Lesson 2 | Changes in State
Student Labs and Activities
Page
Launch Lab
25
Content Vocabulary
26
Lesson Outline
27
MiniLab
29
Content Practice A
30
Content Practice B
31
Language Arts Support
32
School to Home
34
Key Concept Builders
35
Enrichment
39
Challenge
40
Skill Practice
41
24
States of Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
.
Name
Date
Launch Lab
Class
LESSON 2: 10 minutes
Do liquid particles move?
If you look at a glass of milk sitting on a table, it appears to have no motion. But appearances
can be deceiving!
Procedure
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
2. Use a dropper, and place one drop of
2 percent milk on a glass slide.
Add a cover slip.
single globule of fat in the milk. Observe
the motion of the globule for several
minutes. Record your observations in
the Data and Observations section
below.
3. Place the slide on a microscope stage,
and focus on low power. Focus on a
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Data and Observations
Think About This
1. Describe the motion of the fat globule.
2. What do you think caused the motion of the globule?
3.
Key Concept What do you think would happen to the motion of the fat globule
if you warmed the milk? Explain.
States of Matter
25
Name
Date
Class
Content Vocabulary
LESSON 2
Changes in State
Directions: Each of the sentences below is false. Make the sentence true by replacing the underlined word(s) with
a term from the list below. Write your changes on the lines provided.
condensation
deposition
evaporation
kinetic energy
sublimation
temperature
thermal energy
vaporization
1. The process of thermal energy is the opposite of the
process of evaporation.
2. The average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance
is measured by the substance’s condensation.
3. It rained yesterday; however, due to vaporization, the
puddles are all gone today.
4. The gaseous state of a given substance has greater
deposition than the liquid or solid states because the
particles of the substance are moving more in the gaseous
state than in the other states.
process of deposition.
6. Kinetic energy is different from temperature because it
includes the total potential energy and kinetic energy of
an object.
7. Temperature results in matter changing from a gas directly
to a solid, without going through the liquid state.
8. Evaporation and boiling result in sublimation of a liquid.
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States of Matter
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5. The process of thermal energy is the opposite of the
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 2
Changes in State
A. Kinetic and Potential Energy
1. All objects in motion have
energy, which is energy due
to its
.
2. Within a given substance, particles in the substance’s
state have the least amount of kinetic energy and particles in
the
3.
state have the most kinetic energy.
is the measure of the average kinetic energy of all the
particles in an object.
4. A temperature increase within a given substance a means that the particles, on
average, are moving at
speeds and
have
kinetic energy in that substance.
5. Particles have
energy as well as kinetic energy.
a. Potential energy is
energy.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
b. Chemical potential energy
as particles get farther
apart and
as the particles become closer together.
B. Thermal Energy
1. The total kinetic and potential energy of an object is a measure of
its
.
2. An object’s state of matter can be changed by adding or
removing
.
3. Adding thermal energy to an object causes the particles to move faster
(increased
energy), or to get farther apart
(increased
energy), or to do both.
C. Solid to Liquid or Liquid to Solid
1. When enough thermal energy is added, a solid changes to
a(n)
; this process is called
.
2. When enough thermal energy leaves a liquid, the liquid changes to
a(n)
States of Matter
; this process is called
.
27
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Class
Lesson Outline continued
D. Liquid to Gas or Gas to Liquid
1. A liquid changes to a gas during the process of
.
2. If the vaporization occurs within a liquid, the process is
called
.
3. Vaporization that occurs only at the surface of the liquid is
called
.
4. The change of state from a gas to a liquid is called
.
E. Solid to Gas or Gas to Solid
1.
is the change of state from a solid to a gas without
going through the liquid state.
2.
is the change of state from a gas to a solid without
going through the liquid state.
F. States of Water
1. The only substance that exists naturally on Earth in all three states
is
.
2. When you add
energy to ice, the temperature of the ice
energy of the water
a. At the
point of water (0°C), water molecules vibrate
so fast that they begin to move out of their places and melting occurs.
b. Once a substance melts, the average
energy of its
particles begins to increase again as more
added.
c. When water reaches its
energy is
point (100°C), liquid
water begins to change to water
.
3. When thermal energy is removed from water vapor, it
at 100°C, and the liquid water
at 0°C.
G. Conservation of Mass and Energy
1. Matter and
are always conserved during a change of state.
2. Matter changes form during a change of state, but it is
3. Energy is
.
or released during a change of state, but it is
conserved during this change.
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States of Matter
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increases, which means that the
molecules increases.
Name
Date
MiniLab
Class
LESSON 2: 20 minutes
How can you make a water thermometer?
What causes liquid in a thermometer to rise and fall?
Procedure
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
2. Place one drop of food coloring in
a flask. Fill the flask to the top with
room temperature tap water. Over
a sink or pan, insert a one-holed
stopper fitted with a glass tube
into the flask. Press down gently. The
liquid should rise partway into the
tube. Mark the level of the water with
a grease pencil.
3. Holding the tube by its neck, lower
the flask into a pan of hot water.
Observe the water level for 3 min.
Record your observations in the Data
and Observations section below.
4. Remove the flask from the hot water,
and lower it into a pan of ice water.
Observe the water level for 3 min, and
record your observations.
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Data and Observations
Analyze and Conclude
Key Concept Explain what happens to the column of water and the water particles
as they are heated and cooled.
States of Matter
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Name
Date
Class
Content Practice A
LESSON 2
Changes in State
Directions: On the line before each definition, write the letter of the term that matches it correctly. Each term is
used only once.
1. temperature at which a solid state changes to a
liquid state
2. can result from adding or removing thermal
energy
A. boiling point
B. change of state
C. condensation
D. deposition
3. the change of state from a gas to a liquid
E. evaporation
4. temperature at which matter changes from
F. freezing point
liquid to solid
5. stored energy resulting from the interactions
between particles or objects
G. kinetic energy
H. melting point
I. potential energy
6. vaporization that occurs only at the surface
of a liquid
7. the energy an object has due to its motion
J. sublimation
K. temperature
L. thermal energy
8. gas becomes solid without first becoming liquid
M. vaporization
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9. total potential and kinetic energy of an object
10. solid becomes gas without first changing to liquid
11. measure of the average kinetic energy of all the
particles in an object
12. kinetic energy stops increasing and the potential
energy starts increasing
13. change in state from a liquid to a gas
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States of Matter
Name
Date
Content Practice B
Class
LESSON 2
Changes in State
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly describes what happens during each
change of state. Each term is used only once.
condensation
deposition
freezing
melting
sublimation
vaporization
1. solid to liquid
2. liquid to solid
3. liquid to gas
4. gas to liquid
5. solid to gas
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. gas to solid
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
7. How can you change an object’s state of matter?
8. What are the two types of vaporization?
9. When matter changes state, what two things are always conserved?
States of Matter
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Class
Language Arts Support
LESSON 2
Word-Family Activity: Word Chart
Different words can be categorized as different parts of speech. Nouns name people, places,
things, or ideas. Verbs express action. Some verbs can be turned into nouns by adding the
ending –tion. Sometimes the final letter of the verb form of the word is dropped or changed
or another letter is added before adding the –tion ending.
Verb
Noun
translate
translation
converse
conversation
expect
expectation
Directions: Complete the chart below with the correct word forms.
Verb
Noun
1.
vaporize
2.
condensation
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3.
evaporation
4.
sublime
5.
deposit
6.
attraction
7.
conserve
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States of Matter
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Class
Language Arts Support
LESSON 2
Word-Usage Activity: Building Adjectives with –ed Endings
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun, and a verb expresses an action.
Usually when you add –ed at the end of a verb it changes the tense, but some verbs can be
turned into adjectives by adding the ending.
Verb
increase
Adjective
increased
absorb
absorbed
The recent heavy rain caused increased water levels in regional lakes.
The absorbed dye colored the cloth bright blue.
Directions: In each sentence below, circle the –ed adjective and underline the noun that it describes.
1. Vaporized water is not visible, but it is in the air around us.
2. Greater kinetic energy results in an increased temperature.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. In the morning, condensed water can be seen on leaves and grass.
4. The melted metal was poured into molds.
5. An evaporated liquid becomes a gas.
6. To become recycled aluminum, the metal must first be changed from a solid to a liquid
and then changed back to a solid.
7. When the ball was close to the ground, it had decreased potential energy.
8. The melted snow ran in little channels off the roof.
States of Matter
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Name
Date
Class
School to Home
LESSON 2
Changes in State
Directions: Use your textbook to respond to each statement.
1. The particles that make up matter have kinetic energy and potential energy.
Compare and contrast kinetic energy and potential energy.
2. Thermal energy and temperature are both related to the energy of particles.
Identify how thermal energy and temperature are different.
3. The common states of matter on Earth are solid, liquid, and gas.
Name and describe two kinds of changes in state.
within Earth’s temperature range.
Identify the temperature at which water melts and the temperature at which water boils.
5. When a substance changes state, matter and energy are conserved.
Explain how energy can be conserved if a substance must gain or lose thermal energy
to change state.
34
States of Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
4. Water is the only substance that exists naturally as a solid, liquid, and a gas
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Changes in State
Key Concept How is temperature related to particle motion?
Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence.
1. (Kinetic, Potential) energy is the energy an object has due to its motion.
2. The (faster, slower) particles move, the more kinetic energy they have.
3. Particles in the (solid, gaseous) state have the most kinetic energy.
4. Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic (substance, energy) of all particles
in an object.
5. When the temperature of a substance (increases, decreases), particles move slower.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
6. Potential energy (increases, decreases) as particles get farther apart.
7. Thermal energy is the (product, sum) of potential and kinetic energy.
8. When thermal energy is added to a liquid, kinetic energy (increases, decreases).
9. As a liquid changes to a (gas, solid), the particles move farther apart
States of Matter
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Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Changes in State
Key Concept How are temperature and thermal energy different?
Directions: Respond to each statement in the space provided.
1. Describe what happens as a solid begins to change to a liquid.
2. Describe what happens to the temperature when it reaches the melting point of the matter.
4. Describe what happens when the solid melts completely.
5. Explain how temperature and thermal energy are different.
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States of Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3. Describe what happens to the thermal energy when it reaches the melting point of the matter.
Explain.
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Changes in State
Key Concept What happens to thermal energy when matter changes from one state
to another?
Directions: On each line, write the term from the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. Use the
diagram to answer each question.
condensation
freezing
melting
vaporization
Sublimation
add thermal energy
Melting
Vaporization
add thermal energy
add thermal energy
Freezing
Condensation
remove thermal energy
remove thermal energy
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Deposition
remove thermal energy
1. If thermal energy is added to a liquid, the following change occurs:
2. If thermal energy is added to a solid, the following change occurs:
3. If thermal energy is removed from a liquid, the following change occurs:
.
4. If thermal energy is removed from a gas, the following change occurs:
States of Matter
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Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Changes in State
Key Concept What happens to thermal energy when matter changes from one state
to another?
Directions: Complete the diagram by writing the numbers of the statements in the correct circle.
1. Vaporization occurs when a liquid is changed to a gas.
2. Melting occurs when a solid is changed to a liquid.
3. Condensation occurs when a gas is changed to a liquid.
4. Sublimation occurs when a solid is changed to a gas without going through the liquid state.
5. During boiling, vaporization occurs within a liquid.
6. During freezing, a liquid is changed to a solid.
8. Deposition occurs when a gas is changed to a solid without going through the liquid state.
Change of State
Thermal Energy Is Added
38
Thermal Energy Is Removed
States of Matter
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7. During evaporation, vaporization occurs only at the surface of a liquid.
Name
Date
Enrichment
Class
LESSON 2
Plasma—The Fourth State of Matter
After a liquid has changed to a gas, what
happens if you keep adding energy? First,
the molecules separate into gaseous atoms.
At higher temperatures, electrons are
stripped off the atoms. When you remove
electrons from an atom, a positively
charged particle called an ion remains.
Therefore, the new substance, plasma,
consists of a mixture of electrons and
positively charged ions.
or a plasma television. These devices use
electricity, rather than heat, to strip electrons
off atoms. The result is a mixture of a gas
and a plasma, not a pure plasma.
You might also see the effects of plasma
in the aurora borealis, or Northern Lights.
The colors result from plasmas in the upper
atmosphere.
Pure plasmas are the material of the
stars, where temperatures can range from
10 million to 100 million degrees Kelvin.
No material can hold matter at these
temperatures. Stars such as our Sun have
so much mass that gravity holds the
plasma together. If scientists could re-create
these temperatures on Earth, could they
produce a plasma? Yes, but what would
they keep it in?
Unusual Properties
A Fifth State of Matter
Like a gas, plasma has no definite volume
or shape. It is a fluid like liquids and gases.
Plasma has some unique properties because
it contains charged particles. It can carry an
electrical charge and can be contained by
electric or magnetic fields.
If plasma is produced by heating a gas
to super-hot temperatures, what happens
if you cool matter to a super-cold
temperature? Scientists are working to
find out. What they’ve found so far
suggests that, in a few years, we’ll have
to add a fifth state of matter.
What is the most common state of matter
in the universe? You might be surprised to
learn that it isn’t a solid, a liquid, or a gas. It
is a fourth state of matter known as plasma.
Scientists estimate that plasma makes up as
much as 99 percent of the visible universe.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
How does plasma form?
Where do you find plasma?
You can observe a partial plasma if
you look at a fluorescent or neon light
Applying Critical-Thinking Skills
Directions: Answer each question.
1. Judge Why do science books tend to focus on three states of matter rather than four?
2. Infer The walls of fluorescent and neon lights are made of glass. Why is it possible for
a solid such as glass to contain a plasma?
3. Hypothesize If scientists managed to produce a plasma on Earth, what might they keep
it in?
States of Matter
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Class
Challenge
LESSON 2
Energy Changes in Water
It takes a different amount of energy to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C than it
does to raise the temperature of 1 g of ice or steam 1°C. It also takes a different amount of
energy to change 1 g of ice at 0°C to water at 0°C than it does to change 1 g of water at
100°C to steam at 100°C. The table shows the amount of energy needed to produce each of
these changes.
Energy Involved in Changes of State of Water
Process
Raise temp. of
1 g of ice or
steam 1°C.
Energy Required
(in Joules)
2.09
Raise temp. of
1 g of water 1°C.
4.18
Change 1 g of ice
(0°C) to water
(0°C).
334
Change 1 g of
water (100°C) to
steam (100°C).
2,257
Analyze Data
Use the data in the table above to answer the following questions.
1. How does the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C
compare to the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of ice or steam 1°C?
100°C than it takes to change 1 g of ice at 0°C to water at 0°C?
3. How much energy would you need to raise the temperature of 10 g of water 40°C?
4. You have 100 g of water at 50°C. How much energy would it take to change the water
to steam at 100°C?
5. What change in energy is needed to change 1 g of steam at 100°C to ice at 0°C?
40
States of Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
2. About how much more energy does it take to change 1 g of water at 100°C to steam at
Name
Date
Skill Practice
Class
Form and Test a Hypothesis
LESSON 2: 40 minutes
How does dissolving substances in water
change its freezing point?
You know that when thermal energy is removed from a liquid, the particles move more slowly.
At the freezing point, they move so slowly that the attractive forces pull them together to
form a solid. What happens if the water contains particles of another substance, such as
salt? You will form a hypothesis and test the hypothesis to find out.
Materials
50-mL graduated cylinder
beaker
triple-beam balance
styrene cup
distilled water
Also needed: balloons, ice, salt, test tubes, thermometers
Learn It
To form a hypothesis is to propose a possible explanation for an observation that is
testable by a scientific investigation. You test the hypothesis by conducting a scientific
investigation to see whether the hypothesis is supported.
Try It
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
2. Form a hypothesis that answers the question in the title of the lab. Record your
hypothesis.
3. Use the data table to record your measurements.
Time (min)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Water
Temperature (°C)
Time (min)
Salt water
Temperature (°C)
States of Matter
41
Name
Date
Class
Skill Practice continued
4. Use a triple-beam balance to measure 5 g of table salt (NaCl). Dissolve the 5 g of table
salt in 50 mL of distilled water.
5. Place 40 mL of distilled water in one large test tube. Place 40 mL of the salt-water mixture
in a second large test tube.
6. Measure and record the temperature of the liquids in each test tube.
7. Place both test tubes into a large foam cup filled with crushed ice-salt slush. Gently
rotate the thermometers in the test tubes. Record the temperature in each test tube
every minute until the temperature remains the same for several minutes.
Apply It
8. How does the data tell you when the freezing point of the liquid has been reached?
9. Was your hypothesis supported? Why, or why not?
42
Key Concept Explain your observations in terms of how temperature affects
particle motion and how a liquid changes to a solid.
States of Matter
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
10.