UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ON THE ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF
LONG COAXIAL CABLE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE
DEVARAJ KANISIN
FK 2006 109
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ON THE ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF
LONG COAXIAL CABLE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE
By
DEVARAJ KANISIN
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, in
Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science
November 2006
DEDICATION
I dedicate this dissertation to my parents.
ii
Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of
the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS ON THE ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF
LONG COAXIAL CABLE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE
By
DEVARAJ KANISIN
November 2006
Chairman
: Tang Sai Hong, PhD
Faculty
: Engineering
Long coaxial cables are widely used in telecommunication industry and, in oil and gas
industry.
The
telecommunication
industry
mainly
uses
these
cables
for
telecommunication between island, countries, etc. While in Oil and Gas Industry, the
long coaxial cable plays a central role in production and well maintenance services. The
long coaxial cable is attached with the down-hole monitoring equipment and travels to
the well of 6 to 7 kilometres depth without repeaters. It is used to supply power to downhole equipment and also provide communication link with the computer located at the
oil rig or ship. During the transmission period, the long coaxial cable is often subjected
to temperature differences and external noise interference. Both elements can be
considered as interrelated with address to the degradation on the performance of the long
coaxial cable. Therefore, the aim of the research is to investigate the performance of the
long coaxial cable. The objectives are to analyze and evaluate the performance of the
iii
long coaxial cable corresponding to temperature differences, and also to develop and
analyze the thermal transfer analysis for long coaxial cable. The methodology used for
the research consists of five main stages such as mathematical analysis, designing long
coaxial channel model as FIR filter, theoretical analysis, practical analysis and thermal
transfer modeling.
The study and the investigation were conducted on the MATLAB by designing a long
coaxial channel model. The designed long coaxial model were experimented and
analyzed for various length (eg:- 1 km, 3 km, 5 km, 6.096 km which equivalent to 20k
feet, 8 km and 10km), various frequencies (eg: 10kHz, 50kHz and 100kHz) and various
temperatures (eg: 20°C and 150°C). The experiment was repeated by considering the
skin effect. Finally, the thermal transfer formula for the long coaxial cable is formulated
and the same experiment above was repeated. In overall, the analysis shows the
developed long coaxial channel model has the ability to evaluate and analyze the
performance of any long coaxial cable at different temperatures leading to thermal
transfer. Conclusively, four internal factors or criteria leading to thermal transfer have
been identified, which plays the major role on the performance of the long coaxial cable
at different temperatures. They are frequency, temperature, skin effect and length of the
long coaxial cable.
iv
Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai
memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains
ANALISIS TEORI TERHADAP PRESTASI KABEL PANJANG ‘COAXIAL’
PADA SUHU YANG BERLAINAN
Oleh
DEVARAJ KANISIN
November 2006
Pengerusi
: Tang Sai Hong, PhD
Fakulti
: Engineering
Kabel panjang ‘coaxial’ digunakan secara meluas di dalam industri telekomunikasi serta
di dalam industri petroleum dan gas asli. Bagi industri telekomunikasi, penggunaan
kabel tersebut adalah untuk menghubungkan antara pulau, negara dan sebagainya.
Manakala bagi industri minyak dan gas pula, kabel panjang ‘coaxial’ memainkan
peranan yang penting untuk produksi dan servis penyelenggaraan. Kabel panjang
‘coaxial’ disambungkan dengan peralatan pemantauan ‘down-hole” dan boleh mencecah
jarak sehingga 6 ke 7 kilometer ke dalam telaga tanpa pengulang, ‘repeater’. Ia
digunakan untuk menyediakan perhubungan telekomunikasi dengan komputer yang
terletak di atas pelantar minyak atau kapal. Semasa proses transmisi, kabel panjang
‘coaxial’ selalu dihubungkaitkan dengan perubahan suhu dan interferens bunyi luaran.
Kedua-duanya boleh dikaitkan di antara satu sama lain dengan degradasi prestasi kabel
dasar laut ‘coaxial’ tersebut. Oleh yang demikian, kajian lebih difokuskan kepada
v
penyelidikan di atas prestasi kabel panajang ‘coaxial’. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk
menganalisa prestasi kabel panjang ‘coaxial’ berhubungkait dengan perubahan suhu dan
juga mereka berserta menganalisa pemindahan terma melalui kabel panjang ‘coaxial’.
Metodologi yang digunakan merangkumi 5 tahap iaitu analisa matematik, mereka kabel
panjang ‘coaxial’ sebagai FIR filter, analisa teori, analisa praktikal dan model
pemindahan terma.
Pengkajian dan penyelidikan terhadap situasi terbabit dilakukan dengan menggunakan
MATLAB dengan cara mereka-cipta model kabel panjang ’coaxial’. Model rekaan ini
dianalisa dengan menggunakan beberapa parameter seperti panjang kabel (contoh: 1km,
3km, 5km, 6.096km bersamaan dengan 20k kaki, 8km dan 10km), frekuensi ( contoh:
10kHz, 50kHz dan 100kHz) dan
suhu (contoh: 20oC dan 150oC). Eksperimen ini
diulang beberapa kali untuk mempertimbangkan ‘skin effect’. Akhirnya,
formula
pemindahan terma bagi kabel dasar laut ‘coaxial’ direka dan eksperimen tadi diulang.
Secara keseluruhannya, kajian dan hasil penyelidikan menunjukkan model panjang laut
‘coaxial’ ini mampu menilai dan menganalisa pemindahan terma untuk pelbagai jenis
kabel panjang ‘coaxial’. Oleh yang demikian, terdapat empat faktor atau kriteria yang
disabitkan dengan pemindahan terma telah dikenal pasti, yang mana ia memainkan
peranan yang penting di dalam prestasi kabel panajang ‘coaxial’. Faktor-faktor tersebut
adalah frekuensi, suhu, ‘skin-effect’ dan panjang kabel panjang ‘coaxial’.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to begin my thanking to my parents for giving me the courage and strength I
needed to complete my research. Without their everlasting love and support I would
have not reached my goal.
Now, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my supervisor, Dr.
Tang Sai Hong for his patient guidance, encouragement, cooperation, full support and
close consultation throughout the research and thesis writing. His guidance and advice
throughout this research has been very inspiring and indispensable for the success of my
research.
In addition, special thanks are due to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Napsiah Ismail for her invaluable
comments, guidance, consultation and support throughout the research.
Last but not least, I would like to thank all my friends who helped me throughout my
research and thesis writing, particularly Biswajeet Pradhan and A.S. Lakshimy.
Finally, I would like to express my thanks and gratitude to all the kind hearts who have
contributed directly or indirectly to the success of my research.
vii
I certify that an Examination Committee met on 17th November 2006 to conduct the
final examination of Devaraj Kanisin on his Master degree thesis entitled “Theoretical
Analysis on the Electrical Performance of Long Coaxial Cable at Different
Temperature” in accordance with “Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act
1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1981. The
committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members of
the Examination Committee are as follows:
Yusof Ismail, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Wong Shaw Voon, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Megat Mohamad Hamdan Megat Ahmad, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Ahmad Kamal Ariffin Mohd. Ihsan, PhD
Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
(External Examiner)
_____________________________
HASANAH MOHD. GHAZALI, PhD
Professor / Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 27 APRIL 2007
viii
This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted
as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The members of the
Supervisory Committee are as follows:
Tang Sai Hong, PhD
Lecturer
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Napsiah Ismail, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
AINI IDERIS, PhD
Professor/Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 10 MAY 2007
ix
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and
citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been
previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at UPM or other institutions.
DEVARAJ KANISIN
Date: 6 APRIL 2007
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ii
iii
v
vii
viii
x
xiv
xvi
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
APPROVAL
DECLARATION
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER
1
2
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Preface
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Research Aim and Objectives
1.4 Significance of the Research
1.5 Organization of the Chapters
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.5
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Power Cable Evolution
2.3 Communication Cable Evolution
2.4 Subsea Cables
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
3
2.4.1 Types of Subsea Cables
2.4.2 The Usage of Cables
Analysis and Performance of the Cable
2.5.1 Analysis of Transmission Line Theory
2.5.2 Performance of the Cables at Different
Temperature
Energy Transfer
Analysis of Energy Transfer on Cables
2.7.1 Energy Transfer on Cables
2.7.2 Internal Parameter Leading to Energy Transfer
on the Cables
2.7.3 Numerical Analysis and Stability Studies
Associated with Energy Transfer
Conclusion
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Design Assumptions
2.9
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.24
2.28
2.28
2.33
2.35
2.38
3.1
3.3
xi
4
5
6
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Primary Parameter of Long Coaxial Cable
4.2.1 The Equivalent Circuit of Long Coaxial Cable
4.2.2 Analysis of the Equivalent Circuit
4.2.3 Steady-State Sinusoidal Solution for Voltage
and Current
4.3 Secondary Parameter of Long Coaxial Cable
4.3.1 The Characteristic Impedance, Zo of the Long
Coaxial Cable
4.3.2 The Complex Propagation Constant, γ
4.3.3 Consider the Attenuation Coefficient, α
4.3.4 Consider the Phase Constant, β
4.3.5 Velocity of Propagation
4.4 Relationship between the Primary and Secondary
Parameters
MODELLING LONG COAXIAL CHANNEL MODEL
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Designing Long Coaxial Channel Model as FIR Filter
5.2.1 Designing the Long Coaxial Channel Model on
MATLAB
5.2.2 Impulse Response
5.2.3 FIR Filter
5.3 Analysis without Skin Effect
5.3.1 Magnitude Response and Phase Response
5.4 Analysis with Skin Effect
5.4.1 Skin Effect
5.5 Energy Transfer Model
5.5.1 Formulate Energy Transfer Equation
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Analysis without Skin Effect
6.3 Analysis with Skin Effect
6.3.1 Performance Comparison (Without Skin Effect
versus With Skin Effect)
6.4 Energy Transfer Model
6.4.1 Energy Transfer Analysis for Long Coaxial
Cable without Skin Effect
6.4.2 Energy Transfer Analysis for Long Coaxial
Cable with Skin Effect
6.4.3 Energy Transfer Comparison (Without Skin
xii
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.6
4.10
4.11
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.16
4.17
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3
5.4
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.12
5.13
6.1
6.2
6.9
6.12
6.15
6.19
6.23
6.27
Effect versus With Skin Effect)
7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Conclusion
7.3 Major Contribution
7.4 Limitation of the Research
7.5 Future Work
7.5.1 Recommendation for Cable Manufacturers
7.5.2 Suggestion for Improving the System
7.1
7.1
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.6
R.1
A.1
B.1
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR
xiii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
3.1
Long Coaxial Cable Primary Parameters
4.1
Relationship of Primary and Secondary Parameters of the Long
Coaxial Cable
4.17
5.1
Skin Effect Ratio (Source: Chapter 16 Undersea Coaxial
Communication Cables)
5.10
5.2a
AC Resistances, R1 (at 20oC )
5.10
5.2b
AC Resistances, R2 (at 150oC)
5.11
6.1a
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 1 km of Long Coaxial
Cable
6.5
6.1b
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 3 km of Long Coaxial
Cable
6.6
6.1c
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 5 km of Long Coaxial
Cable
6.6
6.1d
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 6.096 km of Long
Coaxial Cable
6.7
6.1e
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 8 km of Long Coaxial
Cable
6.7
6.1f
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 10 km of Long
Coaxial Cable
6.8
6.2a
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 1 km Long Coaxial
Cable
6.9
6.2b
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 3 km Long Coaxial
Cable
6.10
6.2c
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 5 km Long Coaxial
Cable
6.10
6.2d
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 6.069 km of Long
Coaxial Cable
6.11
xiv
3.4
6.2e
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 8 km of Long Coaxial
Cable
6.11
6.2f
Magnitude Response and Phase Response for 10 km of Long
Coaxial Cable
6.12
6.3
Energy Transfer Analysis of the Long Coaxial Cable (10km at
100kHz)
6.18
6.4a
Energy Transfer Analysis of the Long Coaxial Cable for Frequency
10kHz
6.20
6.4b
Energy Transfer Analysis of the Long Coaxial Cable for Frequency
50kHz
6.21
6.4c
Energy Transfer Analysis of the Long Coaxial Cable for Frequency
100kHz
6.22
6.5a
Energy Transfer Analysis of the Long Coaxial Cable for Frequency
10kHz
6.24
6.5b
Energy Transfer Analysis of the Long Coaxial Cable for Frequency
50kHz
6.25
6.5c
Energy Transfer Analysis of the Long Coaxial Cable for Frequency
100kHz
6.26
xv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Page
1.1
Long Coaxial Cable and Offshore Environment
1.2
2.1
Long Coaxial Cable (Courtesy by DUCO Ltd)
2.8
2.2
Equivalent Lumped Parameter Circuit
3.1
Methodology Flowchart
3.1
3.2
Long Coaxial Cable
3.4
4.1
Primary Parameter of Long Coaxial Cable
4.2
4.2
The Equivalent Circuit of Long Coaxial Cable
4.3
4.3
Analysis of the Equivalent Circuit
4.4
4.4
Attenuation Coefficient, α
4.12
4.5
Phase Constant, β
4.13
4.6
Velocity, u
4.16
5.1
Flowchart for Designing Long Coaxial Channel Model as FIR Filter
5.2
5.2
Impulse Response at Frequency 10kHz for 10km Long Coaxial
Cable
5.4
5.3
Filtered Impulse Response at Frequency 10kHz for 10km Long
Coaxial Cable
5.6
6.1
Magnitude Response and Phase Response (1km)
6.5
6.2
Magnitude Response and Phase Response (10km at 50kHz)
6.13
6.3
Magnitude Response and Phase Response (10km at 100kHz)
6.13
6.4
Energy Transfer on the Long Cable (10km at 100kHz)
6.18
xvi
2.17
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Preface
This chapter recalls the scientific environment of this thesis with a non-exhaustive
enumeration of prior work and existing solutions in the major areas covered. It
highlights the research aims, objectives, scopes and organization of the thesis. Long
coaxial cables are widely used in telecommunication industry and, oil and gas industry.
The telecommunication industry mainly uses these long coaxial cables for
telecommunication between islands and countries. While, the oil and gas industry use
these long coaxial cables on the oil rig or ship to supply power and communications to
monitoring equipment in the subsea environment and down-hole wells. This type of
long coaxial cable is also known as wireline in oil and gas industry. This research will
emphasize and focus on the oil and gas industry. In addition, the research will evaluate
and analyze the performance of the long coaxial cable at different temperature leading to
energy transfer.
1.2
Problem Statement
In Oil and Gas Industry, the long coaxial cable plays a central role in production and
well maintenance services. This cable is also known as wireline cable. The current well
known cable providers are The Expro Group and Schlumberger (The Expro Group Ltd,
2006 and Schlumberger Ltd, 2006). This cable is attached with the down-hole
monitoring equipment and travels to the well of 6 to 7 kilometres depth without
repeaters as illustrated on the Figure1.1.
Figure 1.1: Long Coaxial Cable and Offshore Environment
1.2
This cable is used to supply power to down-hole equipment and also provide
communication link with the computer located at the oil rig or ship. The down-hole
monitoring equipment is assigned to measure the temperature and pressure of the well.
In addition, it is also used to scan and detect the cracks on the surface of the casing by
using gamma-ray technology. This information will be transmitted via the long coaxial
cable to the computer at the oil rig or ship. During the transmission period, the long
coaxial cable is often subjected to temperature differences and external noise
interference (Richardson, 2001). Both elements can be considered as interrelated among
them with address to the degradation on the performance of the long coaxial cable
(Kanisin, 2002).
Therefore, this research will be focused on investigating the performance of the long
coaxial cable corresponding to temperature differences. It will be emphasized on finding
the possible factors or criteria that degrade the performance of long coaxial cable.
These factors are determined so that, the performance of the long coaxial cable can be
evaluated and improved. Furthermore, this finding has not been done by any researcher
so far. In addition, the research uses a new concept of evaluating the performance by
using temperature differences which lead to energy transfer on the long coaxial cable.
Firstly, the long coaxial cable is analyzed using transmission line theory. Then, a
channel model is developed to evaluate the performance corresponding to temperature
differences and determine the factors lead to energy transfer. Finally, the energy transfer
formula is formulated and the energy transfer analysis is performed. This new concept
1.3
above basically, has combined the electrical and electronic technology with computer
software technology to solve a mechanical problem. Conclusively, this concept has
merged and integrates the technologies above together to produce better performance of
the long coaxial cable.
In overall, this research will contribute towards the process of enhancement and further
development of the long coaxial cable focusing on the performance and emphasizing on
the possible factors or criteria corresponding to temperature differences leading to
energy transfer on the long coaxial cable. The energy is referred to the electrical energy
which has been transferred mainly to heat energy.
1.3
Research Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research is to investigate the performance of the long coaxial cable. The
objectives are:
i.
To analyze and evaluate the performance of the long coaxial cable corresponding
to temperature differences.
ii.
To develop and analyze the energy transfer analysis for the long coaxial cable.
1.4
1.4
Significance of the Research
The primary motivation for this research stems from finding the possible factors or
criteria corresponding to temperature differences that lead to energy transfer on the long
coaxial cable. These factors are determined so that, the performance of the long coaxial
cable can be evaluated and improved. Furthermore, the energy transfer on the long
coaxial cable can be minimized based on the scenario by manipulating the factors values
in order to get the best performance of the long coaxial cable. In addition, the research
uses a new concept of evaluating the energy transfer on the long coaxial cable.
1.5
Organization of the Chapters
The chapters of the thesis are presented and organized as below:-
a) Chapter 1 recalls the scientific environment of this thesis with a non-exhaustive
enumeration of prior work and existing solutions in the major areas covered. It
highlights the research aims, objectives, scopes and organization of the thesis.
b) Chapter 2 describes brief reviews on the cables. It also covers some of the
previous research on different types of cable. In addition, the chapter also
emphasized on the latest findings related to the research.
1.5
c) Chapter 3 describes about the methodology used for the research. It consists of
five main stages such as mathematical analysis, designing long coaxial channel
model as FIR filter, analysis without skin effect, analysis with skin effect and
energy transfer model.
d) Chapter 4 describes the mathematical analysis of the research. The primary and
the secondary parameter of the long coaxial cable have been analyzed. The
transmission line theory derived was based on the long coaxial cable structure.
The derived theories were used to design the long channel model on MATLAB.
e) Chapter 5 describes about the modelling of the long coaxial channel model. The
long coaxial cable is unlike a filter circuit, which is a “lumped network” as
individual components appear as discrete items. The long coaxial cable can be
represented as a digital filter. Therefore, a channel model of a long coaxial cable
was developed in the form of a FIR Filter using MATLAB in order to analyze
and evaluate the performance corresponding to temperature different which leads
to energy transfer on the long coaxial cable.
f) Chapter 6 describes the results and discussion part of the thesis. It is divided to
three important stages. Below are the summary of each stages:-
i. Analysis without skin effect:- To experiment and analyze the long
coaxial cable on MATLAB for various length (e.g: 1 km, 3 km, 5
1.6
km, 6.096 km which equivalent to 20k feet, 8 km and 10 km),
various frequencies (e.g: 10 kHz, 50 kHz and 100 kHz) and
various temperature (e.g: 20°C and 150°C).
Note: Three criteria have been identified, which plays the major
role on the performance of the long coaxial cable. They
are frequency, temperature and length of the long coaxial
cable.
ii. Analysis with skin effect:- To consider the skin effect on the long
coaxial cable and repeat the experiment and the analysis as on (i)
above.
Note: The performance of the long coaxial cable was good at
frequencies of 10 kHz to 20 kHz, but the skin effect of the
cable degraded the performance of the cable above 20kHz.
iii. Energy Transfer Model:- Develop and analyze the energy transfer
analysis for the long coaxial cable on MATLAB.
Note: In overall it shows that, heat generated degrades the
performance of the long coaxial cable.
It shows that
factors such as higher frequency or longer cable or higher
temperature plays it role with the skin effect of the cable.
Therefore, it can be concluded that, all these factors plays
1.7
an important role on the performance leading to energy
transfer on the long coaxial cable.
g) Chapter 7 briefly summarizes and concludes the thesis, contribution of the
research and their implication for future research.
1.8