Biologia 65/1: 104—109, 2010
Section Zoology
DOI: 10.2478/s11756-009-0220-6
A synopsis of Bracon species of Turkey with description
of a new species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae)
Ahmet Beyarslan, Özlem Çetin Erdoğan & Mitat Aydoğdu
Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Trakya University, 22030 Edirne, Turkey;
e-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract: Our studies on Bracon F. fauna of Turkey started in 1979 and 107 species have been determined so far belonging
to the subgenera Habrobracon Ashmead, Asiabracon Tobias, Rostrobracon Tobias, Bracon Fahringer, Cyanopterobracon
Tobias, Glabrobracon Fahringer and Lucobracon Fahringer. Thirteen new Bracon species were published from Turkey. With
this present study Bracon (Lucobracon) achterbergi Beyarslan sp. n. is described and its diagnostic characters are illustrated.
The distribution of Bracon species are discussed according to the Euxin, Subeuxin, Mediterranean, Xeroeuxin, Iran Steppe,
Anatolia Steppe, Central Anatolia Steppe and Mesopotamian Steppe phytogeographical provinces of Turkey.
Key words: Bracon; Braconinae; Braconidae; new species; phytogeography; Turkey
Introduction
The Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a large
subfamily of moderately small to large wasps with more
than 2,900 described species worldwide. They are well
distributed and highly diverse in almost all terrestrial
habitats, and play important role as the regulatory
agents for phytophagous insect population dynamics,
particularly the economically important insects pests.
The biology of many of the Palaearctic genera of Braconinae is still unknown. Braconinae species are known
as solitary or gregarious idiobiont ectoparasitoids of
concealed larvae of many harmful Coleoptera, Diptera,
Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera species (Shaw & Huddleston 1991; La Salle 1993; Yu et al. 2006).
Geographically, Turkey forms a natural bridge between the old world continents of Asia, Africa and
Europe. The Anatolian peninsula is the westernmost
point of Asia, divided from Europe by the Bosphorus
and Dardanelles straits. Thrace is the western part of
Turkey on the European continent. Turkey is situated
in a geographical location where climatic conditions
are quite temperate, the diverse nature of the landscape, and the existence in particular of the mountains
that run parallel to the coasts, results in significant differences in climatic conditions from one region to the
other. Turkey has one peak of over 5,000 meters in altitude, three over 4,000 meters and 129 peaks exceeding
3,000 meters. Such an irregular topographic structure
has created a wide diversity of ecological conditions and
species (http://www.worldturkey.com).
The Bracon F., 1804 is a cosmopolitan genus with
well over 878 described species worldwide, and is mostly
distributed in the Palaearctic region (Yu et al. 2006). It
is a moderately large genus and is divided into sevenc 2009 Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences
teen subgenera, but only Bracon F., 1804, Asiabracon
Tobias, 1957 Cyanopterobracon Tobias, 1957, Glabrobracon Fahringer, 1927, Habrobracon Ashmead, 1895,
Lucobracon Fahringer, 1927, Orthobracon Fahringer,
1927, Pigeria van Achterberg, 1985 and Rostrobracon
Tobias, 1957 are represent in the Turkish fauna. Up to
now, 13 new species have been published from Turkey
(Beyarslan 1986a, b, 1987, 1988, 1996, 1999, 2002a, b;
Beyarslan & Fischer 1990; Beyarslan et al. 2002a, b,
2005, 2006; Beyarslan & Tobias 2008; Güler & Çagatay
2001, 2007). The aim of this study is summarize records
of the Bracon spp. collected in Turkey and contribute
to the Turkish fauna with one new species.
Material and methods
Eight different phytogeographic provinces of Turkey (Euxin,
Subeuxin, Mediterranean, Xeroeuxin, Iran Steppe, Anatolian Steppe, Central Anatolia Steppe, Mesopotamian Steppe
Provinces) (Beyarslan et al. 2008) were surveyed and Bracon
species belonging to 9 subgenera were captured in various
habitats between 1979 and 2007. The specimens of Bracon
were identified by using the keys of Belokobylskij & Tobias
(2000), Tobias (1986), Telenga (1936) and Fahringer (1934).
Wing venation and morphological terminology are according to van Achterberg 1993. Specimens were preserved dry.
Figures of the new species were drawn and measurements
taken using a camera lucida attached to a stereomicroscope.
The material and type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Zoological Museum of Department of Biology,
Trakya University (TUZM), Turkey TR-22.
Results and discussion
Twelve species of the genus Bracon (out of the total of
108 species collected during 1979–2007 from different
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Bracon species of Turkey with description of a new species
105
Table 1. Bracon spp. of Turkey and their distribution (*) according to phytogeographical provinces. EU – Euxin; SE – Subeuxin; MD
– Mediterranean; X – Xeroeuxin; IS – Iran Steppe; AS – Anatolian Steppe; CS – Central Anatolian Steppe; MP – Mesopotamian
Steppe.
E
B. (Asiabracon) amaculatus Beyarslan, 1988
B. (Bracon) chagrinicus Beyarslan, 2002
B. (B.) fulvipes Nees, 1834
B. (B.) gusaricus Nees, 1834
B. (B.) intercessor Nees, 1834
B. (B.) kozak Telenga, 1936
B. (B.) laetus (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (B.) leptus Marshall, 1897
B. (B.) longicollis (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (B.) luteator Spinola, 1808
B. (B.) mariae Dalla Torre, 1898
B. (B.) minutator (F., 1798)
B. (B.) nigratus (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (B.) pectoralis (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (B.) subglaber (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (B.) trucidator Marshall, 1888
B (B.) variegator Spinola, 1808
B. (Cyanepterobracon) fallax Szépligeti, 1901
B. (C.) illyricus Marshall, 1888
B (C.) sabulosus Szépligeti, 1896
B. (C.) spectabilis Telenga, 1936
B. (Glabrobracon) angustiventris Tobias, 1957
B. (G.) atrator Nees, 1834
B. (G.) baseflavus Beyarslan, 2002
B. (G.) bilgini Beyarslan, 2002
B. (G.) brevicalcaratus Tobias, 1957
B. (G.) caudatus Ratzeburg, 1848
B. (G.) caudiger Nees, 1834
B. (G.) chrysostigma Greese, 1928
B. (G.) cingulator Szépligeti, 1901
B. (G.) ciscaucasicus Telenga, 1936
B. (G.) delibator Haliday, 1833
B. (G.) delusorius Haliday, 1833
B. (G.) densipilosus Tobias, 1957
B. (G.) dolichurus Marshall, 1897
B. (G.) erzurumiensis Beyarslan, 2002
B.(G.) fadiche Beyarslan, 1996
B. (G.) flavipalpis Thomson, 1892
B. (G.) frater Tobias, 1957
B. (G.) helleni Telenga, 1936
B. (G.) hemiflavus Szépligeti, 1901
B. (G.) immutator Nees, 1834
B. (G.) jaroslavensis Telenga, 1936
B. (G.) kirgisorum Telenga, 1936
B. (G.) larvicida (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (G.) lividus Telenga, 1936
B. (G) longulus Thomson, 1892
B. (G.) mongolicus Telenga, 1936
B. (G.) negativus Tobias, 1957
B. (G.) nigripilosus Tobias, 1957
B. (G.) obscurator Nees, 1811
B. (G.) osculator Nees, 1811
B. (G.) otiosus Marshall, 1885
B. (G.) parvicornis Thomson, 1892
B. (G.) parvulus (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (G.) pauris Beyarslan, 1996
B. (G.) pineti Thomson, 1892
B. (G.) planinotus Tobias, 1957
B. (G.) popovi Telenga, 1936
B. (G.) praetermissus Marshall, 1885
B. (G.) tekkensis Telenga, 1936
B. (G.) terebella (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (G.) tschitscherini Kokujev, 1904
B. (G.) variator Nees, 1811
B. (Habrobracon) didemie Beyarslan, 2002
B. (H.) flavosignatus (Tobias,1957)
B. (H.) hebetor Say, 1836
B. (H.) kopetdagi (Tobias, 1957)
B. (H.) nigricans (Szépligeti, 1901)
B. (H.) nygmiae (Telenga, 1936)
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106
A. Beyarslan et al.
Table 1. (continued)
B. (H.) ponticus Tobias, 1986
B. (H.) radialis (Telenga, 1936)
B. (H.) simonovi (Kokujev, 1914)
B. (H.) stabilis (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (H.) telengai (Mulyarskaya, 1955)
B. (H.) viktorovi (Tobias,1961)
B. (Lucobracon) achterbergi sp. n.
B. (L.) aestivalis Szépligeti, 1901
B. (L.) brevitemporis Tobias, 1959
B. (L.) erraticus (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (L.) femoralis (Brullé, 1832)
B. (L.) filizae Beyarslan, 2002
B. (L.) fortipes (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (L.) fumigidus Szépligeti, 1901
B. (L.) grandiceps Thomson, 1892
B. (L.) humidus Tobias, 1976
B (L.) hungaricus (Szépligeti,1896)
B. (L.) infernalis Telenga, 1936
B. (L.) iskilipus Beyarslan et Tobias, 2008
B. (L.) jakuticus Tobias, 1961
B. (L.) kaszabi Papp, 1967
B. (L.) meyeri Telenga, 1936
B. (L.) moczari Papp, 1969
B. (L.) nigriventris (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (L.) punctithorax Tobias, 1959
B. (L.) sphaerocephalus Szépligeti, 1901
B. (L.) suchorukovi Telenga, 1936
B. (L.) surucicus Beyarslan, 2002
B. (L.) thuringiacus Schmiedeknecht, 1897
B. (L.) triangularis Nees, 1834
B. (Orthobracon) discoideus (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (O.) epitriptus Marshall, 1885
B. (O.) exhilarator Nees, 1834
B. (O.) roberti (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (O.) shestakoviellus Tobias, 1957
B. (O.) tenuicornis (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (Pigeria) piger (Wesmael, 1838)
B. (Rostrobracon) urinator (F., 1798)
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parts of Turkey) are new to the fauna of Turkey: Bracon (Glabrobracon) caudatus Ratzeburg, 1848, B. (G.)
densipilosus Tobias, 1957, B. (G.) flavipalpis Thomson, 1892, B. (G.) jaroslevensis Telenga, 1936, B. (H.)
kopetdagi (Tobias, 1957), B. (H.) ponticus Tobias, 1986,
B. (H.) simonovi (Kokujev, 1914), B. (L.) femoralis
(Brullé, 1832), B. (L.) infernalis Telenga, 1936, B. (L.)
kaszabi Papp, 1967, B. (L.) moczari Papp, 1969 and B.
(O.) tenuicornis (Wesmael, 1838). One species is new
to science. B. (L.) achterbergi sp. n., which is described
below and its diagnostic characters are illustrated.
The distribution of the Bracon species in Turkey
is listed according to phytogeographical divisions (Table 1) following the system developed by Walter (1956)
and Zohary (1973). Eight large provinces of Turkey
have different faunal composition ofBracon. The majority of the species of Bracon in Turkey are associated
with the Euxin, Subeuxin, Xeroeuxin, Mediterranean
and Iran Steppe provinces, whereas Central Anatolia
Steppe, Mesopotamian Steppe and Anatolian Steppe
Provinces are represented by less species (Table 1).
However, each of the chorotypes has its own specific
features that need to be considered separately. Bracon
(Bracon) fulvipes Nees, 1834, B. (B.) intercessor Nees,
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1834, B. (B.) luteator Spinola, 1808 and B. (Glabrobracon) variator Kokujev, 1904, are mainly widespread
species and are not resticted to one of thechorotypes.
Within Anatolia, its highest similarity is between
the Euxin and Subeuxin provinces. The similarity between the Euxin and Xeroeuxin provinces mainly due
to widespread species and also because of the distribution of some species belonging to Bracon, Cyanopterobracon, Glabrobracon, Habrobracon, Lucobracon and
Rostrobracon.
Euxin province covers the area along north Anatolia, south-eastern and eastern European Turkey. This
coastal region receives abundant rainfall during all year.
Habitats include forests, grasses and meadows. The majority of the species of Bracon in Turkey are associated with Euxin province. There are 94 recorded species
of Bracon in this province in Turkey. B. (L.) achterbergi sp. n. is described from this province. The distribution of B. (L.) nigriventris (Wesmael, 1838), B.
(L.) thuringiacus Schmiedeknecht, 1897 and B. (H.)
viktorovi (Tobias, 1961) are restricted to the Euxin
province and the distribution of the last two species is
represented by only a few Palaearctic countries outside
Anatolia.
Unauthenticated
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Bracon species of Turkey with description of a new species
Subeuxin province covers the Black Sea and
southern Marmara regions below the east and west
Black Sea mountains. The second highest species number is recorded in this territory. 92 species belonging
to the genus were recorded from the area. The distribution of Bracon species of this province extends to
southern Georgia. The primary affinities of this region
are firstly with the Euxin and secondly with the Xeroeuxin, mainly because the species in common have a
wide distributions (Table 1).
Mediterranean province includes the Mediterranean Taurus, Antitaurus and Aegean Anatolia up to
Bursa province in the north of Turkey (Çıplak 2003).
This province has a Mediterranean climate in the littoral sides and inland parts has a continental climate.
The vegetation is consisted of pine trees and maquis.
Inland parts and higher areas have forests covered with
pine, oak, cedar and fir trees. Bracon is represented by
65 species in this province in Turkey and many of them
are widespread. Subgenus Asiabracon Tobias, 1957 is
restricted to the Mediterranean province and is represented by only B. (A.) amaculatus Beyarslan, 1988, in
this area. Also, two species, B. (G.) longulus Thomson, 1892 and B. (H.) telengai (Mulyarskaya, 1955) are
found in only this phytogeographical province.
Xeroeuxin province is situated in the middle
part of Anatolia excluding the Iran Steppe province.
It is surrounded by high mountains and has a continental climate. The vegetation is consisted of steppe. The
mountainous area on the edges has oak forests. The
Bracon fauna of this province is the third numerous
one. 74 species are found in the western and southwestern tip of Xeroeuxin province, displaying an obvious
preference for open areas. B. (G.)densipilosus Tobias,
1957, a rare species, is found only in this province.
Iran Steppe province also belongs to IranoTuranian phyto-region and covers eastern Anatolia
up to the Erzurum province and Southern Anatolia,
excluding Urfa and Mardin provinces. A principally
mountainous eastern region of Turkey, with lower temperatures and average rainfall. It is covered with sparse
forests of oak and pine, and prevalently steppe. This
province includes 64 Bracon species.
Anatolian Steppe province belongs to the
Irano-Turanian phyto-region and includes the east of
eastern Anatolia. Investigations of Bracon are extremely limited in this province. In this first data,
14 species recorded from this phytogeographic area.
Species belonging to subgenera such as Asiabracon,
Orthobracon, Pigeria and Rostrobracon are not determined in this territory.
Central Anatolian Steppe province includes
Ankara and Konya provinces in the middle of Xeroeuxin province. There are 34 Bracon species recorded
from the Turkish side of this province.
Mesopotamian Steppe province includes Mesopotamia below the southeastern Taurus. The Turkish
part of this province is the smallest phytogeographic
area in Anatolia. This area is quite poor in Bracon faunal composition when compared with the other phyto-
107
geographical provinces. Nineteen species belonging to
the genus were recorded from the territory. B. (L.) surucicus is known only this province.
Bracon (Lucobracon) achterbergi Beyarslan sp.
n. (Figs 2–6)
Description. Holotype (female). Length of body 3.6
mm, antenna 3.3 mm, fore wing 3.3 mm, hind wing 2.8
mm, mesosoma 1.3 mm, metasoma 1.8 mm, ovipositor
sheath 1.8 mm.
Head. Ratio of length : width : height of head =
33 : 50 : 50. Antenna with 26 segments, length of third
segment as long as fourth segment; all antennal segments cubic, only two penultimate antennal segments
longer than its width; Apex of last antennal segment
pointed (Fig. 1). Width of hypoclypeal depression 0.56
times of longitudinal diameter of eye and 1.75 times
of malar space; length of maxillary palp 0.55 times of
height of head; width of face 1.6 times of its height,
face finely punctuated and with long setae laterally; vertex, frons and temple smooth, glabrous; length of eye
1.75 times longer than length of temple in dorsal view;
stemmaticum forming an equilateral triangle. OOL :
OD : POL = 11 : 5 : 5; clypeus and mandible microsculptured; temple smooth; length of malar space as
long as basal width of mandible and 0.4 times of longitudinal diameter of eye.
Mesosoma (Fig. 2). Length of mesosoma 1.6 times
longer than height, side of pronotum smooth, glabrous;
propleuron micro-sculptured and glabrous; mesonotum
and mesopleuron smooth, glabrous, notauli distinct and
with long gray setae; scutellar sulcus weakly developed
and smooth; scutellum distinctly depressed, smooth
and with sparse long setae; metapleuron smooth and
with some white setae, its flange comparatively large
and distinctly protruding anteriorly, metanotum convex laterally; surface of propodeum smooth, glabrous
medially, laterally with long, grey setae.
Wings (Fig. 3). Fore wing – length of pterostigma 3
times as long as maximal width, r shorter than maximal
width of pterostigma (9 : 15), vein 1–SR+M curved,
vein cu-a interstitial. r : 3–SR : SR1 = 4 : 12 : 25;
length of CUlb 0.3 times of 3–CU1; 2–SR : 3–SR : r-m
: 2–M = 19 : 24 : 9 : 40. Hind wing: lr-m : 2–SC+R
: SC+R1 = 3 : 0 : 10, apex of vein C+SC+R of hind
wing with long setae.
Legs (Fig. 4). Hind coxa smooth and with grey
setae, femur distinctly compressed; ratio of femur : tibia
: basitarsus : tarsus of hind leg = 21 : 30 : 11 : 30; length
of femur, tibia and basitarsus of hind leg 3.5, 7.5 and
4.4 times as long as their maximum width, respectively;
length of hind tibial spurs 0.45 and 0.36 times of hind
basitarsus, length of fore tibial spur 0.6 times of fore
basitarsus, tibia and tarsus densely setose.
Metasoma (Fig. 5). Length of first tergite 1.1 times
of apical width; its median area smooth, laterally sculptured; anterior median field of second metasomal tergite delicately rugulosed, laterally smooth; other tergites smooth glabrous; median length of second tergite
Unauthenticated
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108
A. Beyarslan et al.
Figs 1–5. Bracon (Lucobracon) achterbergi sp. n.: 1 – antenna; 2 – mesosoma in lateral view; 3 – wings; 4 – hind leg; 5 – metasoma
in dorsal view. Scales 1 mm (Fig. 2), 1.8 mm (Figs 1, 3), 1.9 mm (Fig. 4), 1.1 mm (Fig. 5).
0.84 times as long as basal width and 0.46 times as long
as posterior width; suture between 2nd and 3rd metasomal tergites weak and almost straight; median length
of second tergite as long as median length of third tergite; length of protruding ovipositor sheath 1.25 times
as long as metasoma and 0.65 times of fore wing.
Colour. Black; dorsal orbits, apical half of fore femur, fore tibia, basal half of hind tibia, a lateral part
of second metasomal tergite, sternites partly yellowred; wing membrane light brown, pterostigma and veins
dark brown.
Male. Unknown.
Host. Unknown.
Material examined. Holotype (female): Trabzon, Maçka, Hamsiköy, swept from a pasture with mixed forest;
(39◦ 21 16 N, 36◦ 24 27 E), 5.VIII.2005, 1400 m a.s.l., leg.
A. Beyarslan.
Paratypes (2 ¾¾): Trabzon, Maçka, Yeşiltepe, Gülin Dağı,
from a high plateau with Abies sp., Rhododendron sp. and
Papaver sp. (40◦ 50 10 N, 39◦ 34 11 E), 6.VIII.2005, 1640
m a.s.l., leg. M. Aydogdu; 1 2; Giresun, Şebinkarahisar,
Dereli, from a field with grass-type plants (40◦ 32 06 N,
38◦ 21 17 E), 2.VIII.2005, 1430 m a.s.l., leg. A. Beyarslan,
1 2. Holotype and paratypes are deposited in the Zoological Museum of Department of Biology, Trakya University
(TUZM), Turkey TR-22.
Etymology. Named in honour of Prof. Dr. C. van
Achterberg, for his important contributions to our
knowledge of Braconidae.
Distribution. Known only from the type localities in
Trabzon and Giresun (Turkey).
Differential diagnosis. Bracon (Lucobracon) achterbergi Beyarslan sp. n. is related to B. (L.) erraticus
(Wesmael, 1838) (Papp 1969). These two species can
be separated by the combination of following characters:
1 (2) First metasomal tergite about 1.4 times as long
as its apical width (25:18) and 3–SR 0.5 times as long
as SR1 and 3.5 times longer than r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B. (L.) achterbergi sp. n.
2 (1) First metasomal tergite about 0.6 times as long
as its apical width (35:60) and 3–SR 0.80 times as long
as SR1 and as long as r . . . . . . . . . . B. (L.) erraticus
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by TUBITAK (TBAG-1924
and 106T588). We thank the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for their financial
support.
References
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Received March 12, 2009
Accepted September 5, 2009
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