CHAPTER-V
NUMBER OF KARAKAS
5.1. Number :
On the basis o f the definition o f karaka accepted in the fourth
chapter, we may trace in a sentence eight types o f relations between the
verb and the nominal forms or their equivalents used therein. In
accordance with the eight types o f relations, an equal number o f the
kSrakas may be accepted. The eight karakas, i.e. cases are : Karttakaraka (sfirlf
= Nominative case), Karinma-karaka (W*4 3STRF=
O bjective case), Karana-karaka
(^n;^
3fTR<F=Instrumental case),
Sampradana-karaka (UHKH cFRqF=Dative case), Apadana-kSraka (3TTKH
WTtA>-Ablative case% Sambandha-karaka
Adhikarana-karaka ( S t f w P l
karaka (sfsffsR
= Genitive case),
5FTRE'=Locative case) and Sambodbana-
= Vocative case). All these karakas use to have
direct or indirect relation with the verb used in a sentence.
In Sanskrit, six karakas, viz Kartta- or Karttr-, Karmma-, Karana-,
Sampradana-, ApSdana- and Adhara- or Adhikarana- are accepted on the
basis of direct relation to the verb used in a sentence :
cftrrf
^
■ypTOT cT^of iSTI
cEIWlfwf
W^\\l
The Sanskrit grammarians have accepted the Vocative as a form o f
the Nominative on the ground that the same WTT IWrft
1. Bhatta, Nagesa, Paramalaghumanjusa, Karaka VicSra, 1
(first case-
57
ending) is used to denote it. They have not accepted the
^
(Genitive word) as a karaka, since it is not directly related to the verb,
rather, it is linked with another nominal word used in the sentence.
However, they have freely talked about the abundant use of the W#
(sixth case-ending) generally used with the Genitive. One
hundred meanings may be implied through the Tgl f^srfrF %
There are difference of opinion among the Hindi grammarians and
the linguists regarding number and names of the Karakas. These
differences, however, are limited in comparision to those in Assamese.
In Hindi eight karakas are generally accepted, and those are : w f ,
^ h k h , srqKH
astareor and
if cSKSF
f t t t'l23
31T3
3T*f ^TT 3R»T*f
qB'Rifi %
3
«TT5 ^
s
^
M I
m3 W3\
^5ITcft Tft t l 4
tl5
'3TRBF 3TT3 t l 6
3 arra
3 $ 3nrf %■
mm m
3 w ti top !
■Tff ePTcf'ri7
3T?tfrr ^TcTf, ^ 4 , RRVT, t W H , 3PFKH, srfspRW!
3TT?TR
ch R cb F R
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
W
y^fe ld
ll
S lfc fR W
tl8
Patanjali, Mahabbasyam, 1/149
Guru, Kamtaprasad, Samksipt H indi Vyakaran, p. 99
Sharma, Lakshminarayan, H indi ka Vivaranatmak Vyakaran, p. 200
Sharma, Omprakash and Sharma, Premdatt, Vyakaran Prabodh, p. 77
Prasad, Vasudevnandan, Adhunik H indi Vyakaran aurRacna, p. 81
Tiwari, Udaynarayan, Hindi Bhasa ka Udgam aur Vikas, p. 430
Dr. Shivnath, Hindi Karako ka Vikas, p. 13
aqfN W t « R
58
Some Hindi scholars, like the Sanskrit grammarians, have accepted
six
on the basis of direct relation with the verb
k a ra ka s
ftT FRf drtrf, qpf, W ,
M
l
3TTWW, %
dRRF
fti)9
3
ddRp f i t t '- w f , (Nominative),
W
(Accusative),
w m
(Instrumental), dRKM (Dative), 3TWTR (Ablative),
(Locative) 110
qrrRF %
f : cfrrrf, qnf, cfRtr^
dTRFRl f^RTI %" RT?-T mPd'lft-* %
SPTRTT, a i f w w i "
d t WdTfTT tl
m
W
W R dd ft fRnTT t l 12
3Tcf: RPR-RTT m
m
ff^f) t
f%Ftf #r,
31M K H, ftR F T ,
W-
*fiTRF R F # t , Wt
%■ a rjfcr
ti
q « n -^ iw
w f,
S T t e R f l 13
Although, there is some difference of opinion about the number of
ka ra k a s
six
among the Hindi scholars (while some scholars have accepted
k a ra k a s ,
others have accepted eight), but there is almost unanimity
on the names of the
k a ra k a s.
Dr. Ramlal Verma, while quoting Dr.
Upendranath Goswami, an Assamese scholar (Dr. Goswami has accepted
the name,
PiP-M
in place of "WSRTFT dTRdp), has termed the fP-STfFT
sfiRP as otN rt cftrf %
WtRPTcr 1 T O T dTFFF % fe lt f q t SPTt^R dRRF *FT 9FFpt! 3RTT 3ftcF
w i
t l f f P f 3TF3T ‘RRKFT’ t
^f
Rff t , Wt « * f d t
RF^T
9. Vajpayee, Kisoridas, H indi Sabdanusasan, p. 140
10. Vajpayee, Ambikaprasad, Abbinav H indi Vyakaran, p. 61
11. Singh, Niranjan Kumar; Sharma, Ramjanm and Ray, Aniruddh, Sara! Hindi Vyakaran aur
Racna, p. 102
12. Sharma, Devendranath and Tripathi, Ramdev, H indi B bSsakS Vikas, p. 118
13. Verma, Ramlal, Hindi-Asamlya: Vyakaranik K o tiy % p. 108
59
ti
srgmhr w\
i t , g i g^n^R-
wzfNH 3 ^roif^cr
%■ 3FtrfcT s w i n ' 4
In Hindi, the scholars who have accepted six karakas, have not
recognised
and
on the ground that both are not directly
related to the verb used in a sentence. A few scholars, however, have
seen the
as a form of the 3vfrf
(Genitive) 3*fa
% 7TT$4
^
tjej> T O
%
(Vocative) *FFW ^
% cpfffo farm
'ftrlTI15
3FT ^xrf
t ; W f e ' SRrrf
fsRft qRTO 3
Pr^xi mfa % fafa jrpr fRn ti 16
rt
^ « F T mt TJSFF
3TR37 Tffi ‘iTO
tfsrtsR t, cRt) trt
31T3T)’ mm fwWT
ti %crf wmr ^ f! ^Tfran uiw ti i7
On the basis o f case-forms, there are three karakas in Hindi, viz.
3Tfct<*>i<]
or tFRcT or
f^RFTpft or
et>Ket>(Non-declinable or Simple or Base case),
^K°h (Declinable or Oblique case) and
(Vocative case) :
^9-TERT W\
3rH
^ qFTTw! ^
irpr 'wmm fafa\ ff cfk mfa
ftn fe
(te p ft)
tto
t - mm (a?tent),
ark ¥ ^ s R i 19
ff ^ r t w k F n
*
WTT cfk TOT) ^ITcfl T%\ t l 18
r fk t o
%
q r r w -f^ r e ( w p f ) a c v f; # # , k w
t
w
; ( oft) 3t Pw t t 1
‘
%
W
; wr
14. Verma, Op. cit, p. 120
15..Vajpayee, Ambikaprasad, Abhinav Hindi Vyakaran, p. 61
16. Vajpayee, Ibid.
17. Vajpayee, Kishoridas, Hindi Sabdanusasan, p. 140
18. Sharma, Lakshminarayan, Hindi ka Vivaranatmak Vyakaran, p. 200
19. Dwivedi, Devishankar, HindiklKaraklya Vibhaktiya’, an article published in the journal
‘Sambhavana’, p. 96
60
if
anf^i (m) f w t f t
^rf. f t ,
t
s ts
eftst if V s ^ -’ m 'srct f w
‘foeN (S) S«ft«R F l- tW T O
s te f m
'i.
^nss'-fsi ( w n f )
cts%’
if ‘^ts %-’
*ft ^ rrs fr' if
SSt*R if ft; ##, ‘sft BTFl' if
st
*t
stC'
if ‘« n f srrfsi20
Like the Hindi grammarians and linguists, the Assamese
grammarians and linguists also differ on the number of the karakas and
their names. This difference of opinion, however, is greater in
comparision to that in Hindi :
STR^f m
-sttsf w
TJSTH- STfrf, 2 p 4 ,
%• t -
w r
TOPrR, 3TWnFr 3IF5 STSSRSI21
w f,
sRjf,
<Rn?,
sskft,
am sH
sk
stTs s r s i
^T W sfS S S W rff,
-^TRqFf % ®
SRS, iP$R R , SPTRHR 3TR> SlftpROTI22
f s STxlf, SRjf, SRS, SiSSFT, 3WKR' 3jfa arfSRVTI
SRpflST STSTcT W m
3t r s f s R s i
sfti
s
RW
^ps ss
3TT#— 3Txrf, R *f, 5ROT, W S R , 3TSTSFT
^ iw
spt,
f e s r t fgrsH cpm cm « f s s
S R fts r ss Svfrf sn w c ^ ^ s i 23
-3T?rakT STST if W SRW t -
SfSRVTI S*SRT
WlW
STrrf,
<RS, M W , 3TSKW aftT
TO t, TOffe flTST %" STS SSSTT 33RTS
TOf ftcTTI W $ (tm TO STcrf TOTO % STJSS t l
Dr. Banikanta Kakati in his book under the title, *Assamese : Its
Formation and Development, has talked about seven kSrakas as follows :
Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive, Locative, Instrumental and
Ablative.24
20. Tiwari, Bholanath, Hindi Bhasa p. 228
21. Baruwa, Hemachandra, Asamiya Byakaran, p. 89
22. Bora, Satyanath, Bahai Byakaran, p. 77
23. Medhi, Kaliram, Asamiya Byakaran am Bhasatatwa, p. 162
24. Kakati, Banikanta, Assamese : Its Formation and Development,
(Revised 2nd edn. G.C.Goswami, ed. p.302)
61
Dr. Upendranath Goswami has accepted six karakas in Assamese by
counting the
under the name of PtfH-d
%
:
V ft t5^T; ^rrf-^fTRF,
STEifNTcT
37UR-
PrftxT-^TW, 3TfTfH-MrnMi, 3#URU^RTUi7|25
-w
mr
t snmNr t
ftflRT
w
fit t ; ^rrf ^ttw,
3RIKH
3Tf«f^I tfTRfl)
Dr. Golok Chandra Goswami has named seven karakas : Absolute,
Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive, Locative and Instrumental.26
Priyadas Taiukdar has accepted six
traditional MMTfTT
wfbb
karakas by om mitting the
and renamed the Mtsf =bK<t> as f f M tt)
stqfcr ®tc=p r ftftw w
liu m fPicr
R t-
3kT! 37TW
3RKH ^TRqF
3R W
s tta p f
-^Twf tr
t f t i ^pfl
MR t
WftcT f i t t -
rur
%
^ r r r a 27
% fferftw *rcff %• fir?n % ¥ra
3 iw r
whitt
RTC T F S R t
37TRF
^fspfPR f M I
All the Assamese grammarians and the linguists have accepted the
RFrif efcRcb (Nominative case), the RPt RRR°F (Objective case), 3R7R diR^h
(Instrumental case) and the attWPR qbli<=h (Locative case) without any
*
‘
difference of opinion. There are, however, difference of opinion in
regard to the -HHKTT
(Dative case). Dr. Upendranath Goswami has
25. Goswami, Upendranath, Asam lya Bhasar Byakaran, p.33
26. Goswami, Golok Chandra, Structure o f Assamese, p.264
27. Taiukdar, Priyadas, Asamlya Bhasa BodhikS, p. 247
62
denied the traditional
and accepted the ftftxf chK‘*> in its
place:
smifkicf f e j W W W 3FTW ¥Tfl «bKUl«*> WtWt ^
f w aqfsfcT w 4~
<r ; 3ft, f k n f k wrscf ft# i ^prakiw
f^rftrr Wfc 3T«fcr Hrir wm
wfir, 3tf»ppr,
¥«R TFr# ^ 1 ^
ftfkr-
**> ^
-SRPThTT 3 WcT W W W ^1W W f tl fkfft sft
•O
3 q»of gTRcp fl FtcTT t; # t , f ^ F
'
^rk ^
%■ 3?sf
^T3cT f^TT tl W tf^ 3TOTfkT
3 ¥%, stfkpti, k fk r srcft surf 3 fkm %■ Tn«i frw ?rk! ^ft
w ftrr f k r ti
ftftrr t o f ^ tt a t t e ckiTim -^t-iTn
Priyadas Talukdar, while denying the separate identity of the
•m w h 9FR^>, has discussed it within the
^
w sh
tk i kw
*>fo> m s ™
www
<*>!<<* l
Pra arem
gnfa ^rtf
sfttt
w K ^i w m sm
s t t i *tm >ira
w ^
¥T?i %
?¥FF <F*f cfTRoR 3Rr { w ¥Fft WF IR I29
-¥>t TFSKR 3Pf Rt W U W 3TRTT %■
W
3 3MF
tl
%■ W f i t % sraTcfT iFFRR <P$ ¥FT cpf ¥FTRF % TfTKf c[mF
¥flf sfcR
ti
3$
w m ; % aqRpfcr m
fkrr w
ti
Dr. Golok Chandra Goswami has not clearly enlisted the 3TFTCFT
3?R3F among the kSrakas, but elsewhere he has discussed it :
m t fwqkrgw w
snft s k 3 w
fq^r 'rpj arsw p k t k k F ^nfw, sttfot, tfirt
¥Pti t f k r r
zmw
28. Goswami, Upendranath, Asamlya Bhasar Byakatan, p.36
29. Talukdar, Priyadas, Asamlya Bhasa Bodhika, p. 258
30. Goswami, Golok Chandra, Asamlya Golok Byakaran, p. 175
t k t wrtr
i30
63
qq %■ ^fSncT ‘W
Rm?
^
anft ar«f
3TSqq ^
%■ 3TT% *R Wlftl, STWC^T,
fit ti «ra 3^ fl RqTCH w m :
w\ sum
WTeft t l
ar-form may be followed by the post-position para to express
Ablative Case; e.g. kolikatar para, from Calcutta.31
Dr. Upendranath Goswami has, however, included the 3TTKH
among the karakas; but he has said that it has no fifth case-ending :
3rcr«frl( ^TTWIcf 5RKH SFIW 33T#; fqtSJ q^pft fqqfdr TFfi32
$Rpfhn qwr ^ 3i t o
I, w f w ft i%qf%r wf ti
Priyadas Talukdar has included the
under the name qq
WR^in the list of karakas
s
fM T O wntr qm alqr ^ rt qr«n%^3rt srtrt w
wx w z x f . v r f t e w ,
qq
-TfrqT q^ qr TTTq Ri^TT
q»ff
^
w fw
3 m
itm i,
wfqqcl farsrhc
wwz
qt
I t \W i W
^
W *fKq R R
t^
wrai i i
Dr. Banikanta Kakati and Dr. Golok Chandra Goswami have
included the
(Genitive) among the karakas, whereas most of the
other scholars have excluded it, and called it
qq (Genitive word).
No Assamese grammarian and linguist have accepted the
(Vocative) as a karaka, rather, it has been simply named as
TFSTlsR
q^
(Vocative word). Some of them, however, have called it ‘resembling the
Nominative’ in the Sanskrit tradition:
w r« R qq q>ctf
31.
32.
33.
34.
srj^qi34
Goswami, Golok Chandra, Structure o f Assamese, p.268
Goswami, Upendranath, Asarmya BhSsar BySkamo, p.34
Talukdar, Priyadas, Asarmya Bkasa Bodhika, p. 263.
Medhi, Kaliram, Asam iya Byakaran aru Bhasatatawa, p. 162
64
—TFSftSR 4^ g»5rf 37TW %
f|
Dr. Golok Chandra Goswami has named a new karaka, called
‘Absolute Case’. In fact, it is a Kartta-karaka or a Karmma-karaka
without any case-ending or with 0 -case-ending:
The Absolute case has no overt markers, and is used syntactically
both as Subject (of a class of intransitive verbs) and Object
(direct).35
In fact, there are two bases on which the number of the karakas may
be determined; and these are - (i) relation between the karakas and the
verb, and (ii) formation of case-forms or declension. The latter base will
be discussed in chapter VIII. In this chapter our main objective is to
determine the prime karakas on the basis of the relation between the
karakas and the verb (or meaning and functions of the karakas).
Before having discussion on the number of the major karakas,
perhaps it will not be improper to give some indication regarding the
accepted number of karakas (cases) in some of the other languages of
the world:
fTFcw'U % (Charles J. Fillmore) fTR^rfecT
f^rqr f
—
j srfqsF^rf
(A gent)
(Experiencer) 4. WFT affc
2 TW
ftfsrcr
(Instrument) 3.
(Place and Object) 5. stftFFtvT
(Locative) suf^i36
SrfW fw m
3T 4K R
TJTRt w b w t 3TRCF w f e - 3rfrf, wti,
3Tf fF S R };
3Tngf^F
c fP W f
xTTflfe ~
w f,
3fT W*^R?I37
35. Goswami, Golok Chandra, Structure o f Assamese, p.264
36. Balachandran, Lakshmi Bai, (A Case Grammar o f Hindi) H indi ka Karak Vyakaran, p.l
37. Sen, Sukumar, Bhasar Itivrtta, p. 155
65
37K37 ^ 7
w m ■ SfTcrf,
RRJTcT ^ T T ^ t l
W <TR,
STfST^t ^ T T ^ a f t
^ [fe
3NKR
3 ft
s r f s p R H I38
TTTTT ^ftf'TT <f<Rl# I 39
In Bengali also, some grammarians and scholars have derecognised
the much-talked of Sanskrit case, viz ■HHKH TTW like the Assamese
scholars:
R R p T e<4l<*RU| S T fffft
WWF WJ
W H I
W c H f W T t F 1 W "^ftfcT
fEK trJrt spta ^rnwt?
afecet wtesrc
T f t 40
In Karbi, a Tibeto-Burman language, semantically eleven cases have
been accepted :
There are eleven semantic cases in Karbi, viz, nominative,
instrumental, associative, accusative, dative, purposive, genitive,
locative, allative, ablative and intrusive. 41
In English, number of cases has been determind on the basis of
declined forms of the nouns and the pronouns. Two cases for the nouns
and three for the pronouns (six pronouns) have been widely accepted :
Nouns and most pronouns in English have only two cases:
COM M ON C A SE
(Children, somebody) and
G E N IT IV E
C A SE
(Children’s, sombody’s). However, six pronouns have an objective
case, thus presenting a three-case system, where ‘common’ case is
replaced by
SU BJECTIVE
and
O BJECTIVE CASE.
There is identity
between genitive and objective her and partial overlap between
subjective who and objective who. The genitives of personal
38.
39.
40.
41.
Acharya, P., RacaaS Bicitra., p. 86
Acharya., Ibid
Acharya., Ibid
Jeyapaul, V .Y ., Karbi Grammar, p. 75
66
pronouns are, in accordance with grammatical tradition, called
‘possessive pronouns’.
Subjective - I
we
he
she
they
who
Objective-
me
us
him
her
them
who (m)
Genitive-
my
our
his
her
their
whose. 42
In some languages of the world, the number of the karakas (cases)
is much higher. For example, languages of the Caucasian family have
cases ranging upto thirty:
nftcm
3
c fk r
'JTrarafT
if
m\
m
i
ti
mm mm
t l 43
Dealing with the number of the cases Charles F. Hockett writes :
The number of cases in a system runs from two upto twenty or
thirty. Hindi has two, Latin seven, Finnish and Hungarian a much
larger number. 44
The Finnish language of the Ural-Altaic family has fourteen cases.
In the Tokharian languages of the Indo-European family, the number of
cases in singular is different to that of plural :
Other languages such as Finnish have as many fourteen cases. And
even among the Indo-European languages one branch has
developed special cases doubtless under the influence of ‘foreign’
languages. There is the Tokharian branch, in which there are eight
cases in the singular and nine in the plural. 45
42. Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum, Sidney; Leech, Geoflxy and Svartvik, Jan, A Grammar o f
Contemporary English, p. 204
43. Tiwari, Bholanath, Bhasavijnan, p.96
44. Hockett, Charles F., A Course in M odem Linguistics, pp. 235-236
45. Taraporewala, Irach J.S., Sanskrit Syntax, p. 25
67
Indo-European parent languages had seven cases; but coming to the
days of Greek, Latin, Germanic, Stavic, etc., this number got reduced
and as regards their functions two or more cases got fused together:
In the other ancient branches of the Indo-European family we find
the cases getting reduced :in numbers and two or more cases get
fused together as regards their function; as the table below would
show :
Indo-European
Greek
Germanic Stavic
Latin
(Aryan)
1. Nom.
= Nom. = Nom. = Nom. = Nom.
2. Acc.
= Acc. = Acc. = Acc.
= Acc.
3. Ins. ' = Dat.
Abl. = Dat. or Gen.= Ins.
4. Dat.
Dat. = Dat. =
Dat.
= Dat.
5. Abl.
Gen. = Abl. =
Gen.
= Abl.
6. Gen
= Gen. = Gen. =
Gen. = Abl.
7. Loc.
Dat.
Abl. =
Dat.
= Loc.46
w\ w§qT fsm-fsnr I, w 3 wr- wf,
*
p
f
,
U
H
I
4
H
,
i f
#
5
-
if wf, wf,
A m - wf, wf, ww, w p f,
3
P
T
R
H
mKR,
nwdht;
Wf, WW, fl'HKH, 3PTTCH; SrfqcFPII;
3TT3- w f , Wf, W T, 7F5KH, STOISR,
,
wft
A m - wf,
*fRcffa 4W3Tf
A
3tf«TqR0I, ^ S R ! 47
Maxmuller, the famous linguist has clearly written in pages 331 and
332 in the first part of his book, namely, *Science of Language’ that in
46. Taraporewala, Op. cit., p. 26
47. Sharma, Lakshminarayan, Hindi ka Vivaranatmak Vyakaran, pp. 199-200
68
the initial stage there was only one case in the Aryan language, and it
was the ‘Locative’ indicating a place. Kaliram Medhi, a famous
Assamese linguist, while referring Maxmuller, has written as follows :
ft- FH M d TOTOf 3TTfTOT RT TOTO tfcTO TOT RfsfcT t f e d 3TR> RfRjfe
eTT<aT TORfod %
TO R R
TOTfTOf TO*!, TOTTO, TOfF TORTOT TORWR
di-difdfed i TOFdT t o ,
to
toRRI
RT^t
arrfe t o
t o w
to r
a n f X to Rt to
snfecn torto 1tott% Rr Rr 3T?f tttow to stto
RTfrodiTO %tot wftRt to rt to tof^; snfecTi toRto t w toRr
‘T O R
W
T O
W r’ ~t£ ^fcT % fe d l
T O
TO W
S R T
T O lW
T lR i f f R T O R T R tTO
‘T O R T
TO T O R T •fSjTO T O (%%, f f ® R TO^)
tRTTO ^3TfdtdR TORT RRRTO TOftMl aC«TTOTO cjTTRfT'TO W RR TO%
STrfX TTTOdt TORTOT TOT d d l^ fe d I ^RTcT 3TRTTOTO T O T O TOTf TOT
WfZT TORTOR 3?qfrT fR $dl48
- f r o r t o if ^
ff
X
tot
3ttRrt to t o t t i r o
3TT TOTRT % dRff TOT TOW t
OTTO TO T O
TO! TO^ff' %■ *pr,
TOtfTOF fwfcT ^ TORT 3TTOTO TO?T T O
to w
t
fror to R t
to r
totR
fm
tot
RttoR ft X
top
Wff, TOTFTT, T O p + K + I %T
TOW
TOfe T O TOT ¥1
TO W f %T £RT ttR-TOT 3T«f
3TTO! Wf
fRft t , ^7F if
ftnfr WFRTcT TOW TO TJTO TOW Rl 3TTRRT WW TORT %T TOpT ‘TORT
% TOT' % T O R TO TO T O TOW TORt TORI T O f TO ‘TORT if TO T'-?R
TFT if TOT WtR Rl T O W TO T O R iftRTcT TOTR TORf T O (# R , W
tot)
tot
froff tortR toto ir ttRto X ! ;§n; R i arRrrow torto
WFRTcT TOW R
3TfRTOW TORTO R
R TOft TOlW f Rr TOFT TOrTR TOR R i
t
Rw
W
TORTOf TOl TOWfxT i f «ftl
48. Medhi, Kaliram, Asamiya Byakaran aru Bhasatatwa, p. 170
3ttott
3ITRI7:
69
Dealing with the point, how the Pre-Vedic-speaking Aryans might
have expressed the different meaning of the various karakas through the
forms of the STfmTOT KTOTT, Kaliram Medhi has also presented a few
probable forms for example:
‘f 'f T Z t K T
S flftt
TOct
KKit
-m3¥+^=Mrp+K?=KKs;f
m
‘t
o
t
o
w k
7§TK-Kt% %1w i tokt! ‘^ f t -
fiK+K+ft^fw ^ pct ft^ o k lc T
KT
m m fit
3 ? *ft T O T
’
K fftF
m -,
’
srsfcr
3T«fw
m
srsfo
m
(IK )
TO;
‘^ F F F F K
T O T O s K f’
3?affr TOTOKci d,mi?si||-T3^%- KK7 KM WcF TOT tfecTi49
-f-TOZft? *ftm’
Kft Mlfft-W WRT
TOST TOft % ftp* TOl
'fT O Z ft TOm (fr'l K7 MR!) KT ‘'f f t Z lt KTT^ TOKT’ (TOf! ¥1 3TR
K K t)-ft$
3
T O T M RTT m i
f? ft M R
K T ^ t T § K f’ ( M j m
K T 5 f + K = m ^ f + ^ = K T 5 f SKTcT I K
(K jm
mi fro, ‘f f t f t m ’ Cp «t ft w ^ O
TO
TsTRTT
%
3T?f
T O T MTcTT
%r 3T«f 3 KTcr+K+ft^w ^
ft: m
(UK TO ^TO T O ^ T O fft «R K f i t
(ft«fa
wt m
to ’
WfcFT t )
%■ sr«f 3 ’■pikicr mr
m
«IT;
(ftndK if
m
kt) ;
$'
*t o
(TO $ ) %■ 3T«f if TOT mf% (cTR) TO (TO if T5 TO TO ^ );
‘toTOK TOTOsKF’ (TOTOT
(TOTOK 3 TORTW)-TO
mm
TOKKsKF) % 3?sf 3
4>IH*Kd diWHPTf’
TR f t KM affTOtW fTO. MTK sft
In what circumstances the different karakas might have been
developed, throwing light on it Kaliram Medhi writes :
«bW*A KKM< SstfcR <?Kt TOT KKC KMT 3 RcT f f t , ^TOKft 7TSM KM
TOKTK-TOFK %T ¥%, TOJ7 *pi, Kft, STTOTT TOftl
ctf-
cKT 3TKK w n ftf KTTO crPTcT 3TM Sift?? KRK KM KfK KrfftTTOTftT ¥ftf
Os
49. Medhi, Op. tit, pp. 170-71.
70
3TR?
RTif, WRTR, 34MKN STlff
RMfcR* RRRR ^ffe f f TI
? tW RRfRT, ^tfeR arrf^ RTRR <5Wcf 3 W M
5.ZT
R?t<?1M-RRTf,
RRFT R# RRf# %" RT8T-RTO RR %
RTcT Rt ^TWcT |^;
RtteRTl50
RRf, RRW, OHKH STRTRTR,
-RRfTRR ^
R^TTfcnj^T RTcf! %
RTTRRr-RRTR %
sraw r s n ff %•
ark
RRRT ftfc RRRff %
%■ ^Txr-RTzr w r
rtc*
rw
wt^g#
r|
3jfc
w
%• WRRcr
fJH, # K
to
! #r
rtist
rr ?, r r ir t r , w k h
m
STTff ^%R RRRn# qFHWf R# RRtf% §£| 3RT if RRfcT, # f j R fcRTff
rwtr !
rr
sm
srrrt
if
$
fe fir c r
rrw
i^-^crf,
rrI,
rrtr,
RRRTR, 31RTR1R 3fh S T t e R II)
Pandit Kishoridas Vajpayee, while declaring the widely accepted six
karakas for language in general as appropriate and rationalistic, has
expressed his dissatisfaction over various opinions of the Hindi
grammarians on the number of karakas, viz eight, five, three, etc. :
^1rrt m w \ rtrt3# if w w z w- #
RTRRRR T O
Rvf# t l #
f t # f , r rrt r ^rrerri rto|
RR# % #R aq?RT-3RRr f i f f * # % RTRTlWTRt Rt^ 3ffa
-O
fpfi
if
3TT3 RRW
RTR# t
#7
RTft RT% Riff #1r # ,
3#7 #f«lcft if # RRt f t R5RRT RTR# t l 5!
In Maithili, a dialect of Hindi, the
RRW
RTR°F
(e.g. nene-larke
dwara=by the boy) has been accepted as the only karaka by its scholars,
and for this reason Vajpayeeji has addressed them in a lighter vein:
3TT ftfsteTT
#T RTfRt,
3TTWf # tfft if
RTcrf, RT#,
3TRTCTR,
3TfRRRUT ft # ft Rft? RRT R7RR1? 3TN R TIT#-Rt# t, R RT#t RT-fR
50. Medhi, Loc. cit.
51. Vajpayee, Kishoridas, Hindi Sabdanusasan, p.607
71
3 WTf7 ft ftfT t , T ^ttf fo fft ^
«TCcfl-3U<*>l$l If ^f?n #
»fl ZWT? 'm
t!
^ T f 71 w m
3R *t f m w
I
3^7 T ^FTtf ^ f t
w f f t 'Tft, *j7lf #
^TRTT f
^TfT ^SfUTTTT ? ! %Rfl ‘dFCDl’ ^T W
f%7it ^rr ^rt f f t ?
^cTT #
Tf!, cR ‘^
3 ^ , cf^ft eft
t’
‘^ l f ’
^qRTt^T? f W I ^Jf W T - 3 W I ?
t ! 52
L ik e som e world languages, in Hindi and A ssam e se also the six
traditional karakas, viz, 3vrrf, ^ » j , 371VT, TFSTfR, 3im<H
and stfwiVT
have been accepted by m ost o f the sch olars. Sin ce, G enitive and
V ocative form s with usages in clearly different m eaning are available in
both the languages, and as they m aintain indirect relation with the verb
used in a sentence, though, through another word used therein, in such
circum stances, the number o f k arak as may be accepted as eight by
adding 1RR
(Genitive) and T R R f
(V ocative) to the aforesaid list in
context o f the two languages under consideration.
The cPrrf qFTTEF (Nominative case ) is the perform er (som etim es it
sim ply carries the verb) o f the action stated in a sentence. The
cFFOf
(O bjective case) denotes that the effect or result o f an action performed
prim arily rests on it. The
or instrument used by the
sentence. The Uh k h '
(Instrumental case) is the means
kartta
(3vfrf) to perform the action in a
(D ative case ) denotes an object (animate or
inanim ate) in whose interest som ething is being done by the w f . The
3<qj<M
(Ablative case) is the starting
point (place, time, object
etc.) o f an action o f separating som ething there-from .The s t f w R
52. Vajpayee, Op. tit., pp. 607-608
72
(Locative case) is the base or location of the entire process of
performing an action and the persons or things related to it. The 7TTO
(Genitive case) maintains its indirect relation with the verb through
its direct and close relation with another karaka (
sentence. The
used in a
(Vocative case) also maintains its indirect
relation with the verb (except that one which denotes addressing to
simply attract one’s attention) through its direct and close relation with
the w f (said or silent) in a sentence. All these eight karakas may be
shown through a sentence used in both Hindi and Assamese:
t
to t
^ !
it t o
4# TTSMfrf $
ft
% wtcrrT
in§n>R> nw
%
t o t o
m
m
i
$ tfwm
^ to^ t! tot? tor tott f^rsnc itor rtji
to
Iro ir H: ^ twt fefeefi
The eight karakas in the aforesaid sentences in Hindi and Assamese
are as shown below:
Karakas (case)
Hindi
1. TOtf (Nominative)
TRT
2. 4 ^
(Objective)
-e & m
3.
(Instrumental)
4TTO
Assamese
%
tot?
¥TfPJTO(7T|?)
4. TORTT (Dative)
5. WKM (Ablative)
$
T R -^ T fT
TO
rftTOTfTO, fTOT,
6. TO?? (Genitive)
7TTO %
TFHR
7. s?feTO (Locative)
W
%-
8.
I
TOTafr
(Vocative)
T R ^ ttR
ftr o t
TOR TOcT
t TOTTOFTO
73
In a world regulated by the principle of Cause and Effect, the
karakas and the verbs are also bounded with it. The verb is the effect
or action and the karakas are its causes. The w f
(prime cause), the
*iW R ,
is the Pi Thti
is the
'♦’K01
(secondary cause) and
3PIRH and a#RFRW are the <*MKH
(component
casuses). 44*1 and 4®fl*rT may also be included among the upadana
karanas.
5.2. Place and Order o f the Karakas in a Sentence :
Here, we may briefly deal with the place and order o f all the eight
karakas in a sentence in the light o f the aforesaid sentences (t TRTI3ff
..... 41
and %
..... P^fsSci) taken as examples. In both the
languages sentences w ith the structure—subject+object+verb(SO V
structure) are generally used. The 4<4*R <*>«<* and the 44«t
usally
come before the ^rff 4>«<=h and the 44f*TcT -+K4) (related cases, and that
may be a ^ frf
377*1, 33f«PF7*l, etc.), respectively. The 377*!,
3TtfKFr and the 344377*1 take their places in between the 37rrf and the
37*4. Out o f these four, the a44377*l generally comes first. These features
regarding the place and order o f the karakas may clearly be seen in the
two sentences cited above here. While giving emphasis on a particular
karaka or in order to create poetic rhythm, etc., the above-mentioned
bindings regarding the place and order of the karakas m ay be suitably
changed.
5.3. Classification o f the Karakas :
So, on the basis o f relation with the verb (or meaning or functions
74
of the karakas ), in Hindi and Assamese, we get the following eight
principal karakas :
KARAKAS (Cases)
-qFcrf (Nominative case)
(Objective case)
-35TVf (Instrumental case)
-W4'H (Dative case)
-2RTTKR (Ablative case)
(Genitive case)
(Locative case)
(Vocative case)
However, on the basis mentioned above, we may get higher number
of karakas in any language when we observe them minutely. In the next
chapter (chapter-VI) -we shall see how on this basis all the eight
karakas may be sub-classified.
Here, we may try to classify the accepted eight karakas on three
bases as the following :
(i) KARAKAS
(Basis:- Nature o f relation with the verb)
3raH or
-cbxlf
(Primary)
STST^TR or "nfal (Secondary)
1
i--------------------------- -------------------------1
(Traditionally accepted) (Traditionally non-accepted)
-3PTKH
75
(ii) KARAKAS
(Basis
Relation with the subject and the predicate)
(Related to subject)
(Related to predicate) (Related to both subject)
& predicate)
w f
<p3f .
■^P-SKFT,
SPTR'R
3#R TR f
(iii) KARAKAS
(Basis
I
Etymology of the names)
1
I
With names derived
With names derived
With names derived
from the Sanskrit root
from the Sanskrit root from the Sanskrit roots
S ^
-
- ^ rff
- qP3f
and
- 3TOTCR
- 5FRI
- s rfw R i
The word ‘karaka’ («hR«b) is derived from the Sanskrit root
( ^ +xrl ^ ) - The four names of the karakas, viz, 3vfrf,
are aiso derived from the same root
and
. In the case o f these
four karakas the sense of ‘performing an action’ (fsfi'*lif4i>4K^c3) is quite
evident, so they are considered as primary cases. On the other hand the
76
‘sense of performing an action’ is not so clear in cases of -hHKm,
am riT,
and RTTm. Therefore, they may be considered as
secondary cases :
W
4>"[fef if qFcrf, n>f, TFT?, atfnFni |T TR T?T®^f ^
ts t
sift
fft
ttff
sft
f
n^
t
tl w
ftwifil f
f i m i l t ? bert
ftcn | f e |T n i l if t l M I 3?fa TXT THWccf | | W T FT 3Tfc 3RTKH
if TTRTR^ 3PTtjf | Ttffe TFT fen T feil TFT fen WTTT I
O'
cFIT aTePTM if femfr n t f ^TR| 3RRI ttofl |
WTcrti IRlMO, IT TTTT ?m T TS7
TTT
m fe l n lf
Ttl t t l l
SffiJ R TIT T? n<J R RTS f e n
t l 53
Importance of the karakas may be discussed on the basis of
concordance in addition to the etymology of their names. In both Hindi
and Assamese, the verb in a sentence, agrees either to the Tvrrf or Tr4,
and never to any of the other karakas. In Hindi, if the verb does not
agree either with the Trcrf or the T n f, then it is used in its own way,
and that is always in the third person, singular number and masculine
gender :
fe n
TT
HTcT T T
eft T u r f
Tt
T T T ir f T R ;
3RT
fe rfl
l^ fd H rf Tl TTFF (feTT Til c[fe rf) nfcT TWFTfe t l
Tm ^ fen-TT m t ti
TTW
TC
T ill
%" Rfrf
54
So, in this chapter we have comprehensively dealt with the number
of the karakas, their place and order in a sentence and their
classification.
53. Sharma, Devendranath and Tripathi, Ramdev, Hindika Vikas, p. 120
54. Vajpayee, Kishoridas, Hindi Sabdanusasan, p. 138