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Chapter10:
Human
Development
MajorQues8ons
1.  Naturevs.Nurture
2.  Qualita8vevs.Quan8ta8ve
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HowisDevPsychInves8gated?
1.  Cross-Sec8onalResearch
–  Comparesmanydifferentagegroupsatone8me
point
2.  LongitudinalResearch
–  Studiesthesamegroupofindividualsover
mul8ple8mepoints
3.  Cohort-Sequen8aldesign
–  Combinescross-sec8onalandlongitudinaldesigns
Pros&ConsofEachDesign
•  Cross-sec8onaldesign
–  Advantage:Quicker!
–  Disadvantage:Cannotcontrolforoutside
variables
•  Longitudinaldesign
–  Advantage:Eliminatesoutsidevariables
–  Disadvantages:Takesaverylong8me,$$$$$
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HowWeDevelop
•  DNAisthebuilding
blocksofour
chromosomes
•  Weallhave23pairs
ofchromosomesin
eachcell
GenotypeandPhenotype
•  Geneotype—Thesumtotalofallthegenes
thatapersoninherits
•  Phenotype—thewayinwhichthegenesare
actuallyexpressedorobservedcharacteris8cs
ofthegenes
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PaZernsofGene8cInheritance
•  Wehavetwogenesforeverything(onefrom
momandonefromdad)
•  Homozygous-genesarealike
–  Showinheritedtrait
•  Heterozygous-genesarenotalike
–  Genesdukeitouttoseewhichtraitwillappear
WaysGenesInteract
1.  DominantRecessive
–  Dominantgeneeffectscharacteris8c;recessive
genehasnoeffect
•  Dominanttraits:darkhair,curlyhair,normalhearing
andvision.
•  1,000humancharacteris8cs
2.  CodominantorAddi8veGenes
–  Anumberofgenesinteracttoformaspecifictrait
–  Skincolor,height
MakingItMoreComplicated
•  Onlyafewofourtraitsarediscretetraits
–  Theproductofasinglegenepair
•  Mosthumantraitsarepolygenictraits
–  Involvethecombinedimpactofmul8plegenes
–  Mostbehaviorsarepolygene8c
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StagesofPrenatalDevelopment
•  GerminalPeriod
–  0-2weeks
–  Startswitheggbeingfer8lized
–  Endswheneggimplantsintheuterus
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StagesofPrenatalDevelopment
•  PeriodoftheEmbryo
–  3-8weeks
–  Allthemajororgansdevelopduringthis8me
StagesofPrenatalDevelopment
•  PeriodoftheFetus
–  9-38weeks
–  Rapidgrowth
ThePlacenta
Organ that takes
nutrients and
oxygen from the
mother and
sends them to
the baby via the
umbilical cord
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Teratogen
•  Anysubstancethat
causesdamageduring
theprenatalperiod
• 
• 
• 
• 
• 
Infec8ons/virii
Illegaldrugs
Alcohol
CigareZes
Caffiene
Cri8calPeriods
SensoryCapabili8esatBirth
•  Vision-worstsenseatbirth
–  20/600vision
•  Hearing-bestsenseatbirth
–  Canrecognizemother’svoice
•  Taste-verydevelopedatbirth
–  Preferssweettaste(breastmilkissweet)
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InfantMotorDevelopment
•  Newbornshavenovoluntarycontrolover
muscles
•  Reflexesareins8nc8veresponsetovarious
s8mulionthebody
–  Blinking
–  Roo8ng
–  Sucking
–  Tonicneck
-Grasping
-Stepping
-Babinski
-Moro
•  Let’scheckthemout!
InfantBrainDevelopment
•  Massivegrowthofdendritesandsynapses.
•  15,000dendritesasecondduringthefirst
yearoflife
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InfantBrainDevelopment
•  Myeliniza8on-thecoveringofneuronswitha
substancethatspeedsuptransmission
InfantBrainDevelopment
•  Synap8cPruninggets
ridofunused
connec8ons
•  Wegrow2xas
connec8onsasneeded
GrowthTrendsofInfants
•  Cephalocaudal-growthfromthetopdown
(headgrowsfasterthanthetorsoandfeet)
•  Proximodistal-growthfromtheinsideout
(torsogrowsfasterthanthearmsandfingers)
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Piaget’sTheory
•  Childrenlearnbyorganizinginforma8oninto
schemas
•  Assimila8onputsnewinforma8onintoexis8ng
schemas
•  Accommoda8oncreatesnewschemasfornew
informa8onormajorlyalteredschemas
•  Equilibriumiswhenallinforma8onisorganized
intoschemas
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Vygotsky’sSocio-culturalTheory
•  Socialinterac8onisvitaltochildren’slearning
anddevelopment
•  ChildrenlearnbestinZoneofProximal
Development
•  Childrenlearnbestwhenaparentorteacher
helpsthem(scaffolding)
AZachment
•  Emo8onalbondan
infantfeelstowards
theircaregiver
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AZachmentMeasurement
•  StrangeSitua8onTest
–  Motherandbabyplay,strangerentersandthe
motherleaves,motherreturns
–  Repeatprocess
TypesofAZachment
•  SecureAZachment(65%)-infantupsetwhen
momleavesandhappywhenshereturns
•  InsecureaZachment(35%)
–  Avoidant(20%)–showsliZledistressatsepara8on,
liZlejoyatreunion
–  Resistant(10-15%)–duringsepara8on,upsetat
reunion.
–  Disorganized(5-10%)–mixtureofavoidantand
resistantbehaviors.
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Adolescence
•  Physicaldevelopmentandpuberty
–  Developmentofprimaryandsecondarysex
characteris8cs
–  Primarysexcharacteris8cs-onesthatarepartof
thereproduc8vesystem(ovaries,penisand
testes)
–  Secondarysexcharacteris8cs-onesthatarenonreproduc8vebutimportanttogender
iden8fica8on(deepeningofvoice,breasts)
Adulthood
•  Whydoweage?
–  Cellularclocktheory-agingisbuiltintotheircells.
–  Wearandteartheory-themoremileageweput
onourbody,thequickertheywearout.
–  Freeradicaltheory-wegetmorefreeradicalsin
oursystemcausingmoredamageandagingtoour
bodies.
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