)ha~a~ayarao Gadgal LibillT)'
" III~~ 111m 011 11111 1IIIlIIIII 1111 III
GI,PE~PUNE-O 16629
ORIENTAL
MEM'OIRS .
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VO~UME
III.
.. Often as I read in the books of histories and cosmography the marvelloUl thingJ whereof th~,. make
" mention, especially in the East parts of the world, there was nothing that could pacu,. my unquiet mu¥l,
ce until I had with mine eyes seen the truth thereof, and in my own person beheld the situation..ol .andt
ce and regions, with the manners and customs of men; and variable forms, shapes, natures, and proprieties of
.. beasts, fruits, and trees; especially such as are among the Arabians, Persians, and JndiaJll. And whereas,
" in the searching of these things, we have, thanked be GOD, satisfied our desire, we think negertheless that
.. we have done little, except we should communicate to other such thing. a. we have .een and had es" perience of; that they likewise, by the reading thereof, may take pleasure; for wbo<e lake. we have
ce writ:en this long and dangerous disrourse of things which we have seen in divera regions and .eet. of men;
.. desiring nothing more than that the truth may be known to them that desire the same. But what in
ce commodities and troubles chanced to me in these voyages, as hunger, thirst,cold,heat. """. captivity,
ce terrorl, and divers other such dangers, I will declare in their due place."
T,Il'P'u ~V&.TOMAlnlu';1I 1503.
* * * * *
.. The eastern front was glorious to behold,
.. With diamond fiaring, and Barbaric gold•
.. There Ninlls shone, who spread th' Assyrian fame,
.. And the great founder of the Persian name:
.. There, in long robes, the royal magi ~tan.s;
.. Grave Zoroaster waves the circling wand;
" The sage Chaldzans rob'd in white appear'd,
cc And Brachmans, deep in desert woods rever'd.
ec These stopp'd the moon, and call'd tb' unbodied shades
" To midnight banquets in the glimmering glades;
.. Made visionary fabrics round them rise,
.. And airy spectres skim before- their eyes;
.. Of Talismans and Sigils knew the power,
.. And careful watch'd the planetary hour;
" Superior, and alone, CONFUCIUS stood,
Pora.
.. Who taught that useful scie~e, to be good...
~\
··ORIENT AL' MEMOIRS:
SELECTED AND ABRJDGED FROM
A SERIES OF FAMILIAR LETTERS
WRITTEN DURING
. SEf7ENTEENYEARS RESIDENCE IN INDIA:
INCLUDING
O·BSER V A TIONS
ON
PARTS OF AFRICA
AND SOUTH AMERICA,
.
AND
A NARRATIVE OF OCCURRENCES IN FOUR INDIA VOYAGES.
Illustrated by ~ngravings from Original Drawings.
By' JAMES FOR.BES, F.R.S. ·&c •
•
IN FOUR
VOLu~2s.
VOL. III.
-
LONDON:'
PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR BY T. BENSLE~ BOLT COURT.
.
. -
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PUBLISHED BY WHITE, COCHRANE, AND CO. HORACE.8 HEAD,
FLEET-STREET.
1813.
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CO NTEN1" S.,
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c'a APT E R ' 'XXVilr.
District of Chando~e •• solemn groves •• sanctity of ~handode •• brahmins •• templ;s ••
altars •• Jaggernaut •• account of the ceremonies there by Dr. Buchanan., funeral
ceremony of the Hindoos •• bea~tiful address to the elements •• extrac~ from Sacontala.• four grand divisions of Hindoo castes •• temple and village worship ••
sealin~ of"tJ.le worshippers.•• mark on the forehead very generally adopted ••,orna..
lJlentt 'and paintings in the temples., Menu's Hindoo laws •• preliminary discourse •• bl'ahmi~ical
.belief'in the unity of God •• polytheism of the Hindoos ••
,
beautiulletter from- a Hindoo rajah to Aurungz.ebe •• doctrine of the metempsychosis •• doctrines of the Grecian philosophers,. compared with- the religion of the
patria.rchs •• character of a real Yogee •• pure brahminism •• mysteries in their religion •• sublimity admitted •• truth and beauty of divine revelation far beyond them
'•• happy death of a thristian contrasted by Hindoo darkness and superstition ••
. further considerations 'on that su~ject •• idea of the Indian na~ives ..respectiRg
christianity in its d9cti'ines and practice •• the subject punued iIi different points
*"
of view •• effects Qf modern philosophy among the Europeans in India •• its different
effects •• an interesting conversion •• further reflections. : character of an excellent
minister, Swartz, and other Indian missioIl'aries •• interest 'taken by George the
First and Archbishop Wake for the conversion of the Hindoos-; letter from the
prelate to the 'missionaries. ~ cause and .effects of irreligion, • a sovereign remedy••
beautiful extract from the writings of Bishop Home_. conclusion of the solemn
subject.......................... •"•.•••.••••••••.. '......................... 5
CHAPTER
XXIX~
C~nquest of Ahmedabad by ~eneral Goddard •• journey from Dh~boy thither,
through Baroche, Ahmood, .Jamboseer, ana ·Cambay •• Guzera1. coss... Ahmood
~
VOL. III.
CO~TENTS.
vi
purgunna •• town of Ahmood •• swelling of the Indian rivers •• account "Of a dreadful storm in Guzerat •• mode of crossing the Guzerat rivers •• mango tope:; •• JlUnboseer purgunna •• plentiful crops •. general effects of famine in Hindostan ••
particulars of a dreadful famine in the Bengal provinces •• British humanity on
that occasion •• town of Jamboseer •• Gurry •• Hindoo houses •• Coolies, a tribe
of robbers •• poetical description of a Hindoo village. manner of trareJling .•
brahmiuic kites and vultures •• Pariar dogs •• erroneous geography of l)liDY •• sar
.dony-x: mountains •• rivet Myhi •• further account of the Coolies •• their country
described •• Cam bay purgunna •• remains of antiquity near Cam bay •• Cam bat ••
ancient
pill,~r ••
pillar of Feroze Shah •• Sacred Isles of the 'Vest, a very curious
research •• resemblance between the Hindoo and English festivals •• that of the
Hooli, and Vastu PuJa •• singular ceremonies of Hindoo worship •• strange misconception of a transaction at Dhllboy •• cruel oppressions by the nabob of Cambay •• tuinous state of his country and capital.. noble character of Akber •• arriv~l
at Cam bay, and polite reception by the Nabob and Vizier •• elegant entertainment at the"Vizier's house •• Persian emigrants at Cam bay •• magnificent jewels ••
the hill of lustre, and ocean of lustre, two transcendant diamonds in Persia ••
Tucht-Taoos., the peacocK throne •• its value •• commerce of Cambay in the reign
of Queen Elizabeth •• its former opulence •• causes of its dec1ine •• Dr. Robertson'.
picture of a Hindoo rajah proved to be erroneous •• wild beasts in Guzerat •• discovery of lions •• periIou·s adventure of a company of sportsmen on that occllSion
•• departure from Cambay •• Sejutra •• Guzerat villages and cultivation •• beauty of
the antelopes •• Soubah of Guzerat ill the reign of Akber •• division of the empire
at t?at period •• valuable oxen in Guzerat •• horses in India •• ancient splendor of
Guzerat .. beautiful mausoleums at Betwah •• affectionate veneration for the dead
.in Hindostan •• description of the Taje Mahal at Agra •• estimate of the expen:;es
.
'in·building that wonderful structure •• short comparison with Solomon's temple at
Jerusalem .........
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CHAPTER XXX.
Description 2f Ahmed-~bad •• when built by Sultan Ahmed •• its former magnitude.
and great decay, compared with Nineveh and Babylon •• contrast between the
Mogul pa.laces and .Mahz:atta hovels. ~ melancholy situation of the reduced Mogul
famili~s •• ~haritie':; in HindO$fan •• caravansaries •• those on the royal Toads de-
CONTENTS.
vii
scribed •• J umma-musjed at Ahmed-abad, its uncommon grandeur and extent.•
tomb of sultan Ahmed •• mosques of Sujaatt Khaun •• ivory mosque •• dreadful
heat •• public wells and aqueducts •• palaces and gardens •. city of dast •. banian
hospital •• gold formerly coined there •• public hummums •• news writers •• Kokarea
uncommon palmyra •• Dutch burying-ground •• Dutch and English factories .•
trade at that time'•• manufactures •• artists •.• Persian and Mogul beauties •• nurses
in India •• mausoleums and mosque at Sercaze•• palace and gardens at Shab. Bhaug•.• park and ple~sure:-grounds •• Zenana •• arrangement in Akber's hiram ••
Damascus rose •• ottar of roses •• Nurse's well, a most costly structure •• sepulchres
of Mabomedan nurses •• NarwalIee, the ancient capital of Guzerat•• conquered oy
Afghans •• indolent and peaceable character of the Hindoos •• became an easy
conquest to these northern invaders •• immense plunder •• splendid taste of their
monarchs •• the celestial bride, a
go~geous
temple erected by sultan Mabmood ••
AfghaJ?s conquered ~y tb~ Mogul Ta~tars •.• cbuacter of Timu'r-Lung.•• his dreadful cruelty in the massacre at
Del~i •• his
posterity to the beginning of the eigh-
teenth century •• declining state of the emp.ire, and usnrpation of the nabobs ••
the cause of 4hmed-abad and Cambay becoming independept •• Ahmed-abad
conctu~red by the Mabrattas. ~ nabob flies to Cambay, a~d pays tribute to that
power•• taken by the English under General Goddard •• Ayeen Akbery •• Akber••
Abu} Fazel. • his sublime and beautiful preface to the Institutes of Akber.• successors to that emperor•• ,splendid'
~ste
of the Mogul princes •• the Dewane-khass, a
magnificent hall in the: palace o( Shah Allum, described •• reflections on die
l\logol history .......... ~ .................'......... ~ ............ 1r • • • • • • • • • • • 117
CH.APTER XXXI.
Departure from Ahmedabad •• visit the mosques aQd tombs at Peerana•• Dolcah, a
large and strong town •• CusbatteeS ()n military tenore•• beauty of the countlY••
depredations of the Coolies •• Bursora •• return to Cambay. :summer palaces and
gardens •• palace in Cuttek •• correspondente with Mirza Zummaon, vizier of
Cambay, when d~sgra:ced by the nabob •• Siddeelt and attendants 'on the nabob ••
slaver1 in Ifldia •• portrait of an Asiatic soveteign •• cruelty of zemindars and offi.
cers of government •• purchase of slaves•• nabob's entertajnment at DiI Gosba••
gardens•• temple of fountains •• luxury of an oriental evening. ~ pavilions •• dancing-girls •• songs •• poetry •• Persian stanzas an~ 4istichs•• Persian feast •• professed
.
"f-.
CONTENTS.
viii
story-tellers at Cambay.'. illustrations of Scripture by modern customs in India ••
~
Voltaire's philosophy •• fatal tendency of infidelity in India .• David Hume •• discrimination in, the oriental entertainments as to food and pre~nts of apparel •• a
passage in scripture explained from Homer" and modern manncrs in Hind08~n
• • further illustrations •• familiarity of the inferior Mahomedans at great feasts ••
subjectioI\ of Asiatic females •• tents and pavilions. ~ palanquins •• hackarce •• feast
,of Ahasuerus contrasted with modern entertainments •• great limiJarity of ancient
and modern despotism •• princely banquet from a Persian slory •• intellige~' brah.
tIlins •• departure from Cambay •• reflections 9n the jO\lrney •• • •• • • • • • • • • • •• Hil
C.HAPTER XXXII.
Improvement in the populatiol1, cultivation and revenue of the Dhuboy purgunnns
• • irruptions of-the Gracias and Bheels •• character of those bandiui. • endea~ours
to bring them ,to terms •• insolence and cruelty of the Gracias .. their shameful
behaviour at the Gate of Diamonds .• e~pedition against their capital of Mandwa
• • instructions of the British commanding officer •• success <>f the enterprize •• cap. ture of the town,. and the ladies in the haram •• their treatment as hostages at
Dhuboy •• cOl'respondence with Kessoor Khan, chief of Vazeria •• account of the
Bhauts" demanded as security for the good behaviour of the Gracias •• similarity
in the langu~ge and couduct of those people, with several in ancient times ••
treaties entered into with the Gracia chjeftains on Bhaut security; hostages released, and peace restored •• Hindoo legend of the Bhauts•• bards proclaim the
praises of heroes, and sometimes of females •• account of the Cbaruns~ a similar
tribe ... astl"Ologers and soothsayers in Hindostan compared with Balaam, and those
in tbe Grecian and ,Roman annals •• astrology and geomancy taught in the Hindoo seminaries., scbools instituted by Akber •• wise women of the east •• known
among the Jews" Greeks, and Romans •• consulte(l ch,iefly by ]overa in India••
f?ne ,of them applied to by Zeida •• anecdote of ,this interesting female and an
English gentlelJlan" after such an application•• warm imagination and lofty flights
of th~ Persian ,poets •• stanzas from the Yusef Zelakha of Jami ••""irtues of ointments ana lov~-potions •• passage from Horac~ •• spells and charms cqmplained of
in lhe COUtts of Adawlet at Baroche and Dhuboy •• virtue. of tbe Hinna•• poisons
and enchantments •• on the death of Germanicns........ , ,. • • • • ..... • • .... • • •• 213
CONTENTS.
ix
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Excursion with the new chief of Ba'roche, and
nas in Ouzerat., the cold season
a. patty, through the
d~lightful
English purgun-
for travelling .. Cubbeer-Burr •• bats
, of enormous size •• serpents •• cure of their venomous bite by Lullabhy •• extraordinary anecdote on that subject •• character of Lullabhy •• weddings in hi's family
•• behaviour ort the deatJ! of 'his daughter •• Jescl'iption of Corall .. Ranghur ..
Baubul fOl'~Sts; method of killing the antelopes •• plea~ant manner of travelling••
Vanjarrahs, their commercial journeys an~ comforts •• life of the palanquin-beare.rs
•• ane~aote of a young Hindoo mother ... country near Zinore .• pasS' of Bowa-peer
a'
depredation of the Mahratta armies'. _beauty and fertility of Guzerat .• revisit
Chandode •• HindoO-
~uperstition.: questions
respecting the recluse brahmins .•
answered from' Craufurd',s' Sketches •• arrival
pu~g1,1nna •• ,mjseries
Strelitz
~o
at Dhuboy •• improv.ement ,of that
of war •• l~ner from the Pl'incess Charlotte of Mecklenburgq
tpe King of ,1>,russia •• suggested improvements in agriculture and reve-
nue •• ,landed property in India •• tpauntain of £owagh ur.,. Brodel'a •• the capital of
the
G'uicw~rs
Q,escrjbed •. interior of the durbar •• debauched character of Indian
princes. ; h'lram •• :M;~ho.medan women •• JDosques and~sep~lchres •• funeral ceremonies •• grand .wells•• iqscriptions ••. R~bekah and Eliezer •. great men
trave~
with
wR,ter in jars.,. stone bridge •• provisions at Brodera •• cheapness and abundance in
other distri<;:ts •• few wants in Inaia •. superior beau,ty of the Brodera purgunoa ••
~t?tos •• lotophagi •• valuable produce of the district'.. :villages .• oppressions of go~
yernment .• character ofFutty SiflDg .• his titles •• ~orn of victory .. invitation to
his daughter'S wedding,. ,presents •• anecdote .at Sindia's durbal' respecting Khiluts
"
0
magnificent wedding ofVazeer, Ally. ch~racter of Asnf~ud-Dowlaho i anecdote
pf l:Iyd~r Al1y, alild le~'ter from that pri,nce tOt Colonel Wood •• letter from the'
Mahr~tta :Peshw~
compared. w)th
to G~Qrge ,th~ Thi""d,•• presents on that occasion insignificant
th~ m~nificeqc;e
o( ancient s,C)vereignso. sys.t~~ 'Of 'oppression .•
Akber. " happy CO.ljlsequences tq be e;¥.pected from. the power apd influence of .t~e
B.r~tish gQvernmen~
in ~ndia •• ~~sic of the .a:indoo~.,. ~ere~Q~ies a.t a Hinc;loo
wedding •• crelJl~tion ,of wi<Jows. ~ fl~ttery·_Q( Euuy ·SihQg's. h€Jalds •• charub.er. of
mirrors •• 'rippo<J. Sul.taun's ,sJe.~pjng ,apartr,ne.nt•• n.Qble traits Yl Neher's character
• ~ compared' wit~. Alfred •• weighing of 'be, royal person. " coins and seals of Akber
., ~9diac rupees, ~ ,;1.~HgQt(u~ eJ,W~lJlpment Ilear llro.dera.. CQld in India •• wretched
s~ate
of the Cha!lQ.alahs •• tPDlp~ed with ,the
bra~mins •• ~njustice. of the system
:x
·CONTENTS.
and general character of the Hindoos:. Meah Oaum RaJah •• his amiable character •• death and character of Hiroo Nand •• sacrifice of his widow •• bE'r luperior
endowments .• compared with celebrated English females •• Mahomedan women
•• extraordinary character of Avyar, a Hindoo female philosopher and celebrated
author •• extracts from her writings •• serpents •• serpent-eaters •• locu.ts •• distillers
•• potters •• Hindoo deities •• floods .• average of annual rain. • • • • • • • . • • • • • •• 245
C HA PTER XXXIV.
Cession of Baroche, Dhuboy, and the English purgonnahs in Gnzerat, to the Mah·
]'attas and Mahdajee Stndia, at the peace in 1783 •• rise of Mahdajee Sindia'. family in the Mahratta state •• iIIegitirrtacy of that chieftain .• dissension'f in the
family •• assassination of Jeajee •• elevation of Mahd~jee Sindin by Mahdarow ••
chosen mediator of the treaty of peace between the English and Mahrattas in
1783 .• the city and district of Baroche presented to him for this service •• Dhuboy and Zinore ordel'ed to be surrendered to the Mahrattas •• sorrow of the inhabitants of Baroche, and their behaviour on giving it up to the Mahratta go,-ernor •• these facts opposed to former ill-founded prejudices in England •• instance.
of oriental gratitude •• letters from different natives of India •• noble behaviour of
the inhabitants of Dhuboy on the report 'Of its being restored to the Mahrattas ••
present of Hindoo images brought to England, and placed in a templ.e erected
for their reception •• beauty and peculiarity of the nymphea lotos •• events of the
day on which Dhuboy was to have been delivered up to the Mahratta pundit ••
his non-arrival. • dissuasion of the brahmins from my leaving Dhaboy •• reason§
assigned for their conduct .• thre~is and intended ambuscade of the Gracia••• the
mantra; and divinations communicated by the brahmins •• paper presented b, the
elders of Dhuboy, stating the happiness of the English government, and their
misery at its being withdrawn •• reasons for inserting it •• translation of the address
•• divination of the Gracia soothsayers •• arrangements in consequence •• departure
from Dhuboy •• lines written on the occasion •• proceed to Baroche •• attack of the
Gracias· on my escort •• murder of the cavalry officer, servant, and attendants ••
further cruelty and pI onder •• funeral processions•• my narrow escape from the
ambuscade •• conduct of the relations of the murdered people •• general behaviour
of the Mahomedan women on such occasions •• intentions of the Gracias, had tbe,
succeeded in my capture •• various modes of poisoning their prisoners •• effects of
CONTENTS.
xi
dt:leteriolls drugs on the,bo~y and the mind .. poi~ons among the ancients .• recovery of part of my effects •• sheep-skin death •. anecdote in consequence •• cleath
by thirst •• another scheme of the Graeias frustrated •• oriental sorceries .• remarks
on a particular Providence. . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • • .• . . . • .. . . . . . . • . • . . . . . .. 347
CHA'PTER XXXV.
Striking the British colours, and final departure from Baroche •• situation of the civil
and military servan.ts on that establishment •• arrival at Surat .. double government
of the English in that city •• evils attending it. 6 abolition of the nabob's authority,
and, sole administration of the English •• provision for the nabob •. consequent
happiness of' Surat .. gloomy aspect of the company's affairs in 11~3 .• hard situation of many exiled civilians from Baroche .. resolution to return to Europe .•
late changes a.t Surat •• decline qf its magnificence and commerce •• effects of a
dreadful slorm •• devastations at l\Iahmud-a-Bhaug.,. pavilions in oriental
ga~dens
•• oriental villas compared with P,liny's at Laurentinu.m .• Elisha's chamber .•
summer par1o~r of Eglon •. gardens at -Zulam B"haug.. chief beauties in Indian
gardens •• al~rah, .the mango blossom •• variety of
custa~'d
apples •• their sacred
destination .• oriental perfumes •• Moguls and Persians at Surat .• literary characters there •• Gibbon's remarkoD
easte~n
literature •• character of Avyar, a cele-
hrated female philosopher •• morality and piety of her writings .• her aphorisms
and maxims .• font at Belgram, the PieJian spring of India •• its reputed effects
•• general female. pO,rtrait in Asiatic cities •• oriental st,ate insignia .• necessity of
preserving. it •• ·reflections in
.consequence~.
revisit PulpaJ'ra••. Hindoo supersti-
'tions ,there •• immolation of Hind,oo widows never practised at Bombay .• infanticide
prevented in Guzerat •• introduction of vaccination in India •• its blessed effects ••
enCQuraged by the brahmins. "; previously known in the districts of Benares; autqenticity of that. fact •• general ~tatement of medical practice in India•• particuJar. insta~ces •.• liberal and· scientific charactet: of Serfojee, rajah of Tanjor:e ••
letter from that prince •• cure of the ophthalmia •• vractice of medicine among th~
Mahl'attas.-. zodiac rupees, by who_m coined and for what purpose .. arrival at
Bombay ~ • great alteration in the style ,of life and m~DlH:(S at that presidency~ •
final' l:esolves of the emigran,ts f(om Baroche •. increa.se of population at. Bombay •• increase, of private expeuse and the public expenditure ••,increase of crimes
and pun~shments among the natives in conse!luence-•• llngrateful. and immoral
tra.its in the-.Inqian. ~h~~acte~~ ~ letter 0D: the desertion of ~epoys •• summary of
'Indian depravity, by Sir James Mackintosh •• excursion to the, jsl~nds of Salsette
I
.,
xu
CONTENTS.
and ~le~banta •• improvements at Tannah •• further remarks and mustration. of
the excavations in those sacred islands •• atmospbere of Salsette •• reflection. on
• the summit of the excavated mountains....... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• 40 I
CH.A PT E R XXXVI.
The author desirous of travelling to Powa Ghur, and the confines of Malwa; pre.
vented by his official duties •• avails himself of every opportunity to gain inform.
ation of those districts •• becomes possessed of Mr. Cruso's papers containing the
pl}rticuJars of ajourney
from Surat to Calcutta, with Sir Charles Malet •• which I
,
amp1ified and corrected py that gentleman, form the most interesting part of tbis
and the foHowing chapters •• cause of the embassy, and Sir Charles Malet'. ap_
pointment by the supreme goyerriment of Bengal •• public papers relative to the
Embassy •• the gentleman who accompanied Sir Charles •• arrival at Surat from
Bombay •• departure from Surat for Baroche •• arrival there •• ,)andng.girls•••
be.ropee, or buffoon •• dilapidations of Bowran •• melancholy picture of Vezelpoor
'and the English garden-houses in that village •• reflections and versu on rl'lldmg
these remarks •• ingratitude of some of tbe higher ~rders , at Baroche towalds the
English •• Tuckal'ea •• Borahs •• rajah Ramul Sibng oppressed by Fuuy Slbng••
Gracias •• fertility and beauty of the Brodera purgunoa •• arrival at 8rodeora••
reception and visit from Futty Sihng•• ceremonies at this visit •• presents•• dress
of Futty Sibng and his brothel·•• the visit returned at the Broders darbar•• palace described •• particulars of the visit•• leave the :Guicwar dominions, and enter
those of Mhadajee Sindia .• J arode, Halool •• Powa-G bur; that fortress descri bed ••
Champoneer formerly the capital of Guzetat •• romantic country near ~faJow.'.
Belah fruit •• intestine broils iri that wild dilJtrict •• lofty hills •• Barreah •• visit
from the rajah •• the visit returned •• p1ea!iant character of the Bareah rajah •• con.
tinuation of wild country •• infested by robbers •• alarm •• precautions •• design frUJotrated •• Dobud •• escort from the' Jaboo rajah through this perilous tract •• visit
(rom this rajah •• Pitlabad •• cross the Myhi •• character of the country near that
'river•• its borderers Dotorio~s robbers •• Rajoud •• sources of the Myhi and Cotoset rivers •• Churruns, a very singular tribe, describe~ •• robbery at the teDU••
Noulai'•• the opposite direction of the rivers in this part of Hindoslan •• produce of
the country •• poppies •• manner of extracting the opium ••.aut tree •• province- DC
Malwa proverbially fertile and well watered •• singular mud 'Village••• arrival at
Oojen ............................................................. • • • • • • • •• • • 4.:>9