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M1
Musculoskeletal
Sequence
Medical
Histology
Cartilage / Mature Bone
Fall 2008
Cartilage
Cartilage
is
a
specialized
form
of
firm
and
resilient
connective
tissue
that
can
bear
stresses
without
permanent
distortion.
It
consists
of
cells
(chondroblasts,
chondrocytes)
and
extracelluar
matrix,
consisting
of
fibers
and
ground
substance
(hyaluranan,
proteoglycans,
glycoproteins).
It
is
an
avascular
tissue.
It
serves
as
a
precursor
or
model
for
the
embryonic
development
and
subsequent
growth
of
many
long
bones.
(It
is
replaced
by
bone
tissue
in
adult
life,
except
for
the
surfaces
that
articulate
with
other
bones.)
Cartilage
There
are
three
types
of
cartilage:
–  Hyaline
cartilage
(Type
II
collagen)
Articular
surfaces,
Ephiphyseal
plate,
Tracheal
wall,
etc.
–  Elastic
cartilage
(Type
II
collagen,
elastic
fibers)
Pinna
of
the
ear,
Epiglottis,
Eustachian
tube,
etc.
–  Fibrocartilage
(Type
II
and
Type
I
collagen)
Intervertebral
disks,
Pubic
symphysis,
insertion
sites
of
tendons
and
ligaments
(Knee) Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 476
(Trachea) Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 190
(Ear) Dbenbenn, wikimedia commons
(Vertebrae) Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 147
Stem
cells
Chondroblast
Source Undetermined
Initiation
of
Cartilage
Formation
(embryonic
mesenchymal
cells)
Source Undetermined
Beginning
of
cartilage
Formation
Source Undetermined
Differentiation
of
chondrogenic
cells
Perichondrium
Lacuna
Isogenous
group
Isogenous
group
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Kierszenbaum, p. 115
Formed
Hyaline
Cartilage
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Formed Hyaline Cartilage
Interstitial growth
Chondrocytes
Chondroblasts
Perichondrium
(Appositional growth)
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Cartilage
growth
Appositional
Growth:
Deposition
of
new
cartilage
on
the
surface
of
existing
cartilage.
Interstitial
Growth: Formation
of
new
cartilage
within
an
existing
cartilage.
Chondrocytes
Source Undetermined
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Hyaline
cartilage
Most
common
types
of
cartilage.
Nasal
septum,
larynx,
tracheal
rings,
sternal
ends
of
ribs,
most
articular
surfaces
and
forms
the
template
for
developing
long
bones.
Tracheal Hyaline Cartilage
Chondroblasts
Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 190
Chondrocytes
Chondroblasts
Perichondrium
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Articular
Cartilage
(Specialized
form
of
hyaline
cartilage)
Femoral head
Articular cartilages
Netter (Both Images)
Articular
(hyaline)
Cartilage
in
Joints
Ed
Yourdon,
flickr
Open
Clipart
Cartilage
Matrix
•  Type
II
collagen
•  Hyaluranan
(hyaluronic
acid)
up
to
8X106
d
•  Proteoglycans
(3.5X106
daltons)
–  Aggrecan
•  Proetin
Core
•  Glycosaminoglycans
(GAGs)
–  Chondroitin
sulfate
–  Keratin
sulfate
Source Undetermined
Hyaline
Cartilage
Matrix
Chondrocyte
Bloom & Fawcett, 12th ed. p. 189
Source Undetermined
Proteoglycan
Aggregates
Consist of:
1. An axial hyaluronan(HU)
molecule.
2. Core proteins attached to the
HU molecule by a linker
protein.
3. Glycosaminoglycans attached
to a core protein.
Kierszenbaum, p. 108
EM view of spread preparation
Kierszenbaum,
p.
108
Source
Undetermined
Glycosaminoglycans
Kierszenbaum,
p.
108
Albert et al., 2nd ed. p. 804
Extended
random
coil
conformation
of
a
single
molecule
of
hyaluronan
COOSO4--
Albert et al., 2nd ed. p. 807
Albert
et
al.,
2nd
ed.
p.
804
Cartilage
Matrix
and
It s
function
The
glycosaminoglycans
(GAGs)
tend
to
adopt
highly
extended,
so
called
random
coil
conformations,
which
occupy
a
huge
volume
relative
to
their
mass
and
they
form
gel.
Their
high
density
of
negative
charges
attract
cations,
such
as
Na++
that
are
osmotically
active
causing
large
amounts
of
water
to
be
sucked
into
the
matrix.
This
creates
a
swelling
pressure
or
turgor,
that
enables
the
matrix
to
withstand
compressive
forces
(in
contrast
to
collagen
fibers
which
resist
stretching
forces).
Cartilage
matrix
resist
compression
by
this
mechanism.
[Alberts:
p804]
Basophilia in hyaline cartilage matrix
The basophilia in the matrix is due to the high density of
negative charges in the GAG subunits, which attract the
positive dye, hematoxylin.
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Diarthrosis
and
Articular
Cartilage
(synovial
fluid)
Wheater p. 202
Bathed
in
synovial
fluid.
No
perichondrium
Collagen
fibers
-
arranged
as
gothic
arches
Chondrocytes
-
in
vertial
rows.
Junqueira, p.157
Articular
cartilage
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Perichondrium
is
absent
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Cartilage
Damage
Source Undetermined
Cartilage
Changes
with
Aging
Not
much
changes
with
collagen.
The
proteoglycans
produced
in
older
individuals
are
smaller
with
shorter
chondroitin
sulfate
chains
than
in
younger
individuals.
Chondrocytes
seem
less
efficient
in
renewing
the
matrix
thus
reducing
proteoglycan
contents.
These
changes
might
reduce
water
contents
in
the
matrix
and
make
the
cartilage
less
able
to
resist
compressive
forces.
These
changes,
in
turn,
would
make
matrix
more
vulnerable
to
injuries
in
weight-bearing,
and
the
inflammatory
response
to
injury
would
cause
painful
symptoms
of
arthritis.
Differences
in
basophilic
staining
in
cartilage
matrix
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Source Undetermined
The
difference
in
basophilic
staining
reflects
the
relative
matrix
content
of
glycosaminoglycans
(aggrecans).
The
decrease
in
size
of
proteoglycans
or
the
length
of
chondroitin
sulfate
chains
will
reduce
the
relative
matrix
content
of
glycosaminoglycans
This,
in
turn,
will
reduce
the
intensity
of
basophilic
staining
in
the
cartilage
matrix.
Elastic
cartilage:
contains
elastic
fibers.
Pinna
of
the
external
ear,
auditory
canal,
epiglottis,
Eustachian
tube.
Fibrocartilage:
intermediate
between
cartilage
and
dense
regular
connective
tissue.
intervertebral
discs,
pubic
symphysis,
etc.
Elastic
Cartilage
H&E
stain
Weigert s
stain
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Aldehyde
Fuchsin
Fibrocartilage
Type
I
and
II
collagen.
No
identifiable
perichondrium
Netter
Vertebra
Vertebra
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Elastic
Cartilage
and
Fibrocartilage
Collagen I
Collagen II
Collagen II
Elastic fibers
Rhodin p.181
Source Undetermined
Bone
Cells:
Osteoblasts,
Osteocytes,
Osteoclasts
Fibers:
Type
1
Collagen
Bone
Matrix:
Ground
Substance
GAGs:
Hyaluronan,
Chondroitin
&
Keratan
Sulfate
Proteoglycans:
short
core
proteins
and
relatively
fewer
GAG
side
chains
than
in
cartilage.
Hydroxyapatite
crystals
[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]:
Calcium
phosphate
Cartilage
Water
content:
~70%
Collagen
II:
~40%
of
organic
content.
Grows
interstitially
and
by
apposition.
Avascular
Bone
Water
content:
25%
Collagen
I:
90%
of
organic
content.
Other
Ground
Substance
Osteonectin:
anchor
collagen
to
bone
mineral.
Osteocalcin:
Calcium
binding
protein
involved
in
bone
calcification.
Osteopontin:
Binding
of
osteoblasts
and
osteoclasts
to
bone.
Grows
only
by
apposition.
Highly
vascular
Bone
Provides
support
for
the
soft
tissues
of
the
body.
Provides
sites
for
attachment
of
the
muscles
and
tendons
essential
for
locomotion.
Protects
the
vital
organs
of
the
cranium
and
various
body
cavities.
Encloses
blood-forming
elements
in
the
bone
marrow.
Plays
an
important
role
as
a
mobilizable
store
of
calcium
and
phosphate.
Types of Bone
(Flat, long, short and irregular bones)
Debivortt, wikimedia commons
Palica, wikimedia commons
Berichard, wikimedia commons
Compact
(dense)
and
Spongy
(cancellous)
Bone
Compact bone
Weiss, 6th ed., p. 218
Ross et al., 4th ed., p. 182
Long
Bone
Ross et al., 4th ed., p. 182 & 185 (Both images)
Wall
of
a
Long
Bone
Junqueera & Carneiro, 10th ed. p. 144
Haversian
system
(osteon),
Haversian
canal
(HC)
and
Volkmann s
canal
(VC)
HC
HC
Osteon
VC
VC
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Transverse
section
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Longitudinal
section
Haversian
system
(osteon)
/Harversian
canal
HC
HC
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Haversian
Canal
and
Canaliculi
Source Undetermined
Osteocytes,
Lacunae
and
Canaliculi
Source Undetermined
Osteocyte
Bloom
&
Fawcett,
12th
ed.
P.
208
Bloom and Fawcett 12th Ed. P. 208
Osteocyte
and
its
Process
(Gap
junctions)
Bloom & Fawcett, 12th ed. p. 206-7 (Both images)
Compact
and
Cancellous
Bone
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Sponge
(cancellous)
bone
Bone
Marrow
Cancellous bone
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Bone
cells
Osteoblasts
Active
Inactive
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Howship s
lacuna
(resorption
bay)
Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Periosteum
and
Endosteum
Endosteum
Source Undetermined (Both images)
Learning
Objectives
Cartilage
• 
Be
able
to
recognize
the
three
major
cartilages
types
in
light
microscopic
sections
and
know
where
in
the
body
each
type
occurs.
• 
Be
able
to
identify
cells
and
structures
in
a
section
of
cartilage
(e.g.
chondroblast,
chondrocyte,
lacuna,
isogenous
group,
two
type
of
matrix,
perichondrium,
etc).
• 
Know
the
contents
of
cartilage
matrix
and
understand
the
molecular
basis
for
resilience
of
cartilage.
• 
Be
able
to
describe
the
process
of
chondrogenesis
and
know
how
cartilage
grows.
• 
Understand
what
changes
occur
with
aging
in
the
matrix.
Learning
Objectives
•  Adult
Bone
• 
Be
able
to
recognize
compact
and
cancellous
bone
in
conventional
and
ground
sections
and
know
the
structural
differences
in
the
two
types.
• 
Be
able
to
identify
the
component
parts
of
adult
bone
and
know
their
functions
(e.g.
periosteum,
endosteum,
osteon,
canaliculus,
lacuna,
osteocyte,
Haversian
and
Volkmann
canal).
• 
Be
able
to
recognize
the
cells
in
adult
bone
at
the
light
and
EM
level
and
know
their
functions
(e.g.
active
and
inactive
osteoblasts,
osteocytes,
osteoclasts).
• 
Know
the
major
differences
in
matrix
contents
of
cartilage
and
bone.
Additional
Source
Information
for
more
information
see:
http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy
Slide 5: (Trachea), Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 190 ; (Ear), Dbenbenn, Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ear.jpg, CC: BY-SA 3.0,
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0; (Vertebrae), Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 147 ; (Knee) Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 476
Slide 6: Source Undetermined
Slide 7: Source Undetermined
Slide 8: Source Undetermined
Slide 9: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection; Original source, Kierszenbaum, p. 115
Slide 10: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Slide 11: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Slide 13: Source Undetermined; Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Slide 15: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection; Netter 2nd Ed. Plate 190
Slide 16:Netter (Both images)
Slide 17: Ed Yourdon, Flickr, http://www.flickr.com/photos/yourdon/3889238259/sizes/m/in/photostream/, CC:BY-SA,
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ ; Open Clipart, http://www.openclipart.org/detail/18412
Slide 18: Source Undetermined
Slide 19: Source Undetermined; Original source, Bloom & Fawcett, 12th ed. p. 189
Slide 20: Kierszenbaum, p. 108; Source Undetermined
Slide 21: Kierszenbaum, p. 108; Albert et al., 2nd ed. p. 804
Slide 22: Albert et al., 2nd ed. p. 807; Albert et al., 2nd ed. p. 804
Slide 24: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Slide 25: Wheater p. 202; Junqueira, p.157
Slide 26: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Slide 27: Source Undetermined
Slide 29: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection; Source Undetermined
Slide 31: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Slide 32; Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection; Netter
Slide 33: Rhodin p.181; Source Undetermined
Slide 37: Palica, Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scapula_ant.jpg, CC: BY-SA 3.0,
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0; Berichard, Wikimedia Commons,
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:F%C3%A9mur_insertions_musculaires_face_ant%C3%A9rieure.png,
CC: BY-SA 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0; Debivortt, Wikimedia Commons
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ACDF_oblique_blank.png, CC: BY-SA 3.0, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0
Additional
Source
Information
for
more
information
see:
http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy
Slide 38: Weiss, 6th ed., p. 218; Ross et al., 4th ed., p. 182
Slide 39: Ross et al., 4th ed., p. 182 & 185; Original source, Ross et al., 4th ed., p. 182 & 185
Slide 40: Junqueera & Carneiro, 10th ed. p. 144
Slide 41: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Slide 42: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Slide 43: Source Undetermined
Slide 44: Source Undetermined
Slide 45: Bloom and Fawcett 12th Ed. P. 208
Slide 46: Bloom & Fawcett, 12th ed. p. 206-7
Slide 47: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Slide 48: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Slide 49: Michigan Medical School Histology Slide Collection
Slide 50: Sources Undetermined