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Chapter 22 Study Guide
The Crimean War (1853-1856)
1. What war broke out in 1853 and was based on Russia’s desire to extend its influence over regions of the Ottoman
Empire?
2. What declared that it had the right to protect Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire?
3. What two regions were occupied by Russia using this policy? (Modern day Romania)
4. List the three countries that opposed Russia in the Crimean War:
5. Who covered the events of the Crimean War for the first time?
6. Where did the final military action of the Crimean War take place?
7. What treaty formally ended the Crimean War in 1856?
8. What European system was shattered, as a means of dealing with international relations on the Continent, because
of the Crimean War?
Reforms in the Ottoman Empire
9. What decree was issued in the Ottoman Empire, lasting from 1839 to 1876, that liberalized the economy, ended the
practice of tax farming, and sought to eliminate corruption?
10. What religious group was extended civic equality in the Ottoman Empire with Hatt-I Sharif?
11. What group of reformist officers sought to modernize the Ottoman Empire?
Italian Unification
12. What movement sought a unified Italy?
13. What was the most famous secret republican society founded to promote Italian nationalism?
14. Who was the most important nationalist leader in Italy and founded the Young Italian Society?
15. With which movement is Giuseppe Garibaldi associated?
16. What ill-fated government was established in 1849 by Mazzini and Garibaldi?
17. Who was a monarchist and used methods to achieve Italian unification would best coincide with Machiavelli and
played a major role in the unification of Italy?
18. Which two leaders agreed through a treaty to provoke a war in Italy against Austria?
19. By what year was the Italian peninsula transformed into a nation-state under a constitutional monarchy?
20. Who was proclaimed the king of Italy in March 1861?
21. What territory did Italy gain in 1866 for allegiance with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War?
German Unification
22. What was the most important political development in Europe between 1848 and 1914?
23. In what three areas was there a transfer in the balance of power in Europe:
24. What was the name given to the organization of 39 Germans states that was created at the Congress of Vienna?
25. List the two strongest states in the German Confederation:
26. What tariff union was created between the German states that made up the German Confederation?
27. Who became the King of Prussia in 1861 a few years after the removal of Frederic William IV in 1858?
28. Who was appointed Prime Minister of Prussia in 1862?
29. What was Bismarck’s political ideology?
30. What did Bismarck embrace in order to enable Prussian conservatives to outflank Prussian liberals?
31. What German unification policy did Bismarck follow?
32. What German-speaking country did Bismarck intend to exclude from a united Germany?
33. Who declared “Germany is not looking to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power…The great questions of the day
will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by iron and
blood.”?
34. What war broke out between Denmark and Prussia in 1864?
35. Which regions did Denmark want to annex?
36. What war broke out between Austria and Prussia in 1866?
37. What was another name for this war?
38. What treaty ended the Austro-Prussian War/Seven Weeks War?
39. What country was excluded from German affairs because of its defeat in this war?
40. What country became a leading state in the German Confederation?
41. What new confederation was created in 1867 under Prussian leadership?
42. What form of government did the North German confederation have?
43. List the two legislative houses of the North German Confederation:
44. Which queen of Spain was deposed by a military coup in 1868?
45. Who replaced her as the monarch of Spain?
46. What message was altered by Otto von Bismarck to manipulate France into starting a war with Prussia?
47. What war broke out between France and Prussia in 1870?
48. Who was captured at the Battle of Sedan?
49. What empire had been created in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles in 1871 as a result of the Franco Prussian War?
50. List the two territories that Germany annexed after the Franco Prussian War:
51. What political ideology did the newly formed German Empire embrace that was a blow to European liberalism?
52. Which two countries on the European continent were immediately affected by German and Italian unification?
53. List in chronological order the three countries that Bismarck had defeated in order to unify Germany:
France: From Liberal Empire to Third Republic
54. List the two parts of Napoleon III’s reign.
1851-1860:
1860-1870:
55. List three autocratic acts by Napoleon III, that took place after the coup in December 1851:
56. List four things that Napoleon III did during the 1860’s to establish a liberal French empire:
57. What treaty ended the Franco-Prussian War and deposed Louis Napoleon Bonaparte III as emperor of France in
1871?
58. Which faction dominated the French National Assembly at Versailles in 1871?
59. What French organization emerged as a result of the Treaty of Frankfurt and was proclaimed on March 28, 1871?
60. List the two ideological factions that dominated the Paris Commune:
61. What French faction controlled the army that laid a siege on Paris in April and defeated the Paris Commune in May
1871?
62. Who refused to be the king of France if the revolutionary tri-color flag was retained?
63. What French government was proclaimed by the French National Assembly that included a President, Chamber of
Deputies, and a Senate?
64. What was the major crisis of the Third Republic?
65. Who was accused of passing secrets to the Germans?
The Habsburg Empire
66. Who wanted the administration of the Austrian empire to be dominated by German-speaking Austrians?
67. What German word means “compromise” and was used to represent the agreement between the Habsburg Emperor
and the Hungarians to give Hungary considerable administrative autonomy in 1867?
68. What type of monarchy did this agreement create, thus establishing Austria-Hungary?
69. What empire was challenged with political instability by having diverse nationalities within its borders, including:
Czechs, Ruthenians, Romanians, Croatians, and others?
70. What term means triple monarchy and was a policy favored by the Czechs of Bohemia within in the AustroHungarian Empire?
71. What national faction vetoed the proposition of “Trialism” because they believed it might force them to make
concessions to their subject nationalities?
72. What national faction vetoed the proposition of “Trialism” because they were afraid the Czech language would be
imposed on them?
73. What two countries competed for influence in the Balkans:
Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings
74. Who instituted the most extensive restructuring of Russian society and administration since Peter the Great?
75. What institution profoundly separated Russia from the rest of Europe and was abolished in 1861?
76. What Russian provincial councils were organized in 1864?
77. What legal system did Russia look to when it reformed its judicial system during the reign of Alexander II?
78. What country had the largest army on the European Continent?
79. Which territory was treated as a province of Russia?
80. List four reforms instituted by Alexander II:
81. Who was the critic of Tsar Alexander II who lived in exile and published the newspaper The Bell?
82. What revolutionary movement was formed by students drawing on the ideas of Herzen?
83. What was the name of the chief radical society of this movement?
84. Who took this revolutionary message to the countryside in the early 1870’s?
85. What radical society split into Black Petition and The People’s Will in 1879?
86. Which of these radical groups was dedicated to the overthrow of the autocracy?
87. Who was assassinated by The Peoples Will on March 1, 1881?
88. Which tsar sought to roll back his father’s reforms when he came to power in 1881?
89. Who was the son of Alexander III and the last Tsar of Russia?
Great Britain: Toward Democracy
90. What European country symbolized the confident liberal state?
91. What two factors made Britain a liberal state?
92. What happened to British mail and government after the changes in the postal service? (Encountering the Past)
93. Whose ministry witnessed the culmination of classical British liberalism?
94. What act introduced voting by secret ballot?
95. Which British Prime Minister implemented conservative and paternalistic (socialist) policies in Britain?
96. List three socialist reforms that took place in Britain during the ministries of Gladstone and Disraeli:
a. 1870
b. 1875
c. 1875
97. What issue did the “Irish Question” focus on?
98. Who was the leader of Ireland’s home rule?
99. What Irish organization sought government assistance in forcing Irish landowners to sell land to their tenants?
100. What act provided self-government for Ireland in 1914?