.
Cinchona ledgeriana
C. officinalis L., C.
(Howard)
calisaya Wedd..,
Bern.Moens
2A: dried root and rhizome
2D: rhizoma, radix
1G: entire plant
1I: unspecified parts
2G: unspecified parts
1H: bark from the branches
C. succirubra Pav.ex
Cinchona pubescens
Klotzsch, C. cordifolia 1H: bark from the branches
Vahl
Mutis ex Humb.
Cinnamomum
camphora (L.)
J.Presl.
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: food containing the rhizome must have the warning not to ingest more than 3.0 mg/day of triterpene
glycosides (calculated as 27-deoxyactein)) >3.0 mg/day
1G: the use in food supplements are not acceptable
2G: active ingredients: quinidine, quinine
1H: Bark: Category 4, with restrictions for quinine. CEFS of the Council of Europe, maximum allowed limits for
quinine: 0.0 ppm per foodstuff, 100 ppm for beverages
1H: Category 4, with restrictions for quinine. CEFS of the Council of Europe, maximum allowed limits for quinine:
0.0 ppm per foodstuff, 100 ppm for beverages
2G: active ingredients: camphor
2G: unspecified parts
Used in cosmetics and subject to assessment; essential oil: Category C (presence of allergenic substances such as
cinnamic aldehyde)
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 16 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Cinnamomum cassia Cinnamomum
(Nees) Blume
aromaticum Nees
2A: bark from the trunk without cork
2D: unspecified parts
2E: unspecified parts - bark from the
trunk without cork (4 old list of
sources)
2O: bark
2E: known to contain estragole in unspecified quantities
Cinnamomum
platyphyllum (Diels)
C.K. Allen
2H: unspecified parts
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Cinnamomum
rigidissimum
H.T.Chang
2H: unspecified parts
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Cinnamomum
septentrione Hand.Mazz.
2H: unspecified parts
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Cinnamomum
verum J.Presl.
2A: internal dried bark of sprouts
grown on cut graft stems
2E: unspecified parts
2H: unspecified parts
2O: bark
2E: known to contain estragole in unspecified quantities
to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Cinnamomum
zeylanicum Blume
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
The bark used for food, spice
2H: known
Pagina 17 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Citrus aurantium L.
C. aurantium L. ssp.
amara Engl., C.
aurantium L. ssp.
sinensis L., C.
aurantium L. ssp.
aurantium L, C.
aurantium var. dulcis
Citrus aurantifolia
(Christm. & Panz.)
Swingle
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
2D: folium, flos, cortex,
1D: entire plant
1G: extracts that concentrate
synephrine are not acceptable
1H: bark, flowers, leaves, twigs
1D: the assessment (not suitable as a food) only applies to the extracts with high content of synephyrine
2D:food supplements max. synephrine content of 20 mg/daily dose
1H: Rind infusion and essential oil: Category 3, with restrictions for furocoumarin.
1H: fruit, pulp, bark, leaves, small
branches
2O: fruit
1H: Distilled oil or pressed lime oil: Category 3, with restrictions for eucalyptol, furocoumarin
1B: essence
Citrus aurantium L.
C. bergamia (Risso)
1H: bark , leaves, fruit, twigs, rind
ssp. bergamia (Risso)
Risso & Poit.
and relevant essential oil
Engl.
2O: fruit
1B: resin
Citrus limon (L.)
C. limonum Risso
1H: bark , leaves, fruit, pulp, twigs
Burm.f
2O: fruit
Citrus medica L.
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D:fructus, semen
2O: fruit
1H: Rind and relevant essential oil: Category 3, with restrictions for furocoumarin
1H: Essential oil from the rind: Category 4, with restrictions for furocoumarin
2D: only the fruit is authorised for use in foodstuffs
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 18 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Citrus x paradisi
Macfad.
Synonyms
C. grandis (L. )
Osbeck var.
racemosa (Roem.)
B.C.Stone
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
1H: bark , leaves, fruit, pulp
2O: fruit
1H: Essential oil from the leaves and naringin extract: Category 5
Citrus reticulata
Blanco
1G: extracts that concentrate
synephrine are not acceptable
2D: unspecified parts
2O: fruit
2D: food supplements max. synephrine content of 20 mg/daily dose
Cnicus benedictus L.
2D: unspecified parts
Cochlearia
officinalis L.
2D: unspecified parts
2O: leaf
Coffea arabica L.
1H: seeds
2O: fruit, seed
Coffea canephora
Pierre ex Froehner
Cola acuminata
(P.Beauv.) Schott &
Endl.
2D: semen
1H: seeds
Cola ballayi Cornu
ex Heckel
2D: unspecified parts
1H: Kola and Kola nut extract: Category 4 with restrictions for caffeine
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 19 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Cola nitida (Vent.)
Schott et Endl.
C. vera K.Schum.
2D: semen
1H: seeds
1G: seed with restriction on caffeine
(max. 100 mg/dose max. 300
mg/day)
2O: seed
Coleus forskohlii
(Willd.) Briq.
Plectranthus
barbatus Andr.
2D: herba
1C: aerial parts
1D: entire plant
Combretum
micranthum G.Don.
Commiphora
molmol Engl.
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
1H: Kola and Kola nut extract: Category 4 with restrictions for caffeine
raw material for forskoline extraction
2D: unspecified parts
C. myrrha (Nees)
Engl.
2C: gum resin
2D: unspecified parts
Commiphora mukul
Engl.
2D: gummiresina
2E: unspecified parts
Coptis chinensis
Franch.
2A: dried rhizome
2C: gum-resin obtained by incision or produced by spontaneous exudation from stem and branches
2E: known to contain estragole in unspecified quantities
2A: contain berberine
Coptis deltoides
C.Y.Cheng &
P.K.Hsiao
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 20 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Coriandrum sativum
L.
2D: unspecified parts
leaves, seeds (EHIA list)
1L: herb essential oil
2O: fruit, leaf
1L: it contain also camphor
Crataegus laevigata
(Poir.) DC.
2A:
2C:
2D:
1G:
2D: food containing the flowering tops must have the warning not to ingest quantities of flavonoids > 2.6 mg/day
and > 22.5 mg/day of the procyanidin oligomers
Crataegus
monogyna Jacq.
2A: unspecified parts
2C: unspecified parts
2D: unspecified parts
2D: food containing the flowering tops must have the warning not to ingest quantities of flavonoids > 2.6 mg/day
and > 22.5 mg/day of the procyanidin oligomers
Crocus sativus L.
2F: unspecified parts
2D: unspecified parts
2O: style
1H Plant used as a source of food flavourings and subject to assessment. Saffron: Category 3, with restrictions for
eucalyptol. Saffron extract: Category 4 with restrictions for eucalyptol (stigma);
1F- Belgian regulations, list 3
Cucurbita pepo L.
2D: semen
2O: fruit
unspecified parts
unspecified parts
fructus, folium, flos
flower, leaf
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 21 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Cuminum cyminum
L.
2E: fruit
2D: unspecified parts
1H: fruit (seeds)
2O: fruit
Cupressus
sempervirens L.
2D: unspecified parts
Curcuma longa L.
Curcuma
kwangsiensis
S.G.Lee & C.F. Liang
C. domestica
Valeton, Amomum
curcuma Jacq.
2A: dried rhizome
2D: rhizoma
2G: unspecified parts
1H: rhizome
2O: rhizome
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2E: estragole content: 30ppm (fruit)
1H: Seeds and relevant preparations: Category 5, with restrictions for eucalyptol
2D: only powder from the plant is authorised
2G: active ingredients: turmeric
1H: Essential oil and rhizome: Category 3, with restrictions for eucalyptol T
2A: dried rhizome, dried rhizome
Curcuma
phaeocaulis Valeton
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 22 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Curcuma wenyujin
Y.H.Chen & C.Ling
Curcuma
xanthorrhiza Roxb.
2D: rhizoma
Cyamopsis
tetragonolobus (L.)
Taub.
2D: semen, gum
Cydonia oblonga
P.Mill.
2D: fructus, semen
2O: fruit
Cymbopogon
Andropogon citratus
citratus (DC.) Stapf. DC.
2H:
1G:
1H:
2O:
Cynara cardunculus
L.
2C: dried leaves
2D: follium
leaves (EHIA list)
2G: unspecified parts
1G: leaf
2O: inflorescence
2G: active ingredients: cynarin
2D: unspecified parts
2D: only the use of the rhizome is permitted in food products
Dioscorea
hypoglauca Palib.
Cynara scolymus L.
unspecified parts
herb
herb, leaves
leaf
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
1H: Herb: Category 3, with restrictions for eucalyptol, thujone (alpha and beta thujone 0.5 ppm under Leg. Decree
107/92 Annex V)
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 23 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Dioscorea opposita
Thunb.
2D: rhizoma tuberosum
Dioscorea villosa L.
2D: rhizoma tuberosum
Drosera rotundifolia
L.
2D: unspecified parts
1G: herb
Echinacea
angustifolia DC.
2A:
2D:
1D:
1G:
Echinacea pallida
(Nutt.) Nutt.
2A: fresh or dried root
2C: fresh or dried root
2D: radix, rhizoma
fresh or dried root
radix, rhizoma, herba
entire plant
root, herb
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: only the use of the rhizome is permitted in food products
2A: Echinacea angustifolia DC.var. angustifolia or stringosae
2D: food containing the E. angustifolia D.C. root must have the warning not to ingest an amount of product > 2.4
g/day of the dried root.
1D: E. angustifolia D.C. is an ingredient in authorised herbal medicinal products
2D: food containing the E. angustifolia D.C. root must have the warning not to ingest an amount of product > 720
mg/day of dried root
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 24 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Echinacea purpurea
(L.) Moench
Synonyms
Rudbeckia purpurea
L.
Elettaria
cardamomum (L.)
Maton.
Eleutherococcus
senticosus (Rupr. &
Maxim.) Maxim.
Acanthopanax
senticosus (Rupr. &
Maxim.) Harms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2A: fresh or dried aerial parts
collected in full bloom, fresh or dried
roots
2C: fresh or dried aerial parts
collected in full bloom, fresh or dried
roots
2D: radix, rhizoma, herba
1D: entire plant
1G: root
2D: food containing the herbaceous parts must have the warning not to ingest quantities of product > 2 g/day of
the dry herb
1D: the plant is an ingredient in authorised herbal medicinal products
2D: fructus, semen
2H: oil
fruit, husk (EHIA list)
1L: seed
2O: fruit
2H: methyleugenol content: 0.1%
1L: it may contain eucalyptol (up to 51.3%) in essential oil.
2A: dried rhizome and roots
2D: radix
1G: root
Epilobium
angustifolium L.
2D: herba
Equisetum arvense
L.
2D: herba
1G: herb
Erica cinerea L.
2D: Flos, sumitatus con floribus
Epilobium spec. on EHIA list
Erica tetralix L.
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 25 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Eriobotrya japonica
(Thunb.) Lindl.
2D: unspecified parts
2O: fruit
2D: only the leaf is authorised for use in foodstuffs
Eriodictyon
californicum (Hook.
& Arn.) Torr.
2D: follium
1H: herb
1H: Herb and preparations: Category 5
Eryngium
campestre L.
2D: radix, folium, sprouts
Eschscholzia
californica Cham.
2D: herba
Eucalyptus globulus
Labill.
2A: essential oil from fresh leaves and
branch tips, dried leaves
1L and 2A and 2C: essential oil from fresh leaves and branch tips containing not less than 70% 1,8-cineole
2C: essential oil from fresh leaves and
(eucalyptol)
branch tips, dried leaves
1H: Leaves, flowers and relevant preparations: Category 4, with restrictions for eucalyptol
2D: folium
1G: leaf
1L: leaves
Euphorbia hirta L.
Chamaesyce hirta
(L.) Millsp.
1B: herbaceous plant
Euphrasia officinalis
L.
2D: herba, folium
Ficus carica L.
2D: fructus (receptaculum), folium,
caulis (latex)
2O: fruit
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 26 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Filipendula ulmaria
(L.) Maxim.
2F: herb
2D: unspecified parts
herb + flowers (EHIA list)
1G: herb, flower
Foeniculum vulgare
Mill.
2D: fructus, herba
2E: fruit, essential oil
2D: food containing the fruit must have the warning for children under the age of 12 not to ingest quantities of
estragole > 0.05 mg/kg bw/day
2E - estragole content: fruit (70-4.018 ppm), essential oil (0.8->80%)
Foeniculum vulgare
Mill. ssp. vulgare
var.
vulgare
2C: whole dried cremocarp and
pericarp - whole dried cremocarp and
pericarp containing dried oil
1L: fruit essential oil
2C: whole dried cremocarp and pericarp containing not less than 4% v/m dessicated oil, calculated in reference to
anhydrous drug; oil contains not less than 60% anethol and not less than 15% phencone
Use as cosmetic: hydroalcoholic extract, glycolic extract: Category C
1L: 3.5-12% estragole in essential oil
Foeniculum vulgare
Mill. ssp. vulgare
var. dulce (Mill.)
Batt. & Trab.
2C: whole dried cremocarp and
pericarp - whole dried cremocarp and
pericarp containing dried oil
1L: fruit essential oil
2O: Fruit, leaf, shoot
2C: whole dried cremocarp and pericarp containing not less than 2% v/m essential oil, calculated in reference to
anhydrous drug; oil contains not less than 80% anethol
use as cosmetic: hydroalcoholic extract, glycolic extract: Category C
1L: 1.5-5.0% estragole in essential oil
Forsythia suspensa
(Thunb.) Vahl
2D fructus, folium, radix
2D: only unripened fruit is authorised
Fragaria vesca L.
2D: folium, fructus
fruit, leaves (EHIA list)
1G:leaf
2O: fruit
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 27 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Fraxinus excelsior L.
2D: cortex, folium, semen
Fraxinus ornus L.
2D: unspecified parts
Fucus serratus L.
1F: unspecified parts 2D: thallus
Fucus vesiculosus L.
2D: thallus
1G: entire "plant" (reference to a
footnote)
Fumaria officinalis
L.
2D: herba
1I: herb
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
1G footnote: the total amount of iodine from Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus vesicolosus and Macrocystis pyrifera
must not exceed 250 µg per daily dose
Galeopsis segetum
Neck.
Galeopsis ochroleuca
Lam.
2D: herba
Galium odoratum
(L.) Scop.
Asperula odorata L.
2D: Herba, folium
1G: herb
1H: herb
1G: (footnote) If more than one of the plants: Galium odoratum, Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis and Melilotus
albus are used in the same preparation, the total intake of coumarin from the preparation must not exceed 0,4 mg.
1H: Herb: Category 4, with restrictions for coumarin (2ppm)
Garcinia cambogia
Desr.
Cambogia gutta L.
2D: unspecified parts
1D: entire plant
1G: fruit
1D, 1G: unsuitable or not acceptable in food including food supplements
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 28 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Gastrodia elata
Blume
2D: radix, rhizoma
2D: only the use of the rhizome is permitted in food products
Gaultheria
procumbens L.
2G: unspecified parts
1B: oil
1F: unspecified parts
2G: active ingredients: methyl salicilate
Gentiana lutea L.
2C: dried and fragmented rhizomes
subterraneous parts
2D: radix, rhizoma
1H: roots (biennial plant), herb
1G: root
1L: dried root essential oil
Geranium
robertianum L.
2D: Herba, folium
Geum urbanum L.
2D: herba, radix
Ginkgo biloba L.
2A: whole dried leaves
2D: folium, semen testa
1D: entire plant
Glechoma
hederacea L.
1B: herbaceous plant with flowers
1F: unspecified parts
1G: herb
Glycine max. (L.)
Merr.
2D: semen
2O: seed
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
1L: it contain also elimicin
1H: Roots, herb and relevant preparations: Category 4, with restrictions for xanthones - Plant used as a source of
food flavourings and subject to assessment. Roots, herb: Category 4, with restrictions for xanthones
2D: food containing the leaves must have the warning not to ingest more than 21.6 mg/day of flavonol glycosides
and 5.4 mg/day of terpene lactones and to consult a physician if anticoagulants are taken
1D: The entire plant is an ingredient in authorised herbal medicinal products
2D: (foodstuffs containing the fruit must have the warning not to ingest more than 40 mg of isoflavones per day
(expressed as glycosides of the main ingredient))
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 29 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Glycyrrhiza glabra
L.
2A: dried rhizome and roots
2D: radix, rhizoma
2E: unspecified parts
unspecified parts
2O: root
Glycyrrhiza
uralensis Fisch. ex
DC.
2A: dried rhizome and roots
Gossypium
barbadense L.
1B: root bark, seeds
2O: seed oil
Gracilaria gracilis
(Stackhouse)
Steentoft
Grindelia camporum
Greene
Gracilaria verrucosa
(Huds.) Papenfuss
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: food containing the rhizome must have the warning not to ingest more than 100 mg/day of glycyrrhetinic acid
and to “not use for more than 6 weeks without medical consultation”
2E: known to
2G:
contain estragole in unspecified quantities
2G: active ingredients: glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhetinic acid)
contains gossypol
2D: unspecified parts
2D: unspecified parts
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 30 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Grindelia robusta
Nutt.
2D: unspecified parts
Grindelia squarrosa
(Pursh) Dunal
2D: herba
Guajacum officinale
L.
Guaiacum officinale
L.
2D: unspecified parts
1G: gum/resin
Guajacum sanctum
L.
Guaiacum sanctum L.
2D: unspecified parts
1G: gum/resin
Gymnema sylvestre
(Retz.) R.Br.
2D: folium
1G: leaves
Haematoxilum
campechianum L.
2D: unspecified parts
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
1G: not acceptable
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 31 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Hamamelis
virginiana L.
2A: dried bark, fresh or dried leaves
2C: dried bark, fresh or dried leaves
2D: unspecified parts
2F: twigs
2H: unspecified parts
1H: leaves
2A and 2C: dried fresh leaf containing not less than 7% tannins, calculated in reference to dried drug
2F: clear, colourless distillate of freshly cut and dried twigs
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
1H: Leaves and preparations: Category 5, with restrictions for safrole (1 ppm under Leg. Decree 107/92 Annex V),
carvacrol. CEFS of the Council of Europe, maximum allowed limits for carvacrol: 5 ppm for food, 2 ppm for
beverages (TDI 2.5 mg/kg bw/day)
Harpagophytum
procumbens
(Burch.) DC.
2B: root in accordance with European
Pharmacopoeia
2C: dried secondary root tuber
2D: radix (secondary tuber)
1G: root
2C: cut and dried secondary root tuber containing not less than 2.2% iridoid glucosides, calculated as
harpagosides, or less than 1% harpagoside
2D: food containing the secondary roots must have the warning not to ingest more than 40 mg/day of total iridoids
(calculated as harpagoside)
Harpagophytum
zeyheri Decne.
2D: radix (secondary tuber)
2D: food containing the secondary roots must have the warning not to ingest more than 40 mg/day of total iridoids
(calculated as harpagoside)
Hedera helix L.
2F: leaves
2D: unspecified parts
1B: bark, wood, seeds
1C: leaves, fruit, resin
2D: only the leaf is authorised for use in foodstuffs
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 32 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Helianthus annuus
L.
2D: unspecified parts
flowers, seeds (EHIA list)
Helianthus
tuberosus L.
2D: folium, flos, semen, gemma
2O: root (tuber)
Helichrysum
arenarium (L.)
Moench.
2D: flos
2N: unspecified parts
flowers (EHIA list)
1G: flower
2N: known to contain beta-asarone in unspecified quantities
Herniaria glabra L.
2D: herba
Herniaria hirsuta on EHIA list
Hibiscus sabdariffa
L. var. sabdariffa
1G: herb, flower (calyx)
calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. var. sabdariffa (2O)
Hieracium pilosella
L.
Hippophae
rhamnoides L.
fruit of H. annuus L. ssp. annuus var. annuus (2O)
Pilosella officinarum
2D: unspecified parts
F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip
2D: fructus
fruit (EHIA list)
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 33 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Humulus lupulus L.
Hypericum
perforatum L.
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
2B: inflorescence in accordance with
European Pharmacopoeia 2D:
strobulus
1G: flower
2O: inflorescence
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: food containing the plant must have the warning not to ingest more than the equivalent of 400 micrograms per
day of 8-prenylnaringenin
2A and 2C: dried flowering tips or aerial parts, harvested during or immediately after blooming, containing not less
2A: flowering top or aerial part
than 0.04% naphthol-diantrones of the hypericin group (or total hypericin), calculated as hypericin
2C:flowering top or aerial part
2D: food containing the herbaceous parts must have the warning not to ingest more than the equivalent of 700
2D: herba
micrograms of hypericin per day and to “consult a physician if medicinal products are taken"
1H: leaves, caulis, flowering top, herb 1H: Herb: Category 5, with restrictions for hypericin (0.1 ppm), xanthones. CEFS of the Council of Europe,
1G: flower (fresh), herb
maximum allowed limits for hypericin: 0.0 ppm for food, 0.4 ppm for beverages (TDI 0.0003 mg/kg bw/day)
1I: herb
1G: The intake of herb should equivalete max. 0.1 mg totalhypericin per daily dose. Warning of photosensitivity
Hyssopus officinalis
L.
2E: bud
2D: unspecified parts
2H: oil extract of aerial parts, plant
2O: leaf, (young) shoot
Ilex paraguariensis
A. St.-Hil.
2D: unspecified parts
leaves (EHIA list)
1G: leaves with restriction on caffeine 1G:( footnote) Total amount of caffeine from preparations with Cola nitida, Ilex paraguiensis and Paullinia cupana
(max. 100 mg/dose max. 300
to be controled.
mg/day) - see footnote
2O: leaf (for tea)
2E: estragole content: 1-260 ppm (bud)
2H: methyleugenol content: 43.9%; 0.54% (oil extract of aerial parts); 100ppm (plant)
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 34 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Illicium verum
Hook.f.
2E: fruit, essential oil
2D: fructus
1H: seeds
2O: fruit
Inula helenium L.
2D: radix, rhizoma
2L: root
1B: roots
1G: root
Iris florentina L.
1H: rhizome, roots (peeled after two
years of aging)
1H: Rhizome, roots and preparations: Category 5, with restrictions for xanthone
Iris germanica L.
1H: rhizome, roots (peeled after two
years of aging)
1H: Rhizome, roots and preparations: Category 5
Juniperus communis
L.
2C: dried ripe fruit
2D: fructus, radix, lignum, resina
2O: fleshy cone
Krameria triandra
Ruiz & Pav.
2D: radix
Lamium album L.
2D: Flos, Folium, herba, sumitatus con
floribus
flowers, herb (EHIA list)
Laurus nobilis L.
2D: folium, fructus
2H: leaves
1H: berries, leaves
2E: estragole content: 280-6500 ppm (fruit), 0.6-6% (essential oil)
1H: Anise and its oil: Category 3, with restrictions for estragole, safrole (1 ppm under Leg. Decree 107/92, Annex
V)
2H: methyleugenol content: 213-2.608ppm
1H: Leaves and leaf essential oil and extract: Category 3, with restrictions for eucalyptol and methyleugenol
presence of alkaloids
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 35 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Lavandula
angustifolia Mill.
L.officinalis Chaix.,
L.vera DC.
1G: flowers
2D: flowers (flos)
2F: flowers
Lavandula latifolia
Medik.
Lavandula spica
auct., non L.
1L: herb essential oil
it contains also camphor
Ledum palustre L.
2D: flowers
1A: herb, entire plant
1C: entire plant
1E: unspecified parts (1E 2)
1A: Contains an essential oil that is an irritant to the gastro-intestinal system, kidneys and urinary tract
Leonurus cardica L.
1G: herb
Lippia triphylla
(L'Hér.) Kuntze
Aloysia triphylla
(L'Hér.) Britton,
Verbena triphylla
L'Her., Lippia
citriodora (Lam)
H.B.K.
2D: folium, herba
1H: herb, leaves
1G: leaves
1H: Herb, leaves and preparations: Category 5, with restrictions for eucalyptol
Linum
usitatissimum L.
2B: dried ripe seed in accordance with
European Pharmacopoeia 2C: dried
1L: known to contain linamarin corresponding to a maximum of 500 mg HCN/kg seed
ripe seed
seed of L. usitatissimum L. ssp. usitatissimum (2O)
2D: semen
1L: seed
Lithothamnium
calcareum
2D: unspecified parts
Lotus corniculatus
L.
2D: folium, radix
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 36 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Lycopodium
clavatum L.
2D: herba, spores
1G: entire plant
Lycopodium
saururus Lam.
1B: herb
Lycopodium
serratum Thunb.
2D: caulis, flos, folium
Lycopus europaeus
L.
2D: herba
1E: unspecified parts (1E 2)
Lythrum salicaria L.
2D: sumitatus con floribus
Magnolia officinalis
Rehder & Wilson
2D: cortex, flos
1C: entire plant
1F: unspecified parts
Malva sylvestris L.
2D: folium, flos
1H: leaves, flowering tops
1G: flower
Marrubium vulgare
L.
2D: herba
1H: herb, leaves
1G: herb
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
1G: entire plant is classified as unacceptable
1H: Extract and preparations: Category 5
1H: Herb, leaves and relevant preparations: Category 5
some chemotypes may contain hepatotoxic diterpenes
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 37 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Marsdenia
cundurango Rchb.f.
Matricaria recutita
L.
Chamomilla recutita
(L.) Rauscert,
M. chamomilla L.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: cortex (dry)
1H: tree bark
1G: bark
1H: Bark and preparations: Category 4, with restrictions for curarine
2A:
2C:
2D:
1G:
2D: foodstuff containing the flowers must have the warning not to ingest more than the equivalent of 1.9 mg/day
of alpha-bisabolol and 5.6 mg/day of apigenin-7-glucoside
flowers
flowers
flos
flower
Medicago sativa L.
2D: folium - aerial parts (7-11)
1G: herb (referral to footnote)
1G: (footnote) If more than one of the plants: Galium odoratum, Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis and Melilotus
albus are used in the same preparation, the total intake of coumarin from the preparation must not exceed 0,4 mg.
Melaleuca
alternifolia (Maiden
& Betche) Cheel
2A:
1C:
1D:
1G:
2A: essential oil obtained by steam flow distillation of leaves and branch tips
1D: The assessment relates to the oil obtained from the leaves; the leaf oil is an ingredient in authorised herbal
medicinal plants for external use
1G: classified as not acceptable
leaves, branch tips
leaves
unspecified parts
essential oil from leaf
Melaleuca
2H: methyleugenol - oil
M. leucadendra (L.) L.
leucadendron (L.) L.
1H: leaves
2H: methyleugenol content: 99%
1H: Leaves and preparations: Category 5
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 38 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Melilotus officinalis
(L.) Pall.
Melissa officinalis L.
Synonyms
M. officinalis Lam.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
2C: dried flowering tops
2D: flos, (herba)
2E: unspecified parts
1G: herb (referral to footnote)
2A: dried leaves
2B: leaf in compliance with the
European Pharmacopoeia
2C: dried leaves
2D: follium
2H: unspecified parts
2O: leaf
1H: herb, flowering tops, flowers
1L: leaf
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2E: known to contain estragole in unspecified quantities
Dried flowering tops used for cosmetics- Category C (presence of coumarin with hepatic carcinogenic activity in
rodents and mutagenic activity in vitro, and the presence of quercetin and rutin with less clear toxicity evidence)
1G: (footnote) If more than one of the plants: Galium odoratum, Medicago sativa, Melilotus officinalis and Melilotus
albus are used in the same preparation, the total intake of coumarin from the preparation must not exceed 0,4 mg.
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
1L: known to contain eucalyptol (up to 18%) in essential oil
1H: Flowers and preparations: Category 5; flowering tops and preparations: Category 4, with restriction for
methyleugenol
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 39 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Mentha x piperita L.
2A: fresh epigaeal parts, dried leaves
2B: essential oil in compliance with
the European Pharmacopoeia, whole,
cut or dried leaves
2C: fresh epigaeal parts, dried leaves
2D: follium
2G: unspecified parts
2M: oil
1G: herb, leaf
2O: leaf
1L: herb
2A and 2C: essential oil obtained by steam flow distillation of the fresh epigaeal parts, containing menthol (3035%), mentone (14-32%), isomentone (1.5-10%), menthyl acetate (2.8-10%), menthofurane (1-9%), cineole (3.514%), limonene (1-5%) and not more than 4% pulegone and 1% carvone; dried leaf containing not less than
1,2%v/m essential oil
2G:
active ingredients: menthol
2M: known to contain pulegone and menthofurane
1L: Known to contain eucalyptol (up to 18%) in essential oil
Menyantes trifoliata
L.
2D: folium, sumitatus cum floribus,
rhizoma, radix
1H: leaves collected during the
flowering season
1G: leaf
1I: leaves
1H: Leaves and preparations: Category 5 with restrictions for curarine (leaves collected during the flowering
season);
Momordica
charantia L.
1G: leaf, stem (not acceptable)
2O: fruit
Morinda officinalis
F.C.How
2D: radix
Botanical name
Synonyms
2D: only the use of the roots is permitted in food products
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 40 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Myristica fragrans
Houtt.
Synonyms
M. moscata Thunb.,
M. officinalis L.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
2D: semen
1L: seed essential oil
2P: seed, aril
Myroxylon
balsamum (L.)
Harms
2D: cortex (balsam)
Myrtus communis L.
2D: fructus, folium, gemma
2E: plant
2H: leaf oil
Nardostachys
grandiflora DC.
N. jatamansi DC.
2D: unspecified parts
Nasturtium
officinale R.Br.
Rorippia nasturtiumaquatica (L.) Hayek
2D: herba, semen, folium
2O: leaf
Ocimum basilicum
L.
2D: unspecified parts
2E: plant, essential oil
2H: plant
2O: leaf
1A: essential oil
1L: essential oil of leaves or herb
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Seeds (nutmeg) and aril (mace) ssed in cosmetics and subject to assessment; Category C (presence of: elimicin
positive in the UDS test in which the 1-hydroxy-metabolite is carcinogenic; eucalyptol or 1,8-cineole or p-cineole
with a NOEL of 300 mg/kg bw; methyleugenol along with its 1-hydroxy-metabolite is mutagenic in many systems
and able to induce DNA adducts and liver tumours in mice; myristicin, present in the oleoresin and having
mutagenic activities and capable of inducing the formation of DNA adducts and its metabolite (1-hydroxymyristicin) is considered carcinogenic; safrole, a weak carcinogen in rats and mice, transplacental carginogen in
mice and mutagenic in a variety of assays
1L: seed essential oil contains elimicin and myristicin (13000 mg/kg in nutmeg and 27000 mg/kg in man) Seed
and aril are foods (2O), spice
2E: estragole content: 58-88 ppm
2H: methyleugenol content: 0.2%-6%; 2.3% (leaf oil)
2E: estragole content: 238-8.780 ppm (plant), 5-85% (essential oil)
2H: methyleugenol content: 13-1400ppm
2O: also with a note of plants used as natural sources for flavourings
1A: Presence of high amounts of estragole, genotoxic and carcinogenic in rodents
1L: it contain also camphor estragole (0.4% in the herb) and eucalyptol (8% in the essential oil)
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 41 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Oenothera biennis
L.
2A: stabilised oil extracted from the
seeds
2D: semen, semini oleum
1G: seed oil
Olea europea L. var. Olea sativa
europaea
Hoffmanns.& Link.
1H: leaves, fruit
2D: folium, fructus, cortex
2O: fruit
Ononis arvensis L.
2D: unspecified parts
Opuntia ficus-indica
(L.) Mill.
2D: fructus, flos, radix, semen
fruit, cladode of O. ficus-indica ( L.) Mill. var. ficus-indica (2O)
Origanum majorana
L.
2D: herba
2E: plant
fruits, herb (EHIA list)
1L: herb essential oil
2O: leaf
2E: estragole content: 96-550 ppm
1L: it contain also camphor
Origanum vulgare L.
2D: herba
leaf of O. vulgare L. ssp. vulgare (2O)
2C: leaves, dried stem tips
2D: folium
2D: food containing the leaves must have the warning not to ingest an amount of extract that is greater than the
equivalent of 5.5 g of dried leaves
Orthosiphon
stamineus Benth.
O. aristatus (Blume)
Miq.
1H: Leaves: Category 5
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 42 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Oryza sativa L.
2D: unspecified parts
seeds (EHIA list)
2O: fruit
Paeonia lactiflora
Pall.
2A: dried roots
2D: flos, radix
Paeonia officinalis
L.
1C: flowers
P. arborea Donn ex
Paeonia suffruticosa
K.Koch, P. moutan
Andrews
Sims
Panax ginseng
C.A.Mey.
Panax schin-seng
T.Nees
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: radix
2A: dried roots
2D: radixs
1G: root
Papaver rhoeas L.
2D: petales, semen
flowers (EHIA list)
Parietaria officinalis
L.
2D: unspecified parts
Passiflora incarnata
L.
2B:
2C:
2D:
1G:
herb
dried aerial parts
herba
flower
1G: with a maximum daily dose described
2C: dried aerial part containing not less than 0,3-0,4% flavonoids, calculated in hyperoxide, or not less than 0,8%
total flavonoids, calculated in vitexin
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 43 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Paullinia cupana
Kunth
2D:
1G:
1H:
2O:
Pelargonium
sidoides DC.
2E: unspecified parts
leaf oil
Persea americana
Mill.
2D: unspecified parts
2O: fruit
Persea americana
Mill var. drymifolia
( Schltdl. & Cham.)
S.F.Blake
Persea drymifolia
Schltdl. & Cham.
semen
seed
seeds, guarana (dried seed pulp)
seed
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
1G:( footnote) Total amount of caffeine to be controlled
1H: Guarana (pulp) and other preparations: Category 3, with restrictions for caffeine, carvacrol, estragole. CEFS of
the Council of Europe, maximum allowed limits for carvacrol: 5 ppm for food, 2 ppm for beverages (TDI 2.5 mg/kg
bw/day)
2H: 2E: known to contain estragole in unspecified quantities
2H: methyleugenol content: 4.3%
2E: essential oil (leaf)
2E: estragole content: essential oil (leaves) (3-85%)
Petroselinum
crispum (Mill.)
A.W.Hill
2D: herba, fructus, semen, radix
1A: fruit
1B: oil
1C: fruit
1H: fruit, seeds, herb (leaves and
flowering tops), roots
1L: seed and herb essential oil 2O:
leaf, root (depending on convar. of
species)
1A: Contains significant quantities of essential oil with toxic apiole. Apiole (fruit) is used to induce abortion.
1L: it contain elimicin and myristicin (727 mg/kg plant)
1H: Herb and essential oil: Category 3, with restrictions for furocoumarin, myristicin, apiol, elimicin. Essential seed
oil, seed gum resin, root infusion and decoction: Category 5, with restrictions for furocoumarin, myristicin, apiol,
elimicin
Peumus boldus
Molina
2C: dried leaves
2D: folium
2H: leaves
2C: dried leaves containing not less than 2% v/m essential oil and not less than 0.2% m/m total alkaloids,
calculated as boldine
2H: methyleugenol content: 100-125 ppm
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 44 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Phaseolus vulgaris
L.
2D: fructus (immature)
pods, seeds (EHIA list)
1L: seed
use only after cooking : lectin
Phellodendron
amurense Rupr.
2D: unspecified parts
2D: only the bark is permitted in food products with the warning that it is prohibited from use by pregnant women
Physalis alkekengi
L.
1C: fruit, roots
The fruit is on the 2O list with the comment: Use of the plant may give rise to health concern, questionable if any
use as food
2D: folium, fructus
2E: leaves
2H: leaves
2O: fruit (immature)
2E: estragole content: 3 ppm (leaves)
2H: methyleugenol content: 190 ppm (leaves)
Pimenta racemosa
(Mill.) J.W.Moore
2D: unspecified parts
2E: leaves
2H: leaves
2E: estragole content: 30- 10.745 ppm (leaves)
content: 4.31-14.65 ppm (leaves)
Pimpinella anisum
L.
2C: seed
2D: fructus
1L, 2E: fruit
1H: fruit (seeds)
Pimpinella major
(L.) Huds.
2D: radix, folium
1G: root
Pimenta dioica (L.)
Merr.
P. officinalis Lindl.
1L: Known to contain linamarin corresponding to 20 mg HCN/kg of seed
2H: methyleugenol
2C: seed containing not less than 2% v/v essential oil
1L, 2E: estragole content: 400-1050 ppm
2O: Fruit is a food and used as natural sources for flavourings
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 45 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Pimpinella saxifraga
L.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
2D: radix, folium, semen, (sprouts)
1G: root
Pinus pinaster Ait.
Pinus maritima Lam.
2D: cortex, gemma
Piper cubeba L.
Cubeba officinalis
Raf.
2D: unspecified parts
1H: fruit
Pistacia lentiscus L.
2D: resina
2H: unspecified parts
Plantago asiatica L.
2A: dried mature seeds
2C: dried mature seeds
Plantago indica L
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
P. arenaria Waldst. & 2A: dried mature seeds
Kit.
2C: dried mature seeds
Plantago lanceolata
L.
2C: leaves, herb
1G: leaf, herb
Plantago major L.
1G: leaf
Plantago ovata
Forssk.
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Plantago ispaghula
Roxb.
2B: husks and seeds in compliance
with the European Pharmacopoeia
2C: husks
2C: dried leaves containing not less than 1.5% total derivatives of ortho-dihydrocinna, micro-expressed as
acteoside and calculated in reference to dried active ingredient
2C: hispagula husk, consisting of the epidermis and the adjacent layers removed from the dried seed
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 46 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Plantago psyllium L. Plantago afra L.
2A: dried mature seeds
2B: dried mature seeds in compliance
with the European Pharmacopoeia
2C: dried mature seeds
Pluchea sagittalis
(Lam.) Cabrera
2H: unspecified parts
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Polygala senega L.
2A:
2C:
2D:
1B:
1G:
roots,
roots,
radix,
roots,
root
2A and 2C: dried and, generally, crushed root and root crown
1G: with a restriction on max. daily dose
Polygala tenuifolia
Willd.
2A:
2C:
2D:
1B:
roots, root crown
roots, root crown
unspecified parts
roots
Polygonum
aviculare L.
1G: herb
Polygonum bistorta
L.
Populus nigra L.
dried root crown
dried root crown
rhizoma
rhizome
2A and 2C: dried and, generally, crushed root and root crown
2D: only the use of the roots is permitted in food products
2D: radix, rhizoma
P. pannonica Kit. ex
Bess.
1H: leaf bud, bark
1H: Leaf bud, bark : Category 5
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 47 di 62
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DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Potentilla anserina
L.
1I: herb
Potentilla erecta
(L.) Raeusch.
2D: radix, rhizoma
1H: roots
1G: root
Primula veris L.
P. officinalis (L.) Hill.
Prunella vulgaris L.
Prunus africana
(Hook.f.) Kalkman
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
1H: Root and preparation: Category 5
2C: dried roots and rhizome
2D: radix, flos
1G: flower
2D: herba, folium
Pygeum africanum
Hook.f
2C: dried trunk bark
2D: cortex
1B: bark
Pulmonaria
officinalis L.
2D: unspecified parts
Punica granatum L.
2D: fructus, folium, semen, flos
1B: tree bark, root bark
1G: root (unacceptable)
2O: fruit
Quercus alba L.
1H: wood, bark
Quercus robur L.
1G: bark
1H: Bark and extract: Category 5
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 48 di 62
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DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Rhamnus cathartica
L.
Rhamnus catharticus
L.
Rhamnus frangula L. Frangula alnus Mill.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: cortex
1C: entire plant
1G: fruit
presence of anthracene laxative derivatives.
1G: with a max. level and a footnote saying that if more anthraquione containg plants are found in the same
product the max. dose for each plant part has to be reduced accordingly. The antraquinone containing plants
mentioned are: Cassia acutifolia and C. angustifolia, Rhamnus carthartica, frangula and purshiana and Rheum
officinale and R. palmatum
2A: dried bark from the stem and
branches
2C: dried bark from the stem and
branches
2D: cortex
1G: bark
2A and 2C: dried bark from the stem and branches containing at least 7% gluco-frangulins, expressed as glucofrangulin A and calculated in reference to dried drug
1G:with a max. level and a footnote saying that if more anthraquione containg plants are found in the same
product the max. dose for each plant part has to be reduced accordingly. The antraquinone containing plants
mentioned are: Cassia acutifolia and C. angustifolia, Rhamnus carthartica, frangula and purshiana and Rheum
officinale and R. palmatum
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 49 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Rhamnus
purshianus DC.
Frangula purshiana
(DC.) J.C.Cooper, R.
purshiana DC.
2A: dried bark
2C:dried bark
2D:cortex
1C: entire plant
1G: bark
2A and 2C: dried bark containing not less than 8% hydroxyanthracenic glucosides of which at least 60% consisting
of cascaroside, better known as cascaroside A, calculated in reference to dried drug
1G: with a max. level and a footnote saying that if more anthraquione containg plants are found in the same
product the max. dose for each plant part has to be reduced accordingly. The antraquinone containing plants
mentioned are: Cassia acutifolia and C. angustifolia, Rhamnus carthartica, frangula and purshiana and Rheum
officinale and R. palmatum
Rhaponticum
carthamoides
(Willd.) Iljin
Delete
2D: unspecified parts
1B: unspecified parts
1B: Plant not allowed by the Dietetics Committee
2A: roots, rhizome
2C: roots, rhizome
2D:radix, rhizoma
1G: root
2D: food containing the rhizome must have the warning not to ingest more than the equivalent of 25 mg/day of
anthraquinones (calculated as rhein) and “not to give to children of less than 12 years of age; consult a physician if
pregnant or nursing; consult a specialist for prolonged use”
1G: with a max. level and a footnote saying that if more anthraquione containg plants are found in the same
product the max. dose for each plant part has to be reduced accordingly. The antraquinone containing plants
mentioned are: Cassia acutifolia and C. angustifolia, Rhamnus carthartica, frangula and purshiana and Rheum
officinale and R. palmatum
Rheum officinale
Baill.
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 50 di 62
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DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
2A:
2C:
2D:
1G:
Rheum palmatum L.
Rhodiola rosea L.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Sedum roseum (L.)
Scop.
roots, rhizome
roots, rhizome
radix, rhizoma
root
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: food containing the rhizome must have the warning not to ingest more than the equivalent of 25 mg/day of
anthraquinones (calculated as rhein) and “not to give to children of less than 12 years of age; consult a physician if
pregnant or nursing; consult a specialist for prolonged use”)
1G: with a max. level and a footnote saying that if more anthraquione containg plants are found in the same
product the max. dose for each plant part has to be reduced accordingly. The antraquinone containing plants
mentioned are: Cassia acutifolia and C. angustifolia, Rhamnus carthartica, frangula and purshiana and Rheum
officinale and R. palmatum
2D: herba, radix
2D: only the roots and the herbaceous part are authorised for use in foodstuffs
Ribes nigrum L.
2B: leaves
2C: leaves
2D: folium, fructus, semen
1G: leaf
2O: fruit
2B and 2C: dried leaf containing not less than 1,5% flavonoids, calculated as rutin
Robinia
pseudoacacia L.
2D: flos, semen
1B: leaves, seeds
Rosmarinus
officinalis L.
2C: flowering tops
2D: folium, flowering tops
2H: unspecified parts
1L: leaves
2O: leaf
Rubus fructicosus L.
s.l .
2D:folium, fructus
fruit, leaves (EHIA list)
1G: leaf
2O: fruit
2C: dried flowering tops containing not less than 1.5% v/m volatile oil
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
1L: it contain also camphor and eucalyptol (up to 47%) in essential oil from leaves
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 51 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
1G: leaf
2O: fruit
Rubus idaeus L.
Rumex rugosa
Campd.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Rumex acetosa L.
1G: herb
2O: leaf
Ruscus aculeatus L.
2C: partial or whole dried portion
2D: rhizoma, herba
2C: partial or whole dried portion containing not less than 1% total sapogenins, expressed as ruscogenin
Salix alba L.
2G: unspecified parts
2G: active ingredients: salicin
Salix purpurea L.
bark of young branches
dried bark of young branches, containing not less than 1% total salicin calculated as salicin
Salvia lavendulifolia
Vahl
1H: herb
1H: Herb and preparations: Category 5, with restrictions for eucalyptol and camphor
Salvia miltiorrhiza
Bunge
2D: roots
2D: only the use of the roots is permitted in food products
Salvia officinalis L.
2C: dried leaves
2D: herba
2O: leaf
2C: dried leaves containing not less than 1.5% v/m essential oil calculated in reference to anhydrous drug
Salvia sclarea L.
1H: herb, flowers
1H: Herb, flowers and preparations: Category 5, with restrictions for estragole, 1,8-cineole, and camphor
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 52 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Sambucus nigra L.
Synonyms
Sambucus vulgaris
Neck.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
2A: dried flowers
2D: flos, fructus, folium
1H: flowering heads, flowers, fruit,
leaves
2O: fruit, inflorescence
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
1H: Fruit: Category 3, with restrictions for hydrocyanic acid;
Leaves and extract: Category 5, with restrictions for hydrocyanic acid (1 ppm). CEFS of the Council of Europe,
maximum allowed limits: 0.5 ppm for food, 0.05 ppm for beverages (TDI 0.02 mg CN per kg bw/day);
7
Category B (presence of quercetin and rutin)
Sanguisorba
officinalis L.
2D: radix, folium
Sanicula europaea
L.
2D: unspecified parts
1G: root
Santolina
chamaecyparissus
L.
2D: sumitatus cum floribus, folium
1B: capitolum, herbaceous plant with
flowers
Saponaria officinalis
L.
1C: entire plant
1F: unspecified parts
1G: root
Satureja montana L.
2H: plant
2H: methyleugenol content: 25-415 ppm
Schinus molle L.
1H: leaves, fruit
1F: unspecified parts
1H: Fruit: Category 4, with restrictions for carvacrol. CEFS of the Council of Europe, maximum allowed limits for
carvacrol: 5 ppm for food, 2 ppm for beverages (TDI 2.5 mg/kg bw/day)
Schisandra
chinensis (Turcz.)
Baill.
2D: unspecified parts
fruit (EHIA list)
1G: fruit
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 53 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2D: only the use of the root is permitted in food products
Scutellaria
baicalensis Georgi
2D: radix
1F: unspecified parts
Sedum acre L.
2D: herba
only dried allowed
2A: dried ripe fruit
2D: fructus
1G: entire plant
2D: food containing the fruit must have the warning not to ingest more than the equivalent of 256 mg/day of lipidic
constituents from the fruit and to “consult a physician and/or chemist”
1G: not acceptable in food supplement
Sigesbeckia
orientalis L.
2D: unspecified parts
2D: only the herbaceous part is authorised for use in foodstuffs
Silybum marianum
(L.) Gaertn.
2A: ripe fruit dried after removal of
the pappus
2D: semen, herba
2G: unspecified parts
1H: flowering tops, seeds
1G: fruit
2G: active ingredients: silymarin
1H : Flowering tops, seeds and preparations: Category 5
Serenoa repens
(Bartram) Small
Sisymbrium
officinale ( L.) Scop.
Smilax officinalis
Kunth
Sabal serrulata
Roem. et Schult.
Erysimum officinale
L.
2D: herba
2D: radix, rhizoma
1G:root
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 54 di 62
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DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Solidago odora Ait.
2E: essential oil
Solidago virgaurea
L.
2C: dried aerial parts collected while
flowering
2D: unspecified parts
1G: herb
1I: herb
Sophora japonica L.
2D: flos, sumitatus cum floribus,
folium, caulis, semen
1B: flowers
1G: flowerbuds
Sorbus aucuparia L.
2D: unspecified parts
2O: fruit
Spirulina maxima
( Setchell &
Gardner) Geitler
1G: entire algae
Styrax benzoides
Craib
1G: balm
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2E: estragole content: 75% (essential oil)
industrial source of rutin
1G: with a max. daily dose
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 55 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Styrax tonkinensis
(Pierre) Craib ex
Hartwich
1G: balm
Swertia chirata
Ophelia chirata
Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. Griseb.
1H: entire plant with small part of the
1H: Category 4 with restrictions for xanthones
root
2A: dried flower bud
2E: unspecified parts
2F: unspecified parts
2H: flowers
2D: flos (buds)
2O: flower bud (immature)
2E: known to contain estragole in unspecified quantities
2H: methyleugenol content: 310-340 ppm 2H (about Eugenia caryophyllata: known to contain methyleugenol in
unspecified quantities
Tabebuia
impetiginosa (Mart.
ex. DC.) Standl.
1G: bark
1G: restricted with a max. daily dose
Tamarindus indica
L.
2D: fructus
fruit (EHIA list)
2O: fruit
Syzygium
aromaticum (L.)
Merr. & L.M.Perry
Caryophyllus
aromaticus L.,
Eugenia
caryophyllata Thunb.
(nom. illeg.) Mansfeld
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 56 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2A:leaves, dried aerial parts
2D: herba
1I: herb
1L: herb essential oil
parthenolide 2A: leaves or dried aerial parts containing not less than 2% parthenolide
1L: it contain also camphor
Taraxacum
officinale (L.)
Weber
2C: dried root and rhizome, dried
leaves collected before flowering
2D: folium, radix
herb (EHIA list)
1G: leaf, root
leaf of Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wiggs s.l. (2O)
Terminalia chebula
(Gaertn.) Retz.
2D: fructus
Theobroma cacao L.
2D: unspecified parts
2G: unspecified parts
husk (EHIA list)
2O: seed
Thymus serpyllum
L.
2D: herba
2O: leaf
Tanacetum
parthenium (L.)
Sch.Bip.
Chrysanthemum
parthenium (L.)
Bernh.
2G: plant from which active pharmaceutical ingredients are extracted (theobromine)
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 57 di 62
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DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Thymus vulgaris L.
2A:
2B:
2C:
2D:
whole leaves, flowering tops
herb
whole leaves, flowering tops
herba, aetheroleum
Thymus zygis L.
2B: herbaceous plant
Tilia cordata Mill.
1G: flower, wood
2O: flower (tea)
Tilia europaea L.
1G: flower, wood
Tilia platyphyllos
Scop.
1G: flower, wood
2O: flower (tea)
Trigonella foenumgraecum L.
2A: dried seeds
2D: semen
2O: seed
Tropaeolum majus
L.
2D: folium, flos, fructus, semen
2O: leaf, flower
Turnera diffusa
Willd.
2D: folium, caulis
1G: leaf
Uncaria gambier
Roxb.
2D: unspecified parts
1H: leaves, young branches
Uncaria tomentosa
(Willd.) DC.
2D: cortex radii, cortex cauli, radix
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
2A and 2C: dried whole leaves and flowering top containing not less than 1.2%(v/m) essential oil and not less than
0.5% volatile phenols, expressed as thymol, both calculated in reference to anhydrous drug
2B: see Deutsches Arzneibuch
2D: food containing the herbaceous parts must have the warning not to ingest more than 4 g/day of the dry herb
2G: active ingredients: thymol
2O: leaf is a food
2B: see Deutsches Arzneibuch
1H : Leaves, young branches: Category 5
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 58 di 62
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DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Urtica dioica L.
2A: dried leaves, herb, dried, cut or
powdered root and rhizome
2B: dried leaves, root
2C: dried leaves, herb, dried, cut or
powdered root and rhizome
2D: folium, herba, radix, fructus
1G: herb, leaf
2O: leaf
2A and 2C: dried leaves and dried aerial parts collected during the flowering season
2B: dried leaves: see Deutsches Arzneibuch and European Pharmacopoeia; root: see Deutsches Arzneibuch 2002
2D: food containing the rhizome must have the following warnings: avoid ingesting a daily amount exceeding the
equivalent of 3.2 g of dried rhizome; the amount of ethanol extract (60%) must not exceed 192 mg/day; and
“consult a physician and/or chemist”
Usnea barbata L.
2D: unspecified parts
usnic acid used in cosmetics, extract: Category B (usnic acid is a relatively strong antibiotic);
Vaccinium myrtillus
L.
2D: folium, fructus
1H: leaves, fruit
2O: fruit
1H: Leaves: Category 5
Valeriana officinalis
L.
2A: all dried underground parts
including the roots, rhizome, stolon
2B: root
2C: all dried underground parts
including the roots, rhizome, stolon
2G: unspecified parts
1G: root
2A and 2C: all dried underground parts including the rhizome, roots and stolon dried at temperatures lower than
40°C, containing not less than 0.5% essential oil calculated in reference to whole drug and not less than 0.3% v/m
essential oil calculated in reference to cut drug, in reference to anhydrous drug
2B:
root in compliance with the European Pharmacopoeia
2G: plant from which active pharmaceutical ingredients are extracted (valepotriates)
Valeriana wallichii
DC.
2D: radix, rhizoma
- thallus
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 59 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Verbascum
densiflorum Bertol.
Synonyms
Verbascum
thapsiforme Schrad.
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
1G: flower
Verbascum
phlomoides L.
1G: flower
Verbena officinalis
L.
1G: herb
Viburnum lantana L.
2D: unspecified parts
1B: fruit
Viburnum
prunifolium L.
1B: tree bark and root bark
1F: unspecified parts
1I: bark
Viola odorata L.
1H: flowers, leaves
1H: Leaves: Category 5
Viola tricolor L.
2D: herba 1G: herb,
1H: herb, flowers
1H: Flowers, herb: Category 5
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 60 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Vitex agnus-castus
L.
whole dried fruit
2D: fructus
1I fruit
: whole dried fruit containing not less than 0.08% casticin expressed as anhydrous
2D: food containing the fruit must have the warning not to ingest more than 96 mg/day of the dried fruit
Vitis vinifera L.
2D: folium, fructus, semen
fruit of Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinefera (2O)
Zea mays L.
2D: stigma, semen
1H: corn husk (stigma, inflorescence
from female plant)
2O: fruit
1H: Corn husk and relevant oil: Category 4, with restrictions for carvacrol. CEFS of the Council of Europe,
maximum allowed limits: 5 ppm for food, 2 ppm for beverages (TDI 2.5 mg/kg bw/day);
Zingiber officinale
Roscoe
2D: unspecified parts
2H: unspecified parts
2O: rhizome
2D: food containing the rhizome must have the warning not to ingest more than the equivalent of 190 mg/day of
the dried rhizome
2H: known to contain methyleugenol in unspecified quantities
Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
2D: unspecified parts
2O: fruit
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Pagina 61 di 62
EFSA/SC/BOTAN/446rev3
DRAFT COMPENDIUM OF BOTANICALS AND BOTANICAL PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED FOR FOOD AND/OR FOOD SUPPLEMENT USE AND HAVE
BEEN REPORTED TO HAVE ALSO A MEDICINAL USE
This compendium lists in alphabetical order botanicals without any judgment on whether these are safe or not safe for food / feed applications. This compendium is part of a preliminary work undertaken by EFSA to
harmonise the methodology across its panels for assessing the safety of botanicals and botanical preparations used in food and feed. Such compendium has no legal status and may not be used as support or evidence in
any disagreement or dispute pertaining to the legal classification of products or substances. This compendium is still under development and open for additional contributions and comments.
Botanical name
Synonyms
Documented sources and
parts of plants subject to
restrictions
Codes used to refer to the source of information considered (e.g. 2A) are explained in the "sources of information" sheet
Items of information discussed in the source documents or provided by WG Experts
Pagina 62 di 62