Modern African Nationalism
1935 to Present
N samba Gonzaga Baker
B.A EDDe (HONS) M.D.K
M.A Soc. M.U.K
HEAD OF HISTORY DEPARMENT
LUBIRI HIGH SCHOOL
P. 0 BOX ~7237, KAMPALA
TEL. 041~2719Ö2
MOB. 0712-880459,0753-880459,0752-501741.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
CHAPTERl:
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2.
Definition of Mrican Nationalism
Factors ofthe growth of African nationalism
Characteristics of African Nationalism
Colonial policies
The Italo-Ethiopian crisis
The Second World War
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Super powers/cold war politics
The United Nations Organisation (U.N.O)
The role of Asian Nationalism
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The role of India
CHAPTER2 :
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3.
4.
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PAN AFRICANISM
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THE NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT
Origins ofNon alignment
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The Bandung Conference
Aims and objectives ofthe NAM
Achievements of the NAM
Problems, Weaknesses and failures ofNAM
The Lusaka Declaration
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CHAPTER4 :
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7
11
14
26
31
35
38
41
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Definition ofPan Africanism
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Objectives ofPan Africanism
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The little impact ofPan Africanism by 1945
The 1945 Manchester Conference
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The 1958 Accra Congress
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Obstacles to Pan Africanism
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Achievements ofPan Africanism
Weaknesses ofPan Africanism
Factors for the growth ofPan Africanism
CHAPTER3 :
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AFRICAN NATIONALISM
(NAM)
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THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY
Objectives ofthe O.AU
Principles and organs ofthe O.AU
Achievements ofthe O.A.U
Failures ofthe O.A.U
Problems encountered by the O.A.U
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65
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73
5.
CHAPTER5
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THE EAST AFRICAN FEDERATION
74
~ Reasons forthe cJoser union ofEast Africa
~ Reasons for the failure of the E. A. F
6.
CHAPTER6
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76
REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
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THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY (E.AC)
79
81
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84
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91
92
95
~ Aims, objectives and structure of the E.A. C
~ Achievements ofthe EAC
~ The collapse ofthe East African Community
~ Effects ofthe collapse ofthe EAC
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~ THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES
~ Aims and objectives of the ECOW AS
~ Achievements of the ECOWAS
~ Challenges, problems and failures ofthe ECOWAS
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~ THE SOUTH AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COORDINATION
CONFERENCE
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~ Aims, objectives and problems ofthe SADCC
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~ THE SOUTH AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY
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~ Achievements and challenges ofthe SADC
7.
98
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100
101
CHAPTER 7 : AFRICAN CULTURE
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8.
103
European interference in African culture
Positive aspects ofEuropean culture
Attempts to preserve African culture
Problems in reviving African culture
The role of African Writers. "
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CHAPTER 8 : NEO COLONIALISM IN AFRICA
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Manifestations ofNeo-colonialism
Consequences ofNeo-colonialism
CHAPER 9
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THE 1952 EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION
Its causes/failures ofKing Farouk
King Farouk' s Achievements
Its impact on African Nationalism
> The Nationalisation ofthe Suez Canal
~ the success oftheEgyptian Revolution
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105
106
108
108
111
114
117
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122
127
132
134
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Problems encountered
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Gamel Abdel Nasser
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The Suez Canal crisis of 1956
CHAPTER 10
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THE 1959 RWANDA REVOLUTION
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Its causes and effects. .. ... ... ... ... . .. . .. ... ... ... . .. . .. . .. . .. ... ... . .. ... .
The 1990 invasion ofRwanda
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Effects ofthe 1990-94 Rwanda crisis
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11.
CHAPER 11 :
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151
152
1964 ZANZmAR REVOLUTION
Its causes and effects
Reasons for its success
136
138
140
145
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155-158
160
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CHAPTER 12'< : mE
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1969 LmYAN REVOLUTION
163
Its causes andeffects
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Factors for its success................................................................
CHAPTER 13
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163-196
169
THE GBANAIAN REVOLUTION
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Reasons for the early independence of Ghana
Obstacles in Ghana's independence struggle
Stages in Ghana's search for independence
~ The role of political parties
Ghana's independence and African Nationalism
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Nkrumah's role
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The down fall ofNkrumah/1966 coup
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The 1972 coup in Ghana
Nkrumah as a Pan Africanist
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14.
CHAPTERI4:
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ERITREAN WAR OF SECESSION
Causes,
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Obstacles to the Eritrean Liberation war
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Factors for its success
Effects ofthe Eritrean War ofsecession
Instabilities in the horn of Africa
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NATIONALISM IN ETBIOPIA
Achievements ofEmperor Haille Sellasie
Failures ofHaille SellasieIThe 1974 coup in Ethiopia
The impact ofthe 1974 coup
CHAPTER 15:
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190
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16.
CHAPTER16:
BELGIAN CONGO AN D TUE KATANGA
SECESSION
171
~ Reasons for delayed Nationalism in Congo
~ Factors forthe rise Nationalism in Congo
~ The Katanga secession (its causes & effects)
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~ Reasons why it flopped
~ The political crisis in Congo. .. ... .. . . .. .. . . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. . ... ... ....
17.
CHAPTER17
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NATIONALISMINNIGERIA
~ The road to independence in Nigeria
~ The role of the NCNC
~ Dr. Namdi Azikiwe's role
~ Obstacles to Nigeria's search for independence
~ Political instabilities in Nigeria
The Biafran war ofsecession
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Its causes, effects and why if failed .. ,
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224
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229
229-234
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18.
CHAPTER18
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20.
235
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NATIONALISM
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NATIONALISM
COLONIES
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235-243
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247-249
IN KENYA
Factors forthe rise ofKenyan Nationalism
The Mau Mau rebellion of 1952 (causes & effects)
The Mau Mau as a Nationalism rebellion
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The defeat ofthe Mau Mau
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Stages in Kenya's path to independence
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The role of political parties
Problems in Kenya's independence struggle
lomo Kenyatta's career
CHAPTER20
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WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
Its causes and effects
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Factors forits success
Obstacles to the Algerian war ofliberation
Ben Bella's achievements and failures (1965 coup)
CHAPTER19
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THE ALGERIAN
1954-1962
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214
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250
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254-261
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268
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270
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IN PORTUGUESE
Delayed Nationalism in Portuguese colonies
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274-278
CHAPTER 21:
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NATIONALISM IN ANGOLA
279
Causes ofthe Liberation war in Angola
Its course
The role ofthe MPLA
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The role of Augostinho Neto
Factors forthe sucress ofthewar
ObstacJes encountered
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CBAPTER 22 :
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THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR
289
~ Its causes and effects
23.
CBAPTER 23
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272 - 276
NATIONALISM IN MOZAMBIQUE
Causes of the Mozambican war of independence
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The course of the war
The role ofFRELIMO
Factors forthe success ofthe war
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ObstacJes encountered
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Effects of the Mozambican liberation war
The Mozambican civil war (1977-94)
Problems in post independent Mozambique
CHAPTER24:
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NATIONALISM IN SOUTH AFRICA
Origins of apartheid
Apartheid laws and reactions to them
Factors for South Africa's independence
ObstacJes to South Africa's independence
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The impact of apartheid
> Bantustans and their failure
~ Reasons for increased opposition to apartheid
~ The roles ofO.AU and U.N.O in ending apartheid
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THEGUINEABISSAUWAROF
INDEPEDENCE
Causes ofthe warofliberation
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The course ofthe war
Factors forits sucress
Effects ofthe Guinea Bissau War
Amilcar Cabral's career
CHAPTER25 :
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317 - 324
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333 -335
~ The roles offrontline states
~ The role played by the ANC
~ Nelson Mandela's career
CHAPTER
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NATIONALISM
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NATIONALISM
~ The delay ofNamibia's Independence
~ Factors forNamibia's independence
CBAPTER28
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IN ZAMBABWE
~ Reasons for the u.n.I. "
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~ Tbe delay ofZimbabwean Nationalism
~ Factors for Zimbabwe's Independence
CHAPTER27
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IN NAMIBIA
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351-335
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TBE SUDAN CIVIL W ARS
~ Its causes and etfects
~ Etforts to end the Sudanese Civil wars
~ Obstac1es to the peace process
~ Possible solutions
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NA TIONALISM
NATIONALISM
~ Political and constitutional developments
~ Factors for nationalism in Tanganyika
361
361-366
366
368
369
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IN UGANDA
~ Reasons for delayed nationalism in Uganda
~ Process of nationalism in Uganda
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~ Factors forNationalism in Uganda
» Tbe Kabaka crisis (causes & etfects)
~ Buganda's secessionist attempts (causes & effects)
~ The 1971 coup in Uganda
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~ Tbe 1972 economic war in Uganda
~ Features of Amin's rule......
~ The down fall ofldi Amin
~ Tbe NRM rule in Uganda
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345
347
TBE CIVIL WAR IN CHAD
CHAPTER29
CHAPTER31
340
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~ Its causes and etfects
~ Attempts 10 end the civil war
~ Tbe role ofthe O.A.U
CHAPTER30
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IN TANGANYIKA
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379
382
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388
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390
393
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~ The early independence ofTanganyika
~ The role ofTANU
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~ The role ofJulius Nyerere
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CHAPTER32
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AFRICAN SOCIALISM
405
. ~ Reasons why African leaders adopted socialism
~ Socialism in Tanzania
> Aims, achievements and weaknesses ofUjaama
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CHAPTER33
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PROBLEMS IN AFRICAN STATES
The problem of coup de tats
Military rule in Africa (strengths & weaknesses)
Rural urban migration
Poverty in Africa. .. ... ... .. . . .. . .. . .. ... .. . .. . .. . .. . ...
Corruption in Africa
Political instability in Africa
Population explosion in Africa
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Unemployment in Africa
CHAPTER34
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416
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418
418
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POLITICAL PARTIES & POLITICAL
ORGANISATION IN AFRICA
422
Origins and types ofpolitical parties
Factors for the emergence of political parties in Africa '"
> Mass political parties and the independence struggIe
SINGLE PARTYRULE IN AFRICA
~ MULTI-PARTYPOLITCS
IN AFRICA
Reasons for the retum to multipartism in Africa
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427
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443
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TUE REFUGEE PROBLEM IN AFRICA
Its causes and effects
CHAPTER36
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407
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412
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CHAPTER35
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400
402
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.445-447
WESTERN SAHARA AN» TUE POLISARIO WAR
OF LIBERATION 1976-2000
~ Its causes and effects
~ Factors that facilitated the POLISARIO
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450-454
455