URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA –
CHALLENGES & SOLUTIONS
1
IFAT - 2014
October 9-11, 2014
By:
Prof. T. I. Eldho
Dept. Civil, IIT Bombay
Mumbai, India
October 10, 2014
Men recycle waste on rooftops in Dharavi
slum on Feb. 3, 2009 in Mumbai. (Daniel
Berehulak/Getty Images)
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Outline
• Introduction
• Urban Planning Issues
• Urbanization: Trends and Patterns
• Challenges of Urbanization in India
• Suggestive Solutions
• Mumbai Scenario
• Concluding Remarks
3
India’s Urbanization (1/3)
Total population of 1210.2 million
Rural population is 833.1 million
(68.84%)
Urban population
is 377.1 million
(31.16%)
• During 2001 - 2011 the population of the
country increased by 181.4 million
• Increase in Rural areas: 90.4 million
• Increase in Urban areas: 91.0 million
For the first time since Independence, the
absolute increase in population is more in
urban areas that in rural areas
Census 2011 - Provisional Population
Totals - India
India’s Urbanization
(2/3)
Population Class
(million), 2011
Delhi
1 to 5
5 to 10
10 and above
Ahmedabad
Kolkata
Mumbai
Hyderabad
Pune
Chennai
Bangalore
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India’s Urbanization (3/3)
Growth of large cities in India
•
•
•
•
Distribution between Categories of
Urban Settlements
11 Metropolitans
7935 Cities and Towns
92.5% Urban Population in Class I to III
Leading to intense pressure on existing systems
Urbanisation in India: Some Indicators
• Urbanization (per cent):31, at par with Burma, Guinea,
Maldives
▫ US:77 per cent, Canada:79 per cent
• Workers in Non Agriculture Sector (per cent) :93
• Households Having Tap as Source of water (per
cent):52
• Toilets per 1000 population: 741
• Households Covered by Closed Surface Drainage (per
cent):77
• Electricity Per 1000 population: 875
• Households Availing Banking Facilities (per cent):50
7
Urban Planning Issues
• "Planning" - scientific, aesthetic, & orderly disposition of land,
resources, facilities & services with a view to securing the physical,
economic & social efficiency, health & well-being of urban and
rural communities.
• Planning – a continuous, time-oriented and cyclic process of
identification and achievement of goals – eg. Chandgarh in India
• Urban Planning –method of development that contributes to the
organization, development & evolution of urban areas & their
urbanizing environs, based on economic, social, legal & aesthetic
concepts & conditions in order to promote the welfare of public &
quality of environment.
8
Urban Planning Issues
• Goal of Planning - to guide the development of a city or
town so that it furthers the welfare of its current and future
residents by creating convenient, equitable, healthful,
efficient and attractive environments – “Sustainable
development”.
• Three key aspects of Urban / City Planning:
a) physical environment
b) social environment
c) economic environment
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Urban Planning Issues
a) Physical environment- A city's physical environment includes
its location, its climate and its proximity to sources of food and
water.
b) Social environment- The social environment includes the groups
to which a city's residents belong, the neighborhoods in which
they live, the organization of its workplaces. One of the biggest
issues in most cities is the inequitable distribution of resources.
c) Economic environment- Primary employers, such as
manufacturing as well as research and development companies,
retail businesses, universities, federal labs, local government,
cultural institutions, & departments of tourism all play strong
roles in a city's economy.
Planners work with local authorities to make sure residents are not
excluded from the benefits of urbanization as a result of physical,
social or economic barriers.
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Urban Planning Disciplines
• Regional Planning - It is a specific type of planning, based on
a specific planning structure (regional system), for inducing
public action aimed at societal well being. It implies that
regional planning is concerned fundamentally with the society
in the context of space
• Environmental Planning - Environmental planning is a tool
for environmental protection and sustainable development of
any area from environmental point of view
• Transport Planning - The process of analysis of travel
demand in a city or region having regard to socio-economic,
land-use, and other factors and formulation of policies,
programs, plans and projects for its efficient management
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Urban Planning Disciplines
• Infrastructure – The basic components of a human settlement
that make it functional and improve its quality of life and
include network of water supply, sewerage, drainage,
electricity, communication, transportation and facilities and
services
 Facility – in urban planning a premises where health-care, educational,
socio-cultural and recreational activities take place
 Services - include transportation by rail, road, air, waterways,
telecommunication, police protection, fire fighting, postal etc
 Utilities – basic public services like water supply, sewerage, drainage
and electricity supply.
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Urbanization: Trends and
Patterns
Urbanization: Trends and Patterns
• Urbanization due to migration
▫ Is a reality
▫ Has reached to considerable proportions
▫ Leading to increased growth of slums
▫ Will increase further to greater proportions in the
foreseeable future
• Slums lack infrastructure in basic amenities like safe
drinking water, sanitation, housing, roads etc.
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Urbanization: Trends and Patterns
• Challenges exist in terms of
▫ Planning issues
▫ Administrative issues
▫ Policy issues
▫ Operational issues
▫ Involvement of non governmental service providers
▫ Large size of the population – continuously
growing
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Urbanization: Trends and Patterns
• Movement of people from rural to urban areas with
population growth equating to urban migration
• A double edged sword
• On one hand- Provides people with varied opportunities
and scope for economic development
• On the other- Exposes community to new threats
• Unplanned urban growth is associated with
• Environmental degradation
• Population demands that go beyond the environmental
service capacity, such as drinking water, sanitation, and
waste disposal and treatment
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Urbanization: Trends and Patterns
• Urbanization trends in India
Approx. 377 million people in India live in urban areas
(around 31% of the population)*
• The proportion of urban population in India is increasing
consistently over the years
 From 11% in 1901 to 26% in 1991, 28% in 2001 &
31% in 2011
• Estimated to increase to 432 million in 2021*
• After independence
• 3 times growth - Total population
• 5 times growth - Urban population*
▫ Migration & floating population – increase in urban
poor & slums
▫ Basic amenities – housing, health, transport, water,
power, waste management
* Census of India 2001, 2011
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17
Challenges faced in
Urban Planning in India
18
Few thoughts
• Is Planning a Trivial Profession?
▫ reactive rather than proactive
▫ corrective instead of pre-emptive
• The disciplinary identity of planning has diminished (did it ever
exist in India?)
• Dominance of Political Processes, land speculations,
builder/developer lobby leading to loss of professional identity
for planners
• Paucity among planners today of the speculative courage and
vision
• Why do the poor have no place in our planning?
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A scene which makes every Indian feel shameful…
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Too many plans for a City?
Every new government Program contemplates a citywide approach and hence a new set of plans!
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Side effects of Unplanned Urbanization
Some basic problems in India in the field of
1. Unemployment - migration
2. Housing – gigantic task!
3. Slums and squatter settlements
4. Lack of Infrastructure
5. Transport – no appropriate massive transport
system
6. Water supply and sanitation
7. Water pollution and air pollution
8. Inadequate provision for social infrastructure
(school, hospital etc )
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Challenges in Urban Planning
Capacity
• India has not paid systematic attention to urbanization so far
• Urban India today is “distributed” in shape—with a diverse range of large
and small cities
Prosperity
• India spends $17 per capita per year in urban infrastructure, whereas the
most benchmarks suggest a requirement $100
• High Economic Growth leading to Rapid Changes in Consumption
• Infrastructure – water, roads, transport etc. unable to cope with rising
demand
Governance
• There has been an incomplete devolution of functions to the elected
bodies as per 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, possibly because of the
unwillingness of the state governments
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Water Challenges in Urban Planning
•
•
•
•
Most cities are water stressed
Is available water safe ?
When rains come, it leads to flooding
Not a single city has 24x7 Water Supply in India
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Waste water Challenges in Urban Planning
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Waste Water Challenges in Urban Planning
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Waste water Challenges in Urban Planning
Urban Sanitation – Rating Card
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Focus Areas – Water Usage cycle
Resource Planning
Rainwater Harvesting
Resource
Discharge +
Storm water
Water Supply
Water
Treatment
Technology
Wastewater
Treatment
Technology
Wastewater
Treatment
Consumption
Wastewater
Collection
Monitoring
Wells
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The Challenges of Urbanization in India
Sound planning
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The Challenges of Urbanization in India
• Accelerating Urbanization in India - will place
enormous stress on the system
• No systematic attention to urbanization population increase- demand for key service such as
water, transportation, sewage treatment, housing will
increase 5-7 fold in the coming 2 decades – investment
needed - US$ 1 trillion!
• Way forward: Inclusive cities, urban governance,
funding, planning, capacity building and lowincome housing
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Suggestive solutions for Challenges
faced in
Urban Planning in India
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Public Private Partnerships

Cooperative Sector

Labor Housing sector

Employee Welfare Housing Sector

Employer Housing Sector

Private Sector

Accountability

Sustainability

Supervision and monitoring systems
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Integrated Townships, Urban Extensions &
SEZs



Develop Green belts & integrated urban housing
extensions of existing towns with complementary
infrastructure or
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) with national
investments in housing and infrastructure
Smart cities
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Balanced Regional Development

The way to bring about a symbiotic development between rural and
urban areas is by adopting “a Regional Planning approach.”

In view of the fact that 50% of India’s population is forecasted to be
living in urban areas by 2041, it is necessary to develop new
integrated townships.

Development of sustainable habitat is closely related to the adoption
of ‘the Regional Planning approach’ while preparing Master Plans of
towns/ cities, District Plans and Regional/Sub-Regional Plans.

The new Habitat Policy reaffirms the importance of small and
medium urban agglomerates/towns which have potential for future
urban growth.
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Research & Development Organizations

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

Undertake research to respond to different climatic
conditions with a focus on transition from conventional to
innovative, cost effective and environment friendly
technologies
Intensify efforts for transfer of innovative technologies
and materials from lab to field
Development Smart cities
Development of Cyber infrastructure.
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Action Plan


The Central Government encouragement and support to
the States to prepare a State Urban Housing and Habitat
Policy and also a State Urban Housing & Habitat Action
Plan
In order to augment sustainable and affordable housing
stock along with related infrastructure like water,
drainage, sanitation, sewerage, solid waste management,
electricity and transportation, the Action Plans of
States/UTs should focus on accelerated flow of funds for
housing (including various cost-effective slum-related
options) and infrastructure
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Social Awareness

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Conduct Market Surveys
Matching entrepreneurs to segments
Unique selling propositions (USPs)
Marketing Assistance
Developing Competitive Marketing Mix
Employment generation
Skill Development Mission &
Non profit company for promotion of Skill
Development: Private Sector Employment
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Mumbai Case Scenario
mumbai
“
Mumbai – Case Scenario
• Area of 2,350 square kilometres
• Comprises 8 corporations, 9 councils
• Its administrative jurisdiction includes Mumbai City
and Mumbai Suburban Districts,
• The population of Mumbai is estimated at 20 million,
having risen between 2000 and 2010 by about 25%
• 37% migrant population, highest of all Indian cities
• Contributes 40 per cent of Maharashtra income and 5
per cent of India’s income
• 54% of Mumbai’s population lives in slums
occupying merely 8% of its land area.
• 41% of Mumbai’s land is Built-up area while 52%
land is of coastal wetlands, forests, water bodies and
agricultural plantations.
Unique Characteristics of Mumbai
• Only city with an Early development history:1950s (city and
suburbs)
• Linear city: Services in the suburbs at par with the main city
• Excellent railway network connecting city and suburbs
almost 24x7:Indian Railways
• Unorganised sector: choice of sustainable livelihoods even
for illiterates (Dubbawalas, housemaids) : contributing to the
organised sector
• Coexistence with the high-tech corporate profession, science
and technology, finance expertise
• Mumbai slums: unique middle class character of chawls
• High crime rates but safe for commoners :only city with an
active and safe night life
• Striking income inequality :underworld dons to Ambanis to
street children
• Central Bank of India located in Mumbai
Mumbai – Issues
• Coastal city – natural problems
• High population density – urban migration
• Lack of space – islands connected city –
difficulties in lateral developments
• Infrastructural Issues – congested roads, Old &
dilapidated buildings; Housing problems
• Issues related to slums
• Water supply problems
• Waste management issues
• Drainage problems
• Lack of integrated planning & development
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Mumbai Water Supply
• Area 437.71 Sq. Km
• Population 12.431 Million
▫ (53 % Slum)
•
•
•
•
Present demand 4200 Mld
Present Supply 3500 Mld
Connections 366000 Nos.
Revenue Rs. 784 Cr
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Challenges
• Underground utility mapping
• AMR Metering –
▫ Prohibitive Cost
▫ Protection against damage
• Managing water supply in slum colonies
• Narrow passages – no place to lay pipeline
• Bunch of connections in passages
• Govt. policy – Slum post 1.1.2000 not eligible for facility
• Distribution & Planners Constrains
• Gravity Supply
• Bigger Supply Zones
• Continuous Infrastructure Development
• Delay in Implementation of DP plan (Especially Roads)
• Short Supply & Contamination
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Action Plan
Comprehensive Water Distribution Improvement Program (WDIP)
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•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Network Survey & GIS Mapping
Hydraulic simulation of water supply zones
Leakage Detection & Repairs
Setup Permanent Leak Detection & Assessment Systems
Equitable Distribution
Customer Relationship Management
Capacity Building
Asset Management
Quality Assurance & Reporting
Develop 24 x 7 Water Supply System
New Source Development – 2891 MLD With Gargai, Pinajal &
Damanganga
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Mumbai Sewerage Setup
•
•
•
•
•
Total Water Supply – 3500 Mld
Domestic sewage generated -2700 Mld
Sewage collected -1700 Mld
Treatment facility available -1998 Mld
Untreated sewage going to Sea through Nalla 1000 Mld
• Sewered Area - 62%
• Population served with sewerage facility- 48.5%
• Diversion of dry weather flow - 13 sites planned
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Challenges
• Paucity of land
• Construction of New Facility by retaining the
Existing one till new Facility is commissioned.
• Laying Sewer underneath Railway tracks by No
Dig Technology.
• Rehabilitation of Old Sewer Network.
• Slum connectivity with Sewerage network.
• Desludging, operations and disposal
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Concluding Remarks
• Urban planning – Challenges in India – Lack of
planning
• Provision of Basic Services – Lack of infrastructure
facilities – transportation, water, waste management
• Plan for “hardware” – Long term plan requirement –
smart cities!
• Population growth – no simultaneous growth in
Infrastructure
• Lack of appropriate rules & regulations – Obsolete
rules & regulations
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Concluding Remarks
• Lack of performance existing system - Monitor
performance for better efficiency
• Affordable, Inclusive and Sustainable urban growth
• Capacity building & training the real users and
implementers
• Legislation by strict implementation
• Care on coastal management
• Sustainable urban growth
• Recent “clean initiative”
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Thank You
Dr. T. I. Eldho
Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Mumbai, India, 400 076.
Email: [email protected]
Phone: (022) – 25767339; Fax: 25767302
http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in