Grammar summary
Unit
Present simple to be – singular
1
I
am
You
are
I’m
You’re
fine.
He
She
It
He’s
She’s
It’s
is
Hi! I’m
Freddy.
We use short forms in
spoken English and in
informal written English.
Short forms
fine.
Possessive determiners – singular
I
→ my
What’s your name?
My name’s Claudia.
→ his
What’s his name?
His name’s Dan.
She → her
What’s her name?
Her name’s Sue.
What’s its name?
Its name’s Lulu.
You → your
He
It
→ its
his = a male possessor
Tom’s dog = his dog
her = a female possessor
Sue’s dog = her dog
its = a neuter possessor
the name of the city = its name
This is …
Singular
this
This is my
cat Fifi.
This is my cat.
Unit
Personal pronouns
2
I
I’m Claudia.
We always write I with a capital letter.
You
How old are you?
you = singular and plural
He
He’s my brother.
he = a man
She
She’s my friend.
she = a woman
It
It’s a tortoise.
it = an animal (not a pet), or a thing
We
We’re from Switzerland.
You
You’re my friends.
They
How old are they?
they = male and female
Present simple to be – plural
Short forms
We
You
are
They
11.
my friends.
from France.
We’re
You’re
They’re
12.
my sisters.
from Switzerland.
Seven animals.
Plural nouns
Singular
Plural
a dog
dogs
a cat
cats
a hamster
hamsters
a tortoise
tortoises
Add ‘s’ to regular
nouns to make the
plural.
This is … These are …
76
Singular this
This is a hamster.
Plural
These are hamsters.
these
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Grammar summary
Unit
Present simple to be – negative
3
Short forms
I
am
I’m not
You
are
You aren’t
He
She
It
is
We
You
They
are
sad.
angry.
tired.
not
He
She
It
isn’t
We
You
They
aren’t
happy.
bored.
scared.
Are you cold?
Present simple to be – questions
Questions
Answers
Am
I
I
am.
I’m not.
Are
you
you
are.
you
Is
he
she
it
he
she
it
is.
Are
we
you
they
scared of dogs?
hungry?
hot?
Yes,
we
you
they
he
No, she
it
we
you
they
are.
aren’t.
isn’t.
aren’t.
Questions with Who
Singular Who’s she?
Plural
She’s my best friend.
Who are they? They’re my friends.
Use Who to ask questions
about people.
Our singer’s great.
Possessive determiners – plural
we
→
our
Our teacher is angry.
you
→
your
What are your names?
they →
their
Their names are Bess and Baron.
Unit
Imperatives
4
We use imperatives
to give orders and
instructions.
Affirmative
Negative
Stand up!
Don’t stand up!
Sit here!
Don’t sit down!
Be quiet!
Don’t be quiet!
Open the window!
Don’t open your book!
Close the door!
Don’t close the window!
Open the window, please!
Questions
Questions about … Question word
places
where
Where’s my pen?
It’s on the desk.
things
what
What colour is your pen?
It’s blue.
people
who
Who’s your best friend?
Nadia.
Prepositions of place
in
My pen is in my bag.
under
on
The computer is on the desk. next to
His pencil is under the
chair.
Lucy is next to Hannah.
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Grammar summary
77
Unit
There is / are
5
Singular
Plural
Affirmative
There’s
Negative
There isn’t
Questions
Is there
There are
a big bed.
There aren’t
Are there
an armchair?
two beds.
six chairs?
Short answers Yes, there is. No, there isn’t. Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.
Possessive ’s
This is Claudia. Fifi is her cat.
Fifi is Claudia’s cat.
This is Lucas. This is his dog.
This is Lucas’s dog.
They are my friends. Their
books are on the desk.
My friends’ books are
on the desk.
To show possession, we add ’s
to the name of the possessor.
When the possessor is a plural
noun ending in –s, we add ’.
Oh, no! One
big hungry green
crocodile!
Adjectives
She’s
a
He’s
girl.
nice
They’re
Adjectives don’t change
in English. They go in
front of the noun.
boy.
books.
The order of the words
in front of a noun is
important.
This is
Possessive
Number Adjective Colour
determiners
Noun
my
new
red
pen.
There are
two
big
blue
armchairs.
There are
three
awful
yellow
sofas.
old
green
pens.
These are
her
Unit
have got
6
Affirmative
Negative
I’ve
You’ve
I
You
haven’t
He
She
It
hasn’t
We
You
They
haven’t
He’s
She’s
It’s
We’ve
You’ve
They’ve
long hair.
dark hair.
got blue eyes.
a big nose.
an iguana.
Questions
Have
I
you
Has
he
she
it
short hair.
fair hair.
got brown eyes.
a small nose.
a snake.
Short answers
got
we
Have you
they
a brother?
fair hair?
blue eyes?
a pet?
Yes,
No,
I
you
have.
haven’t.
Yes,
No,
he
she
it
has.
hasn’t.
Yes,
No,
we
you
they
have.
haven’t.
Ooh! You’ve got
strong arms!
Articles a/an
Use
78
a
before a consonant
or a sounded ‘h’
a butterfly a foot
a mouth
a shoulder
an
before a vowel
or a silent ‘h’
an arm
an iguana
an orange pen an umbrella
an eye
a tail
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Grammar summary
a head
an hour
Unit
Present simple
7
We use the present
simple for habits
and routines.
Affirmative
I
You
like
love
He
She
It
likes
loves
We
You
They
like
love
pizza.
tomatoes.
yogurt.
Our dog plays football.
They love
long walks.
Spelling for 3rd person singular: verb + -s
Verb
-s, -ss, -ch, -o
Verb
Verb
consonant + -y vowel + -y
+ -es
+ -ies
+ -s
go – goes
do – does
watch – watches
study – studies
plays
Irregular
have – has
He watches TV.
Irregular plural nouns
Singular
Plural
bookshelf
bookshelves
child
children
fish
fish
foot
feet
man
men
mouse
mice
person
people
potato
potatoes
tomato
tomatoes
tooth
teeth
woman
women
I’m a
mouse.
We’re mice.
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Grammar summary
79