Cleveland State University
EngagedScholarship@CSU
Linguistics
Anthropology Department
2007
Sluicing in Slavic
Lydia Grebenyova
Cleveland State University, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: http://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/ling_facpub
Part of the Linguistics Commons
How does access to this work benefit you? Let us know!
Publisher's Statement
(c)Slavica Publishers
Repository Citation
Grebenyova, Lydia, "Sluicing in Slavic" (2007). Linguistics. 3.
http://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/ling_facpub/3
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology Department at EngagedScholarship@CSU. It has been accepted for
inclusion in Linguistics by an authorized administrator of EngagedScholarship@CSU. For more information, please contact [email protected].
!
!
!
Sluicing in Slavic!
!
Lydia Grebenyova
!
!
!
"#$%&'(%)! "#$! %&'(! &)! *#+,! -'-$.! +,! *&! $/-(&.$! *#$! -.&-$.*+$,! &)! ,(0+1+2%! 3+4$45!
1('0,'(!$((+-,+,6!+2!7('8+1!('2%0'%$,4!92! *0.25! :$! :+((!,$$!#&:! *#$!7('8+1!;'*'!
,#$;!(+%#*! &2!*#$!2'*0.$!&)!%$2$.'(!-.&1$,,$,!02;$.(<+2%!,(0+1+2%4!=+.,*5!9!;$>
*$.?+2$! :#'*! -&,+*+&2,! *+,.$?2'2*,! &110-<! +2! ,(0+1+2%! 1&2,*.01*+&2,! +2!
7('8+15! %+8$2! *#$! -.&-$.*+$,! &)! *+,?&8$?$2*! +2! $'1#! ('2%0'%$4! @&2*.'.<! *&!
*#$! ,*'2;'.;! '2'(<,$,5! :#$.$! '2! +2*$..&%'*+8$! -*+! 1&?-($?$2*+A$.! (+1$2,$,!
"B>$((+-,+,5!9!'.%0$! *#'*! +*!+,!'1*0'((<! *#$!-./(0$!)$'*0.$!*#'*!+,!.$,-&2,+C($!)&.!
(+1$2,+2%! ,(0+1+2%! +2! 7('8+14! "#$! -.&-&,'(! +,! )0.*#$.! $/*$2;$;! *&! ('2%0'%$,!
&*#$.!*#'2!7('8+14!9!'(,&!;$?&2,*.'*$!#&:!*#$!+2*$.-.$*'*+&2!&)!?0(*+-($!+2*$.>
.&%'*+8$,!+2!'!%+8$2!('2%0'%$!'))$1*,!*#$!'8'+('C+(+*<!&)!?0(*+-($!,(0+1+2%!3+4$45!
,(0+1+2%!:+*#!?0(*+-($!*+,.$?2'2*,6!+2!*#'*!('2%0'%$4!=+2'((<5!9!$/-(&.$!'!,0.>
-.+,+2%!?'2+)$,*'*+&2!&)!70-$.+&.+*<!$))$1*,!+2!,(0+1+2%!,*.01*0.$,!+2!('2%0'%$,!
*#'*! ;&! 2&*! $/#+C+*! 70-$.+&.+*<! $))$1*,! +2! 2&2>$((+-*+1'(! ,*.01*0.$,4! 9! ;$.+8$!
*#&,$! 70-$.+&.+*<! $))$1*,! ).&?! '2! +2;$-$2;$2*! -.&-$.*<! &)! $((+-,+,5! 2'?$(<5!
,1&-$!-'.'(($(+,?4!
1. Introduction
"#+,! -'-$.! $/'?+2$,! #&:! *#$! ,<2*'1*+1! '2;! +2*$.-.$*+8$! -.&-$.*+$,! &)!
*+,D0$,*+&2,!+2!7('8+1!'2;!&*#$.!('2%0'%$,!'.$!?'2+)$,*$;!+2!*#$!1&2>
*$/*! &)! ,(0+1+2%! '2;! :#'*! +*! 1'2! *$((! 0,! 'C&0*! *#$! 2'*0.$! &)! ,(0+1+2%! +2!
%$2$.'(4!"#$!-'-$.!+,!&.%'2+A$;!',!)&((&:,4! !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
!9!'?!%.'*$)0(!*&!E&.C$.*!F&.2,*$+25!F&:'.;!G',2+H5!I'+.&!E02$,5!7'2;.'!7*J$-'2&8+K5!
'2;!*#$!'2&2<?&0,! I7G!.$8+$:$.,!)&.!*#$+.!+2,+%#*)0(! 1&??$2*,!&2!*#+,!-'-$.4! L'2<!
*#'2H,! '(,&! %&! *&! *#$! '0;+$21$,! '*! =M7G! NO! '2;! PGQR! +2! M,+'! S5! :#$.$! -&.*+&2,! &)!
*#+,!-'-$.!:$.$!-.$,$2*$;4!=&.!2'*+8$>,-$'H$.!J0;%?$2*,5!9!*#'2H!"'*+'2'!P.$C$2<&8'5!
E+2'! T'A'2+2'5! '2;! L+1#'$(! 70CC&*+2! 3U0,,+'26V! L'.+'2'! G'?C&8'! 3W0(%'.+'26V!
W'.C'.'!@+*H&!3B&(+,#6V!'2;!7'2;.'!7*J$-'2&8+K!37$.C&>@.&'*+'264!
Journal of Slavic Linguistics 15(1): 49–80, 2007.
!"#$%&'()(*"+#,%-"+($."(/."'&0"'&'(&1(+23%#%'45(1&#3+%'4(&'(!267%#8(
9'( +"#$%&'( :5( 9( 6$$"0/$( $&( *"$",0%'"( ;.6$( /&+%$%&'+( $."( ,"0'6'$( !"#
/.,6+"+( &##3/<( %'( $."( +23%#"+( =%8"85( $."( #263+"+( 3'*",4&%'4( +23%#%'4>8(
?."('6$3,"(&1($."+"(/&+%$%&'+(%+(%0/&,$6'$(1&,(3'*",+$6'*%'4(;.6$(#&'@
1%43,6$%&'+( 2%#"'+"( +23%#%'4( 6'*( ;.<8( 9( -"4%'( -<( *"0&'+$,6$%'4( $.6$(
#&'$,6+$%7"(1&#3+(%+(#6/6-2"(&1(2%#"'+%'4(+23%#%'4(%'(26'4364"+(2%A"(B3+@
+%6'(6'*(C&2%+.8(?."("7%*"'#"(1&,($.%+(#&0"+(1,&0($."(16#$($.6$('&$(&'2<(
032$%/2"( !"#"2"0"'$+( -3$( 62+&( 032$%/2"( #&'$,6+$%7"2<( 1&#3+"*( B@"D@
/,"++%&'+(#6'(-"(,"0'6'$+(&1( +23%#%'4(%'($."+"(26'4364"+8( E&;"7",5(%$(
.6+(-""'(6,43"*(-<(F&-"#A(=GHHI>(6'*(J",#.6'$(=)KKG>($.6$($."(LM;.N(
1"6$3,"( &'( $."( %'$",,&46$%7"( OK( 2%#"'+"+( +23%#%'4( %'( P'42%+.8( ?&( 67&%*(
$."(+$%/326$%&'($.6$($;&(*%11","'$(1"6$3,"+(=%8"85($%&'()(6'*($!"(1"6$3,"+>(
#6'( 2%#"'+"( +23%#%'4( %'( 26'4364"+5( 9( +344"+$( $.6$( "7"'( %'( P'42%+.5( %$( %+(
$."( $%&'()( 1"6$3,"5( 6'*( '&$( $."( $!"( 1"6$3,"( $.6$( 2%#"'+"+( +23%#%'48( *"#
0&7"0"'$( %'( $.%+( 26'4364"( +%0/2<( .6//"'+( $&( -"( $."( &/",6$%&'( $.6$(
4"$+( 6( !"#/.,6+"( $&( $."( +/"#%1%",( &1( $."( /,&Q"#$%&'( $.6$( -"6,+( 6( =;"6A>(
$%&'()(1"6$3,"8((
!"#$%&'( R( "D/2&,"+( .&;( +"06'$%#( /,&/",$%"+( &1( 032$%/2"( %'$",,&46@
$%7"+(611"#$($."(676%26-%2%$<(&1(+23%#%'4(%'(#",$6%'(#&'$"D$+8(!/"#%1%#622<5(9(
*"0&'+$,6$"( $.6$( $."( ,"+$,%#$%&'+( &'( !%'42"@/6%,( ,"6*%'4+( %'( B3++%6'(
032$%/2"(%'$",,&46$%7"+(*"$",0%'"($."('6$3,"(&1($."(6'$"#"*"'$(#263+"+(
,"S3%,"*( %'( 032$%/2"( +23%#%'4( %'( $.%+( 26'4364"8( ?.%+( 13,$.",( /,"+"'$+( 6(
'";(6,430"'$($&($."("11"#$($.6$($."(+23%#"(#&'$6%'+(6(1322(#263+62(+$,3#@
$3,"(1,&0($."(+$6,$8(
9'(+"#$%&'(I5( 9("D60%'"(.&;(!3/",%&,%$<("11"#$+(6,"(06'%1"+$"*(3'@
*",( +23%#%'4( %'(!267%#8(9( *"0&'+$,6$"($.6$5(62$.&34.(!3/",%&,%$<("11"#$+(
6,"('&$(4"'",622<(/,"+"'$(%'(B3++%6'5($."<("0",4"(%'(+23%#%'4(#&'$"D$+8(
T(+%0%26,(+%$36$%&'(.6+(-""'(&-+",7"*(%'(!",-&@O,&6$%6'(-<(!$Q"/6'&7%U(
=)KK:>8+ 9( 6$$,%-3$"( $."+"( /3VV2%'4( "11"#$+( $&( C6,622"2%+05( 6'( %'*"/"'*@
"'$2<(0&$%76$"*(/,&/",$<(&1("22%/+%+8(
2. The Phenomenon of Sluicing
!23%#%'4( %+( 6( /."'&0"'&'( &1( #263+62( "22%/+%+5( ;.%#.( ;6+( 1%,+$( *%+#&7@
","*(6'*("D/2&,"*(-<+B&++(=GHWH>8(T($</%#62(%'+$6'#"(&1(+23%#%'4(#6'(-"(
1&3'*( %'( 6'( %'$",,&46$%7"( #263+"( ;%$.( &'2<( 6( !"#"2"0"'$( /,&'&3'#"*5(
6+( %'( =G>8( ?."( #,&++"*( &3$( $"D$( %'*%#6$"+( $."( 3'/,&'&3'#"*( <"$( %'$",@
/,"$"*(/6,$(&1($."(+$,3#$3,"8((
(
! "#$! %&'(!)*++!,-.!/&012'*(3!,-2!4!5&(62!7(&)!)'82!9%&'(!!
)*++!,-.!!:;!
!
<&2'!2'1!/-,=1>2!"#$%!8(5!2'1!0&58+!8-?*+*8@.!&'((!8@1!1+*515!*(!"#$;!
A'1! B8>2! 2'82! 0&58+/! +&>8215! *(! AC! 8(5! /-,=1>2/! &>>-D.*(3! ED1>AF! 8@1!
1+*515!*(!/+-*>*(3!>&(/2@->2*&(/!/-331/2/!2'82!)1! 8@1!518+*(3!)*2'!AFG
#
1++*D/*/;!E+-*>*(3!8+/&!&>>-@/!*(!082@*?!>+8-/1/H!8/!>8(!,1!/11(!*(!"I$; !
!
! "I$! )*+,-+./01! %&'(!+&J1/!/&01,&5.;!
/
!
/ )*+,-+./21! K'&!9%&'(!+&J1/!!:L!
4!85&D2!2'1! ,8/*>!8(8+./*/!&B!/+-*>*(3! *(! M&//!"#NON$H! P8/(*7! "ICC#$H!
8(5! Q1@>'8(2! "ICC#$H! )'1@1! 2'1! 51@*J82*&(! D@&>115/! 8/! *(! "R$S! 8! &$3
D'@8/1! -(51@3&1/! &$30&J101(2! 2&! ED1>TF! 8(5! 2'1(! AF! */! 51+1215! 82!
I
FU; !
! "R$! )!+*/41!
! !
%&'(!,&-3'2!/&012'*(3;!4!)&(51@!9TF!&$,!!!
9AF!%&'(!,&-3'2!!:;!
!
%&'(!,&-3'2!/&012'*(3;!4!)&(51@!9TF!&$,!!!
9AF!%&'(!,&-3'2!!:;!
! )!+*/51!
! !
!
A'1@1! 8@1! 8+21@(82*J1! 8(8+./1/! &B! 1++*D/*/H! *(! )'*>'! 8(! 10D2.! >821G
3&@.!*/!,8/1G31(1@8215!*(!2'1!D&/*2*&(!&B!2'1!1+*515!AF!8(5!*/!@1D+8>15!
82! PU! ,.! >&D.*(3! 2'1! 8(21>151(2! AF;! 4(! 2'*/! >8/1H! (&! 51+12*&(! 2871/!
D+8>1!/*(>1!2'1@1!*/!(&!>+8-/8+!/2@->2-@1!*(!2'1!/+-*>1!2&!/28@2!)*2';!E->'!
8(8+./1/!'8J1!,11(!51J1+&D15!*(!K*++*80/!"#NVV$H!P&,1>7!"#NN#H!#NNW$H!
8(5!T'-(3!12!8+;!"#NNW$;!A'1@1!8@1!8+/&!/2@*>2+.!/108(2*>!8DD@&8>'1/!2&!
1++*D/*/H! 8/! 51J1+&D15! *(! [email protected]+1! 12! 8+;! "#NN#$H! %8>&,/&(! "#NNI$H! 8(5!
Y8@52! "#NNRH! #NNN$;! Y&)1J1@H! 1?21(/*J1! 8@3-01(2/! 838*(/2! 2'1! (&(G
51+12*&(!8DD@&8>'1/!>8(!,1!B&-(5!*(!M&//!"#NON$H!Q1@>'8(2!"ICC#$!8(5!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
#
!E11! <1>''&B1@! "#NVO! 8(5! #NVV$H! P8/(*7! "ICC#$H! 8(5! Q1@>'8(2! "ICC#$! B&@! 1?21(/*J1!
8@3-01(2/!2'82!/+-*>*(3!*(!082@*?!>+8-/1/!*/!*(5115!8(!*(/28(>1!&B!>+8-/8+!1++*D/*/!8(5!*/!
5*BB1@1(2!B@&0!B@8301(2!Z-1/2*&(/;!
I
!M&//! "#NON$! 8>2-8++.! 8@3-1/! B&@! 2'1! 51+12*&(! 287*(3! D+8>1! 82! EG/2@->2-@1;! Y&)1J1@H!
)*2'! 2'1! 1+*0*(82*&(! &B! EG/2@->2-@1! 8/! 8! +1J1+! &B! @1D@1/1(282*&(H! 2'1! 51+12*&(! >8(! ,1!
J*1)15!8/!287*(3!D+8>1!82!FU!&@!82!2'1!D&*(2!&B!ED1++G&-2;!
!"#$%&'()*+, -.//012, 34567, *', 84&", 9(::(867, ;, 8*::, &665<$, "4$, =>?@$:$?
"*(',&'&:A6*6,(9,6:5*B*'C2,
!:5*B*'C,*6, D5*"$,B(<<(',&BE(66,:&'C5&C$6,&'@,*6,)$EA,%E(@5B"*)$,
*',!:&)*B2,;',84&",9(::(867,;,8*::,%E*<&E*:A,9(B56,(',F566*&',&'@,=(:*647,
&'@, @E&8, %&E&::$:6, 8*"4, ("4$E, !:&)*B, :&'C5&C$6, 84$'$)$E, E$:$)&'"2,
G('6*@$E,"4$,6:5*B*'C,$H&<%:$6,9E(<,F566*&',&'@,=(:*64,*',-I1,&'@,-J1,
E$6%$B"*)$:A7, 84$E$, "4$, -&1, $H&<%:$6, @$<('6"E&"$, $<K$@@$@, 6:5*B*'C,
0
&'@,"4$,-K1,$H&<%:$6,@$<('6"E&"$,<&"E*H,6:5*B*'C2 ,
,
, -I1, &2, ;)&', K5@$",@&)&"L, M(<5?"(,
%(@&EM*7,'(,
,
, , ;)&', 8*::, C*)$, 6(<$('$'(), %E$6$'"6, K5",
!"##$%&,
,
,
, ,
, ,
#&, '$, N'&#5, M(<5O, PM"(2,
;, '(", M'(8, 84('()O, P84(*+,,
,
, ,
Q;)&',8*::,K$,C*)*'C,6(<$('$,%E$6$'"6,K5",;,@('L",M'(8,
84(2L,
,
,
, K2, -./%0/12(3, ;)&', K5@$", @&)&"L, M(<5?"(,
%(@&EM*2,
, , ,
;)&', 8*::, C*)$, 6(<$('$'(), %E$6$'"6,
,
, ,
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
-./%0/1243, R(<5O, PR"(S,
,
84('()O, P84(*+,,
,
, ,
,
Q;)&',8*::,K$,C*)*'C,6(<$('$,%E$6$'"62L,
QT4(SL,
, -J1, &2, U&', KV@N*$, @&8&+, M(<5W,
%E$N$'"A, &:$,
,
, , U&', 8*::, C*)$, 6(<$('$'(), %E$6$'"6, K5",
567$#8,
,
,
, ,
, ,
'*$, 8*$<, M(<5O, PM"(2,
'(", M'(8, 84('()O, P84('(),
,
, ,
QU&',8*::,K$,C*)*'C,6(<$('$,%E$6$'"6,K5",;,@('L",M'(8,84(2L,
,
,
, K2, -./%0/12(3, U&', KV@N*$, @&8&+, M(<5W,
%E$N$'"A2,
, , ,
U&', 8*::,
C*)$,
6(<$('$'(), %E$6$'"6,
,
, ,
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
-./%0/1243, R(<5O, PR"(S,
,
84('()O, P84(*+,,
,
, ,
,
QU&',8*::,K$,C*)*'C,6(<$('$,%E$6$'"62L,
QT4(SL,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
0
,>(E, "4$, B(EE$6%('@*'C, $H&<%:$6, 9E(<, X5:C&E*&', &'@, !$EK(?GE(&"*&'7, 6$$, Y$EB4&'",
-.//Z1,&'@,!"#$%&'()*+,-.//017,E$6%$B"*)$:A2,
!"#$ %#&'(')$ !"#*"%(+#+$ ,'$ )"#+#$ #-(&*.#+$ (%#$ /0.,1()/%,.2$ &(%3#4$
5,)"$ /6#%)$ 4(),6#$ 7(+#$ &/%*"/./12$ ('4$ &()7"$ )"#$ 7(+#$ /8$ )"#$ ,'4#8,9
',)#+$,'$)"#$(')#7#4#')$7.(:+#+;$!"#$<:++,('$6#%0$$%&%'($('4$)"#$=/.,+"$
6#%0$$%!%)>$7/%%#+*/'4,'1$)/$)"#$?'1.,+"$6#%0$*+&,>$/0.,1()/%,.2$(++,1'$
4(),6#$7(+#$)/$)"#$,'4,%#7)$/0@#7);$!"#$8(7)$)"()$+5,)7",'1$)"#$7(+#$/8$)"#$
%#&'(')$ !"#*"%(+#+$ )/$ '/&,'(),6#$ *%/4:7#+$ :'(77#*)(0,.,)2$ +)%/'1.2$
+:11#+)+$ )"()$ )"#+#$ !"#*"%(+#+$ "(6#$ ,'4##4$ &/6#4$ 8%/&$ ($ */+,),/'$
,'+,4#$!=>$5"#%#$)"#$4(),6#$7(+#$5(+$(++,1'#4;$!":+$,)$,+$%#(+/'(0.#$)/$
(++:&#$)"()$5#$(%#>$,'$8(7)>$4#(.,'1$5,)"$+.:,7,'1;$$
A$ */)#'),(.$ (.)#%'(),6#$ ,+$ *+#:4/9+.:,7,'1>$ 5",7"$ 5/:.4$ "(6#$ ($
7.#8)$+)%:7):%#$,'$)"#$+.:,7#>$(+$,'$BCD;$$
$
$ BCD$ E/"'$7(..#4$+/&#/'#$/'$)"#$*"/'#$0:)$F$4/'G)$3'/5$5"/$H,)$
5(+I;$
$
J/5#6#%>$ *+#:4/9+.:,7,'1$ 4/#+$ '/)$ +##&$ )/$ 0#$ ('$ (4#K:()#$ ('(.2+,+$
8/%$)"#$L.(6,7$#-(&*.#+$5#$(%#$4#(.,'1$5,)";$M.#8)#4$#.#&#')+$,'$L.(6,7$
/0.,1()/%,.2$0#(%$'/&,'(),6#$7(+#>$(+$+"/5'$,'$BND$8%/&$<:++,('$('4$,'$
BOD$8%/&$=/.,+";$$
$ BND$ F6('$ */4(%,.$ 3/&:9)/$ */4(%/3>$ '/$ @($ '#$ P'(@:$
$
$ F6('$ 1(6#$ +/&#/'#$ *%#+#')$ 0:)$ F$ '/)$ 3'/5$
-.//+%0$
$
$
$ 3)/Q$
R3/&:$ S)/$ 02.;$
$ 5"/123Q$R5"/456$ ,)$ 5(+$
$
$ TF6('$1(6#$+/&#/'#$($*%#+#')$0:)$F$4/'G)$3'/5$5"/$,)$5(+;G$
$ BOD$ E('$ 4(U$ 3/&:V$ *%#P#')$ (.#$ ',#$ 5,#&$
$
$ E('$ 1(6#$ +/&#/'#$ *%#+#')$ 0:)$ '/)$ F93'/5$
$
$
$
789+/"$
$ 3)/Q$
R3/&:$ )/$ 02U;$
$ 5"/123Q$R5"/456$ ,)$ 5(+$
$
$ TF6('$1(6#$+/&#/'#$($*%#+#')$0:)$F$4/'G)$3'/5$5"/$,)$5(+;G$
F)$,+$)"#$/**/+,)#$/8$5"()$5#$8,'4$,'$)"#$*(%(4,1&$,'$BWD$('4$BXD;$!":+>$
5#$7('$7/'7.:4#$)"()$)"#$#-(&*.#+$ ,'$BWD$('4$BXD$ (%#$,'4##4$,'+)('7#+$
/8$+.:,7,'1;$
Y#+,4#+$ +.:,7,'1$ 5,)"$ ($ +,'1.#$ !"#%#&'(')>$ L.(6,7$ (.+/$ *#%&,)+$
+.:,7,'1$ 5,)"$ &:.),*.#$ !"#%#&'(')+>$ (+$ ,'$ BZD$ ('4$ B[\D;$ ]/../5,'1$
!(3("(+",$ B[ZZWD>$ F$ 5,..$ %#8#%$ )/$ )",+$ *"#'/&#'/'$ (+$ :.9'+;9,< /9.+=+0*;$
!"#$% &"'()$% &)*"+"'(,% -*)."/)$% &)*"+"'(% "&% 010")02)$% "'% $-2$33$3%
+)0*&$&,%0&%"'%.4$%506%$70-/)$&,%0'3%"'%-0"'%+)0*&$&,%0&%"'%.4$%526%$70-8
/)$&%2$)9:;%%
%
% 5<6% 0;% =0>3?@% /A"()0&")% #9(98.9% '0% .0'$+,% '9% @0%
%
% % $1$A?9'$% "'1".$3% &9-$9'$% .9% 30'+$% 2*.% B%
!"##$%&%
%
%
% %
% %
'$% C'0@*% #.9% #9(9;%
'9.%#'9:% :49% :49-%
%
% %
DE1$A?9'$%"'1".$3%&9-$9'$%.9%30'+$%2*.%B%39'F.%#'9:%:49%
:49-;F%
%
%
% 2;% '()%*)+,-.%=0>3?@% /A"()0&")% #9(98.9% '0% .0'$+;%
% % %
$1$A?9'$% "'1".$3% &9-$9'$% .9% 30'+$%
%
% %
%
%
%
% %
% %
'()%*)+,/.% =.9% #9(9G%
%
:49% :49-%
%
% %
%
DE1$A?9'$%"'1".$3%&9-$9'$%.9%30'+$;F%
DH49%:49-GF%
% 5IJ6% 0;% =0K3?% C0/A9&"L% #9(9M% 39% .0N+0,% 0)$%
%
% % $1$A?9'$% "'1".$3% &9-$9'$%.9% 30'+$% 2*.%
012$#3%
%
%
% %
% %
'"$% /0-"O.0-% #.9% #9(9;%
'9.% A$-$-2$A% :49% :49-%
%
% %
DE1$A?9'$%"'1".$3%&9-$9'$%.9%30'+$%2*.%B%39'F.%A$-$-2$A%
:49%:49-;F%
%
%
% 2;% '()%*)+,-.%=0K3?% C0/A9&"L% #9(9M%
39% .0N+0;%
% % %
$1$A?9'$% "'1".$3% &9-$9'$% .9% 30'+$%
%
% %
%
%
%
% %
% %
'()%*)+,/.% =.9% #9(9G%
%
:49% :49-%
DE1$A?9'$%"'1".$3%&9-$9'$%.9%30'+$;F%
%
% % %
DH49%:49-GF%
%
P4"&% +9'&.A*+."9'% "&% 1$A?% "-/9A.0'.% Q9A% 9*A% .0&#% 9Q% $7/)9A"'(% 49:%
&?'.0+."+%0'3%&$-0'."+%/A9/$A."$&%9Q%R)01"+%-*)."/)$%"'.$AA9(0."1$&%0A$%
-0'"Q$&.$3%*'3$A%$))"/&"&;%%
P4$% 010")02")".?% 9Q% -*)."/)$% &)*"+"'(% "'% R)01"+% "&% '9.% &*A/A"&"'(,%
&"'+$% ".% "&% :$))% #'9:'% .40.% R)01"+% )0'(*0($&% 0A$% -*)."/)$% 435QA9'."'(;%
P40.% "&,% 0))% 435/4A0&$&% 0A$% .?/"+0))?% QA9'.$3% "'% '9'8$))"/."+0)% -*)."/)$%
!"#$%&'($) &() *+,-&./) 01&$) &$) $1'2() 3#+'2) 2&%1) ,) 4#54#$#(%,%&-#) 5,4,6
7&89):4'9);"$$&,(/)*&9&+,4) 5,4,7&89$):'4)'%1#4) *+,-&.) +,(8",8#$) .,()
3#):'"(7)&();"7&()<=>??@A)B'CD'-&E)<=>>FA)=>>?A)GHHG@A);&.1,47$)<=>>F@A)
,9'(8)'%1#4$/)
)
) <==@) ,/) I%'=) D'8'G ) J!=) +K"3&%) !GLM)
)
) ) 21') 21'9) ) +'-#$)
)
) )
NO1')+'-#$)21'MP)
)
) 3/) QI%'=) J!=) +K"3&%) D'8'GLM)
)
) ) R21') ) +'-#$) 21'9)
)
B#.,"$#)%1#4#)&$),()&(7#5#(7#(%)2,S):'4)9"+%&5+#)"#$514,$#$)%')9'-#)
'"%)':)0T)&()*+,-&.A)&%)&$)4#,$'(,3+#)%'),$$"9#)%1,%)%1#)$,9#)1,55#($)&()
9"+%&5+#) $+"&.&(8/) 01&$) +&(#) ':) 4#,$'(&(8) 1,$) .#4%,&() &95+&.,%&'($) :'4)
+,(8",8#$)%1,%)1,-#)(')9"+%&5+#)"#$:4'(%&(8)S#%)$##9)%')#U1&3&%)$'9#6
%1&(8)$&9&+,4)%')9"+%&5+#)$+"&.&(8):'"(7)&()*+,-&./)V,5,(#$#A)W&(7&A),(7)
.#4%,&() .'(%#U%$) &() X(8+&$1) 1,-#) 3##() 4#5'4%#7) %') ,++'2) $%4".%"4#$) 4#6
$#93+&(8) 9"+%&5+#) $+"&.&(8Y) $##) 0,D,1,$1&) <=>>Z@) :'4) V,5,(#$#[) \#46
.1,(%) <GHH=@) ,(7) \,1,K,() <%') ,55#,4@) :'4) W&(7&[) ,(7) ;&.1,47$) <GHH=@)
,(7)],$(&D)<GHH^@):'4)X(8+&$1/)_++)%1#$#).,$#$)9&81%)&(-'+-#),)7&::#4#(%)
7#4&-,%&'():4'9)%1#)'(#)'5#4,%&-#)&()*+,-&./)01"$)%1#$#)$%4".%"4#$)1,-#)
3##() ,%%4&3"%#7) %') 5$#"7'6.+#:%&(8) <0,D,1,$1&A) =>>Z@A) `,55&(8)
<\,1,K,(A)%'),55#,4@A)'4)XU%4,5'$&%&'()<],$(&DA)GHH^@/))
a()%1#):'++'2&(8)$#.%&'(A)2#)2&++)3#8&()%')#U5+'4#)21#4#)%1#)*+,-&.)
"#$4#9(,(%$)':)$+"&.&(8),4#)+'.,%#7)&()%1#).+,"$#/))
3. Slavic Wh-Fronting and Licensing TP-Deletion
b(#)':)%1#).#(%4,+)&$$"#$)&()#++&5$&$)&$)21,%).,%#8'4&#$)+&.#($#)%1#)#+&$&'()
':) %1#&4) .'95+#9#(%$/) B#8&((&(8) 2&%1) ;'$$) <=>c>@A) 4#$#,4.1#4$) 1,-#)
&7#(%&:&#7)%1#)&(%#44'8,%&-#)%"#) .'95+#9#(%&d#4) ,$)%1#)1#,7)+&.#($&(8)
%1#)7#+#%&'()':)&%$).'95+#9#(%)0T/)01&$).'(.+"$&'()&$)+,48#+S)3,$#7)'()
%1#):,.%)%1,%)$+"&.&(8) &() `#49,(&.)&$)4#$%4&.%#7)%') &(%#44'8,%&-#).+,"$#$)
2&%1) ,) "#$514,$#) &() *5#.eT/) ]'3#.D) <=>>^@) ,(7) \#4.1,(%) <GHH=@) #U6
,9&(#) -,4&'"$) .'(%#U%$)&() X(8+&$1)21#4#)'(#) 9&81%)#U5#.%)0T6#++&5$&$)
%') 3#) 5'$$&3+#) S#%) &$) ('%/) 01#$#) .'(%#U%$) &(.+"7#) :&(&%#) 7#.+,4,%&-#)
.+,"$#$A) +#U&.,++S) 8'-#4(#7) 0T$A) ,(7) 4#+,%&-#) .+,"$#$) <&(.+"7&(8) .+#:%$)
,(7) :4##) 4#+,%&-#$@/) 01"$A) \#4.1,(%) <GHH=@) .'(.+"7#$) %1,%) %1#) .'95+#6
!"#$%&"'( )"*'%#+( $,"( !"( *#-( $,"( !#$( ."*$/'"0( 1%2"#0"0( $,"( -"1"$%3#( 3.(
%$0(23!41"!"#$(567(5,%0(%0(%11/0$'*$"-(%#(89:;7(
(
( 89:;( <3,#()3/+,$(03!"$,%#+7(=(>3#-"'(?@6(>,*$(@A(?56(<3,#()3/+,$(%B7(
(
( ( (
!"&
(
( ( (
!#$&
(
C3>"D"'E(%$(%0(#3$(21"*'(,3>($,%0(*#*1F0%0(2*#()"(0$'*%+,$.3'>*'-1F("GH
$"#-"-($3($,"(I1*D%2(1*#+/*+"0($,*$("G,%)%$(*('*$,"'(-%.."'"#$(4*$$"'#(3.(
#$'.'3#$%#+(.'3!($,"(3#"(.3/#-(%#(J"'!*#%27((
I$K"4*#3D%L(89MMN;(*#-(O3PQ3D%L(89MMNE(:AA:;("G$"#0%D"1F(*'+/"($,*$(
#$'.'3#$%#+(%#(I1*D%2(1*#+/*+"0(1%Q"(R/00%*#E(631%0,E(*#-(%#(03!"(23#H
$"G$0( I"')3H@'3*$%*#( %#D31D"0( .32/0H!3D"!"#$( 3.( $,"( #$'4,'*0"0( $3( *(
430%$%3#( )"13>( @67( =#( 03!"( 1*#+/*+"0E( 1%Q"( O/1+*'%*#E( $,"( !()*+,( ."*H
$/'"( %0( 132*$"-( 3#( $,"( %#$"''3+*$%D"( @A( *13#+( >%$,( $,"( 0$'3#+( !#$( ."*H
$/'"7(5,"($*'+"$(430%$%3#(3.(#$'!3D"!"#$(%#(O/1+*'%*#(%0($,"#(I4"2@6E(
K/0$(*0(%#(S#+1%0,E(4'"0"#$%#+(#3(4'3)1"!(.3'($,"(%#$"''3+*$%D"(@A()"%#+(
$,"( 1%2"#0"'( 3.( 01/%2%#+7( C3>"D"'E( 01/%2%#+( %#( R/00%*#E( 631%0,E( *#-( %#(
2"'$*%#(23#$"G$0(I"')3H@'3*$%*#(%0(%#( #""-(3.("G41*#*$%3#7( C3>( -3($,"(
'"!#*#$0( 3.( 01/%2%#+( 0/'D%D"( -"1"$%3#( %.( $,"%'( $*'+"$( 430%$%3#( 3.( !3D"H
!"#$(%0(%#0%-"($,"(23!41"!"#$(3.(@AT( U,F(*'"($,"F(#3$( -"1"$"-(*13#+(
>%$,($,"(23!41"!"#$(3.(@AT(
V"$( !"( -"02'%)"()'%".1F($,"(.32/0H!3D"!"#$(*#*1F0%0(3.( I1*D%2( #$'
.'3#$%#+7( =( >%11( /0"( $,"( 4*'*-%+!0( .'3!( R/00%*#( )/$E( $,"( 0*!"( 13+%2(
"G$"#-0( $3( 631%0,7( I$"4*#3D( 89MMN;( *'+/"0( $,*$( #$'!3D"!"#$( %#( R/0H
0%*#( %0( #3$( -'%D"#( )F( $,"( !#$( ."*$/'"( 3.( @A( *#-( $,*$( $,"'".3'"( $,"( #$'
4,'*0"0E( "D"#( $,3/+,( $,"F( !3D"E( -3( #3$( "#-( /4( %#( I4"2@6( %#( 3D"'$(
0F#$*G7( C"( /0"0( 0/4"'%3'%$F( ".."2$0( *0( *( -%*+#30$%2( 3.( *( 0$'3#+( ."*$/'"(
$'%++"'%#+( !3D"!"#$( *#-( *00/!"0( $,"( S23#3!F( *44'3*2,( $3( 0/4"'%H
3'%$F( 3.( @,3!0QF( 89MMW;E( >,"'"( @A( >%$,( *( 0$'3#+( !#$( ."*$/'"( *$$'*2$0(
$,"(2130"0$("1"!"#$(>%$,(*(X>,(."*$/'"($3(I4"2@6(.3'(."*$/'"(2,"2Q%#+7(
5,%0( *44'3*2,( "G41*%#0( 0/4"'%3'%$F( ".."2$0( %#( S#+1%0,7( @3#0%-"'( $,"(
4*'*-%+!(.'3!(S#+1%0,(%#(89Y;7(=#()3$,(89Y);(*#-(89Y-;E(@A(*$$'*2$0(#$-%E(
>,%2,( %0( #3$( $,"( 2130"0$( #$'4,'*0"( $3( @A7( 5,"( 2130"'( #$'4,'*0"( %0( #$)E(
,"#2"( $,"( %#0$*#2"0( 3.( #$'!3D"!"#$( %#( 89Y);( *#-( 89Y-;( *'"( #3$(
Z
"23#3!%2*17 (
(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
Z
([3'(*#("G41*#*$%3#(3.($,"(23#$'*0$()"$>""#(89Y);(*#-(89Y-;E(0""(J'")"#F3D*(8:AA\;7(
! "#$%! &'! ()*!+*,-).!/)&.0!
!
! +'! 00()&.!121!/)*!+,3!!0!
!
! 4'! ()*!121!5*)6!789:,&18!!".*!+,3!/)&.0!
!
! 1'! ;()&.!121!5*)6!789:,&18!/)*!.*!+,3!!0!
!
<*.248! .)&.! *6=3! *68! #$%7)9&:8! 2:! >9*6.81! 26! ?6-=2:)'! @*A8! A,=.27=8!
#$%>9*6.26-! =&6-,&-8:B! :,4)! &:! C,=-&92&6B! &=:*! 8D)2+2.! :,7892*92.3! 8>E
>84.:'! F)8! *9189! *>! .)8! >9*6.81! #$%7)9&:8:! 2:! >2D81! 26! C,=-&92&6B! :,4)!
.)&.! .)8! #$%7)9&:8! /)24)! 2:! .)8! 4=*:8:.! .*! GH! 792*9! .*! #$%A*I8A86.!
7984818:!*.)89!#$%7)9&:8:!&>.89!&==!#$%7)9&:8:!A*I8'!F)2:!2:!:)*/6!26!
K
"#J%!>*9!A&26!&61!8A+81181!4=&,:8:' !
!
! "#J%! &'! L*M! N*-*! 8!
7*N&62=! 6&! I8O89M&.&0!
&'()*+,*-!
!
! ! /)*! /)*A! PQR! 26I2.81! .*! 7&9.3!
!
! !
S()*!26I2.81!/)*!.*!.)8!7&9.30T!
!
!
! +'! ;L*-*! N*M! 8!
7*N&62=! 6&! I8O89M&.&0!
! ! ;/)*A! /)*! PQR! 26I2.81! .*! 7&9.3!
!
!
! 4'! FM&! A8! 7*72.&! N*M! N*-*! 8!
7*N&62=!6&! I8O89M&.&'!
! ! :)8! A8! &:N81! /)*! /)*A! PQR! 26I2.81! .*! 7&9.3!
!
! !
S@)8!&:N81!A8!/)*!26I2.81!/)*!.*!.)8!7&9.3'T!
!
! 1'! ;FM&! A8! 7*72.&! N*-*! N*M! 8! 7*N&62=!6&! I8O89M&.&'!
!
! ! ;:)8!A8! &:N81! /)*A! /)* ! PQR!26I2.81! .*! 7&9.3!
!
U6! *9189! .*! 8D.861! .)8! ?4*6*A3! &6&=3:2:! *>! :,7892*92.3! .*! C,=-&92&6!
:,448::>,==3B!2.!2:!6*.!:,>>24286.!>*9!GH!.*!&..9&4.!.)8!4=*:8:.!#$%7)9&:8!.*!
2.:!@784!>29:.'!U.!A,:.!+8!26:,981!.)&.!82.)89!.)8!68D.!#$%7)9&:8!.,4N:E26!
,618968&.)! .)8! >29:.! *68B! &:! 26! V24)&91:! "#WWX%B! *9! .)&.! 2.! 6848::&92=3!
92-).E&1M*26:! .*! .)8! >29:.! #$%7)9&:8B! &:! 26! V,126! "#WYY%! &61! C*ZN*I2[!
"#WWY%'!!
Q6=2N8! ?6-=2:)! &61! C,=-&92&6B! V,::2&6! A,=.27=8! #$%\,8:.2*6:! 1*!
6*.! 8D)2+2.! :,7892*92.3! 8>>84.:! 26! I29.,&==3! &63! 4*6.8D.:'! F)2:! 2:! 2==,:E
.9&.81!26!"#K%!>*9!A&26!&61!8A+81181!4=&,:8:'!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
K
!U!&A!,:26-!#$.!"#!E"#$.$%%!\,8:.2*6:!>*9!.)8!@=&I24!7&9&12-A:!26!*9189!.*!&I*21!.)8!
)*A*7)*63! 498&.81! +3! :*A8! *.)89! 4*A+26&.2*6! *>! #$E7)9&:8:B! /)24)! A&3! 26.89>898!
/2.)! :,7892*92.3! 8>>84.:B! &:! /&:! *+:89I81! +3! @.87&6*I! "#WWY%! &61! C*ZN*I2[! "]HH]%! >*9!
V,::2&6!#$*!"%"#$*!!&61!#$."%"#$*!!\,8:.2*6:'!!
! "#$%! &'! ()*! +*,*! -./,0&1/0! 2&! 3454.6!
!
! ! 78*! 78*9! /23/)4:! )*! -&.);!
!
! !
!
!
! ?'! (*,*! +)*! -./,0&1/0! 2&! 3454.6!
! ! 78*9! 78*! /23/)4:! )*! -&.);!
!
!
! @'! A&! 24! B2&CD! +)*! +*,*! -./,0&1/0! 2&! 3454.'!
! ! E! 2*)! +2*7! 78*! 78*9! /23/)4:! )*! -&.);!
!
! !
!"##$%&!
<=8*!/23/)4:!78*!)*!)84!-&.);6>!
<E!:*2>)!+2*7!78*!/23/)4:!78*!)*!)84!-&.);'>!
!
! :'! A&! 24! B2&CD! +*,*! +)*! -./,0&1/0! 2&! 3454.6!
!
! ! E! 2*)! +2*7! 78*9! 78*! /23/)4:! )*! -&.);!
!
F*7! @&2! )8414! G&@)1! ?4! .4@*2@/04:! 7/)8! )84! H@*2*9;! &--.*&@8! )*! 1DI
-4./*./);6!J)4-&2*3!"#KKL%! -.*-*141!)8&)! MD11/&2!8&1!&!74&+!'()! G4&I
)D.4N! 0/+4! /2! )84! ()*/2I1/)D! 0&2,D&,41! "4','N! A&-&2414N! (*.4&2N! 4)@'%'!
O8D1N!)84!'()!G4&)D.4!/2!MD11/&2! :*41!2*)!)./,,4.!*34.)! ()*9*34942)!
&2:!842@4!74!:*!2*)!G/2:!1D-4./*./);!4GG4@)1'!!
O8/1! .&/141! )84! PD41)/*2! &1! )*! 78;! ()*-8.&141! &.4! *?0/,&)*./0;!
G.*2)4:! /2! MD11/&2'! J)4-&2*3! &))./?D)41! 1D@8! G.*2)/2,! )*! @*2).&1)/34!
G*@&0/B&)/*2'!O84! /:4&!/1!?&14:!*2!)84!@*..40&)/*2! ?4)7442! ()*G.*2)/2,!
&2:! G.*2)/2,! *G! @*2).&1)/340;! G*@D14:! MI4Q-.411/*21! /2! J0&3/@N! :/1@*3I
4.4:! ?;!J)C4-&2*3/R!"#KKL%'!AD1)! 0/+4! ()*-8.&141N! @*2).&1)/340;!G*@D14:!
MI4Q-.411/*21!&.4!G.*2)4:!/2!J0&3/@N!&1!:49*21).&)4:!/2!"#S%'S!
!
! "#S%! &'! ETUVU! C&! 31).4)/0&! +'!
!
! ! ETUV,--! E! 94).,/012341/5!
!
! !
!
!
!
! ?'! 66A&! 31).4)/0&!
ETUVU'!
! ! 66E! 94).,/012341/5! ETUV,--!
!"##$%&!
<E!94)!ETUV'>!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
S
!E)!/1!&01*!-*11/?04!)*!G.*2)!)84!G*@D14:!-8.&141!)*!)84!/994:/&)40;!-.434.?&0!-*1/)/*2!
/2!MD11/&2N!&1!/2!"/%'!O8/1!1D,,41)1!)8&)!)84.4!9/,8)!?4!)7*!G*@D1!-*1/)/*21!/2!MD11/&2W!
*24!OXI/2)4.2&0!&2:!)84!*)84.!OXI4Q)4.2&0'!E2)4.41)/2,0;N!()*-8.&141!@&2!D14!)84!0*74.!
G*@D1!-*1/)/*2!&1!7400N!&1!/2!"//%'!
!"#$%&'(&)*+#,&"#&-$..&"#&"&/$-&%+"0('#)+1#&2#+(0&"%3$45#,&6)$7"('3&
89::;<&1'(1.2%$#&)*")& !"#7*4"#$#& +(&=2##+"(&"4$& /4'()$%&)'&"&$%&'(& 7'>
D
#+)+'(&5$.'-&?@A&B*$&#"C$&"402C$()&1"(&5$&C"%$&/'4&@'.+#*A &
3.1. Focus-Licensed Sluicing
E'-& -$& C2#)& $F7."+(& *'-& )*$& 4$C("()& !"#7*4"#$#& +(& =2##+"(& "(%&
@'.+#*&#.2+1+(0&#243+3$&)*$&%$.$)+'(&+/&)*$G&"4$&(')&+(&67$1?@A&H&74'7'#$&
)*")& "(G& /2(1)+'(".& 1")$0'4G& 5$"4+(0& "& )$%&'(& /$")24$& 1"(& .+1$(#$& )*$&
%$.$)+'(&'/&+)#&1'C7.$C$(),&"#&+..2#)4")$%&+(&89D<A&&
&
& 89D<& H3"(& I27+.& J)'>)',&
('& K"& ($& L("K2& M&!"#$ NO&&
&
& & &
)$%&'(*
&
& H3"(& 5'20*)& #'C$)*+(0& 52)& H& (')& I('-& M&-*")&
&
&
& MB@&H3"(& I27+.& !PPA&
& MB@&H3"(& 5'20*)&
&
& QH3"(&5'20*)&#'C$)*+(0&52)&H&%'(R)&I('-&-*")AR&
&
B*+#& "..'-#& /'4& )*$& !"#7*4"#$#& +(& =2##+"(& "(%& @'.+#*& )'& #243+3$& B@>
%$.$)+'(A&&
S&%+4$1)&+C7.+1")+'(&'/&)*+#&74'7'#".&+#&)*")&#.2+1+(0&#*'2.%&5$&7'#>
#+5.$& -+)*& 1'()4"#)+3$.G& /'12#$%& =>$F74$##+'(#& "#& 4$C("()#A& B*$& %")"&
/4'C& =2##+"(& 5$.'-& #*'-#& )*")& 1'()4"#)+3$.G& /'12#$%& =>$F74$##+'(#&
1"(&+(&/"1)&5$&4$C("()#&'/&#.2+1+(0A&H(&89;<&)*$&4$C("()&+#&+,-'&"(%&+(&
89:<&-$&*"3$&)*4$$&4$C("()#T&"&!"#7*4"#$&"(%&)-'&=>$F74$##+'(#A&B*+#&
/24)*$4& #)4$(0)*$(#& )*$& 7"4"..$.+#C& 5$)-$$(& !"#/4'()+(0& "(%& 1'()4"#>
)+3$>/'12#>/4'()+(0&+(&6."3+1A&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&
&
8+<& U"& HVSES& 3#)4$)+."A&
& H& H3"(.//& C$)0.12345+316&
&
& QH&C$)&HVSER&
& 8++<& W'C2&
H3"(& J)'&
%".X&
&
& -*'7.2& H3"(& -*").//& 0"3$&
&
D
&
RB'&-*'C&%+%&H3"(&0+3$&-*")XR&
&S#& /'4& )*$& +(#$(#+)+3+)G& '/& /'1".+L")+'(& )'& #27$4+'4+)G,& #$$& !'YI'3+Z& 89::;<& /'4& "&
7')$()+".&$F7."(")+'(&)*")&#200$#)#&)*")&$"1*&5"4$&!"#7*4"#$&+(&6."3+1&1"44+$#&"&#)4'(0&
)$%&'(&/$")24$&"(%&)*$4$/'4$&!"#7*4"#$#&%'&(')&1'C7$)$&-+)*&4$#7$1)&)'&1.'#$($##&)'&?OA&
6$$&".#'&!'YI'3+Z&8[OO[<&/'4&"&724$.G&S))4"1)>5"#$%&$F7."(")+'(A&
! "#$%! !"#$%#&'()'&'! ()*+*,*! -./! /0! 1234.!25*6*.7! 8*92:!
!
! ! !
'/2!(*;3!
.<*.!<4! =;,,! >4(?4@.! 8*9*(//!
!
*+,,-$.!
!
! !
!
!
! !"#$%#&'0)! C4.D! E*! ()*+*,*! -./! FGHCH! I/0! 1234.!25*6*.7' 1JD!
! ! !
0/! F! (*;3!
.<*.!F5*0(//! <4! =;,,! >4(?4@.!
!
! !
!
AB;3!'/2!(*'!.<*.!<4!=;,,!>4(?4@.!8*9*:7!
AC/D!F!(*;3!.<*.!"<4!=;,,!>4(?4@.%!FGHCD7!
! "#K%! !"#$%#&'()!&'! 04! ?/L0;97! )/M3*! F5*0!
5(.>4.;,! 8*92:!
!
! ! !
'/2!0/.! >4L4L14>! =<40! F5*0234! L4.!
8*9*(//!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !"#$%#&'0)! C4.D! E*! 04! ?/L0O2!
PBQ! RQSPQN! TQCUD!
! ! !
0/! F! 0/.!>4L4L14>! =<4>4! R4>M4'234!T40*(//!
!
! !
!
!
!
AN/2!3/07.!>4L4L14>!=<40!F5*0!L4.!8*9*:7!
AC/D!F!3/07.!>4L4L14>!VWQSQ!RQSPQN!"L4.%!!
TQCHD7!
!
X/,;(<!4Y<;1;.(!.<4!(*L4!14<*5;/>Z!*(!34L/0(.>*.43!;0!"[\%!*03!"[#%D!
!
! "[\%! !"#$%#&'()!X/=;43+;*]*^Z! _4! (+*02O4!
8*>;`:!
!
! ! !
'/2a(*;3!
.<*.! <4a=;,,a>4(?4@.! 8*>;*(//!
!
567-,8!
!
! !
!
!
! !"#$%#&'0)! C;4Z! ?/=;43+;*]*LZ! _4! E*0*!
I(+*02O4!
1JD!
! ! !
0/! Fa(*;3!
.<*.!E*0(//! <4a=;,,a>4(?4@.!
!
! !
!
AB;3!'/2!(*'!.<*.!<4!=;,,!>4(?4@.!8*>;*:7!
AC/D!F!(*;3!.<*.!"<4!=;,,!>4(?4@.%!EHCD7!
! "[#%! !"#$%#&'()!C;4! ?*L;`.*(+Z!
);43'! E*0!
(?/.)*]! 8*>;`:!
8*>;*(//!
!
! ! !
0/.! '/2a>4L4L14>! =<40! E*0234! L4.!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !"#&$%#&'0)! C;4D! C;4! ?*L;`.*L! PBbFQ! cHScHSH! bdRFeD!
! ! !
0/! 0/.! Fa>4L4L14>! =<4>4! c*>1*>*234! b/(;*(//!
!
! !
!
!
!
AN/2!3/07.!>4L4L14>!=<40!F5*0!L4.!8*>;*:7!
AC/D!F!3/07.!>4L4L14>!VWQSQ!cHScHSH!"L4.%!!
bdRFHD7!
!
T4.! 2(! 4Y*L;04! .<4! ?>/?4>.;4(! /f! .<;(! @/0(.>2@.;/0! ;0! (/L4! 34.*;,D!
g;>(.Z! ;.! ;(! ;L?/>.*0.! ./! 4(.*1,;(<! .<*.! =4! *>4! ;03443! 34*,;0M! =;.<!
(,2;@;0MD! H,.4>0*.;54! 34>;5*.;/0(! =/2,3! ;05/,54! ?(423/aM*??;0M! />!
M*??;0MD!!
!"#$%#&'$"(#')*$+(*,#"-."#"-(#/.".#.012(#.3(#"-(#$)%".)4(%#15#6%('/17
8.66$)89# :-$4-# -.%# 0(()# .).*,;(/# .%# <=7(**$6%$%# $)# >'4-# 15# "-(# *$"7
(3."'3(#?(@8@9#A.8#BCDE9#F.,.%((*.)#BCCG9#.)/# H.%)$+#BCCIJ@# K1"$4(#"-."9#
$)#?BLJ9#"-(#.'M$*$.3,#!"#$%#N:$**O#$%#(*$/(/9#$)/$4."$)8#"-."#.#*.38(3#41)7
%"$"'()"# "-.)# <=# $%# (*$/(/# ?')/(3# "-(# %".)/.3/# .%%'>6"$1)# "-."# %'4-#
.'M$*$.3$(%# .3(# 8()(3."(/# $)# PGJ@# !)# .//$"$1)9# 6%('/178.66$)8# $%# )1"#
3(./$*,#.2.$*.0*(#$)#A*.2$4#$)#8()(3.*9#.%#%-1:)#$)#Q'%%$.)#?RRJ@##
#
# ?RRJ# ST.U.#
0'/("#V$"."O#+)$8'9# .# !2.)#
0'/("#
#
# ST.U.&'(# :$**# 3(./# 011+)**# .)/#!2.)&'(# :$**#
#
#
# 8.;("'#
WV$"."O# %X@#
# )(:%6.6(3)**# 3(./#
#
#
# NT.U.#:$**#3(./#.#011+#.)/#!2.)#:$**#.#)(:%6.6(3@O#
Y)1"-(3# 61%%$0$*$",# "1# 41)%$/(3# $%# 8.66$)8@# Z1:(2(39# 8$2()# "-(#
:(**7+)1:)# 6316(3"$(%#15# 8.66$)89#$"#"11#4.))1"# .441')"#513#"-(#4.%(%#
')/(3# 41)%$/(3."$1)@# [$3%"9# %$>$*.3*,# "1# \)8*$%-9# 8.66$)8# $)# A*.2$4# $%#
*.38(*,# 3(%"3$4"(/# "1# *14.*# 4113/$)."$1)%# :$"-# 41)]')4"$1)%# 4133(%61)7
/$)8#"1# \)8*$%-#+,##.)/#-.@#P-(#41)]')4"$1)#4133(%61)/$)8#"1#!"%/4.)7
)1"#144'3#$)#8.66$)8#%"3'4"'3(%9#.%#/(>1)%"3."(/#$)#?R^J@##
#
# ?R^J# .@# T.U.#
0'/("#V$"."O#+)$8'9# .# !2.)#
0'/("#
##
# # T.U.&'(#:$**# 3(./# 011+)**# .)/# !2.)&'(# :$**#
#
#
# #
V$"."O# 8.;("'@#
3(./# )(:%6.6(3)**#
#
# #
NT.U.#:$**#0(#3(./$)8#.#011+#.)/#!2.)#.#)(:%6.6(3O#
#
#
# 0@# !*$#
T.U.#
0'/("#V$"."O# +)$8'9# $*$# !2.)#
# # ($"-(3# T.U.&'(# :$**# 3(./# 011+)**# 13# !2.)&'(##
#
#
# #
# #
0'/("# V$"."O# 8.;("'@#
:$**# 3(./# )(:%6.6(3)**#
#
# #
N\$"-(3#T.U.#:$**#0(#3(./$)8#.#011+#13#!2.)#.#)(:%6.6(3O##
#
#
# 4@# ST.U.#
0'/("#V$"."O# +)$8'9# )1# !2.)#
0'/("#
# # _T.U.&'(# :$**# 3(./# 011+)**# 0'"# !2.)&'(# :$**#
#
#
# #
# #
V$"."O# 8.;("'@#
3(./# )(:%6.6(3)**#
#
# #
NT.U.#:$**#0(#3(./$)8#.#011+#0'"#!2.)#.#)(:%6.6(3O#
#
#
!"#$% #$% &'(% (")% *+$)% #&% ,-./0-12% $#&*)% (")$)% *+&% )+$#34% *'&(+#&% !"#2% +$%
5)6'&$(7+()5%8)3'9:%
%
% ,0;1% !4% $<+=+3+% >('% '&% 8?5)(%?@+A+(B% C+D?2% !"% E+% 5?6+E?%
%
% 4'?% $+#5%
("+(%")% 9#33% 7)$F)*(% C+D+$%%% #$%% G% ("#&<%
%
%
% >('% GHIJI:%
% ("+(% G@+&$%%%
%
% KL'?%$+#5%("+(%")%9#33%7)$F)*(%C+D+2%8?(%G%("#&<%,("+(%")%9#33%
7)$F)*(1%G@+&:B%
%
M)*'&52% +$% #&% N&O3#$"2% O+FF#&O% *+&&'(% (+<)% F3+*)% #&% +&% )68)55)5%
*3+?$)%#&%P?$$#+&2%+$%$"'9&%84%(")%*'&(7+$(%8)(9))&%,0Q+1%+&5%,0Q81:%%
%
% ,0Q1% +:% C+D+%
8?5)(%>#(+(B% <&#O?2% +% G@+&%
8?5)(%
%
% % C+D+&'(%9#33% 7)+5% 8''<$%%% +&5% G@+&&'(% 9#33%
%
%
% %
% %
>#(+(B% O+=)(?:%
7)+5% &)9$F+F)7$%%%
%
% %
KC+D+%9#33%8)%7)+5#&O%+%8''<%+&5%G@+&%+%&)9$F+F)7B%
%
%
% 8:% RC+D+% 8?5)(%>#(+(B%<&#O?2% +%
S)&+%
5?6+3+2% >('%
% % RC+D+% 9#33% 7)+5% 8''<% +&5% S)&+&'(% ("'?O"(% ("+(%
%
%
% %
% %
G@+&% O+=)(?:%
G@+&% &)9$F+F)7%
%
% %
KC+D+%9#33%8)%7)+5#&O%+%8''<%+&5%S)&+%("'?O"(%("+(%G@+&%+%
&)9$F+F)7:B%
%
!"#752%O+FF#&O%*+&&'(%$))<%+&%+&()*)5)&(%#&%+&%)68)55)5%*3+?$)2%
+$%(")%*'&(7+$(%8)(9))&%,0T+1%+&5%,0T81%#33?$(7+()$:%
%
% ,0T1% +:% G3#%
C+D+%
8?5)(%>#(+(B% <&#O?2% #3#% G@+&%
8?5)(%
%
% % )#(")7% C+D+&'(% 9#33% 7)+5% 8''<$%%% '7% G@+&&'(% 9#33%
%
%
% %
% %
>#(+(B% O+=)(?:%
7)+5% &)9$F+F)7$%%%
%
% %
KN#(")7%C+D+%9#33%8)%7)+5#&O%+%8''<%'7%G@+&%+%&)9$F+F)7B%
! "#$%! &'! ()*+!
,-./!012/*/3! 456! 7/8/! &10-5!4+5/59!:.+;13! +*+!
!
! ! (-+5<-=! ,-./ ! 5<61;<5! 5</5!7/8/! >+**! =-/0! &66:! 6=!
!
!
! !
! !
)?/.! &10-5!4+5/59! ;/@-51'!
)?/.! >+**! =-/0! .->AB/B-=!
!
! !
CD+5<-=!,-./!5<61;<5!5</5!7/8/!>+**!&-!=-/0+.;!/!&66:3!6=!
)?/.!/!.->AB/B-=9!
!
E6.-!6F!5<-A-!&/A+G!=-H1+=-2-.5A!F6=!;/BB+.;!/=-!2-5!+.!"IJ%K"#I%3!
*-/?+.;!A*1+G+.;!/A!5<-!26A5!B*/1A+&*-!0-=+?/5+6.!F6=!5<-A-!0/5/'!!
3.2. Overt Material in Comp
,6&-G:!"ILLM%3!N<1.;!-5!/*'!"ILLM%3!,/A.+:!"ILLL%3!/.0!7-=G</.5!"#OOI%!
/26.;! 65<-=A! </?-! 6&A-=?-0! 5<-! +.5-=-A5+.;! F/G5! 5</5! .65<+.;! &-A+0-A!
5<-! 6?-=5! 2/5-=+/*! +.! PB-GNQ! G/.! A1=?+?-! A*1+G+.;'! R</5! +A3! .6! 6?-=5!
2/5-=+/*! +.! NO! +5A-*F! A1=?+?-A! A*1+G+.;'! R<-! 0/5/! F6=! 5<+A! ;-.-=/*+@/5+6.!
G62-A! F=62! /! .12&-=! 6F! */.;1/;-A! A1G<! /A! D.;*+A<3! S/.+A<3! S15G<3!
T=+A+/.3! U-=2/.3! E6=>-;+/.3! /.0! P*6?-.-3! /26.;! 65<-=A! "A--! 7-=V
G</.5! "#OOI%! F6=! 5<-! 0/5/! F=62! /**! 5<-A-! */.;1/;-A%'! T6=! +.A5/.G-3! /*V
5<61;<!RV56VN!26?-2-.5!+A!6&*+;/56=W!+.!5<-!2/+.!G*/1A-A!+.! D.;*+A<3!
5<-!/1X+*+/=W!G/..65!=-2/+.!1.0-*-5-0!1.0-=!A*1+G+.;Y!
!
! "#Z%! /'! [</5!>+**!\6<.!&1W]!
!
! &'! ([</5!\6<.!>+**!&1W]!
!
! G'! \6<.!>+**!&1W!A62-5<+.;!&15!)!06.95!:.6>!></5'!
!
! 0'! (\6<.!>+**!&1W!A62-5<+.;!&15!)!06.95!:.6>!></5!>+**'!
!
R<+A! ;-.-=/*+@/5+6.! -X5-.0A! .65! 6.*W! 56! 5<-! -*-2-.5A! 5</5! 26?-! 56! NO !
&15! /*A6! 56! 5<6A-! 5</5! /=-! &/A-! ;-.-=/5-0! 5<-=-3! /A3! F6=! -X/2B*-3! +A! 5<-!
G/A-!+.!P*6?-.-'!!
R<-! /./*WA-A! 6F! 5<-! -*-2-.5A! 26?-0! 56! NO! +.! ,/A.+:! "ILLL%! /.0!
7-=G</.5! "#OOI%! =-*W! 6.! DG6.62W! /.0! F-/51=-V26?-2-.5'! R<-! *6;+G!
5<-=-!+A!/A!F6**6>A'!)F!5<-!-*-2-.5!+.!RO!06-A!.65!26?-!56!NO!6?-=5*W3!5<+A!
2/5-=+/*! +.! R! >+**! G/1A-! /! QT! G=/A<! "-+5<-=! &-G/1A-! +5A! A5=6.;! F-/51=-!
>+**! =-2/+.! 1.G<-G:-0! 6=! &-G/1A-! 5<+A! 2/5-=+/*! >+**! &-! 1.B=6.61.G-V
/&*-!/5!QT3!6.!5<-!F-/51=-V26?-2-.5!/GG61.5%'!^6>-?-=3!+F!-**+BA+A!0-V
*-5-A!5<-!A5=1G51=-!>+5<!5<-!+./0-H1/GW!/5!QT3!5<-!B=6&*-2!;6-A!/>/W'!
!"# $%&'# ("()*'&'+# !"### &"# ,-./# 012'# "1$# 3142# $1# 56+# 782($&"9# (# :81;)23#
$%($# &'# )($28# 2)&3&"($20# ;*# ')<&7&"9=# >%2# ;('2?92"28($20# 2)232"$'+# 1"#
$%2#1$%28#%("0+#(82#("()*@20#('#7)&$&7'#A%&7%#3<'$#7)&$&7&@2#$1#$%2#8&9%$+#
("0#%2"72#7(""1$#823(&"#<"'<::18$20#&"#56#<"028#')<&7&"9=#
B1A2428+#C<''&("#())1A'#$%2#;('2?92"28($20#:(8$&7)2##"+#A%&7%#&'#("#
&"$28819($&42# $%&'()# D<2'$&1"# 713:)232"$&@28# ("0E18# (# F17<'# :(8$&7)2+#
$1#;2#(#823"("$#1F# ')<&7&"9=# G"0# &$#&'# :1''&;)2#('# )1"9#('#$%282# &'#(#F1?
7<'20#2)232"$#&"#H:275I+#('#'%1A"#&"#,-J/=#
#
# ,-J/# K4("# 4'$82$&)#L191?$1+#
"1# M(# "2# @"(M<# NOPQ# )&=#
#
# K4("# 32$# '1321"2*++# ;<$# K# "1$# L"1A# N2"(*++# )&+#
#
# RK4("#32$#'1321"2#;<$#K#01"S$#L"1A#A%2$%28#%2#32$#NOPG=S#
#
>%&'#'<992'$'#$A1#$%&"9'#(;1<$#C<''&("=#T&8'$+#56#(::(82"$)*#7("#7(88*#
,-)./&#F2($<82#&"#C<''&("=#>%<'+#$%282#'223#$1#;2#$A1#F17<'#:1'&$&1"'#&"#
C<''&("# (;142# >IU# 1"2# ;2)1A# 5I# ("0# 1"2# &"# 5I=# >%2# :1'&$&1"# ;2)1A#
5I#&'#"22020#F18#$%2#2V(3:)2'#)&L2#,-W/+#A%282#$%2#F17<'20#2)232"$#F1)?
)1A'#$%2#027)(8($&42#713:)232"$&@28#01)=#
#
# ,-W/# X(8&(# "2# @"()(+# Y$1# KZGPG# 1"(# 01)["(# 4'$82Y($S=#
#
# X(8&(# "1$# L"2A# $%($#K4("*++# '%2# 3<'$# 322$#
#
# RX(8&(#0&0"S$#L"1A#$%($#&$#A('#K4("#A%1#'%2#A('#'<::1'20#$1#
322$=S#
#
H271"0+#$1#(771<"$#F18#$%2#F(7$#$%($# C<''&("##"#7("#;2#(#823"("$#1F#
')<&7&"9+# K#'<992'$#$%($##"#&'#(#7)&$&7#$%($# 7)&$&7&@2'#$1#$%2#)2F$+#("0#$%282?
F182#7("#823(&"#&"#56#<"028#')<&7&"9=#G"0#$%2#O71"13*#71"'&028($&1"'#
01# "1$# (::)*# $1# #"# ;27(<'2# &$# &'# ;('2?92"28($20# &"# 56+# ('# 1::1'20# $1#
314&"9# &"$1# &$=# KF# $%&'# ("()*'&'# &'# 718827$+# ')<&7&"9# '223'# $1# :814&02# (#
<'2F<)#0&(9"1'$&7#F18#$%2#:81:28$&2'#1F#728$(&"#7)&$&7'=#
>%282#&'#'132#&"02:2"02"$#24&02"72#$%($#C<''&("##"#7)&$&7&@2'#$1#$%2#
)2F$=# K$# 7132'# F813# (# 71"'$8<7$&1"# A%282# #"# ($$(7%2'# $1# '2428()# F17<'20#
71"'$&$<2"$'# ("0# ()A(*'# F1))1A'# $%2'2# 71"'$&$<2"$'+# ('# '%1A"# &"# ,\6/=#
B1A2428+#&F##"2&'#'<::18$20#;*#("1$%28#318:%232#F813#$%2# )2F$+#('#;*#
1)3#&"#,\]/+#$%2"#&$#7("#:827202#$%2#F17<'20#71"'$&$<2"$'=#>%2#F(7$#$%($#1)3#
012'# "1$# (00# ("*# 2V$8(# 32("&"9# $1# $%2# '2"$2"72# '<992'$'# $%($# A2# (82#
1;'284&"9#(#^4)?'<::18$_?)&L2#:8172''=#
#
! "#$%! &'! ()&*! !"+!,&-&! !"! ./01213+!
4*1! )51! /&)*6'!
!
! ! ()&*! 70! ,&-&! 70! 80779:641! 41!"#! &77! 1;<&7!
!
! !
=>?13?1/!()&*!6/!,&-&!:6415+!2615*@3!4&331/!36!41'@!
!
! A'! B()&*!!"+!!"!,&-&!./01213+!4*1!)51!/&)*6'!
!
! :'! B#"!()&*+!!"$,&-&!./01213+!4*1!)51!/&)*6'!
! "#C%! %&'!"!()&*+!(&'!"! ,&-&! ./01213+! 4*1! )51! /&)*6'!
!
! 36970! ()&*! 36970! ,&-&! 80779:641! 41!"#! &77! 1;<&7!
!
!
! =>?13?1/!()&*!6/!,&-&!:6415+!2615*@3!4&331/!36!41'@!
D?<5+! 81! :&*! :6*:7<21! 3?&3! :6*3/&530)1! E6:<5! 70:1*515! 57<0:0*F! 0*!
G<550&*! &*2! H6705?'! I! 50407&/! :6*:7<506*! 05! /1&:?12! E6/! 63?1/! 7&*9
F<&F15!A&512!6*!63?1/!1770.505!2&3&J!AK!,1/:?&*3!"L$$M%!E6/!N*F705?+!AK!
H&/O! "L$$P%! E6/! Q6/1&*+! AK! R/<*1330! "L$$M%! E6/! (3&70&*+! &*2! AK! )&*!
S/&1*1*A/61:O!&*2!T0.3UO!"L$$P%!E6/!V<*F&/0&*'!D?<5+!E6:<5!51145!36!
?&)1!&*!1770.505970:1*50*F!:&.&A0703K!0*!&!*<4A1/!6E!7&*F<&F15'!
3.3. Unifying the Theory of Licensing TP-Deletion
V681)1/+!/1:&77!6</!1&/701/!205:<5506*!6E!3?1!1)021*:1!3?&3!03!40F?3!A1!
3?1!0*31//6F&30)1!$%&!E1&3</1!3?&3!70:1*515!57<0:0*F!0*!N*F705?'!I/1!$%&!
&*2! $'()*+! E1&3</15! A63?! :&.&A71! 6E! 70:1*50*F! DH92171306*+! 6/! 05! 3?1!
$'()*+! E1&3</1! 3?1! 70:1*51/! 6E! DH92171306*! 0*! F1*1/&7W! D?1! 7&331/! 6.306*!
05! 3?1! 53/6*F1/! 6*1! &*2! 3?1/1E6/1! 05! 46/1! 20EE0:<73! 36! 4&0*3&0*+! 15.19
:0&77K! 0*! &! 7&*F<&F1! 70O1! N*F705?! 8?1/1! :6*3/&530)17K! E6:<512! .?/&515!
&78&K5! /14&0*! 0*! 503<'! V681)1/+! 713! <5! 1X.76/1! 3?05! 6.306*'! (! ./6.651!
3?&3!57<0:0*F!05!<*0E6/47K!70:1*512!AK!3?1!$'()*+!E1&3</1!803?!&*!6)1/37K!
/1&70Y12!5.1:0E01/!6E!3?1!?1&2!:&//K0*F!3?05!E1&3</1'!D?05!05!077<53/&312!0*!
"#L%'!!
!
! "#L%!
XP
!
!
!
!
!
ZH!
[!
\'(),
DH!
D!
!"#$!"#$%&$%#&'()#$*&+$,#$-#&./$&0$1+$2+3410"/$5)$0')5+3/$&0$1+$6(001&+7$
8%$ -#$ (+1%9$ '"#$ 04(1*1+3$ 41*#+01+3$ :#*"&+10:$ 1+$ ,5'"$ '9;#0$ 5%$ 4&+<
3(&3#0/$ %#&'()#$ 0')#+3'"$ 0"5(4=$ +5'$ :&''#)$ %5)$ 41*#+01+3$ 04(1*1+37$
>1?#+$'"10/$4#'$(0$*5+01=#)$-"&'$'"#$@A$4&9#)$455.0$41.#$1+$2+3410"B$
$
$ CDDE$
$
$
$
$
$
XP
FA$
G$
H"#$'
H()$
!A$
!$
$
I"&'$'"10$:#&+0$10$'"&'$()*:5?#:#+'$1+$2+3410"$01:;49$"&;;#+0$'5$,#$
'"#$ 5;#)&'15+$ '"&'$ *)#&'#0$ '"#$ +##=#=$ *5+%13()&'15+$ %5)$ 41*#+01+3$ !A<
=#4#'15+7$ !"#$ !()$ %#&'()#$ 1'0#4%/$ "5-#?#)/$ "&0$ +5'"1+3$ '5$ =5$ -1'"$ 41<
*#+01+3$ !A<=#4#'15+7$ !"10$ 0##:0$ '5$ ,#$ &$ ;)5:101+3$ "9;5'"#010/$ #0;#<
*1&449$ 31?#+$ '"&'$ #+?1)5+:#+'0$ '"&'$ =5$ +5'$ ;#):1'$ 04(1*1+3$ 1+$ 2+3410"$
'#+=$ '5$ *5+'&1+$ #4#:#+'0$ '"&'$ *&++5'$ ,#$ %5*(0#=/$ 0(*"$ &0$ '"#$ )#4&'1?#$
;)5+5(+0$1+$)#4&'1?#$*4&(0#0$&+=$*5:;4#:#+'1J#)0$41.#$+),+$&+=$-"7$$
4. Multiple Sluicing and the Semantics of Multiple Interrogatives
8+$ '"10$ 0#*'15+$ 8$ #K&:1+#$ "5-$ '"#$ 1+'#);)#'1?#$ ;)5;#)'1#0$ 5%$ :(4'1;4#$
1+'#))53&'1?#0$ &)#$ :&+1%#0'#=$ (+=#)$ 04(1*1+3$ 1+$ L4&?1*7$ @5+01=#)$ '"#$
*5+')&0'$,#'-##+$CDME$&+=$CDNE$%)5:$6(001&+7$
$
$ CDME$ O&P=9Q$ ;)134&014$ .535<'5$ +&$'&+#*/$ +5$ Q&$ +#$ ;5:+Q($
$
$ #?#)95+#$ 1+?1'#=$ 05:#5+#$'5$ =&+*#$ ,('$ 8$ +5'$ )#:#:,#)$
$
$
$ .'5$ .5357$
$ -"5$ -"5:$
$
$ R2?#)95+#$1+?1'#=$05:#5+#$'5$&$=&+*#$,('$8$=5+S'$)#:#:,#)$
-"5$-"5:7S$
! "#$%! &&'()*()! +,-./01-/! 2).)*()! 30! (03456!3)! 70! 34! +)8379!
!
! &&1)84)34! -3:-(4;! 1)84)34! ()! ;0354!<9(! =! 3)(! ,4848<4,!
!
!
! 2()! 2).)>!
! ?@)! ?@)8!
!
! AB)84)34!-3:-(4;!1)84)34!()!0!;0354!<9(!=!;)3C(!,4848<4,!?@)!
?@)8>C!
!
D@4!5)3(4E(1!?@-5@!0//)?!89/(-+/4!1/9-5-3.!-3!F911-03!1448!()!;4+43;!
)3! (@4! -3(4,+,4(0(-)3! )G! 89/(-+/4! -3(4,,).0(-:41! -3! (@-1! /03.90.4>! F91*
1-036! 93/-24! /03.90.41! /-24! B4,<)*H,)0(-03! ),! I0+034146! /0521! 1-3./4*
+0-,! ,40;-3.1! -3! 89/(-+/4! -3(4,,).0(-:41>! J9/(-+/4! -3(4,,).0(-:41! -3!
.434,0/!503!@0:4!0!K0-,*L-1(!"KL%!),!0!B-3./4*K0-,!"BK%!,40;-3.6!?-(@!(@4!
BK! ,40;-3.! <4-3.! 8),4! ,41(,-5(4;! 5,)11/-3.9-1(-50//M6! 01! ;-159114;! <M!
N05@)?-5O!"PQRS%6!T0.1(,)8!"PQQU%6!V)W2):-X!"YZZ#%6!03;![,4<43M):0!
"YZZS%>!D@4!,40;-3.1!0,4!;48)31(,0(4;!-3!(@4!15430,-)1!-3!"#\%!03;!"#R%!
?-(@!,41+45(!()!(@4!]3./-1@!^941(-)3!-3!"#U%6!?@-5@!-1!-3G4/-5-()91!-3!(@4!
BK!15430,-)!-3!"#R%!1-354!]3./-1@!0/1)!/0521!BK!,40;-3.1>!
!
! "#\%! "#$%&'()!*!+,-./! I)@3!-1!0(!0!G),80/!;-334,!?@4,4!(@4,4!0,4!
;-+/)80(1!03;!7)9,30/-1(1>!]05@!7)9,30/-1(!?01!
-3:-(4;!<M!0!;-GG4,43(!;-+/)80(>!I)@3!?03(1!()!
G-3;!)9(!0//!(@4!;4(0-/16!1)!@4!0121!(@4!@)1(_!"#U%!
!
! "#R%! "#$%&'()!0!+",./! I)@3!23)?1!(@0(!0!:4,M!-8+),(03(!;-+/)80(!
-3:-(4;!0!:4,M!-8+),(03(!7)9,30/-1(!()!0!+,-:0(4!
;-334,>!I)@3!?03(1!()!G-3;!)9(!0//!(@4!;4(0-/16!1)!
@4!0121!(@4!50(4,4,_!"#U%!
!
! "#U%! N@)!-3:-(4;!?@)!()!(@4!;-334,&!
,-12",!
!
V9/.0,-03! 03;! F911-03! +0((4,3! ?-(@! ]3./-1@! -3! /052-3.! (@4! BK!
,40;-3.!-3!89/(-+/4!-3(4,,).0(-:416!01!;48)31(,0(4;!-3!"#Q%>!L03.90.41!
/-24! B4,<)*H,)0(-03! 03;! I0+034146! )3! (@4! )(@4,! @03;6! 0//)?! <)(@! KL!
03;!BK!,40;-3.1>!
!
! "#$%! &'! ()*+,&-.&/0!
!
!
! !
! !
123! 42,2! 5! 624&/.+! /&! 7585-3&9&:!
;<2! ;<2=! >?@!./7.95A! 92! A.//5-!
!
! !
BC<2!./7.95A!;<2!92!9<5!A.//5-:D!
!
! E'! (F*GG.&/0!
!
!
! !
! !
192! 42,2! 6-.,+&G.+! /&! *H./:!
;<2! ;<2=! ./7.95A! 92! A.//5-!
!
! !
BC<2!./7.95A!;<2!92!9<5!A.//5-:D!
!"#$%!!
!"#$%!!
! "IJ%! &'! (K5-E2LM-2&9.&/0!
!
!
! !
! !
12! 35!
42,&! 62N7&2! /&! 7585-*:!
;<2! >?@! ;<2=! ./7.95A! 92! A.//5-!
!
! !
BC<2!./7.95A!;<2!92!9<5!A.//5-:D!
!
! E'! (O&6&/5G50!
!
!
! !
! !
P&-5L,&! A&-5L2! GQ24*N.L/.! =&/54.=&G.9&L4&:!
;<2&'(! ;<2)**! A.//5-+),! ./7.95ALR!
!"#%!!
!"#%!!
!
! ! BC<2!./7.95A!;<2!92!9<5!A.//5-:D!
!
S9!G55=G!6+&*G.E+5!92!&/&+QN5!9<5!A5,-&A5A!G9&9*G!2T!9<5!F*GG.&/!=*+9.L
6+5! G+*.U./,! 5V&=6+5! ./! "#W%! &G! 9<5! -5G*+9! 2T! 9<5! &/95U5A5/9! U+&*G5! .=L
62G./,! &! G./,+5L6&.-! -5&A./,! 2/! 9<5! ./95--2,&9.75! U+&*G5! ./! 9<5! G+*.U5X!
G./U5! 9<.G! .G! &! -5&A./,! ;<.U<! &! =*+9.6+5! -./Y*5G9.2/! U&//29! <&75! ./!
F*GG.&/'Z!
[<5-5! .G! &/29<5-! -5&A./,! G2=59.=5G! &7&.+&E+5! ./! =*+9.6+5! ./95-L
-2,&9.75GX!/&=5+QX!9<5!'0120!-5&A./,X!&G!./!"I\%!T-2=!]/,+.G<'!^*+9.6+5!
G+*.U./,!.G!&7&.+&E+5!;.9<!9<.G!-5&A./,!./!F*GG.&/!.T!9<5!&/95U5A5/9!6-2L
7.A5G!9<5!-5+57&/9!U2/95V9X!&G!./!"I_%'!
!
! "I\%! O2</!&/A!).++!;5-5!T.,<9./,'!C<2!<.9!;<2!T.-G9:!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Z
!`2-! G65U.T.U! &UU2*/9G! 2T! ;<&9! 6-2<.E.9G! Ka! -5&A./,G! ./! U5-9&./! +&/,*&,5GX! G55!
b&,G9-2=!"\$$Z%X!)2c427.d!"_JJ#%X!&/A!e-5E5/Q27&!"_JJIX!_JJf%'!
! "#$%! &'('! )!
*+',! -.(/)!,'! +01023! 45.65.! )7! ,)8! -2)9/':)/!
!
! &'('! ',;!*+',! <0,5!5.! -'25=! .,0! .>! 5?0@! ),+)50;!
!
!
! ;2A9.9.!,'! 5',0BC! ,.! D'! ,0! 7,'DA! E5.! E.9.3!
! .5?02!
5.! ;',B0! FA5! *! ,.5! E,.<! <?.! <?.@!
!
! G&'('!',;!*+',!<0,5!5.!'!-'25=3!H,0!.>!5?0@!),+)50;!5?0!.5?02!5.!
;',B0C!FA5!*!;.,I5!E,.<!<?.!),+)50;!<?.3I!
!
J?A:C! <0! '22)+0! '5! 5?0! 2'5?02! :52')9?5>.2<'2;! 90,02'/)7'5).,! 5?'5!
5?0! .,/=! ),502-205'5).,:! .>! !"#),5022.9'5)+0:! '+')/'F/0! A,;02! :/A)B),9!
),! '! 9)+0,! /',9A'90! '20! 5?0! ),502-205'5).,:! 90,02'//=! '+')/'F/0! 5.! !"#
),5022.9'5)+0:! ),!5?'5! /',9A'903!J?):! -20:0,5:!'! ,0<!'29A@0,5!>.2!5?0!
','/=:):!.>!5?0!:/A)B0:!B.,5'),),9!>A//!B/'A:'/!:52AB5A203!!
H,0!-20;)B5).,!.>!5?):!.A5B.@0!):!5?'5!@A/5)-/0!:/A)B),9!:?.A/;!,.5!
F0! '+')/'F/0! <)5?! ';DA,B5! !"#KA0:5).,:! :),B0! 5?0! .2;02! 20';),9! ):! )@6
-.::)F/0!<)5?!';DA,B5:3!J?0!-20;)B5).,!):!F.2,0!.A5C!':!:?.<,!),!"#L%3!
!
! "#L%! M45.65.!
:-2D'5'/! 9;065.!
7;0:I!E/';C!
,.! D'! ,0!
!
! M:.@0.,0! ?);!
:.@0<?020! ?020! 520':A20! FA5! *!
,.5!
!
!
! 7,'DA! E5.! 9;03!
! E,.<! <?.! <?020!
!
! GN.@0.,0!?);!5?0!520':A20!:.@0<?020!?020C!FA5!*!;.,I5!E,.<!
<?.!?);!)5!<?0203I!
!
O,.5?02! B.,52./! 50:5! >.2! 5?0! 90,02'/)7'5).,! 'F.+0! B.@0:! >2.@!
N02F.6P2.'5)',C! '! /',9A'90! '//.<),9! NQ! 20';),9:! ),! @A/5)-/0! ),5026
2.9'5)+0:3! J?0! N02F.6P2.'5)',! 0KA)+'/0,5C! >2.@! N5D0-',.+)R! "$SSL%C! .>!
5?0!A,'BB0-5'F/0!TA::)',!08'@-/0!),!"LU%C!):!>),0C!':!08-0B50;V!
!
! "##%! WN02F.6P2.'5)',X!
!
!
! Y0E.!
D0! +);0.! ,0E.9C!
'/)! ,0! 7,'@! E.! E.9'3!
! :.@0F.;=! ):! :00,! :.@0F.;=!FA5! ,.5! E,.<! <?.! <?.@!
!
! GN.@0F.;=!:'<!:.@0.,0C!FA5!*!;.,I5!E,.<!<?.!<?.@3I!
5. Superiority under Sluicing
*,! 5?):! :0B5).,C! <0! <)//! 08'@),0! 5?0! 90,02'/)7'5).,! 5?'5! :/A)B),9! 0,6
>.2B0:! :A-02).2)5=! 0>>0B5:! ),! B.,5085:! <?020! -'2'//0/! ,.,60//)-5)B'/!
!"#$%"$#&!'()'*)"'&+,-.-"'/*0'!$1&#-)#-"0'&22&%"!3'4,-!'5/!').!&#6&('2)#'
7&#.)89#)/"-/*' :$;"-1;&' !;$-%-*<' -*' :/-*' %;/$!&!' 5-",' *$;;' 9=' .0'
7">&1/*)6-?' @A==BC3' 4,&' !/:&' -!' "#$&' )2' D$!!-/*' :$;"-1;&' !;$-%-*<' -*'
.)",':/-*'/*('&:.&((&('%;/$!&!3'
E-#!"F'%)*!-(&#'",&'(/"/'-*'@GHC'/*('@GIC'@!;-<,";0':)(-2-&('&+/:1;&!'
2#):'J)KL)6-?'@MNNOCCF'(&:)*!"#/"-*<'",/"'!$1&#-)#-"0'&22&%"!'-*'7&#.)8
9#)/"-/*' /#&' 1#&!&*"' -*' &:.&((&(' .$"' *)"' -*' :/-*' %;/$!&' !,)#"8
(-!"/*%&'P$&!"-)*!3''
'
' @GHC' /3' Q)' K"/-' )'
*>&:$' <)6)#-' !-R'
'
' ' 5,)'5,/"' /.)$"' ,-:' !/0!'
'
' '
ST,)'!/0!'5,/"'/.)$"',-:RU'
'
' .3' V"/-'L)')'*>&:$'<)6)#-'!-R'
' @GIC' /3' W/6;&' >&'
1-"/)' "#$ %!&-' )'
*>&:$' <)6)#-' !-3'
'
' ' W/6;&' XYZ' /!L&('5,)' 5,/"' /.)$"',-:' !/0!'
'
' '
SW/6;&'/!L&('5,)'!/0!'5,/"'/.)$"',-:3U''
'
' .3' RRW/6;&'>&'1-"/)'%!&-$"#')'*>&:$'<)6)#-'!-3'
'
[)5&6&#F' /!' 7">&1/*)6-?' @A==BC' 1)-*"!' )$"F' !$1&#-)#-"0' &22&%"!' &:&#<&'
-*' 7&#.)89#)/"-/*' -*' :/-*' %;/$!&' !,)#"8(-!"/*%&' P$&!"-)*!' $*(&#'
!;$-%-*<\'
'
' @G]C' '()&")*$+,' ^&L)'
6);-' *&L)<3'
'
' ' '
!):&.)(0' ;)6&!' !):&.)(0'
'
' '
'
S7):&.)(0';)6&!'!):&.)(03U'
'
'
' '()&")*$-.,' Q)' L)</R'
' ' '
5,)' 5,):'
'
' '()&")*$-/,' _Q)</' L)R'
'
' ' '
_5,):' 5,)'
''
4,&' !/:&' &22&%"!' ,);(' $*(&#' !;$-%-*<' -*' &:.&((&(' %;/$!&!' -*' 7&#.)8
9#)/"-/*3' [)5&6&#F' ",/"' -!' !):&5,/"' -##&;&6/*"' ")' )$#' -*6&!"-</"-)*'
.&%/$!&' ",&' !/:&' -!' "#$&' )2' ",&' 1/#/;;&;' *)*8&;;-1"-%/;' !"#$%"$#&!' -*'
7&#.)89#)/"-/*3''
`&"' $!' *)5' &+/:-*&' ",&' !/:&' %)*"&+"!' -*' D$!!-/*F' /' ;/*<$/<&'
5-",)$"'/*0'!$1&#-)#-"0'&22&%"!'-*'&-",&#':/-*')#'&:.&((&('%;/$!&!'-*'
*)*8&;;-1"-%/;' !"#$%"$#&!F' /!' 5&' #&%/;;' 2#):' 7"&1/*)6' @MNNOC3' X!' -*'
!"#$%&'#%()*(+,-./0"#*%#*)1-"22"3).-"4"#5"-*+-6/..*(+-/+7"#-.8/*3*+5-*+$%)9-4(*+-*+-"4$"77"7-38(/.".,-(.-7"4%+.)#()"7-*+-:;<=-(+7-:;>=?- :;<=- (?- !"#$%#&-'(-@(A71B- 0#*58(.*8- C%5%&)%- +(- )(+"3?- - "D"#1%+"- *+D*)"7- .%4"%+"- )%- 7(+3"--
- -
-
EFD"#1%+"-*+D*)"7-.%4"%+"-)%-(-7(+3"?G-
-
- $?- !"#$%#&)*(- @)%C%5%H- - I9%+,-- I9%4'..-
-
- 3?- !"#$%#&)*(- J@%5%- - JI9%4'..)
C)%HI9%+,--
- :;>=- (?- @(A71B- 0#*58(.*8- C%5%&)%- +(- )(+"3,-+%- B(- +"- 0%4+B/- - "D"#1%+"- *+D*)"7- .%4"%+"- )%- 7(+3"-$/)-K- +%)-#"4"4$"#-
- - -
C)%C%5%?I9%+,-- I9%4'..-
-
- -
EFD"#1%+"-*+D*)"7-.%4"%+"-)%-(-7(+3"-$/)-K-7%+G)-#"4"4$"#I9%-I9%?G-
-
- $?- J@(A71B-0#*58(.*8-C%5%&)%-+(-)(+"3,-+%-B(-+"-0%4+B/-C%5%C)%?-
L9"."- (#"- #()9"#- ./#0#*.*+5- 2(3).,- 5*D"+- )9()- .8/*3*+5- *.- C+%I+- )%.%4")*4".- #"0(*#- )9"- 7"#*D()*%+- :"?5?,- (4"8*%#()*%+- %2- *.8(+7- "22"3)./+7"#- .8/*3*+5- *+D".)*5()"7- $1- 6%..- M>N>,- O(.+*C- PQQM- (+7- R"#39(+)PQQM=?-K)-*.-./#0#*.*+5-)9()-*+-)9"-($%D"-3(.".-.8/*3*+5-.""4.-)%-7".)#%1)9"-7"#*D()*%+?-S%I"D"#,-*2-./0"#*%#*)1-"22"3).-(#"-".."+)*(881-4*+*4(8&
*)1- "22"3).- (+7- 4*+*4(8*)1- *.- "+3%7"7- *+)%- )9"- 7"2*+*)*%+- %2- T))#(3):'9%4.C1- M>>U=,- ./39- D*%8()*%+.- 3(++%)- )"39+*3(881- "V*.)- *+- (+1- 7"#*&
D()*%+- (+7- )9"#"2%#"- 3(++%)- $"- #"0(*#"7- $1- 7"8")*%+?- L9*.- 4"(+.- )9()I"-I%/87-+%)-"V0"3)-./0"#*%#*)1-"22"3).-*+-+%+&"88*0)*3(8-.)#/3)/#".-*+-(8(+5/(5"- 8*C"- W/85(#*(+- )%- 7*.(00"(#- /+7"#- .8/*3*+5?- R"#39(+)- :PQQM=>
#"0%#).- 7()(- 7"4%+.)#()*+5- )9()- )9*.- *.- *+7""7- )9"- 3(."- *+- W/85(#*(+? W/)- I91- I%/87- .8/*3*+5- *+D%C"- ./0"#*%#*)1- "22"3).- *+- 8(+5/(5".- (+7------------------------------------------------------->
-L9*.,-(.-R"#39(+)-0%*+).-%/),-0#"."+).-(77*)*%+(8-"D*7"+3"-2%#-)9"-7"8")*%+-(00#%(39)%- "88*0.*.,- .*+3"- ./0"#*%#*)1- *.- (- 7*(5+%.)*3- %2- 4%D"4"+)- (+7- 4%D"4"+)- 3%/87- 9(D")(C"+-08(3"-%/)- %2- )9"-"88*0.*.-.*)"-%+81-*2-(-2/88-38(/."-*.-0#"."+)-*+-)9"-.)#/3)/#"- 2#%4)9"-$"5*++*+5-(+7-*.-7"8")"7-()-XY?-
!"#$%&$'($)*$(+*!,('-.%/0"/0$1(%22%!$'(30$)"-$(%++0.'0'4(*'(0#(5-''0*#(*#6(
7%/8"9:/"*$0*#;((
7$<%.*#"=0>( ?@AABC( *$$%D.$'( $"( %&.+*0#( $)%( 7%/8"9:/"*$0*#( 6*$*( *'(
2"++"3'E( F''-D0#G( $)*$( $)%( 2%*$-/%( +0!%#'0#G( HI96%+%$0"#( D-'$( 8%( "#(
:A4( ')%( !"#!+-6%'( $)*$( :A( D-'$( 8%( D%/G%6( 0#( "=%/$( '1#$*&( 0#( '+-0!0#G(
!"#'$/-!$0"#'E( H)%( '$/"#G( !"#( 2%*$-/%( "2( :A( $)%#( $/0GG%/'( '-.%/0"/0$1(
%22%!$'(0#(7%/8"9:/"*$0*#(D*$/0&('+-0!%'E((
J"3%=%/4(0$(0'(60220!-+$($"(%&$%#6($)0'(*#*+1'0'($"(5-''0*#E(70#!%($)%(
!"#( 2%*$-/%( 0'( 3%*,( 0#( 5-''0*#4( D%/G0#G( :A( "=%/$+1( !*##"$( /%'-+$( 0#(
'-.%/0"/0$1( %22%!$'E( K( 3"-+6( +0,%( $"( %&.+"/%( *#( *+$%/#*$0=%( *!!"-#$( *#6(
'-GG%'$( $)*$( $)%( '-.%/0"/0$1( %22%!$'( "8'%/=%6( -#6%/( '+-0!0#G( 2"++"3(
2/"D( *#( 0#6%.%#6%#$( ./".%/$1( "2( %++0.'0'4( #*D%+14( L-*#$020%/(
.*/*++%+0'DE((
K(*6".$($)%(#"$0"#("2(.*/*++%+0'D("2(M0%#G"(*#6(N*1(?OPPQC4(2-/$)%/(
6%=%+".%6( 81( M"&( *#6( R*'#0,( ?@AABC4( 3)0!)( /%L-0/%'( $)*$( =*/0*8+%'( 0#(
$)%( %+06%6( *#6( *#$%!%6%#$( !+*-'%'( 8%( 8"-#6( 2/"D( .*/*++%+( ."'0$0"#'E( K(
*+'"( *''-D%( $)*$( $)%( =*/0*8+%( 0#$/"6-!%6( 81( *#( 0#6%20#0$%( 0#( $)%( *#$%9
!%6%#$( !+*-'%( 0'( 8"-#6( 81( %&0'$%#$0*+( !+"'-/%( ?S/*$T%/( OPPUC( *#6( $)*$(
"#$3"/6'(+0,%("#%(*#6("#&'(*/%(L-*#$020%/'("=%/(0#60=06-*+'E((
R%$( -'( #"3( !"#'06%/( $)%( RM( "2( $)%( *#$%!%6%#$( 0#( 5-''0*#( D-+$0.+%(
'+-0!0#G(0#(?VA*C4(G0=%#(0#(?VOCE((
(
( ?VAC( *E( )*+&,+-(./(S*W61<( ./0G+*'0+( ,"G"9$"( #*( $*#%!E(
(
( ( (
%=%/1"#%( 0#=0$%6( '"D%"#%( $"( 6*#!%(
(
( (
(
XY=%/1"#%(0#=0$%6('"D%"#%($"(*(6*#!%EZ(
(
(
( 8E( )*+&,+-(0/( S$"( ,"G"( [./0G+*'0+( #*( $*#%!\;(
( ( (
3)"( 3)"D( [0#=0$%6( $"( 6*#!%(
(
( !E( )*+&,+-(0/( ]S"G"(,$"([./0G+*'0+(#*($*#%!\;(
( ?VOC( !1("2( [1( ./0G+*'0+( 2( #*( $*#%!\(
(
( (
( 0#=0$%6( ( $"( 6*#!%(
(
H)0'( 0'( $)%( "#+1( /%*60#G( *=*0+*8+%( 0#( ?VA*C4( '0#!%( '-/2*!%( L-*#$020%/(
'!".%(0'(./%'%/=%6(0#(5-''0*#E(H)0'(./".%/$1("2(5-''0*#(!*#(8%('%%#(0#(
?V@C( *#6( %=%#( D"/%( !+%*/+1( 0#( $)%( -#*!!%.$*8+%( ?VBC4( 8*'%6( "#( $)%(
J0/'!)8^)+%/(?OPU@C(%&*D.+%'EOA(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
OA
(M"/('0D0+*/("8'%/=*$0"#'(*8"-$(5-''0*#4('%%(*+'"(K"#0#(?@AAOC4(I%/%+$'=*0G(?@AA_C4(*#6(
`*0+1#(?@AA_CE(
! "#$%! &'()*+,)! -'./01! -)2/3)4'3!('567*7! 6/478(79!
!
! <)=/!
>7?#$%! (@<</6! /4/.?! >@.3&''!
!
!!!""!:!;""!!!!
! AB)=/!>7?!(@<</6!/4/.?!>@.391!
! "#C%! DE6@0:!('()*+,)! F'<)4)*! <,)@,!
0'-.),@4! ('56)>)!
!
! D)0/:! <)=/!
>7'.6! @<+<,'06@0>! @0+G.)0,+)G!/4/.?!
!
!
! H6'0@*'9!
! I7@36@0>!
!
! AE0/:<)=/!>7'.6!@<!<,'06@0>!@0!G.)0,!)G!/4/.?!I7@36@0>91!
!
J)K! 2)0<@6/.! ,L/! MN! ./-./</0,',@)0<! )G! ,L/! '22/-,'I3/! <37@2/! @0! "#OI%!
'06! ,L/! 70'22/-,'I3/! )0/! @0! "#O2%P! >@4/0! @0! "#QI%! '06! "#Q2%! ./<-/2+
,@4/3?9!R)!,L/?!=//,!,L/!-'.'33/3@<=!./S7@./=/0,T!UL',!@<P!'./!,L/!4'.@+
'I3/<! @0! ,L/</! <37@2/<! '06! @0! ,L/! MN! )G! ,L/! '0,/2/6/0,! "./-/',/6! '<!
"#Q'%%!I)706!G.)=!-'.'33/3!-)<@,@)0<T!!
!
! "#Q%! '9! "!(!"! V!( -.@>3'<@3! "! 0'! ,'0/2W!
!!)*(+,-./0/1/-.2!
!
! ! !
! @04@,/6! ! ,)! 6'02/!
!
!
! I9! (,)!!! ()>)!"! V!! -.@>3'<@3! "! 0'! ,'0/2W!
! ! KL)! KL)=! ! @04@,/6! ! ,)! 6'02/!
!!)*(+345(6(3472!
!
! 29! ()>)!"! (,)!!! V!! -.@>3'<@3! "! 0'! ,'0/2W! !!)*(+347(6(345!!
!
! ! KL)=! KL)! ! @04@,/6! ! ,)! 6'02/!
!
UL/!-'.'33/3@<=!@0!4'.@'I3/!I@06@0>!@<!=/,!I/,K//0!"#Q'%!'06!"#QI%P!I7,!
@,!@<!0),!=/,!I/,K//0!"#Q'%!'06!"#Q2%9!UL',!@<P!,L/!S7'0,@G@/.!I@06@0>!,L/!
)I*/2,!4'.@'I3/!@<!@0<@6/!,L/!<2)-/!)G!,L/!S7'0,@G@/.!I@06@0>!,L/!<7I*/2,!
4'.@'I3/! @0! ,L/! '0,/2/6/0,! 23'7</P! KL@3/! @,! @<! )7,<@6/! ,L/! <2)-/! )G! ,L/!
-'.'33/3!S7'0,@G@/.!@0!,L/!<37@2/!@0!"#Q2%9!!
XG!,L@<!'0'3?<@<!@<!)0!,L/!.@>L,!,.'2(P!K/!<L)736!I/!'I3/!,)!<//!-'.'3+
3/3@<=! /GG/2,<! @0! ,L/! 2)../<-)06@0>! Y6/'22/0,/6Z! "70G)27</6%! <,.72+
,7./<P! K@,L)7,! ,L/! G733! -./</02/! )G! /33@-<@<9! UL@<! @<! 2)0G@.=/6! @0! "##%P!
KL/./! ,L/! S7/<,@)0! K@,L! ,L/! -'.'33/3@<=! I/@0>! =/,! @<! -./G/../6! ,)! ,L/!
)0/!KL/./!@,!@<!0),9!UL/!/GG/2,!@<!0),!'<!<,.)0>!'<!@0!,L/!<,.72,7./<!K@,L!
/33@-<@<P!I7,!,L/!2)0,.'<,!@<!2/.,'@03?!,L/./9!UL/!6@GG/./02/!@0!,L/!6/>.//!
)G! '22/-,'I@3@,?! )G! "Q[2%! '06! "##2%! =@>L,! I/! 67/! ,)! ,L/! 6@GG/./02/! @0!
-.)2/<<@0>\! @,! =@>L,! I/! <)=/KL',! /'<@/.! ,)! -.)2/<<! 6/'22/0,/6! </0+
,/02/<!,L'0!</0,/02/<!K@,L!/33@-<@<9!
!
! "##$! %&! !"#$%#&'()!'%()*+! ,-./0%1.0! 23/3453! 6%! 5%678&!
!
! ! !
797-*367! .69.57)! 13:7367!53! )%687!
!
! !
!
;<97-*367!.69.57)!13:7367!53!%!)%687&=!
!
!
! >&! !"#$%#&'*)! '53! 23/3! ?,-./0%1.0! 6%! 5%678@A!
! ! !
BC3! BC3:! ?.69.57)! 53! )%687!
!
!
! 8&! !"#$%#&'*)!AA'3/3!253!?,-./0%1.0!6%!5%678@A!
D3!5715!3E-!C*,35C71.1!FE-5C7-G!075!E1!18-%:>07!5C7!3>+785!HE%65.F.7-!
397-!5C7!1E>+785!.6!5C7!%65787)765!80%E17G!%1!.6!"#I%$&!DC.1!-71E051!.6!%6!
%887,5%>07!10E.87!B.5C!5C7!+,-'.'+,/!3-)7-!.6!"#I>$G!%1!,-7).857)!>*!5C7!
,%-%0070.1:! %883E65G! 1.687! 63B! 5C7! 3>+785! HE%65.F.7-! .1! 3E51.)7! 5C7!
183,7!3F!5C7!1E>+785!HE%65.F.7-!.6!>35C!5C7!%65787)765!%6)!5C7!10E.87&JJ!
!
! "#I$! %&! !"#$%#&'()!'%()3/3J! 253453!
,-./0%1.0! 0J! 6%! 5%678&!
!
! ! !
797-*367(11!13:7367234!.69.57)! ! 53! )%687!
!
! !
!
!
;K3:7367!.69.57)!797-*367!53!%!)%687&=!
!
"B.5C!!5!"6$!
!
!
! >&! !"#$%#&'*)! '3/3! 253A!
! ! !
BC3:! BC3!
!
! 8&! !"#$%#&'*)! L'53! 23/3A!
!
! !! !
! LBC3! BC3:!
!
M6)!5C7!1E>+785!N!3>+785!3-)7-!3F!5C7!+,7,C-%171!.6!"#I8$!.1! 63B!E6%84
87,5%>07G! BC.8C! FE-5C7-! 1E,,3-51! 5C7! ,%-%0070.1:! %883E65! ,-3,317)!
%>397&JO!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
JJ
!DC7!E6.97-1%0!HE%65.F.7-!.1! E17)!%1!5C7! 3>+785!C7-7!.6! 3-)7-!53!:%.65%.6!5C7!,%.-40.15!
-7%).6/!-7HE.-7:765!.6!PE11.%6!:E05.,07!.657--3/%5.971&!
JO
!K57976!Q-%621!",&8&$!-7,3-51!3F!%!PE11.%6!1,7%27-!BC3!)371!635!1C%-7!5C7!+E)/:7651!
.6! "#I$&! DC7! 1%:7! 1,7%27-G! C3B797-G! .1! 1761.5.97! 53! 1E,7-.3-.5*! 7FF7851! .6! PE11.%6! ".&7&G!
635! %003B.6/! 5C7! 03B7-! +,7,C-%17! 53! >7! F-3657)! 397-! 5C7! C./C7-! 367! 7976! .6! 6364
700.,5.8%0! 83657R51&$! M1! S7-8C%65! "OTTJ$! 1C3B1! F3-! UE0/%-.%6G! %! 0%6/E%/7! B.5C! -3>E15!
1E,7-.3-.5*! 7FF7851G! 1E8C! 7FF7851! )3! 635! /3! %B%*! E6)7-! 10E.8.6/! .F! 5C7*! %-7! ,-71765! .6!
6364700.,5.8%0! 83657R51&! DCE1G! ,%-%0070.1:! %6)! 1E,7-.3-.5*! %-7! .6)7,76)765! ,-3,7-5.71!
3F!/-%::%-!%6)!8%6!>7!).15.6/E.1C7)!F-3:!7%8C!35C7-!E6)7-!700.,1.1!360*!.F!%!1,7%27-!
.1! .61761.5.97! 53! 1E,7-.3-.5*! .6! 6364700.,5.8%0! 83657R51! "%1! :*! PE11.%6! 1,7%27-1! %6)!
:*170F! %-7$&! DC7! %557157)! 9%-.%5.36! B.5C! -71,785! 53! 1E,7-.3-.5*! 7FF7851! .1! .5170F! %6!
.657-715.6/!,EVV07!F3-!1*65%85.8!5C73-*!%6)!.1!.6!677)!3F!FE-5C7-!7R,03-%5.36&!
!"#$% &'&(")% *$+% ,-% -$$% (.% +/$% #0"+1&-+% 2$% .0,"3% ("% $**(4-(-% 20,*3%
#&115%06$1%+0%+/$%3$&##$"+$3%-+1,#+,1$-7%8"3%(+%30$-9%
%
% :;<=% &7% !"#$%#&'()%>&?30'0@% A+0B+0%
41('*&-(*% *@% "&% +&"$#7%
%
% % %
$6$150"$(++%-0C$0"$,-.% ("6(+$3% % +0% 3&"#$%
%
% %
%
'
DE0C$0"$%("6(+$3%$6$150"$%+0%&%3&"#$7F'
'
:2(+/%!/'"0=%
%
%
% G7% !"#$%#&'1)% >0'0% A+0%
H41('*&-(*% "&% +&"$#IJ%
% % %
2/0% 2/0C% H("6(+$3% +0% 3&"#$%
%
%
% #7% !"#$%#&'1)% JJ>+0%A0'0%H41('*&-(*%"&%+&"$#IJ%
%
K/,-)%+/$%-0,1#$%0.%+/$%&44&1$"+%-,4$1(01(+5%$..$#+-%,"3$1%-*,(#("'%
("%L,--(&"%+,1"-%0,+%+0%G$%4&1&**$*(-C%&"3%"0+%C("(C&*(+57%%
K/$% "$M+% -+$4% 20,*3% G$% +0% -$$% /02% +/(-% &"&*5-(-% &44*($-% +0% E$1G0B
N10&+(&")% +/$% *&"',&'$% $M/(G(+("'% -(C(*&1% $..$#+-% ,"3$1% -*,(#("'7% O"B
.01+,"&+$*5)%+/$1$%(-%&"%("+$1.$1("'%.&#+01%("%E$1G0BN10&+(&"7%8##013("'%
+0%E&"31&%E+P$4&"06(Q%:47#7=)%-#1&CG*("'%&"%0GP$#+%06$1%+/$%-,GP$#+%410B
/(G(+-% -*,(#("'% &**% +0'$+/$1% ("% E$1G0BN10&+(&"7% K/(-% (-% +1,$% $6$"% 2(+/%
-("'*$%-*,(#("'9%
%
% :;R=' !"#$%#&'()% S$A0'%
P$% T$+&1%
60*(07%
%
% % %
-0C$G035(++% (-% T$+&1,-.% *06$3%
%
% %
%
DT$+&1%*06$3%-0C$G0357F%
%
% !"#$%#&'1)% U>0'&J%
%
% % %
U2/0C%
%
K/,-)%1,""("'%+/$%+$-+%2(+/%-#1&CG*("')%&-%("%L,--(&"%:;V=)%(-%410G*$CB
&+(#% ("% E$1G0BN10&+(&"7% W/$"% X% &++$C4+$3% (+% 2(+/% C5% E$1G0BN10&+(&"%
-4$&A$1-)%+/$%P,3'C$"+%2&-%&-%$M4$#+$39%-#1&CG*("'%30$-%(C4106$%+/$%
234'5'236%013$1%("%+/$%-*,(#$%G,+%(+%30$-%"0+%C&A$%(+%4$1.$#+9%
%
% :;Y=% !"#$%#&'()% S$A0'%
"$A0%
60*(7%
%
% % %
-0C$G035(++% -0C$0"$,-.% *06$%
%
% %
%
DE0C$0"$%*06$-%-0C$G0357F%
%
%
%
% !"#$%#&'1)% JZJJ>0'&% A0J%
% % %
JZJJ2/0C% 2/0%
!"#$%&'$( )*+,#)-.),'( #$+( /%&01+( %-( #$+( 2./#+0)%&/( +--+1#( ),( 3456( )/(
7+.%,*( #$+( /1%8+( %-( #$)/( 898+0:( ;( <)""( 8%),#( %&#( 9( -+<( *)0+1#)%,/( -%0(
-&0#$+0( 0+/+901$=( >,+( 8"9&/)7"+( *)0+1#)%,( <%&"*( 7+( #%( )*+,#)-.( #$+( 8%?
/)#)%,( <$+0+( #$+( /10927"+*( ),*+-),)#+( 2%@+/( ),( #$+( 9,#+1+*+,#( 1"9&/+(
9,*(#$+(8%/)#)%,(<$+0+(#$+(!"#8$09/+(2%@+/(),(#$+(/"&)1+=(A$+/+(8%/)?
#)%,/(2)'$#(7+(*)--+0+,#(),(/&1$(9(<9.(#$9#(#$+(8909""+")/2()/(@)%"9#+*=(
!,%#$+0( 8%#+,#)9"( /%&01+( %-( #$)/( +--+1#( )/( #$+( /8+1)-)1)#.( +--+1#( 80%?
*&1+*(7.(/10927"),'(),(B+07%?C0%9#)9,:(9/(70%&'$#(#%(2.(9##+,#)%,(7.(
B9,*09( B#D+89,%@)E( 38=1=6=( ;#( )/( F,%<,( #$9#( 9,( ),*+-),)#+( ),( #$+( 9,#+1+?
*+,#(%-(#$+(/"&)1+(9"0+9*.($9/(9(/8+1)-)1)#.(0+G&)0+2+,#(%,()#=(A$9#()/:()#(
)/(9"0+9*.(),#+080+#+*(9/(/8+1)-)1=(H%<:()-(/10927"),'(9,(),*+-),)#+(%7?
D+1#(%@+0(#$+(/&7D+1#( $9/()#/(%<,( /8+1)-)1)#.(+--+1#( ),(B+07%?C0%9#)9,:( )#(
2)'$#( 7+( ),1%289#)7"+( <)#$( /"&)1),':( <$+0+( #$+( ),*+-),)#+( )/( 9"0+9*.(
/8+1)-)1( #%( /#90#( <)#$=( >-( 1%&0/+:( #$)/( 29##+0( ,++*/( 2%0+( +I8"%09#)%,(
JK
7+-%0+(9,.(/%")*(1%,1"&/)%,(19,(7+(0+91$+*= (
6. Summary
L+( $9@+(+I92),+*( 1+0#9),(9/8+1#/(%-(#$+( /"&)1),'(/#0&1#&0+/( ),(B"9@)1:(
1%,/)*+0+*(<$9#(#$+.(19,(#+""(&/(97%&#(/"&)1),'(),('+,+09":(9,*(0+91$+*(
#$+(-%""%<),'(1%,1"&/)%,/M(
N)0/#:(')@+,(#$+(2%@+2+,#(%-(!"#8$09/+/(#%(9(-%1&/(8%/)#)%,(),(O&/?
/)9,(9,*(P%")/$:(;(80%8%/+*(#$9#(1%,#09/#)@+(-%1&/(")1+,/+/(AP?*+"+#)%,(
),( #$+/+( "9,'&9'+/=( !/( 9( 1%00+1#( 80+*)1#)%,( %-( #$)/( 9,9"./)/:( ;( /$%<+*(
#$9#( 1%,#09/#)@+".( -%1&/+*( O?+I80+//)%,/( 19,( 9"/%( 7+( #$+( 0+2,9,#/( %-(
/"&)1),'(),(O&//)9,(9,*(P%")/$=(;(-&0#$+0(+I#+,*+*(#$)/(9,9"./)/(#%(Q,'?
")/$(7.(90'&),'(#$9#(!"#2%@+2+,#(#%(B8+1CP(%,".(8"91+/(#$+(8%#+,#)9"(
0+2,9,#(%-(/"&)1),'( ),#%(#$+( 0)'$#( 8%/)#)%,(3#$+(/8+1)-)+0(%-(#$+( 80%D+1?
#)%,( 1900.),'( $%&'()( -+9#&0+6( 9,*( )#( )/( #$+( $%&'()( -+9#&0+( <)#$( #$+( %@+0#(
29#+0)9"(),()#/(B8+1(#$9#(")1+,/+/(/"&)1),'=(
B+1%,*:( <+( $9@+( /++,( #$9#( /"&)1),'?")1+,/),'( 1%,#+I#/( *+8+,*( %,(
#$+(),#+080+#9#)%,(%-(2&"#)8"+(),#+00%'9#)@+/(),(9( ')@+,( "9,'&9'+=(A$9#(
)/:( /"&)1),'( )/( 80%$)7)#+*( ),( O&//)9,( )-( 9,( 9,#+1+*+,#( )28%/+/( #$+( BP(
0+9*),'(%,(#$+(),#+00%'9#)@+(),(#$+(/"&)1+:(D&/#(9/(,%,?+"")8#)19"(2&"#)8"+(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
JK
(P%")/$( )/( 9( /")'$#".( *)--+0+,#( 29##+0M( )#( *%+/( ,%#( +I$)7)#( /&8+0)%0)#.( +--+1#/( ),(
/#0&1#&0+/(<)#$(%0(<)#$%&#(+"")8/)/(9,*(9#(#$+(/92+(#)2+(8+02)#/(,%,?/&0-91+(G&9,#)-)+0(
/1%8+=(A$)/()/(1%,/)/#+,#(<)#$(2.(911%&,#=(
!"#$%%&'(#!)$*+ (%$+ ,"(--$.#(/0$+ ,"1$%+ #2$+ *!"'0$3.(!%+ %$(1!"'+ !"+ #2!*+
0("',('$4++
5!"(0067+ 8+ 2()$+ ("(069$1+ #2$+ (..(%$"#+ *,.$%!&%!#6+ $::$-#*+ ,"1$%+
*0,!-!"'+ (*+ .(%(00$0!*;+ $::$-#*4+ <2(#+ !*7+ #2$+ ,"(--$.#(/!0!#6+ &:+ -$%#(!"+
*0,!-$*+!*+-(,*$1+/6+#2$+0(-=+&:+.(%(00$0!*;+!"+>,("#!:!$%3)(%!(/0$+/!"13
!"'+ /$#?$$"+ #2$+ ("#$-$1$"#+ ("1+ #2$+ *0,!-$4+ <2!*+ ("(06*!*+ .%&)!1$*+ (+
.%$1!-#!&"+:&%+:,%#2$%+%$*$(%-27+"(;$067+#2(#+#2$%$+!*+"&+0("',('$+?!#2+
:!@$1+!*&;&%.2!-+*-&.$+#2(#+(00&?*+:&%+:%$$+&%1$%!"'+&:+!"#.2%(*$*+,"3
1$%+*0,!-!"'+&%+?2$"$)$%+.(%(00$0!*;+!*+.%$*$"#4++
+
+
References
A(!06"7+ B&2"4+ CDEEFG+ HI'(!"*#+ #2$+ *-%(;/0!"'+ ("#!3;&)$;$"#+ ;&)$3
;$"#J4+B(;$*+K4+L()!"$7+M#$)$"+5%("=*7+N!0(+<(**$)(3O,%=#-2!$)(7+
("1+ P("(+ 5!0!.7+ $1*4+ $%&'()* (++&%(,"-.* /%* 0)(12,* )23452./2,.6* 7"-*
8&23,-/%3* '--/2344+ I""+ I%/&%7+ N8Q+ N!-2!'("+ M0()!-+ R,/0!-(#!&"*7+
STUVW4+
A$-22&:$%7+ X&/!"4+ CYWZFG+ HX$1,-$1+ !"#>,$*#!&"*J4+ 9(&1(&:* ./5:2-.* 23*
.;3/(<* (3:* .-'(3/2,.4+ B&%'$+ P("=(;$%+ ("1+ B,1!#2+ I!**$"7+ $1*4+
[(;/%!1'$7+NIQ+P(%)(%1+\"!)$%*!#6+R%$**!"SYUFZ4+
+ + 4+ CYWZZG+ HI+ 1&,/0$+ ("(06*!*+ &:+ %$1,-$1+ !"#>,$*#!&"*J4+ B,16+ I4+
O$'07+]()!1+ ^(*27+("1+ I""!$+_($"$"7+$1*4+8&%,--:234.*%=*/"-*>%&/"*
?(./-&3*@23452./2,*0%,2-/;*ZQ+YWUSY4+
A&`=&)!a7+ b$0c=&4+ CYWWZG+ H5%&"#!"'+ !"#.2%(*$*+ !"+ M$%/&3[%&(#!("J4+
N(%#!"(+ L!"1*$#2+ ("1+ M#$)$"+ 5%("=*7+ $1*4+ $%&'()* (++&%(,"-.* /%*
0)(12,* )23452./2,.6* 7"-* A3:2(3(* '--/2344+ I""+ I%/&%7+ N8Q+ N!-2!'("+
M0()!-+R,/0!-(#!&"*7+dFUYEZ4+
+ + 4+ CYWWdG+ HN,0#!.0$+ !"#:%&"#!"'+ ("1+ $-&"&;6+ &:+ 1$%!)(#!&"J4+
K;!06+ [,%#!*7+ B(;$*+ L60$7+ ("1+ e(/%!$0+ f$/*#$%7+ $1*4+ 8&%,--:234.* %=*
/"-* .2</--3/"* B-./* C%(./* C%3=-&-3,-* %3* $%&'()* @23452./2,.4+ M#(":&%17+
[IQ+[ML8+R,/0!-(#!&"*7+VWUFS4+
+ + 4+ CDEEYG+ Hg"+ #2$+ !"#$%.%$#(#!&"+ &:+ ;,0#!.0$+ >,$*#!&"*J4+ R!$%%$+
R!-(+ ("1+ B&2("+ X&&%6-=7+ $1*4+ @23452./2,* 1(&2(/2%3* ;-(&D%%E4+ I;*#$%3
1(;Q+B&2"+A$"c(;!"*7+)4+Y7+YUYT4++
+ + 4+CDEEDG+Hg"+;,0#!.0$+!"#:%&"#!"'J4+@23452./2,*23F52&;*SSCSGQ+STYU
dV4+
A%,"$##!7+L!*(4+CDEEVG+G*532=2,(/2%3*%=*=%,5.4+R(1,(Q+\"!.%$**4+
!"#$%&'() *#+$,) -.//01) 2!+345#674%) +89) 36+8%:#6$+37#8%;,) !"#$ %&'&(
%)*&+,$-./0.)%,)!+$<67954()=>?)=@A)B64%%()C./DE/F,)
!"G85() H+896+() I7JJ7+$) >,) K+9G%+L() +89) M+$4%) =N!J#%&4',) -.//01)
2HJG7N785)+89)J#57N+J):#6$;,)1),2.)*$*)'02)0#$+#%)',&3+$E-E1?)CE/DOC,)
P+8)!6+4848<6#4N&()M46#48)+89)>87&Q)K7R3S&,)-CTT01)2UJJ7R%7%)78)VG8W
5+67+8) +89) 3"4) 3'R#J#5') #:) %JG7N785;,) X7'#85) !"#7) +89) !"+855G&)
Y7$()49%,)4**&-+&+$&'$%&'&%)*&+%5$6./3##7&'0+$/8$,"#$9::;$<#/2*$&',#.')(
,&/')*$ 3/'8#.#'3#$ /'$0#'#.),&=#$0.)%%).,)H4#GJ?) V+8&##&) Z87P46%73'()
.TEDEE,)
[+J6'$RJ4() =+6'() H3G+63) =,) H"74<46() +89) \468+89#) !,) *,) B46476+,)
-.//.1) 2UJJ7R%7%) +89) "75"46W#6946) G87:7N+37#8;,) >&'02&+,&3+$ )'7$ -"&(
*/+/-"?$.F-F1?)E//DF0C,)
\7485#()]#<463)+89)]#<463)=+',)-.//F1)@'7&3#+$)'7$&7#',&,?,)!+$<67954()
=>?)=@A)B64%%,)
\#^() [+88') +89) V#L+69) K+%87&,) -CTTE1) 2HGNN4%%7P4) N'NJ7N) $#P4$483)
+89)7%J+89)64R+76?)A"4)97::4648N4)<43L448)%JG7N785)+89)_B)4JJ7R%7%;,)
>&'02&+,&3$&'A2&.?$EF-.1?).FED0F,)
`64<48'#P+() K'97+,) -CTTF1) 2@8346R643+37#8) #:) HJ+P7N) $GJ37RJ4) B"(aG4%W
37#8%;,)bJ5+)>68+G9#P+()I+'J4%)c6#L84()=+6d+)KG7%+)]7P46#()+89)
[+87e4J+) H3#e+8#P7f() 49%,) C/.%)*$ )--./)3"#+$ ,/$ <*)=&3$ *&'02&+,&3+5$ !"#$
D,,)B)$%##,&'0,)>88)>6<#6()=@?)=7N"75+8)HJ+P7N)BG<J7N+37#8%().g/D
.Og,)
) ) ,)-CTTg1) E2*,&-*#$&',#../0),&=#+5$ <?',)FG$+#%)',&3+$ )'7$*#).')H&*&,?,)
B"[)97%%463+37#8()Z87P46%73')#:)=+6'J+89()!#JJ454)B+6&,)
V+5%36#$() B+GJ,) -.//O1) I#3/%-/+&'0$ A2#+,&/'+J) B"[) 97%%463+37#8() =+%W
%+N"G%433%)@8%373G34)#:)A4N"8#J#5',)
V+693() [+874J,) -.//E1) K#.H$ -".)+#$ #**&-+&+5$ C/.%G$ %#)'&'0$ )'7$ -./3#++&'0,)
B"[)97%%463+37#8()Z87P46%73')#:)B488%'JP+87+,)
) ) ,) -.///1) 2['8+$7N) 78346R643+37#8) #:) P46<) R"6+%4) 4JJ7R%7%;,)
>&'02&+,&3+$)'7$-"&*/+/-"?$CC-C1?).OhDCC.,))
V76%N"<i"J46() B+GJ,) -./OC1) 2_B) 94J437#8) +89) +N6#%%W3"4W<#+69) aG+837W
:746) %N#R4;,) M+$4%) BG%34e#P%&') +89) B4346) H4JJ%() 49%,) 6./3##7&'0+$ /8$
,"#$1/.,"$4)+,#.'$>&'02&+,&3$</3&#,?).C?).ECDE/,)
@#878()A+87+,)-CTTC1)2A"4)#84)576J)L"#)L+%)&7%%49)<')4P46')<#'?)HN#R4()
%N6+$<J785)+89)97%N#G6%4):G8N37#8)78)]G%%7+8;,)=+6e#)P+8)X#RR48()
43) +J,() 49%,) 6./3##7&'0+$ /8$ ,"#$ 3/'8#.#'3#$ /8$ ,"#$ +,27#',$ /.0)'&L),&/'$ /8$
*&'02&+,&3+$ &'$ 42./-#$ MND1<D>4O$ P$ 9::QJ) K47948?) HbKU) BG<J7N+W
37#8%()h/D/F,)
!"#$%&$'()*"+,-'./)012234)56'7.#.8.'79#$'7"-'.8)8.,.7-$')-')"):";-"%,.)
<;..)&.="'7-#&>/)?/@/)A"B.;)"'8)C":-8)C$D7E().8&/)!"#$%%&'()*+,"#-+
./%+ 0(&+ $#(,%"%($%+ #(+ *%-1(.'$*+ 1(&+ 2'()3'*.'$+ ./%#"4+ 56789:/) ?$,+=9
%+&()FGH)FI-$)J7"7.)K'-:.;&-7E()12LM31N/)
!"E"&..,"'() O";"77+P";"=%-,) 6/) 0122Q4) 5R'#$=P,.7.) S*) 8.,.7-$') "'8)
T"PP-'T>/)8'()3'*.'$+1(124*'*+3Q01M34H)UNMV1/)
O;"7W.;() 6'T.,-B"/) 0122V4) 5J#$P.) $;) P&.+8$&#$P.X)6;.) 7I.;.) D-8.)
&#$P.) -'8.<-'-7.&X>) J+&"') Y$7I&7.-'() .8/) ;<%(.*+ '(+ )"1--1"/)
C$;8;.#I7H)O,+D.;()1ULM2U/)
@"&'-B() G$D";8/) 0122Z4) 5[$7.&) $') P&.+8$T"PP-'T>/) !1=%"*+ #(+ -'('>
-12'*-/) Y$%.;7) *.'&",<-'-)"'8) G-;$E+B-) K;"().8&/) ?"=%;-8T.()\6H)
\R]^*@!"1NLMUL/)0?@9+A#"B'()+!1=%"*+'(+8'()3'*.'$*()3_/4)
) ) /) 012224) 5F') <."7+;.) &7;.'T7IH) ]I;..) =-'-=",-&7) "PP;$"#I.&) 7$)
$:.;7)=$:.=.'7>/)8'()3'*.'$+'(C3'"4+LQ034H)12_M31_/)
) ) /)03QQ14)5^I.')#"')E$+)&":.)")&7;+#7+;.)%E)8.&7;$E-'T)-7X>)\-'9
!$$)O-=)"'8)K;-)J7;"+&&().8&/)!"#$%%&'()*+#,+./%+D#"./+;1*.+8'()3'*.'$+
6#$'%.4)L1H"LQ1M3Q/)
) ) /) 03QQZ4) 5\$;.) &,+-#-'T) ;.P"-;&>/) G"'8$+7) <$;) 7I.) @J6) 3QV)
#$+;&.) "7) 7I.) J+==.;) R'&7-7+7.) $<) 7I.) @-'T+-&7-#) J$#-.7E) $<)
6=.;-#"/)
@.:-'() @$;-/)012V34)5J,+-#-'TH) 6),.`-#",)-'7.;P;.7"7-$')P;$#.8+;.>/)!$"')
A;.&'"'().8/)9/%+ -%(.12+"%="%*%(.1.'#(+#,+)"1--1.'$12+"%21.'#(*/)?"=9
%;-8T.()\6H)\R])*;.&&()Z2QMUZN/)
@$%.#B() 6''./) 0122Z4) ;22'=*'*E+ F3($.'#(12+ /%1&*G+ 2'$%(*'()+ 1(&+ '&%(.','$1>
.'#(/)[.D)a$;BH)F`<$;8)K'-:.;&-7E)*;.&&/)
\.;#I"'7() !"&$'/) 03QQ14) 9/%+ *4(.1H+ #,+ *'2%($%E+ 623'$'()G+ '*21(&*G+ 1(&+ ./%+
./%#"4+#,+%22'=*'*/)[.D)a$;BH)F`<$;8)K'-:.;&-7E)*;.&&/)
) ) /) 03QQN4) 5b;"T=.'7&) "'8) .,,-P&-&>/) 8'()3'*.'$*+ 1(&+ =/'2#*#=/4+
3_0U4H)UU1M_LV/))
*.;.,7&:"-T() 6&E"/) 03QQU4) 5J=",,) '$=-'",&>/) D1.3"12+ 21()31)%+ 1(&+ 2'(>
)3'*.'$+./%#"4+3N034H)NLLMZQQ/)
Y-#I";8&() [$;:-'/) 0122_4) A/1.+ -#<%*+ I/%"%+ I/%(+ '(+ I/'$/+ 21()31)%J+
*IC)8-&&.;7"7-$'()\"&&"#I+&.77&)R'&7-7+7.)$<)].#I'$,$TE/)
) ) /)03QQ14) ?#<%-%(.+'(+21()31)%E+@(.%"1$.'#(*+1(&+1"$/'.%$.3"%/) [.D)
a$;BH)F`<$;8)K'-:.;&-7E)*;.&&/)
Y$&&() !$I'/) Y/) 012U24) 5c+.&&) DI$X>/) Y$%.;7) R/) A-''-#B() 6,-#.) C":-&$'()
c.$;T-") \/) c;..'() "'8) !.;;E) @/) \$;T"'() .8&/+ !1=%"*+ ,"#-+ ./%+ ,',./+
1((312+ -%%.'()+ #,+ ./%+ K/'$1)#+ 2'()3'*.'$+ *#$'%.4/) ?I-#"T$H) ?I-#"T$)
@-'T+-&7-#&)J$#-.7E()3Z3MVU/)
!"#$%&'"()%*+,-./%!"#"$%&'()'*(#&+%,)#(-&./)%012%3455678"849($%:"55";1<=
56885%&(5848<86%9>%?6;1(9@9#A)%
!86B"(9'$% C781<7)% *+,,D/% EF(% 012>79(84(#% 4(% G<554"(H)% 3.&,""*%'+4( &-(
$1"(5&.$1(6)4$(7%'+8%4$%,(9&,%"$:%IDJ%KLMN.-)%%
!8O6B"(9'4P$% !"(37")% *+,,D/% E!1978=3458"(;6% Q9'6Q6(8% 9>% 012B17"565%
4(% !67R9=S79"84"(% Q"874T% ;@"<565H)% 0"B67% B7656(863% "8% 816% S9Q=
B"7"84'6%!@"'4;%:97B195A(8"T%U97V519B$%!B6(;67$%&W$%X<(6%+,,D)%%
% % )% *IYYM/% E:<@84B@6% 012>79(84(#% 4(% !67R9=S79"84"(% Q"874T% Z<65=
849(5% "(3% 816% Q"874T% 5@<4;4(#% ;9(587<;849(H)% S6374;% [96;VT% "(3%
\@6"(8165% ]791Q"(($% 635)% ;8#$%<#"( 012-.&'$%'+)% CQ58673"QJ% X91(%
[6(O"Q4(5$%ILLNDK)%
?"V"1"514$% 2"4V9)% *+,,K/% E!@<4;4(#% 4(% X"B"(656H)% =&8.')#( &-( 6)4$( >4%)'(
#%'+8%4$%,4(M*M/J%I.LNMYY)%
U";19^4;_$% \7A58A("% C)% *+,-K/% EC#"4(58% 816% <(4'675"@48A% 9>% "% 54(#@6%
012Z<65849(%Q9'6Q6(8H)%?&8'*)$%&'4(&-(#)'+8)+"(++J%+LLN..)%
U4@@4"Q5$% `3^4()% *+,--/% E245;9<756% "(3% @9#4;"@% >97QH)% 7%'+8%4$%,( %'2
@8%.:(D*+/J%+YMNM,)%
%
Post-print standardized by MSL Academic Endeavors, the imprint of the Michael Schwartz Library at Cleveland State University, 2015