The 1887 committee meets again. Subject: freedom and constraint

Loughborough University
Institutional Repository
The 1887 committee meets
again. Subject: freedom and
constraint
This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository
by the/an author.
Citation:
DAVIES, T.H, 2000.
The 1887 committee meets again.
Sub ject:
freedom and constraint. IN: Proceedings of a Symposium commemorating the
legacy, works and life of Sir Robert Stawell Ball upon the 100th Anniversary of
`A Treatise on the theory of Screws', July 9-12, 2000, University of Cambridge,
Trinity College.
Additional Information:
•
This
the
a
paper
legacy,
is
works
100th
Anniversary
University
of
presented
and
of
life
`A
Cambridge,
at
of
the
Sir
Treatise
Trinity
Symposium
Robert
of
Stawell
Screws',
College.
commemorating
Ball
July
Also
Please cite the published version.
the
2000,
available
http://helix.gatech.edu/ball2000/CD/Papers/ball2000-04.pdf.
Metadata Record: https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/700
upon
9-12,
at:
Proceedings of
A Symposium Commemorating the
Legacy, Works, and Life of
Sir Robert Stawell Ball
Upon the 100th Anniversary of
A Treatise on the Theory of Screws
July 9-11, 2000
University of Cambridge, Trinity College
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