CHAPTER 14
LESSON 2 Reform and Reaction
Lesson 2 Reform and Reaction
TERMS & NAMES
In this lesson, you will read about how Luther’s ideas spread
and new Protestant religious groups arose as a result of
Reformation.
• John Calvin French
reformer whose
interpretation of the Bible
resulted in the Protestant
belief system called
Calvinism
• predestination the belief
that people had been chosen
for or denied salvation even
before they were born
• St. Ignatius of Loyola
Spanish founder of the
religious order called the
Society of Jesus, or Jesuits
• Jesuits a new religious
order founded by the
Catholic Church to spread
Catholicism
• Inquisition a court set up
by the Church to investigate
people who had strayed
from the Catholic faith
AS YOU READ
Use a graphic like the one below to record the main idea and
supporting details of each section in Lesson 2.
Main Idea
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
detail
detail
Luther’s Ideas Spread
(pages 471–472)
What were the some of the effects of Luther’s
ideas?
Many people learned about Luther’s ideas from
priests, churchgoers, and merchants. His ideas
spread even more quickly through the printing
process. As printing became cheaper, it
became more widespread. As more Europeans
learned to read, printers began to produce the
Bible and other works in local languages.
For centuries Bibles were only in
Latin. When presses printed Bibles in local
languages, people could read and interpret the
Bible for themselves. This change threatened
the Catholic Church’s authority. Church
detail
CHAPTER 14
BEFORE YOU READ
leaders feared that people would develop their
own religious ideas instead of coming to the
clergy for religious teaching.
During the 1500s, the spread of Luther’s
ideas contributed to peasant revolts and
religious wars in Europe. Peasants seeking
more rights and better economic and social
conditions rebelled. Many believed Luther’s
ideas of individual freedom meant that their
protests had God’s support. The peasants used
Luther’s ideas to support their revolts, but few
succeeded.
In the mid 1500s religious wars broke
out across Europe between Catholics and
Protestants. In 1521 Charles V, the Holy
Roman Emperor, declared Luther an outlaw. In
Germany, many Lutheran princes went to war
Chapter 14, Lesson 2
READING STUDY GUIDE
121
READING STUDY GUIDE CONTINUED
1.
Why did religious division have such a
dramatic political impact?
CHAPTER 14
The Reformation Grows
(pages 472–473)
What were some of the different Protestant
movements that developed throughout Europe?
Throughout Europe religious thinkers
interpreted the Bible differently. French
reformer John Calvin was a key leader of the
Protestant Reformation. Calvin believed in
predestination. This is the belief that God had
chosen certain people to be saved even before
they were born. If individuals were not to be
saved, there was nothing they could do about
it. Christians could not do anything to win
salvation. Calvin’s religious beliefs, known as
Calvinism, attracted many followers.
The Reformation in England took a
different path than in the rest of Europe. The
English King Henry VIII decided to separate
his nation from the Catholic Church after
the pope refused to permit him to divorce
his wife. Henry established the Church of
England, also called the Anglican Church.
The Church of England kept most Catholic
beliefs, but rejected the power of the pope.
English reformer William Tyndale believed
the Anglican Church should reject all Catholic
beliefs and practices. In England people
debated whether to keep most Catholic beliefs
or adopt more Protestant reforms.
2.
122
How did the Reformation affect England?
The Counter Reformation
(pages 473–475)
What was the Counter Reformation?
The Catholic Church used many tools to try to
stop, or counter, the spread of Protestantism.
This effort was called the Counter
Reformation. It began with the meeting of
the Council of Trent. This was a group of key
Church officials who met between 1545 and
1563 to define Catholic beliefs and show how
the Catholic faith differed from Protestantism.
They ruled that only Church leaders could
explain the Bible’s meaning.
The Church also set up and supported
a new religious order called the Society
of Jesus, or Jesuits. Spaniard St. Ignatius
of Loyola formed the Jesuits in the early
1530s. The Jesuits operated like a military
unit. Strong leaders commanded the order.
Members learned obedience and discipline.
Many studied foreign languages so they could
spread Catholicism across Africa, Asia, and the
Americas.
A third step the Catholic Church took
was to establish the Inquisition. This was
a court that investigated people who had
left the Catholic faith. Church officials on
the court used threats and torture to get
people to confess to sins including that of
being Protestant. The Inquisition was used
throughout Europe. The most famous court
was the Spanish Inquisition.
Church officials also made a list of books
including Protestant Bibles they felt were a
threat to the Catholic faith. Church officials
throughout Europe collected these forbidden
books and burned them. The Counter
Reformation succeeded in making the Catholic
Church stronger.
3.
What tools did the Catholic Church use
against the spread of Protestantism?
Copyright © by McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Mifflin Company
against Charles. In 1555 Germany’s Lutheran
and Catholic princes signed a peace treaty
ending the fighting.
Chapter 14 Lesson 2
READING STUDY GUIDE
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