The
Tudors
1485 - 1603
The Glorious Era
• Henry VII built the foundations of a
wealthy nation state & powerful
monarchy
• Henry VIII broke away from the Roman
Church
• Elizabeth defeated the Spanish Armada
HENRY VII
• reign 1457 - 1509
• married Elizabeth of
York
• connected the houses of
Lancaster & York
• raised merchants to
higher positions in the
country
• saved a lot of money for
his son to waste...
Henry VII vs. Henry VIII
thrift vs. lavishness
Henry VIII
• born: 28 June 1491, Greenwich Palace
• reign 1509 - 1547
• younger son of Henry VII Tudor & Elizabeth of York
• his brother Arthur was meant to be king
• ruthless, wasteful and temperamental king
• “Defender of the Faith?”
• Jousting ---> Ulcer ---> Obesity
Act of Supremacy (1534)
Albeit, the King's Majesty justly and rightfully is and oweth to be the supreme
head of the Church of England, and so is recognised by the clergy of this realm in
their Convocations; yet nevertheless for corroboration and confirmation thereof,
and for increase of virtue in Christ's religion within this realm of England, and to
repress and extirp all errors, heresies and other enormities and abuses heretofore
used in the same, Be it enacted by authority of this present Parliament that the
King our sovereign lord, his heirs and successors kings of this realm, shall be
taken, accepted and reputed the only supreme head in earth of the Church of
England called Anglicana Ecclesia, and shall have and enjoy annexed and united to
the imperial crown of this realm as well the title and style thereof, as all honours,
dignities, preeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits
and commodities, to the said dignity of supreme head of the same Church
belonging and appertaining. And that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and
successors kings of this realm, shall have full power and authority from time to
time to visit, repress, redress, reform, order, correct, restrain and amend all such
errors, heresies, abuses, offences, contempts and enormities, whatsoever they be,
which by any manner spiritual authority or jurisdiction ought or may lawfully be
reformed, repressed, ordered, redressed corrected, restrained or amended, most
to the pleasure of Almighty God, the increase of virtue in Christ's religion, and for
the conservation of the peace, unity and tranquillity of this realm: any usage,
custom, foreign laws, foreign authority, prescription or any other thing or things
to the contrary hereof notwithstanding.
From Statutes of the Realm, III (spelling modernized)
Henry VIII vs. Thomas More
TIMELINE OF THE
BREAK FROM ROME
I. Early Attempts to Obtain the
Divorce, 1527-30
A) Secret summons to Henry, 1527
B) Campeggio and Wolsey's legatine court, 1529
C) Appeal to the scholars and the universities, 1530
II. The Attack upon the
Church of England, 1531-2
A) Threatened with praemunire, Convocation grants the King
£118,000 and recognizes Henry as protector and supreme head "so
far as the law of Christ allows". Parliament passes Act of Pardon,
1531.
B) House of Commons drafts Supplication against the Ordinaries,
1532.
C) Submission of the Clergy, 1532 (Sir Thomas More resigns)
1) King could review and veto all legislation by the clergy in
Convocation
2) King could review all canon law and prevent execution or
enforcement of any canons in England. (King is de facto, but not de
jure, supreme legislator and judge of English Church).
III. The Attack upon the
Papacy, 1532-3
A) Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates, 1532
1) Parliament withholds annates from Rome but gives King
the option of allowing them to continue (economic
blackmail)
2) Pope cannot delay consecration of bishops or
excommunicate Englishmen in retaliation
B) Act in Restraint of Appeals, 1533
1) Prevents appeals in certain cases from going to Rome.
Solves the problem of possible appeals against the divorce.
2) Recognizes England's national sovereignty (England is an
empire).
IV. Establishment of the Royal
Supremacy, 1534-6
A) Act for the Submission of the Clergy, 1534
1) Confirms earlier Submission in statutory form
2) Forbids appeals in all cases. Appeals now go to the royal commissioners.
B) Act in Absolute Restraint of Annates, 1534.
1) Payment of all annates to Rome forbidden.
2) Engishmen forbidden to obtain papal bulls for the consecration of bishops. King nominates
and Archbishop consecrates bishops.
C) Dispensations Act, 1534
1) Stops all remaining payments to Rome
2) All licenses and dispensations from canon law to be granted by English authority
(Archbishop of Canterbury).
D) First Succession Act, 1534. Succession vested in heirs of Henry and Anne
E) Act of Supremacy, 1534. King declared to be Supreme Head of the English Church.
F) Act of First Fruits and Tenths annexes old papal taxes to the Crown
G) Treason Act, 1534.
H) Act Extinguishing the Authority of the Bishop of Rome
left to right: ‘Mother Jak,’ Mary,
Edward VI, Henry VIII, Jane
Seymour, Elizabeth, Wil Somers
The Six Wives of Henry VIII
•Catherine of Aragorn - divorced
•Anne Boleyn - executed
•Jane Seymour - died
•Anne of Cleves - divorced
•Kathryn Howard - executed
•Katherine Parr - widowed
Catherine of Aragon
• born 16 Dec 1485, Alcala de Henares, Spain
• youngest surviving child of Ferdinand & Isabella
• married to Prince Arthur: 14 Nov 1501, St. Paul’s
Cathedral, London (betrothed at 3)
• married to King Henry VIII: 11 Jun 1509,
Franciscan Church at Greenwich; marriage
dissolved in 1533
• died: 7 Jan 1536, Kimbolton Castle
• born between 1500 & 1509, at Blickling
Hall
• married to Henry VIII: 25 Jan 1533 - 1536,
unknown location
• executed: 19 May 1536, at The Tower of
London
got her education at the French court
•
Anne
her sister Mary, used to be the king’s
•
Boleyn
mistress
• failed to provide Henry with a male heir
• accused of incest, i.e. with her brother
George
ANNE BOLEYN'S SPEECH AT HER EXECUTION
MAY 19, 1536, 8 O'CLOCK IN THE MORNING
•
Good Christian people, I am come hither to die, for according to
the law, and by the law I am judged to die, and therefore I will
speak nothing against it. I am come hither to accuse no man, nor to
speak anything of that, whereof I am accused and condemned to
die, but I pray God save the king and send him long to reign over
you, for a gentler nor a more merciful prince was there never: and
to me he was ever a good, a gentle and sovereign lord. And if any
person will meddle of my cause, I require them to judge the best.
And thus I take my leave of the world and of you all, and I heartily
desire you all to pray for me. O Lord have mercy on me, to God I
commend my soul.
•
After being blindfolded and kneeling at the block, she repeated
several times: To Jesus Christ I commend my soul; Lord Jesu receive
my soul.
•
Recorded by Edward Hall (spelling modernized)
Jane Seymour
•
born 1508 or 1509, possibly at Wolf Hall,
Wiltshire
•
married to Henry VII: 30 May1536, Queen’s
Closet, Whitehall Palace
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died: 24 Oct 1537, Hampton Court Palace
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supposedly the only wife he truly loved
buried: 13 Nov 1537, St. George’s Chapel,
Windsor Castle
but definitely the only wife who gave him a
surviving son
Henry’s & Jane’s Grave
What could this
almost 3-year
break mean?
Could this be love?
Anne of
born 22 Sep 1515
•
Cleves
• married to King Henry VIII: 6 Jan to
July 1540
•
marriage to Henry VIII dissolved: July
1540
•
Henry married her due to the
nudging of Cromwell to get the
support of the Protestant League
•
died: 16 July 1557, Chelsea Manor,
London; buried at Westminster
Abbey
Kathryn
Howard
• born circa 1521
• married to King Henry VIII: 28 July 1540, Oatlands
Palace
• argued with Mary
• executed: 13 Feb 1542, The Tower of London
• accused of pre-marital promiscuity and adultery
Katherine Parr
• born in 1512
• married to King Henry VIII: 12 July 1543,
Queen’s Closet, Hampton Court Palace
• Henry was her third husband, after he
died, she married Thomas Seymour
• widowed: 28 Jan 1547
• died: 5 Sep 1548
• Catherine’s Protestant sympathies
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CARDINAL THOMAS WOLSEY
BORN: c. 1470; DIED: 29 NOVEMBER 1530
Son of an Ipswich butcher who entered the church and became a cardinal in 1515. He was Henry VIII's Lord Chancellor from 1515-­‐1529. Lost favor with Henry when he failed to get the annulment of the King's marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Died on his way to imprisonment in the Tower of London.
THOMAS CROMWELL, EARL OF ESSEX
BORN: 1485
EXECUTED: 28 JULY 1540
Lord Privy Seal to Henry VIII and chief secretary to the King un[l his downfall a\er arranging Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves.
ARCHBISHOP THOMAS CRANMER
BORN: 1489
EXECUTED: 21 MARCH 1556
Archbishop of Canterbury from 1533. Granted the anulment of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragorn’s marriage. Burned at the stake in Mary I’s reign.
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The Reformation
The English Reforma[on started in the reign of Henry VIII. The English Reforma[on was to have far reaching consequences in Tudor England. Henry VIII decided to rid himself of his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, a\er she had failed to produce a male heir to the throne. He had already decided who his next wife would be -­‐ Anne Boleyn. By 1527, Catherine was considered too old to have anymore children.
However, a divorce was not a simple issue. In fact, it was a very complicated one. Henry VIII was a Roman Catholic and the head of this church was the pope based in Rome.
The Roman Catholic faith believed in marriage for life. It did not recognise, let alone support, divorce. Those who were widowed were free to re-­‐marry; this was an en[rely different issue. But husbands could not simply decide that their marriage was not working, divorce their wife and re-­‐
marry.
This put Henry VIII in a difficult posi[on. If he went ahead and announced that as king of England he was allowing himself a divorce, the pope could excommunicate him. This meant that under Catholic Church law, your soul could never get to Heaven. To someone living at the [me of Henry, this was a very real fear, and a threat which the Catholic Church used to keep people under its control.
Another approach Henry used was to make a special appeal to the pope so that he might get a special "Papal Dispensa[on". This meant that the pope would agree to Henry’s request for a divorce purely because Henry was king of England but that it would not affect the way the Catholic Church banned divorce for others. The pope refused to grant Henry this and by 1533 his anger was such that he ordered the Archbishop of Canterbury to grant him a divorce so that he could marry Anne Boleyn.
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The Reformation
The Archbishop granted Henry his divorce -­‐ against the wishes of the pope. But what else could the archbishop do if he wanted to remain on good terms with Henry?
This event effec[vely lead to England breaking away from the Roman Catholic Church based in Rome. Henry placed himself as head of the church and in that sense, in his eyes, his divorce was perfectly legal. In 1533, few were brave enough to tell him otherwise!
How did the people of England react to this? In fact, the vast bulk of the popula[on were very angry at the way the Roman Catholic Church had used them as a source of money. To get married you had to pay; to get a child bap[sed (which you needed to be if you were to go to Heaven -­‐ so the Catholic Church preached) you had to pay; you even had to pay the Church to bury someone on their land (which you had to do as your soul could only go to Heaven if you were buried on Holy Ground). Therefore, the Catholic Church was very wealthy while many poor remained just that….poor. Their money was going to the Catholic Church. Therefore, there were no great protests throughout the land as many felt that Henry would ease up on taking money from them. Henry knew of the Catholic Church’s unpopularity and, therefore, used this to his advantage.
Henry was made Supreme Head of the Church by an Act of Parliament in 1534. The country was s[ll Catholic but the pope’s power had been ended.
The most wealthy Catholics in England were the monasteries where monks lived. They were also the most loyal supporters of the pope. This made them a threat to Henry.
By the [me of Henry, many monks had grown fat and were lazy. They did not help the community as they were meant to do. All they seemed to do was take money from the poor. Also some monasteries were huge and owned vast areas of land. So here were monks not loyal to Henry who were also very wealthy. Henry decided to shut down the monasteries of England. The monasteries were to disappear like sugar dissolves in hot liquid. This is why Henry’s aoack on the monasteries is called the 'Dissolu<on' -­‐ they were to be dissolved!
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The Reformation
Henry wanted to make the Dissolu<on appear to be backed by law. He sent round government officials to check up on what the monks were doing. This was organised by his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell. The officials knew what the king wanted in their reports -­‐ informa[on that the monks were not working, were not saying their prayers etc. Anything to discredit the monks was considered useful. Some[mes, the monks were asked trick ques[ons. "Do you keep all of your vows?" If the monks answered "yes", but had taken a vow of silence, they had not kept all of their vows. If they refused to answer because of their vow of silence, they would be accused of failing to help the king. Or worse, were they trying to hide something?
One report sent to Cromwell commented that the head of the monastery visited, the prior, was a "virtuous man". However, his monks were "corrupt" and "full of vice". The report claimed that the monks had eight to ten girl friends each. This was all that Cromwell needed to shut down the monastery.
The allega[ons against some monks and nuns 'spoke' for themselves. At Bradley monas[c house, the prior was accused of fathering six children; at Lampley Convent, Mariana Wryte had given birth to three children and Johanna Standen to six; at Lichfield Convent, two nuns were found to be pregnant and at Pershore Monas[c House, monks were found to be drunk at Mass.
The smaller monasteries were shut down by 1536 while the larger and more valuable ones were shut by 1540. Few people in England were sorry to see them go. Few monks protested as they were given pensions or jobs where their monastery was. The abbot of Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire, Marmaduke Bradley, was given a £100 pension a year for life -­‐ a considerable sum of money then. Some chief monks -­‐ abbots -­‐ were hanged but this was a rarity.
Some monastery buildings were reduced to ruin as the local popula[on was allowed to take what they wanted as long as the silver and gold in the monastery went to the Crown. This meant that expensive building bricks etc. could be acquired for free. This alone made the Dissolu[on popular with the majority of the people who tended to dislike lazy monks anyhow.
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The Reformation
However, the vast bulk of the wealth of the monasteries went to Henry. Some was spent building defences against France on the south coast around Portsmouth; a small amount went on paying pensions to monks and abbots.
The only real protest in England to what Henry was doing came in 1536 with the Pilgrimage of Grace. This was lead by Robert Aske, a lawyer. He wanted the monasteries le\ alone. Aske, along with several thousands of others, marched to London. Henry promised to look into their complaints and many of the protesters went home sa[sfied with this. Their complaints were never looked into.
Aske was arrested and hung from a church tower in chains un[l he died of starva[on.
When Henry became king in 1509, the church in England was as follows:
Head of the Church: the pope based in Rome; Church services: all were held in La<n; Prayers: all said in La<n; Bible: wri@en in La<n; Priests: not allowed to marry
By the death of Henry in 1547, the church in England was as follows :
Head of the Church : the king; Church services : held in La<n; Prayers: most said in La<n. The "Lord’s Prayer" was said in English; Bible: wri@en in English; Priests: not allowed to marry.
To reform means to change. This is why this event is called the English Reforma[on as it did change the way the church was run throughout England. However, the death of Henry in 1547 did not see an end of the religious problems of England.
BATTLES AND REBELLIONS
Ancrum Moor, BaHle of
27 February 1545. English defeated by the Scots at Ancrum Moor.
Blackheath, BaHle of
17 June 1497.The baole at the end of the Cornish Rebellion, with Giles, Lord Daubeney victorious over the rebel leaders. Some[mes referred to as The Baole of Depsord Bridge.
Bosworth Field, BaHle of
22 August 1485. Henry Tudor's forces defeated the army of Richard III at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire (near the town of Market Bosworth). Richard III was killed in the baole and Henry Tudor succeeded as Henry VII. Henry's forces were substan[ally aided by Sir William Stanley's troops deser[ng to the Tudor side.
Carberry Hill, BaHle of
15 June 1567. Scotsh nobles were victorious at Carberry Hill (near Edinburgh). The Earl of Bothwell fled a\er the defeat.
Cornish Rebellion
1497. 15,000 Cornish rebels marched against London to protest taxes for a war in Scotland. The leaders were Lord Audley, Michael Joseph and Thomas Flamank. Leaders executed and rebels heavily fined. Ended by the Baole of Blackheath.
Deputy's Pass
29 May 1599. Earl of Essex's army defeated in Ireland at Deputy's Pass, County Wicklow.
Dussindale, BaHle of
27 August 1549. The baole that ended Keo's Rebellion. Forces of foreign mercenaries led by the Earl of Warwick.
Essex Rebellion
February 1601. The Earl of Essex created a conspiracy and tried to raise London in his support to move against Elizabeth. The rebellion fails and he was executed on 25 February 1601.
BATTLES AND REBELLIONS
Flodden, BaHle of
7-­‐9 September 1513. Baole between James IV of Scotland and Henry VIII of England. James IV was killed and succeeded by James V who was an infant. His mother, Margaret Tudor (sister to Henry VIII), took over as Regent.
KeH's Rebellion
July 12, 1549. Robert Keo (a Norfolk tanner and landowner) and his followers camped near Norwich in protest against enclosures and exploita[on. They also expressed problems with the clergy but adopted the new Prayer Book. The rebellion was defeated at the Baole of Dussindale on 27 August.
Kinsale, BaHle of
24 December1601. Irish forces of Tyrone and Tyrconnel aided by the Spanish baole the English and are defeated.
Northern Earls Rebellion
November 1569. The Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned in the Tower and the Earls of Northumberland and Westmoreland were asked to answer for their part in a conspiracy to marry the Duke of Norfolk and Mary Queen of Scots. The earls rebelled. On 14 November the rebels entered Durham and restored Catholic worship in its cathedral. They retreated when the Earl of Sussex raised an army against them.
Pilgrimage of Grace Rebellion
October 1537 to 1537. A revolt in defence of the old religion and the economy in Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumberland, Westmorland, Northumberland and Durham in 1536. Leaders tried and executed following addi<onal unrest in early 1537.
Pinkie, BaHle of
10 September 1547. The Scots are defeated by Somerset's army.
Samford Courtenay, BaHle of
18 August 1549. Defeat of the western rebels (see below) by Lord John Russell near Okehampton.
Solway Moss, BaHle of
24 November 1541. Scots defeated by the English.
BATTLES AND REBELLIONS
Spurs, Battle of
16 August 1513. Henry VIII led an army of 35,000 from England and lands at Calais.
Battle of Spurs at Therouanne (August 16), which surrendered six days later.
Stoke, Battle of
16 June 1487. Near Newark (not Stoke-on Trent) at which imposter Lambert Simnel
and the Earl of Lincoln were defeated.
Western Rebellion
June to August 1549. Rising in the West of England against the Prayer Book and
Edward VI's religious policies. Ended at the Battle of Samford Courtenay.
Wyatt's Rebellion
1554. Sir Thomas Wyatt led 4,000 men from Kent to London in January as part of a
wider movement to remove Mary I from the throne and stop her marriage to Philip of
Spain. The rebels were stopped at Ludgate, where Wyatt surrendered on 7 February.
Yellow Ford, Battle of
14 August 1598. Irish forces of Tyrone, Tyrconnel and Fermanagh defeat English
forces in Ulster.
Yorkshire Rebellion
1489. Earl of Northumberland murdered while collecting a tax to pay for the war in
Brittany. Rioting led by Sir John Egremont. The rebellion was surpressed by the Earl
of Surrey.
Edward VI
• born: 12 Oct 1537, Hampton Court Palace
• accession and coronation: 28 Jan & 20 Feb 1547,
Westminster Abbey
• died: 6 July 1553, Greenwich; buried at Westminster
Abbey
• son of Henry VIII and his third wife Jane Seymour
• died probably of tuberculosis
Lady
Jane
Grey
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the Nine-­‐day Queen
a\er King Edward VI’s death, an aoempt was made by Dukes of Northumberland and Suffolk to put their own progeny on the throne (descended from Henry VIII’s sister Mary)
Edward died on 6 July 1553. Four days later, Jane was proclaimed queen. However, Mary Tudor had widespread popular support and by mid-­‐July, even Suffolk had abandoned his daughter and was aoemp[ng to save himself by proclaiming Mary queen. Northumberland's supporters melted away and Suffolk easily persuaded his daughter to relinquish the crown.
Mary imprisoned Jane, her husband and her father in the Tower of London. While Suffolk was pardoned, Jane and her husband were tried for high treason in November 1553. Jane pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death. The carrying out of the sentence was suspended, but Suffolk's support for Sir Thomas Wyao's rebellion in February 1554 sealed Jane's fate. On 12 February, she and her husband were beheaded. Her father followed them two days later.
Mary Tudor
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1554 July 25: Philip II of Spain married Queen Mary I ( Mary Tudor) of England. Mary was eleven years older than Philip. The English Parliament refused to crown him jointly with Mary so he had liole power in England
Shortly a\er their marriage Queen Mary I Tudor, announced she was pregnant but it was a false pregnancy
Protestant rebellion against Mary Tudor, led by Sir Thomas Wyao the Younger, and the rumors of Elizabeth's involvement in the plot make Mary Tudor decide to have her sister imprisoned in the Tower of London
March 18, 1554 -­‐ Princess Elizabeth was imprisoned in the Tower for eight weeks
1554 Mary Tudor returns England to Roman Catholicism
Protestants are persecuted and 300 are burnt at the stake (in later [mes this leads to Queen Mary I Tudor, being called Bloody Mary)
Mary Tudor was besooed with Philip. At his request she reconciled, at the insistence of Philip, with her sister Princess Elizabeth and reluctantly accepted Elizabeth as heir to the throne
October 1555 Elizabeth is allowed to re[re from court and return to Hasield demonstra[ng outward conformity to the Catholic religion
16 October 1555 -­‐ the Protestant churchmen La[mer and Ridley are burned at the stake
1555: Mary Tudor is devastated when her husband, Philip II returns to Spain
1556 January: Philip II was crowned King of Spain a\er Charles V abdicated to re[re to a monastery (Philip had already been given Naples, the Netherlands, Sicily and Milan by his father)
21 March 1556 -­‐ Thomas Cranmer, former Archbishop of Canterbury is burned at the stake
1556: England under Mary Tudor loses Calais, the last English possession in France
10 Aug 1557 Spanish and English troops in alliance defeated the French at the Baole of St. Quen[n
1558 November 17: Queen Mary I dies on November 17, 1558
Elizabeth (I)
• the Virgin Queen - she never married
• born: 7 Sep 1533, Greenwich Palace
• queen: 17 Nov 1558 - died: 24 March 1603,
Richmond Palace, buried at Westminster
Mary “Queen of Scots”
vs.
Elizabeth
The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
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1588
Catholic Spain under Philip II vs. Protestant England under Elizabeth
the English had defeated the most powerful navy in the world
The plans of the Spanish were meticulous. It was planned that the Spanish fleet, consisting of
over 100 ships, would sail up from Spain along the English Channel and meet with the forces
of the Duke of Parma, Philip's nephew, making their way from the Netherlands. Together they
would sail towards England. It was believed that this force would overwhelm the English. The
English would be conquered, and the heretical Queen would be captured.
But the English were waiting. On the cliffs of England and Wales, men watched the seas day
and night, waiting for the first sighting of the great Armada. When at last the great ships
appeared on the horizon, beacons were lit on the hillsides, which sent the message over the
cliffs and throughout the country, that the Spanish were coming. The beacons sent the
message quicker than any horseman could ever ride, and by morning, London and the Queen
knew that the day of reckoning had come. As soon as the ships began to make their way up
the channel, the fighting began.
While English soldiers and sailors fought for England's liberty, Queen Elizabeth made her way
to Tilbury. She was not going to sit trembling inside a guarded Palace while her people fought,
but was going to go to the coast of the battle and "live or die" with them. Like a true warrior
Queen, Elizabeth, upon a White Horse, inspected her soldiers, and made what was possibly
her most famous speech of all.
The
Tilbury
Speech
The End of Tudors
• Elizabeth never married
• she had no children, therefore...
• James I of England (James VI of Scotland),
the son of Mary, Queen of the Scots,
became King of England
Hampton Court Palace
Westminster Abbey
Greenwich Palace
Kimbolton Castle
• death-place of Catherine of Aragon
St Paul’s Cathedral, London
Tower of London
Windsor Castle