1997
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The College Board.
Advanced Placement Examination
EUROPEAN HISTORY
SECTION U
EUROPEAN IDSTORY .
SECTIONll
Part A
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(Suggested writing time--:-45 minutes)
Percent of Section ll score-45
Directions: The following question is based on the accompanying Documents 1-13. (Some of the documents have
been edited for the purpose ·of this exercise.) Write your answer on the lined pages of the pink essay booklet.
This question is· designed to test your. ability to work with historical documents. As you analyze the documents, take
into account both. the sources of the documents and the authors' points of view. Write an essay on the following topic
that integrates your analysis of the documents; in no case should documents simply be cited and explained in a
"laundry list" fashion. In your interpretation of the documents you may refer to relevant historical facts and
developments not mentioned in the documents.
1. Analyze and discuss attitudes and reactions toward the participation of women in the
sciences during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Historical Background
While rarely acknowledged, women actively participated in scientific research in
chemistry, astronomy, biology, botany, physics, and medicine. Although most
European universities and academies of science excluded women entirely, in Italy a
few women held professorships in science and mathematics. Women translated
scientific works on physics, astronomy, entomology. and anatomy; they also
participated in scientific discussions held in salons.
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Copyright© 1997 College Entrance Examination Board
and Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved.
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The College Board.
Advanced Placement Examination
EUROPEAN HISTORY
SECTION II
EUROP:EAl'rmsTORY
SECTION II
Part A
.
.
.. ·
(Suggested writing time--:-45 minutes)
Percent of Section ll score-45
Directions: The following question is based onthe accompanying Documents 1-13. (Some of the documents have
be.en edited for the purpose· of this exercise.) Write your a~swer on the lined pages of the pink essay booklet.
This question is· designed to test your ability to work with historical documents. As you analyze the documents, take
into account both. the sources of the documents and the authors' points of view. Write an essay on the following topic
that integrates your analysis of the documents; in no c;ase should documents simply be cited and explained in a
"laundry Jist" fashion. In your interpretation of the documents you may refer to relevant historical facts and
developments not mentioned in the documents.
1. Analyze and discuss attitudes and reactions toward the participation of women in the
sciences during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
.(
Historical· Background
While rarely acknowledged, women actively participated in scientific research in
chemistry, astronomy, biology, botany, physics, and medicine. Although most
European universities and academies of science excluded women entirely, in Italy a
few women held professorships in science and mathematics. Women translate~
scientific works on physics, astronomy, entomology, and anatomy; they also
participated in scientific discussions held in salons.
(
\
Copyright @ 1997 College Entrance Examination Board
and Educational Testing Service. All rights reserved.
1997
Document 1
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She was so deeply engaged in astronomical'spe~ulation~afsh~ neglected· her household.
The daylight hours. s-he sperit, 'for the most par( In bed'·because she had tir~d herself
from watching the stars at night· ·
·
Johann Eberti, describing the German astronomer
Marie Cunitz, whose 1650 book on astronomical
tables clarified the work of Johannes Kepler
Document 2
When I began this little treatise, it was solely for my own satisfaction. I objected to
myself thatit was not the profession of a lady to teach; that she should remain silent,
listen and learn, without displaying her own knowledge. On the other hand, I flattered
myself that I am not the first lady to have had something published; that minds have
no sex and that if the minds of women were cultivated like thos.e of men, they would
be equal to the minds of the latter.
Marie Meurdrac, French scientist, foreword to
her Chemistry Simplified for Women, 1666
·Document 3
After dinner, I walked to a meeting of the Royal Society of SCientists in expectation
of the Duchess ofNewcastle [author of A World Made by Atotnes, 1653], who had
desired to be invited to the Society. She .was invited after much debate, pro and con;
it seems many being agaim;t it. The Duchess hath been a good, comely woman; but
her dress so antique and her deportment. so ordinary' that 1. do not like her at all, nor
.,
did I hear her say anything'thatwas worth hearing.
.
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Samuel Pepys, English diarlst, 1667
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1997
Document 4
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.... ·~·Reprinted by pe11ll\ssion of Houghtol! Library. Harvard University.
Johalmes and Elisabetba Hevelius using a sextant to collaborate on astronomical research ..
Johannes Hevelius, The Heavenly Machine, !613
1997
Document 5
Since my youth, I have stUdied insects. When I realized that butterflies and moths
develop more quickly than other caterpillars, I collected all the caterpillars that I could
find, in order to observe their metamorphosis.. Thus, I withdrew from human society
and engaged ex~lusively in these investigations. In addition, I learned the art of drawing
so that I could draw and describe them as they were in nature.
Maria Sibylla Merian, German entomologist,
Wonderful Metamorphoses and Special Nourishment of
Caterpillars,· !"67.9
·.
Document 6
Early in the morning (about 2:00 a.m.), the sky was clear and starry. Some nights
before, I had observed a variable star, and my wife (as I slept) wanted to find and see
it for herself. ~n so doing, she found a comet in the sky. At which time she woke me,
and I found that it was indeed a comet. I was surprised that I had not seen it the night
before.
Gottfried Kirch, German astronomer, husband of
Maria Winkelmann, 1680
Document 7
I have often thought that women of elevated mind advance knowledge more properly
than do men. Women, whose position puts them above troublesome and laborious
cares, are more detached and therefore more capable of contemplating the good and
the beautiful.
Gottfried Leibniz, German mathematician
and philosopher, 1697
Document 8
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I do not believe that Maria Winkelmann should continue to work on our official
of observations. It simply will not do. Even before her husband's death, the
Academy was .rJ..diJ:uled because its calendar was prepared by a woman. If she were to
be kept on in such a capacity, mouths would gape even wideF.
cal~ndar
Johann Theodor Jablonski; secretary to the
Berlin Academy of Sciences, letter to the
Academy president opposing Maria Winkelmann's
application for membership in the Academy, 1710
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1997
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Document 9
· ·Some will feel as if I declare war cin-men [by practicing medicine] or at least attempt
to deprive them of their privilege. Many of my own sex will think I place myself above
them.
·
Dorothea Erxleben, first woman to be granted a
Gennan M.D. ·(University of Halle),
Inquiry into the Causes Preventing the Female
Sex from Studying, 1742 .
Document 10
Learned women attract little attention as long as they limit their study to music and
the arts. When a woman dares to attend a university, however, or qualifies for and
recejves a doctorate, she attracts a great deal of attention. The legality of such an
undertaking must be investigated. ·
Johann Junker, head of the University of Halle,
a Gennan university; 1745
Document 11
Do not reproach me for my work on translating Newton's Principia. Never have I made
a greater sacrifice to Reason. I get up at nine, sometimes at eight. I work till three;
then I take coffee; I resume work at four; at ten I stop to eat a morsel alone; I talk till
midnight with Voltaire, who comes to have supper with me, and at midnight I go to
work again, and keep on till five in the morning. I must do this or lose the fruit of
my labors if I should die in childbirth.
Marquise Emilie du Chatelet, French aristocrat
and scientist, letter to the Marquis Jean Fran~ois
de Saint-Lambert, 1749
1997
Document 12
Women should not study medicine and astronomy. These subjects fall beyond their
sphere of competence. Women should be satisfied with the power that their grace andbeauty give them and not extend their empire to include medicine and astronomy.
Marie Thiroux d' Arconville, French anatomical
illustrator, in her preface, Tho.ughts on
Literature, Morals, and Physics, 1775
Document 13
Usually one thinks of a learned woman as neurotic. And should she ever go beyond
the study of literature into higher sciences, one knows in advance that her clothing will
be neglected and her hair will be done in antiquarian fashion. She forces her way into
circles of men for whom she is nothing more than a book. For Mademoiselle Schlozer,
this is not at all the case. She sews; knits, and understands household economy perfectly
· well. One must gain her confidence before one comes to know the scholar in her.
Gottingen newspaper article describing Dorothea
Schlozer, the first woman to receive a Ph.D.
from a German university, 1787
END OF PART A
81.J,)!f!.l I!ljll§l@1+
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1997
EUROPEAN HISTORY
SECTION TI
Part B
(Suggested planning and writing time- 70 minutes)
Percent of Section TI score-55
Directions: You are to answer TwO questions, one from each group of thr~e questions below. Make your selections
careful1y, choosing the-ques.tions that you are best prepared to answer thoroughly in the time pennitted. You should
spend 5 minutes organizing or outlining each essay. In writing your essays, use specific examples to support your
answer. Write your answers to the questions on the lined pages of the pink essay booklet.·If time permits when you
finish writing, check your work. Be certain to number your answers as the questions are· numbered below.
Group 1.
Choose ONE q11estion from this group. The suggested writing time for this question is 30 minutes.
You are advised to spend 5 minutes planning your answer in the area below.
2. Focusing on the period before 1600, describe and analyze the cultural and economic interactions
between Europe and the Western Hemisphere as·a result of the Spanish and Portuguese
exploration and settlement. .
3. Analyze the policies of three European colonial powers regarding Africa between 1871 and
1914.
4. Describe and analyze the resistance to Soviet authority in the Eastern bloc from the end of the
Second World War through 1989. Be sure to inClude examples from at least two Soviet ·satellite
countries.
Group 2
Choose ONE question from this group. The suggested writing time for this question is 30 minutes.
You. are advised to spend 5 minutes planning your answer in the area below.
5. Describe and analyze the economic, cultural, and social changes that led to and sustained
Europe's rapid population growth in the period from approximately 1650 to 1800.
6. Discuss some of the ways in which Romantic artists, musicians, and writers responded to politi.cal and socioeconomic conditions in the period from 1800 to 1850. Document your response
with specific examples from discussions of at least two of the three disciplines: visual arts,
musiC, and li-terature.
7. Account for the responses of the European democracies to the military aggression by Italy and
Germany during the 1930's.
RNn OF F.X A MIN A TTON
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