AP World Chapter 26 Homework
page 1
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands,
and Qing China
Part V: The Dawn of the Industrial Age
1750 C.E. – 1914 C.E.
AP World Chapter 26 Homework
page 2
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands,
and Qing China
Introduction: Chapter introductions are a valuable guide to the material you are about to read, telling you
what topics will be covered and how they fit together. If you keep the “big picture” provided by the introduction
in mind as you read the chapter, you will find it much easier to organize your notes, identify important
information, and avoid getting lost in the details. With this in mind, re-read the introduction to Chapter 26. As
you read, make a list of the key topics you expect to learn about.
Key Topics:
AP World Chapter 26 Homework
page 3
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands,
and Qing China
1. From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey As you read this section
in your textbook, trace the course of Ottoman history from crisis, to reform, to revolt in the table below.
Crisis
•
A series of weak rulers
contributed to Ottoman decline
The Ottoman Empire in Crisis
Reform
Revolt
AP World Chapter 26 Homework
page 4
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands,
and Qing China
2. Western Intrusions and the Crisis in the Arab Islamic Heartlands As you read this section in
your textbook, takes notes on economic developments in Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil in the tale below.
Napoleon
invades
Egypt
1798
1882
AP World Chapter 26 Homework
page 5
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands,
and Qing China
3. The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China As you read this section in
your textbook, describe the rise and fall of the Qing Empire
The Fall of the Ming
AP World Chapter 26 Homework
page 6
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands,
and Qing China
Short Answer Section: After reading and studying the chapter, review your understanding by answering
each of the following questions, which emphasize important ideas within the chapter.
1. Discuss the differing Islamic and Chinese responses to the challenge of the West and explain which society was best
able to retain aspects of its traditional civilization.
2. Compare and contrast the incursion of the European nations into the Islamic heartland and China with their
entry into Africa.
AP World Chapter 26 Homework
page 7
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands,
and Qing China
3. Describe the 18th-century crisis in the Ottoman Empire and why it was not fatal.
4. Identify the reforms that were introduced in the Ottoman Empire between the reign of Mahmud II and 1876.
AP World Chapter 26 Homework
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands,
and Qing China
5. Trace the events that led to the overthrow of the Ottoman sultanate in 1908.
6. Trace how Muhammad Ali came to power.
7. Summarize how the British gained control of Egypt.
page 8
AP World Chapter 26 Homework
page 9
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands,
and Qing China
8. Identify the reforms that the Manchu introduced and how successful were they.
9. Trace the events that led to the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty.
KEY TERMS
Selim III: Ottoman sultan (1789–1807); attempted to improve administrative efficiency and build a new army and navy;
assassinated by Janissaries.
Mahmud II: 19th-century Ottoman sultan who built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated
reforms on Western precedents.
Tanzimat reforms: Western-style reforms within the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; included a Europeaninfluenced constitution in 1876.
Abdul Hamid: Ottoman sultan (1878–1908) who tried to return to despotic absolutism; nullified constitution and
restricted civil liberties.
Ottoman Society for Union and Progress: Young Turks; intellectuals and political agitators seeking the return of the
1876 constitution; gained power through a coup in 1908.
AP World Chapter 26 Homework
page 10
Chapter 26: Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands,
and Qing China
Mamluks: rulers of Egypt under the Ottomans; defeated by Napoleon in 1798; revealed the vulnerability of the Muslim
world.
Murad: Mamluk leader at the time of Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt; defeated by French forces.
Muhammad Ali: controlled Egypt following the French withdrawal; began a modernization process based on Western
models, but failed to greatly change Egypt; died in 1848.
Khedives: descendants of Muhammad Ali and rulers of Egypt until 1952.
Suez Canal: built to link the Mediterranean and Red seas; opened in 1869; British later occupied Egypt to safeguard
their financial and strategic interests.
Al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh: Muslim thinkers in Egypt during the latter part of the 19th century; stressed the
need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology and the importance of rational inquiry within Islam.
Ahmad Orabi: student of Muhammad Abduh; led a revolt in 1882 against the Egyptian government; defeated when the
khedive called in British aid.
Mahdi: Muhammad Achmad, the leader of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; began a holy war against the Egyptians and
British and founded a state in the Sudan.
Khalifa Abdallahi: successor of the Mahdi; defeated and killed by British General Kitchener in 1898.
Nurhaci: (1559–1626); united the Manchus in the early 17th century; defeated the Ming and established the Qing
dynasty.
Banner armies: the forces of Nurhaci; formed of cavalry units, each identified by a flag.
Kangxi: Qing ruler and Confucian scholar (1661–1722); promoted Sinification among the Manchus.
Compradors: wealthy group of merchants under the Qing; specialized in the import-export trade on China’s south coast.
Lin Zexu: 19th-century Chinese official charged during the 1830s with ending the opium trade in southern China; set off
the events leading to the Opium War.
Opium War: fought between Britain and Qing China beginning in 1839 to protect the British trade in opium; British
victory demonstrated Western superiority over China.
Taiping Rebellion: massive rebellion in southern China in the 1850s and 1860s led by Hong Xinquan; sought to
overthrow the Qing dynasty and Confucianism.
Cixi: conservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty.
Boxer Rebellion: popular outburst aimed at expelling foreigners from China; put down by intervention of the Western
powers.
Sun Yat-sen: (1866–1925); Chinese revolutionary leader, of scholar-gentry background.
Puyi: last Qing ruler; deposed in 1912.