The Satellite Symposium of 20th International
Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science
September 28-30, 2016, Xiamen, China
ABSTRACTS
ORGANIZERS
Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (2011-iChEM)
and
State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University
SPONSORS
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Huai’An Thinkre Membrane Material Co.,Ltd.
XMU National University Science Park Development & Construction Co.,Ltd.
1
2
Contents
A Perspective on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (P. L. Hagelstein, MIT) ............................. 5
Materials development for hydrogen storage (P. Chen, DICP) .............................................................. 6
The Fleischmann-Pons Calorimetric Methods and Equations (M. H. Miles, ULV) .......................... 7
Anomalous Heat Generation and Nuclear Transmutation Experiments at Condensed Matter
Nuclear Reaction Division of Tohoku University (Y. Iwamura, Tohoku U) ................................... 8
Hydrogen-lithium low energy resonant electron-capture (X. Z. Li, Tsinghua U) .............................. 9
Anomalous Heat Effect in Ni-H (LiAlH4) Systems (H. Zhang, Qiuran Lab) ................................... 11
Validation of Brillouin Energy Corporation Hydrogen Hot Tube Experiments(M. A. Halem,
LENR-Invest LLC) ........................................................................................................................................ 12
CMNS (Cold Fusion) Research in CUST: Past, Present and Future (J. Tian, CUST) ..................... 13
A hypothesis of stimulated surface phonon emission contributed to low-energy nuclear reactions
(S. Y. Ding, XMU) ......................................................................................................................................... 14
Another Approach to Reproducing Reported LENR Excess Heat (D. J. Nagel,GWU) .................. 15
Thoughts about new basic physics experiments in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science ((P. L.
Hagelstein, MIT) ............................................................................................................................................ 16
Excess Heat Measurements in Pd|D2O+D2SO4 Electrolytic Cells and Ni|H2 Systems (W. S.
Zhang, ICCAS) ............................................................................................................................................... 17
Symmetry, entropy and order ...................................................................................................................... 18
So You Want to Design a Cold Fusion Electrode (D. S. Szumski, Independent scholar) ............... 19
Response of Gas Bubbles to Electron Irradiation ＊ (F. R. Wan, USTB) .......................................... 20
Update of Current Experiments (J. P. Biberian, Aix-Marseilles U)..................................................... 21
Experimental effort at MIT to study phonon-nuclear coupling (F. Metzler, MIT) ........................... 22
Anomalous Heat Effect in Gas-discharge Tube with Pd and D/H (C. L. Liang, Tsinghua U) ....... 23
Some thoughts on abnormal phenomena of condensed matters loaded with deuterium or
hydrogen (Z. Q. Tian, XMU,)...................................................................................................................... 24
Observation of Anomalous Production of Si and Fe in an Arc Furnace Driven Ferro Silicon
Smelting Plant at levels of Tons per day (M. Srinivasan, BARC) ....................................................... 26
Statistical mechanics models for PdHx and PdDx (P. L. Hagelstein, MIT) ...................................... 33
The Principles and Applications of Cold Fusion (Xishi Lin,GZTH) .................................................. 34
Excess Heat Triggering by 514 nm Laser in a D-Pd Gas-loading System at Low Apparent
Loading Radio (X. Y. Wang, CUST)......................................................................................................... 36
A preliminary study on Ni-H gas discharge systems (C.E. Huang, XMU)........................................ 37
A pilot study of the Ni-H high temperature systems (C.E. Huang, XMU) ........................................ 38
3
Schedule
4
A Perspective on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science
#
Peter L. Hagelstein
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
In 1989 Fleischmann and Pons claimed to have observed excess heat in heavy water electrochemical
experiments in which deuterium is loaded into Pd. This was not accepted by the scientific community, in
part due to theoretical objections, and in part due to a perceived inability to replicate the experiment.
Subsequently there have been a great many reports of observations of excess heat by other groups, and
also in later experiments by Fleischmann and Pons, which have provided abundant confirmation of the
basic excess heat effect. Excess heat has been seen to depend on loading, on current density, on deuterium
flux, and on the operating temperature. Light water experiments were seen as a control early on, but a
better control experiment is probably one with a Pt cathode in heavy water. In the basic
Fleischmann-Pons experiment it would usually take weeks to months of loading prior to the first excess
heat event. In co-deposition experiments it was reported that excess heat was seen promptly following
co-deposition.
Positive results have been observed with other cathodes metals in heavy water experiments. Excess heat
was claimed early on in a light water electrochemical experiment with a Ni cathode. Ni bars loaded with
H2 gas have been reported to produce excess heat, and to have achieved self-sustaining operation for
months at a time.
Following early excess heat experiments much effort was put into elemental and isotopic assays seeking
candidate "ash" nuclei resulting from the presumed novel nuclear process involved, without clear
successes. Subsequently 4He in the gas phase was found to correlate with the energy produced in
Fleischmann-Pons experiments. This was followed by a demonstration of time-correlation between
excess heat and helium generation. Several quantitative studies were carried out focusing on the issue of
how much energy is produced per 4He atom detected, with some results consistent with the 24 MeV mass
difference between two deuterons and the 4He nucleus.
Excess heat has been claimed for deuterium in Pd and Ni nano particles. In some experiments the power
per unit mass is very high, which has prompted the conjecture that this might be due to more efficient
removal of helium from active sites.
Low-level neutron emission has been monitored a number of times during excess heat events, with the
general result that neutron emission does not appear to be correlated with the excess heat (with an upper
limit near 1 neutron per Joule of energy produced). This observation can be interpreted in terms of an
upper limit on the kinetic energy the 4He nucleus is born with, estimated to be less than 20 keV. The
absence of commensurate energetic products in connection with excess heat hinders scientific studies
focused on sorting out the microscopic mechanism, but bodes well for possible commercial applications
involving clean nuclear energy production. There are several ongoing efforts to develop commercial cold
fusion heat-producing systems.
Substantial amounts of tritium have been claimed to have been produced electrochemical experiments,
glow discharge experiments and in gas loading experiments. Early claims for low-level neutron emission
motivated many subsequent studies; both positive and negative results were reported. Reproducible
observation of low-level charged particle and neutron emission has been reported in co-deposition
experiments over more than a decade. Evidence for energetic neutron emission above 10 MeV has been
claimed in these experiments. Elemental anomalies have been reported in the case of NiH experiments,
and also in some PdD experiments. There are reports of x-ray and gamma emission at low level in cold
fusion experiments. Collimated x-ray and gamma emission has also been reported in other experiments.
5
Materials development for hydrogen storage
Ping Chen
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Dalian, CHINA, 116023
E-mail: [email protected]
Hydrogen has the potential to be a major energy vector in a renewable and sustainable future
energy mix. The efficient storage of hydrogen is a key technical issue that requires improvement
before its potential can be realized. Hydrogen stored chemically in condensed materials is in an
atomic, hydridic or protonic state, depending on the nature of the bonding partner. In last century,
most research has focused on hydrides based on Mg and transition metals, whereby atomic H
stays in the metal framework. Starting from year 1997 increasing activities have been given to
alanates and borohydrides, in which H is covalently bonded to the central element, Al or B,
thereby forming complex anions. The reactive composites and the chemical hydrides exemplified
by amide-hydride and ammonia borane, respectively, have brought oppositely charged hydrogens
to the centre of the research stage. In this talk, the recent advances in those materials will be
briefed.
6
The Fleischmann-Pons Calorimetric Methods and Equations
#
Melvin H. Miles
Department of Chemistry, University of LaVerne
LaVerne, CA 91750 USA
[email protected]
The Fleischmann-Pons Dewar isoperibolic calorimetry remains the most accurate system reported for
measuring excess power in cold fusion experiments [1]. This system, when properly understood and
accepted, could be used for the calorimetry of various electrochemical reactions in addition to cold fusion
studies. A calorimetric accuracy of ±1.0 mW is readily attained. A proper use of mathematical
modelling and numerical integration of the experimental data along with appropriate averaging methods
can achieve a calorimetric accuracy of ±0.1 mW [2]. In a control experiment using a platinum cathode, it
was determined that the power due to recombination was 1.1 mW using a current of 200 mA [2].
Advantages of this calorimetric system include the ability to directly view what is happening inside the
cell during an experiment, an estimate of the radiative heat transfer coefficient provided by the
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.670373x10-8 Wm-2K-4), the transfer of heat across the cell wall by radiation
which leaves no memory effect (no residual heat at the cell boundary), a relatively low cost, and the
ability for the calorimeter to operate over a wide dynamic range for both the cell temperature and cell
voltage. The power terms in the mathematical modelling equation involving energy supplied to the cell
are the electrochemical power (PEI), internal heater power (PH), if used, and any excess power (PX). The
main power terms for energy escaping from the cell are heat radiation (PR) and heat conduction (PC).
Other power terms that are usually small for energy escaping the cell involve the energy carried out of the
open cell by the escape of the heated gases (Pgas) and the pressure-volume work done by the generated
gases on the surroundings (PW). These smaller power terms are, however, important for obtaining a high
calorimetric accuracy. The difference between the power inputs (PEI, PH, PX) and power outputs (PR, PC,
Pgas, PW) for the calorimetric cell (Pcalor) determines the heating or cooling rate of the cell which depends
on the heat capacity of the calorimeter (CpM) and the rate of the cell temperature change (dT/dt) when the
bath temperature is constant. A calorimetric equation based on the First Law of Thermodynamics is
CpMdT/dt = PEI + PH + PX + PR + PC + Pgas + PW
(1)
where PEI, PH, PX are positive terms and PR, PC, Pgas, PW are negative terms. Important terms in Eq. 1
have often been ignored leading to calorimetric errors by various groups [3].
Several different time periods will be discussed including the behavior when the cell is first turned on and
when the cell is shut off. Important information can be obtained from these two time periods. The first
provides information about the loading of the palladium cathode with deuterium, and the second provides
evidence for heat-after-death for an active cell. These Fleischmann-Pons methods will be illustrated by a
new Pd/D2O + 0.1 M KNO3 experiment producing the excess heat effect.
1. M. Fleischmann, S. Pons, M.W. Anderson, L.J. Li and M. Hawkins, “Calorimetry of the
palladium-deuterium-heavy water system”, J. Electroanal. Chem., Vol. 287 pp. 293-348, 1990.
2. M. Fleischmann and M.H. Miles, “The instrument function of isoperibolic calorimeters: excess
enthalpy generation due to the parasitic reduction of oxygen” in Condensed Matter Nuclear Science,
World Scientific, New Jersey, pp. 247-268, 2006.
3. M.H. Miles, “Excerpts from Martin Fleischmann letters”, J. Condensed Matters Nucl. Sci., Vol. 19, pp.
1-9, 2016.
7
Anomalous Heat Generation and Nuclear Transmutation Experiments at
Condensed Matter Nuclear Reaction Division of Tohoku University
#
1
Yasuhiro Iwamura
Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University, Japan,
E-mail: [email protected]
A new division devoted to Condensed Matter Nuclear Reaction (CMNR) was established at the Research
Center for Electron Photon Science of Tohoku University in April, 2015. In this division, experiments on
anomalous heat generation and nuclear transmutation have been conducted. Following research items will be
presented.
1) Anomalous excess heat generated by the interaction between nano-structured Pd/Ni surface and D2/H2 gas
was observed. These experiments are based on Mizuno’s experiments [1]-[2]. Recently, our experimental
set-ups have been improved to be able to make experiments under high pressure D2/H2 gas up to 0.3Mpa.
2) Replication Experiments based on Kitamura and Takahashi’s work [3] were performed at Tohoku
University. Anomalous heat generation using Nickel-based binary nanocomposites and hydrogen isotope
gas was reproduced.
141
3)
Pr was confirmed by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy with the statistical significance of about
2.5. 141Pr is supposed to be a transmuted isotope from Cs using Pd/CaO multi-layer foil with D2 gas
permeation [4]-[5]. RBS has never been applied to detection of 141Pr, although 141Pr we detected by XPS,
ICP-MS, SIMS, TOF-SIMS and XRF [4]-[5].
4) Transmutation experiments of stable Se, Zr and Pd were performed. The aim of these experiments is to
transmute long lived radioisotopes (107Pd, 79Se, 93Zr and 135Cs) into stable ones.
Acknowledgment
The item 1) is a collaboration work with T. Itoh1,2, J. Kasagi1 and H. Shishido6, the item 2) with T. Itoh1,2, J.
Kasagi1 A. Kitamura4,5, A.Takahashi4 and K.Takahashi4, and the item 3) with T. Itoh1,2, J. Kasagi1, H.
Kikunaga1, R.Tajima1 and Y. Honda1 and the item 4) with T. Itoh1,2, J. Kasagi1, Shigenori Tsuruga3. Their
affiliations are as follows; 1Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University, Japan, 2CLEAN
PLANET Inc., Japan, 3Applied Physics Laboratory, Electricity & Applied Physics Research Department,
Research & Innovation Center, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Japan, 4Technova Inc., Japan, 5Graduate
School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University, Japan, 6Department of Quantum Science and Energy
Engineering (QSE), Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan.
The item 3) and 4) were partly supported by IMPACT Program of Council for Science, Technology and
Innovation in 2015. Program name is “Reduction and Resource Recycle of High Level Radioactive Wastes
with Nuclear Transmutation” Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University supported sample
preparation using Magnetron spattering. Ion implantation was supported by New Industry Creation Hatchery
Center, Tohoku University. Department of Instrumental Analysis Technical Division School of Engineering
Tohoku University supported XPS and ICP-MS analysis.
References
[1] T. Mizuno, “REACTANT, HEATING DEVICE, AND HEATING METHOD”, Patent Application,
WO2015/008859 A2.
[2] H. Yoshino, E. Igari and T.Mizuno, Presentation at 2014 CF/LANR Colloquium at MIT, March.21-23,
2014, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
[3] A. Kitamura, A. Takahashi, R. Seto, Y. Fujita, A. Taniike and Y. Furuyama, Current Science, vol. 108, no.
4, pp. 589-593, 2015.
[4] Y. Iwamura et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41 (2002) 4642.
[5] T. Hioki et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 52 (2013) 107301.
8
Hydrogen-lithium low energy resonant electron-capture
and Bethe’s solar energy model
#
Xing Z. Li, 1Zhan M. Dong, 1Chang L. Liang, 1Yun P. Fu, 1Bin Liu, 1Gui S. Huang,
2
Shu X. Zheng,
1
Department of physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing China.
2
Department of engineering physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing China
# [email protected]
Bethe’s solar energy model is combined with the resonant tunnelling to explain 4 major features
of condensed matter nuclear science developed in the past 27 years:
(1) Anomalous heat effect is not accompanied by commensurate neutron or gamma
radiations;
(2) Helium and triton are detected as nuclear products;
(3) Lithium appears in most of experiments producing anomalous heat effect;
(4) Anomalous heat effect is enhanced when temperature is getting higher and higher.
Bethe’s solar energy model is a combination of strong interaction (p+p elastic scattering) and
weak interaction (positron emission). We have further developed this model to include the
resonant tunnelling effect on elastic scattering, and the orbital electron-capture effect; then, it is
applied to p+6Li low energy resonance to explain above-mentioned features.
Early in 1938 Bethe [1] clearly included the resonance contribution from the exponentially
increasing wave function, G0 (irregular Coulomb wave function), even if the phase shift is less
than 0.0017 in his (p+p) elastic scattering case. The reason is that G0 enhances the overlapping of
the wave functions, which determines the transition from the mother state (p+p) to daughter state
(n+p) for weak interaction. If (p+6Li) has a low energy resonance (phase shift approaches π/2),
the resonance contribution from G0 would be greatly enhanced for overlapping between the wave
functions.
The (p+6Li) fusion cross-section data and the new 3-parameter formula for fusion cross-section
σ 0 [E] =
π
( −4Wi )
k W + (1 − Wi ) 2
2
2
r
9
provide a tool to identify this low energy resonance [2-4], because we may calculate Wr2 based
on experimental data, σ 0 [E] . Fig. 1 shows the calculated wr2 ≡ Wr2 /θ 4 . ( (1/θ 2 ) is the Gamow factor).
wr2 → 0 means the resonance contribution from G0 dominant. “*” and “+” show the famous
resonances for d+3He and d+T fusion reactions at 375 keV and 95 keV, respectively. The open
circles and diamonds show the low energy resonances for p+6Li and d+6Li fusion reactions,
respectively.
The most frequently asked questions about the width of the resonance, the energy carried away
by the neutrino, and temperature effect are discussed. The recently published Lipinski Patent
entitled as “Hydrogen-lithium fusion device”, is used to estimate the energy of resonance for
p+6Li fusion reaction, and compared with other experiments.
[1] H. A. Bethe, “The formation of deuterons by proton combination”, Phys. Rev. 38, 248
(1938).
[2] X. Z. Li, Q. M. Wei and B. Liu, “A new simple formula for fusion cross-sections of light
nuclei.” Nucl. Fusion 48 125003 (2008).
[3] M. Kikuchi, Frontiers in Fusion Research— Physics and Fusion, Springer-Verlag
(London), p. 31, 2011.
[4] X. Z. Li, Z. M. Dong and C. L. Liang, “Studies on p+6Li Fusion Reaction using
3-Parameter Model,” J. Fusion Energy, 31, 432 (2012).
10
Anomalous Heat Effect in Ni-H (LiAlH4) Systems
#
Hang Zhang
Qiuran Lab., XiAn，ShanXi CHINA
E-mail: [email protected],
Following Prof. Songsheng Jiang’s pioneering work [1] a new Ni-H (LiAlH4) gas loading
system has been developed with emphasis on protecting the thermal couples. The main results
are:
(1) Reliable: Thermal couples were reliable during whole process, because they were checked
before and after run. Indeed all thermal couples were working in the air and they showed that the
anomalous heat effects started near 8000C.
(2) Reproducible: The results were reproducible, because the main features (temperature
inversion, etc.) were repeatable in consecutive 5 experiments with two different reaction vessels.
(3) Non-chemical effect: The anomalous heat effect must be from some non-chemical energy
sources, because the amount of heat is beyond the upper limit of chemical reaction energy
known.
(4) Safe: There is no radiation detected above the back-ground level.
The upper figure shows the temperature of the heater (T3), the reaction vessel (T2), and the room
(T4), respectively. The lower figure shows the T2 increment in 2 minutes (left), and the
temperature difference (T3-T2) (right). In the first 4 hours after 2016-11-20 8:02, the vessel
temperature (T2) went up when the heater was hotter than vessel ( (T3-T2)>0 ). However, when
T2 reached 800oC, temperature inversion appeared. The vessel temperature kept increasing
while the heater was cooler than vessel ( (T3-T2)<0 ). There must be some heating sources inside
the vessel to keep this anomalous phenomenon for later 10 hours. A conservative estimate shows
that in these 10 hours the unknown source inside vessel must release at least 154 kJ, which is
greater than the possible heat from the heat of formation and the heat of resolution of the fuels.
[1]Songsheng Jiang, et al.
http://www.e-catworld.com/2015/07/31/low-energy-nuclear-reaction-occurring-in-hydrogen-loa
ded-nickel-wire-songsheng-jiang/.
11
Validation of Brillouin Energy Corporation Hydrogen Hot Tube Experiments
5 September 2015
#Michael A. Halem 1
1
LENR-Invest LLC, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
The author conducted an independent validation of the power output of the Brillouin
EnergyHydrogen Hot Tube (“HHT”) experiments at both SRI and the company’s Berkeley
facility. Theresults show with very high confidence excess energy output above chemical and
likely due to anuclear interaction of 12 to 20 watts over an 18 to 24 hour period several times
during the spring andsummer of 2015. This power level was above the amount of energy that
could be produced by knownchemical reactions within the system. Further work can be done to
eliminate the remaining uncertaintyfactors and to demonstrate enhanced controllability using
Brillouin’s Q-Pulse Technology.
Keywords: LENR, CECR, Low Energy Nuclear Reaction, Controlled Electron Capture,
Hydrogen, Nickel, Cold Fusion
PACS: 25.10.+
(c) 2015 LENR-Invest LLC, All Rights Reserved.
.
12
CMNS (Cold Fusion) Research in CUST: Past, Present and Future
#
Jian Tian1, XY Wang1, BJ Shen1, LH Jin2, D Zhou1, XL Zhao1, LY Li1
X Lu1, HY Wang1 , XH Zheng1, JF Wang1, L Yang1 , XY Ji1 and et al
1
Laboratory of Clean Energy Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
2
School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
E-mail: [email protected]
We knew the colloquial term "Cold Fusion" in 1990. From that time CUST involved in CF/CMNS research for
twenty-six years. We experienced a wonder in anomaly on cell’s discharge in NEU, excitement of seeing "heat
after death" in Tsinghua Univ. and enjoyment in taking a wonderful transformation picture in PSU. And we
also experienced many disappointments on poor reproducibility of “excess heat” in CUST laboratory… All of
these experiences enhance our interesting and confidence in this unusual work.
In the past 26 years "excess heat" was found many times in Pt/K2CO3/Ni light water electrolysis system in
2004 (triggered by current) [1] followed V. Noninki’s previous work [2], in D/Pd gas-loading system in 2008
(triggered by laser)[3] followed D. Letts’s [4]. And two times of “excess energy” was detected also in D/Pd
system in 2012 (triggered by temperature) [5] more than that in S. Focardi’s work [6]. But we didn’t find any
“excess heat” in triggering experiments by pressure, ultrasonic, magnetic field and mechanic force. The most
disappointed thing is that we haven’t revealed any key detail of A. Rossi’s declaration in 2011[7] so far.
So we have to retrospect what we have done in our previous experiments. Why doesn't Rossi push out his
E-cat product five years after his declaration yet? Why does Rossi raise his temperature from about 500℃ to
more than 1000℃? Why does Rossi take one year for his replication test? Do we really need to follow his
declaration? And we also need to introspect ourselves: Can we answer these questions in some different way?
Can we prove the "excess heat" is an abnormal via proving it is a normal? If we couldn't prove it is a normal,
"excess heat" would undoubtedly be an abnormal.
Two suggestions would be proposed here. One of them is for the theoreticians in this field — could you give
practicians some specific directions in some experimental details? And the other is for practicians — could
you find a new way based on your own idea whereas you do not always follow the other's. The main goal in
next three years is trying to get a strong evidence of "excess heat" in experimental research for CMNS/CF
thirty anniversary celebration. So we have to change our thinking quickly and greatly from what we have been
thinking as before.
Always believe that something wonderful is about to happen. CMNS/Cold Fusion is one of the ways to the
wonderful things. A. Einstein once said: "If an idea is not heard of ridiculous at the beginning, you should not
repose much hope in it". All of us have many creative ideas congenitally, but we might restrain them so tightly
in limit. N. Tesla also said: "Our machinery will be driven by power obtainable at any point in the universe…It
is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of
nature". All of us hope that day would be about to come soon. An old western proverb says "If God closes the
door; surely he will open a window for you". If God does not open the window, open it by your own —
because you are the God!
References
[1] J. Tian et al. Proceedings of the ICCF-11 ICCMNS, Oct.31-Nov.5, 2004, Marseilles, France
[2] V. Noninski. Fusion Technology, 1992. 21: p163-168
[3] J. Tian et al. Proceedings of the ICCF-14 ICCMNS. 2008, Washington, DC USA.
[4] D. Letts et al. Proceedings of the ICCF-10, ICCMNS, 2003, Cambridge, MA USA
[5] J. Tian et al, Proceedings of the ICCF-10, ICCMNS, August 12-17, 2012, Daejeon, Korea
[6] S. Focardi et al, IL NUOVO CIMENTO, 1998, 111A (11): 1233-1342
[7] A. Rossi. US 2011/0005506 A1; WO 2009/125444 A1
13
A hypothesis of stimulated surface phonon emission contributed to low-energy
nuclear reactions
Song-Yuan Ding*, Yuan Fang, Zhong-Qun Tian
State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
E-mail: [email protected]
Low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) takes place in condensed matter is a very challenging topic due to
the mysterious mechanism and complex control parameters to reproduce the experiments. The resonant
tunnelling optical model with coupled complex potentials [1] is very interesting due to its simplicity and
interoperability. The model includes a complex Coulomb barrier with a positive real part and negative
imaginary part, coupled with a complex nuclear well with a negative real part and positive imaginary part.
Physically, the positivity in imaginary part denotes the absorption nature, and the negativity in imaginary
part denotes the emission nature. However, it is very hard to understand for emission nature of Coulomb
barrier.
Here, we proposed a hypothesis of stimulated surface phonon emission or coherent shaking of surface
and/or sub-surface atoms contributed to the negative imaginary part of Coulomb barrier, and then to the
origin of LENR. Typically, the process of stimulated phonon emission could not take place due to the fact
that the excited surface phonon could further relax by inter-atomic collisions. Therefore, the key points
are how to locally excite the surface phonon and could even make the population number of localized
surface phonon be inverse. The localized anharmonic vibrations proposed by Dubinko et al might be one
of the possible ways to realize the localized excited surface phonon [2]. We calculate the phonon band
structure of PdH and PdD by considering the anharmonic vibrations, and try to bridge the gap of thinking
between the localized anharmonic vibrations and the emission nature of surface phonons. The proposed
mechanism might be useful for understanding some LENRs triggered by thermal heating, THz pumping,
gas pumping or inflating, etc.
Figure 1. Anharmonic phonon spectra calculated for PdD (a) and PdH (b).
References
[1] X.Z. Li, Q.M. Wei, B. Liu, “A new simple formula for fusion cross sections of light nuclei”, Nucl.
Fusion, vol. 48, pp. 125003-125007, 2008.
[2] V.I. Dubinko, D.V. Laptev, “Chemical and nuclear catalysis driven by localized anharmonic
vibrations”, Lett. Mater. vol. 6, pp. 16–21, 2016.
14
Another Approach to Reproducing Reported LENR Excess Heat
David J. Nagel
Lattice Enabled Nuclear Reactions Energy and Spectroscopy Laboratory
The George Washington University
725 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20052 USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Replication of experimental results is certainly fundamental to experimental science. That
basic requirement has been a chronic problem for LENR, since the beginning of the field in 1989.
It remains a challenge to the entire field, despite progress by some experimenters. There are
only a few different approaches to reproducing the results documented in published papers or
other reports. One is simply reading the documents, and trying to redo what was published.
That has been done very often in the field. In some cases, scientists have obtained equipment
from the earlier experimenters to improve the chances of successful replication [1]. Yet another
way to achieve reproduction is to invite the initial scientists with their equipment into a second
laboratory, and then have the home scientists attempt replication [2]. These approaches have
resulted in much valuable information about LENR, despite less than perfect success.
We seek replication of experiments, which have been reported to produce excess heat, by using a
wider array of diagnostics than normally employed in LENR experiments. Eventually, we will
try to reproduce experiments with palladium and heavy water using both the original
Fleischmann-Pons loading method and the co-deposition of those two elements. But, initially,
we have been performing experiments with nickel and light water, which were reported to
produce heat in multiple early papers [3-6]. Those experiments have not been reproduced.
Currently, we are using thermometry, and will switch to calorimetry, if our data indicate that we
have achieved significant heat production. Our tools include Impedance Spectroscopy, Noise
Spectroscopy, Optical Spectroscopy, Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy and Acoustic Spectroscopy,
each over broad frequency ranges. While the eventual goal is to understand LENR, the first
target is to understand our experiments quantitatively. This paper will report on the methods
and spectroscopic and other tools being used and on the status of our work.
J. E. Thompson, M. E. Weintraub, G. P. Roque, A. Mehrabian and M. A. Imam contributed to
this research. Their efforts and results are gratefully acknowledged.
[1] G. Lonchampt, L. Bonnetain and P. Hicter, “Reproduction of Fleischmann and Pons Experiments”,
Proc. of Sixth International Conference on Cold Fusion, Progress in New Hydrogen Energy. New Energy
and Industrial Technology Development Organization, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
(1996).
[2] M. C. H. McKubre, “Cold Fusion – CMNS – LENR; Past, Present and Projected
Future Status”, J. Condensed Matter Nuclear Science, Vol 19, pp. 183–191, (2016)
[3] R. L. Mills and P. Kneizys, “Excess heat production by the electrolysis of an aqueous potassium
carbonate electrolyte and the implications for cold fusion”, Fusion Tech., Vol. 20, p. 65 (1991)
[4] V. C. Noninski, V.C. and C.I. Noninski, “Determination of the excess energy obtained during the
electrolysis of heavy water”, Fusion Technology, Vol. 19, p. 364 (1991)
[5] R. T. Bush, “A Light Water Excess Heat Reaction Suggests that ‘Cold Fusion’ May Be
‘Alkali-Hydrogen Fusion’”, Fusion Technology. Vol. 22, pp. 301 – 322 (1992).
[6] R. Natoya and M. Enyo, “Excess Heat Production in Electrolysis of Potassium Carbonate Solution with
Nickel Electrodes” in “Frontiers of Cold Fusion”, Universal Academic Press, Inc., Tokyo, pp. 421-426
(1993)
15
Thoughts about new basic physics experiments in Condensed Matter Nuclear
Science
#Peter L. Hagelstein 1 and Irfan U. Chaudhary2
1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
2 Irfan U. Chaudhary, Lahore University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan
E-mail: [email protected]
Over the past quarter century and more there have been a great many reports of experiments in
which anomalies of one sort or another have been claimed. A primary focus has been on excess
heat production in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment, and in related experiments. There have
also been reports of low-level nuclear emission, tritium production, helium correlated with heat,
elemental anomalies, RF emission, and collimated x-ray and gamma-ray emission. There is as
yet no agreement as to what physical mechanisms are involved.
Fleischmann conjectured a nuclear origin of the excess energy, primarily due to the very large
amount of energy produced, and due as well to the absence of commensurate chemical products
which would have been easy to detect. Energy produced from conventional nuclear reactions
involves commensurate energetic nuclear radiation which can be used to study the microscopic
reaction mechanisms. Since there is no commensurate nuclear emission associated with energy
in the F&P experiment, conventional diagnostics cannot be used to elucidate the reaction
mechanism. Because of this there has been little progress in shedding experimental light on the
reaction mechanisms involved.
Over many years we have developed theoretical models which seem to us closely connected with
the anomalies, and which suggest a microscopic picture. This theory is based in part on an
obscure relativistic effect which can couple an internal nuclear transition to phonon exchange,
and in part on a new mechanism capable of massive up-conversion and down-conversion.
Phonon-nuclear coupling has the potential to lead to an excitation transfer effect in a
homonuclear diatomic molecule, where an excited nucleus becomes de-excited and transfers its
excitation to the second identical nucleus. The coherent transfer of excitation between the two
nuclei mediated by phonon exchange will produce a splitting of the hyperfine levels. A model
for this has been developed, and candidate nuclei have been selected. The optimum among stable
nuclei is 181Ta.
Phonon-nuclear coupling also has the potential to produce an excitation transfer effect where
more nuclei are coupled to a highly-excited vibrational mode. If so, then we can imagine a new
experiment in which excited nuclei are produced through localized gamma excitation, or from
localized nuclear decay. In the absence of vibrations, the gamma emission from the excited state
would be expected from the localized region where the excited nuclei have been produced. In the
presence of vibrations the excitation transfer effect would allow for gamma emission to be
sourced in regions distant from where the excitation is produced.
Experiments of this kind have the potential to shed light on nuclear-phonon coupling, and to
allow for a confirmation (or rule it out). We have interpreted collimated x-ray emission in the
experiments of Karabut, and of Kornilova, Vysotskii and coworkers, as potentially due to
up-conversion of vibrations to produce nuclear excitation. Theoretical and experimental work are
ongoing to see whether we can verify or disprove this conjecture.
16
Excess Heat Measurements in Pd|D2O+D2SO4 Electrolytic Cells and Ni|H2
Systems
Jie Gao1,2, #Wu-Shou Zhang1, Jian-Jun Zhang2
1
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
2
College of Chemistry & Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024,
China and P.O. Box 2709, Beijing 100190, China
E-mail: [email protected],
In the past years, we focused on reproducibility of excess heat in closed Pd|D2O+D2SO4
electrolytic cells and found some important factors, i.e. temperature increment in electrolysis [1]
and pre-electrolysis in open cells at high temperatures [2]. The effects of temperature were
verified by Storms last year [3]. Recently, our system was improved in some aspects. The first
one was testing some methods of cathode pretreatment, e.g. immersing Pd samples in deuterated
aqua regia, immersing or electrolyzing Pd samples in D2SO4 at high temperatures. It was found
that all these ways were effective for excess heat production. 73% of samples gave excess heats
based on 294 runs with 33 samples. Another improvement was determining D/Pd by in-situ
resistance measurement. It was found that most excess heats occurred when 0.5 < D/Pd < 0.7,
there was no clear correlation between excess heat and loading ratio of D to Pd.
Palladium cathodes were studied with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy
dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) before and after activation, and after electrolysis.
Furthermore, surface roughness of palladium cathodes were detected by atomic force
microscopy (AFM) and 3D Non-contact optical profiler. It was found that the surface
morphologies of palladium cathodes changed prominently after pretreatment. Some notable
features are listed below: (1) the surface roughness rose after pretreatment and electrolysis, i.e.
sample after electrolysis > sample after activation > the initial sample; (2) new elements (e.g. Ag)
were produced after electrolysis. This indicates that the nuclear reaction took place on the
surface of palladium cathode, and the surface morphology should play a key role in the
production of excess heat.
Excess heats in two types of Ni|H2 systems, a corundum tube with Ni+LiAlH4 powder similar to
that reported by Levi et al. [4] and a Raney Ni|H2 gas discharge tube similar to the Defkalion’s
configuration [5], were measured by another Seebeck envelope calorimeter; however, no obvious
thermal effect was observed in these cells.
References
[1] W.-S. Zhang, John Dash: “Excess heat reproducibility and evidence of anomalous elements
after electrolysis in Pd|D2O+H2SO4 electrolytic cells”, Proc. ICCF13, Dagomys, Sochi,
Russia, June 25 - July 1, 2007, pp. 202-216.
[2] W.-S. Zhang, “Characteristics of excess heat in Pd|D2O+D2SO4 electrolytic cells measured
by Seebeck envelope calorimetry”, Proc. ICCF15, Roma, Italy, Oct. 5-9, 2009, pp. 27-32.
[3] E. Stroms, “Progress report” of 1 to 6, http://lenrexplained.com, July 30 to Sept. 30, 2015.
[4] G. Levi, E. Foschi, H. Essén, “Indication of anomalous heat energy production in a reactor
device containing hydrogen loaded nickel powder”, arXiv1305.3913, 2013.
[5] J. Hadjichristos, M. Koulouris, A. Chatzichristos, “Technical characteristics & performance
of the Defkalion’s Hyperion pre-industrial product”, present at ICCF17, Daejeon, Korea, Aug.
12-17, 2012.
17
Symmetry, entropy and order
#
Jean-François Geneste 1 Airbus Group, France
#
Jenny Darja Vinko 2 Hera, Italy
E-mail: [email protected]
In 1894, Pierre Curie enounced the following theorem:
La symétrie caractéristique d’un phénomène est la symétrie maxima compatible avec l’existence du
phénomène. Un phénomène peut exister dans un milieu qui possède sa symétrie caractéristique ou celle
d’un des intergroupes de sa symétrie caractéristique. Autrement dit, certains éléments de symétrie
peuvent coexister avec certains phénomènes, mais ils ne sont pas nécessaires. Ce qui est nécessaire, c’est
que certains éléments de symétrie n’existent pas. C’est la dissymétrie qui crée le phénomène. 1
Intuitively, such a theorem seems to be contradictory with standard thermodynamics. Indeed, our
intuition tells us that any symmetric situation is an ordered situation, with the order to be defined.
On the contrary, we intuitively think that dissymmetry is disorder. So, since the interpretation of
the second principle of thermodynamics tells us that a system can only evolve from order to
disorder, we could have expected that Curie’s theorem would have been the inverse of what is
stated.
In our paper, we are going to show that on the contrary of intuition and in some sense a
symmetric state is a state of maximal disorder whereas a dissymmetric state is a state of order!
We shall draw from this approach dramatic consequences on the structure of our universe on the
one hand and we shall explain how this can bring us to explain some phenomena at stake in the
LENR field. In particular, we shall try to propose an explanation of why, say in metallic grids,
LENR might occur only in the presence of impurities whereas as soon as any purification
process is at stake, the effect generally cancels.
This approach will bring us (justify) to the necessity of formalizing a much deeper and
fundamental theory which will be the object of an additional presentation of ours in ICCF20 in
Sendaï.
1
The characteristic symmetry of a phenomenon is the maximal symmetry consistent with the existence of the phenomenon. A
phenomenon can exist in a medium which possesses its characteristic symmetry or the one of one of the inter-groups of its
characteristic symmetry. Otherwise said, some elements of symmetry can coexist with some phenomena, but they are not
necessary. What is necessary is that some elements of symmetry do not exist. It is the dissymmetry which creates the
phenomenon.
18
So You Want to Design a Cold Fusion Electrode
#Daniel S. Szumski1
1
Independent Scholar, USA513 F Street, Davis, CA 95616, USA
[email protected],
The cold fusion dream seems close at hand. But, a careful look at the current landscape reveals broad
areas of uncertainty, where the only navigable path is trial-and-error experimentation. And what makes
this observation all the more striking is the realization that there has been very little change in the
theoretical portion of that landscape over the last 27 years. During the past 10 years, nearly all of the
scientific advances have been in the experimental domain; and much of that work has focused on
electrode design.
The Fleischmann-Pons effect is related more to the electrode composition and its manufacture than any
other factor. For years we had seen the importance of electrode materials in the way there were preferred
suppliers, whose wires and foils were known to produce positive excess heat results. More recently,
electrodes are designed to eliminate long loading times, to advance theoretical understanding, or to
develop ideas aimed at enhancing excess heat production. But the one obstacle to effective electrode
design continues to be our failure to understand cold fusion at the level of its physics fundamentals.
There are reasons for this. First, cold fusion behaves like no other physical process that we have ever
encountered. Its results are not reproducible. In the most extreme case there is randomness to the presence
or absence of excess heat. This behaviour is unprecedented in physics. However, beyond this there are
other unexplained process characteristics that confound reproducibility:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The non-reproducible, and seemingly random time history of excess heat,
Heat’s cessation and renewal during a single experiment,
Heat evolution even after electrolysis power is turned off, and
The inevitable, but unpredictable termination of the excess heat response.
The need for a cohesive theory becomes more important as engineers attempt to develop commercial
prototypes. It is in the absence of theoretical understanding that development has to default to trial and
error experimentation in search of a magic formula or an accidental breakthrough.
This paper addresses some of the fundamental issues that will be involved in commercial electrode design.
It will then use the Least Action Nuclear Process [LANP] theory of cold fusion to illustrate an electrode
design methodology.
Toward this end, the paper has four parts. In the first, we will show how using excess heat as the primary
experimental variable is of little or no benefit in understanding the fundamental physics of cold fusion. In
the second, we will isolate the source of the seemingly random variability in our experiments. Third, it
will be necessary to identify deficiencies in the current data set, and develop an experimental program to
collect the data required to calibrate a cold fusion model, and prepare it for electrode design. The fourth
and final part of this paper will illustrate how the LANP theory can be used as an electrode design tool to
optimize commercial heat production, and even to design an electrode with Mars Mission reliability. (see
below)
19
Response of Gas Bubbles to Electron Irradiation
＊
Farong Wan
Department of Materials Physics and Chemistry,
University of Science and Technology Beijing
Beijing 100083, P.R.China
E-mail: [email protected]
Sono-luminescence has been paid attention for a long time because its experiment could be carried out by
using transparent liquid and the emitted light is easy to be observed[1]. The mechanism of
sono-luminescence had been explained from bubble fusion to ultrasonics, but is not yet clear now. It is
reasonable to consider that same phenomena might also occur in solid materials, but non-transparency of
solid materials prevent it to be observed.
There are a lot of reports on gas bubbles formed in solid materials. An unique work was reported by
Kamada et al. who found that deuterium bubbles in aluminium would emit heat under electron
irradiation[2]. They thought that the heat emit might be a result of deuterium fusion reaction, a special
tunnel structure of deuterium bubbles was necessary for this heat emission and the time of
electron irradiation to cause heat emission was very short.
To investigate the heat-emitting from bubbles under electron irradiation in detail, this paper used ion
accelerator to introduce gas bubbles in aluminium, followed by electron irradiation to the bubbles at room
temperature by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The aluminium samples became transparent
under TEM observation, and the evolution of bubbles was in-situ analysed. In this case, electron beam
was used as both external stimulation and observation tool.
Gas bubbles formed in aluminium after ion implantation, and then grew into larger ones or collapsed
under electron irradiation. Electron diffraction rings of polycrystalline appeared together with the change
of gas bubbles. It is suggested that peculiar heat emission occurred during electron irradiation to gas
bubbles, inducing the aluminium around bubbles to melt and then to solidify again in form of
polycrystalline.
Differing from Kamada’s data, the present report showed that the tunnel structure is not necessary
condition to cause heat emission, and a long time of electron irradiation is better for polycrystalline
formation. Most important is that other gas than deuterium would also contribute to this kind of
phenomenon, meaning d-d fusion reaction should not be the reason for this experiment.
As a possible mechanism, the gas bubbles of high density in aluminum might become into plasma
during electron irradiation. If the plasma disappeared suddenly, it would release a huge amount of heat. In
other hand, the formation of poly-crystal might also be caused by sputtering effect of plasma, and then
followed by deposition to the inner surface of bubbles. If so, the plasmarization of gas bubble in solid
materials may be used as a new method to study some behaviour of nuclear reaction.
＊ This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grand No. 59971010).
[1] Seth J. Putterman, Scientific American, Feb. 1995, 32
[2] Kamada K, Kinoshita H, Takahashi H, Kakihana H, 1996, Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of
Japan, 2(38), 143
20
Update of Current Experiments
Jean-Paul Biberian
Aix-Marseille University, Marseilles, France
[email protected]
In my laboratory, I am currently running six different experiments:
1. Nickel powder and alloys in hydrogen at temperatures up to 600°C.
2. Solid-State electrolytes using LaAlO3 as electrolyte in deuterium gas.
3. Electrochemistry in an ICARUS-9 type calorimeter with palladium cathode in D2O+LiOD
electrolyte up to boiling temperature.
4. Plasma electrolysis with tungsten cathode/anode at high voltage and high current.
5. Diffusion of deuterium gas, through the walls of a palladium tube with a mass flow calorimeter.
6. Microwave excitation of carbon powder, with search for transmutation.
At the conference, the status of each one of these experiments will be given.
21
Experimental effort at MIT to study phonon-nuclear coupling
F. Metzler 1, #P. L. Hagelstein 1 and S. Lu 1
1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
The pursuit of excess heat in cold fusion experiments has been the focus of much research in condensed
matter nuclear science since the announcement of Fleischmann and Pons in 1989. However, we recognize
excess heat as only one anomaly among many. Other anomalies include helium production correlated
with excess energy; tritium generation; elemental anomalies; low-level neutron, proton and alpha
emission; gamma-emission correlated with excess power in NiH gas loading experiments; collimated
x-ray emission in high intensity glow discharge experiments, and also in water jet experiments.
What is new in these experiments is that the condensed matter environment seems to be interacting with
nuclei embedded in them in new ways not previously seen in conventional physics. If so, then this
provides motivation to try to understand what interactions and mechanisms are involved.
In recent years we carried out theoretical studies focusing on the coupling between internal states of the
nucleus and dynamical degrees of freedom of the condensed matter environment. There are electric and
magnetic dipole and higher-order interactions which seem relatively weak, and which we have considered
for more than two decades. We have noticed more recently that there is a stronger relativistic coupling
between the center of mass momentum and internal nuclear states, which would suggests that lattice
vibrations couple to internal nuclear degrees of freedom.
We have also identified a new mechanism capable of coherent up-conversion and down-conversion
involving very large number of quanta. This mechanism has been proposed for down-conversion of the
large nuclear quantum in excess heat production in the Fleischmann-Pons experiment; however, the
Fleischmann-Pons experiment seems not to be a particularly good one for studying this mechanism due to
a relative absence of observable effects. Instead, it may be that the mechanism can be studied more
effectively in experiments showing collimated x-ray emission, which we have interpreted as due to
up-conversion of many vibrational quanta to produce nuclear excitation.
This has motivated our interest in collimated x-ray emission in Karabut's glow discharge experiments,
and in the water jet experiments of Kornilova, Vysotskii and co-workers. In these experiments we
conjecture that the 14.4 keV transition in 57Fe plays a role in the up-conversion, and that the excitation is
transferred to the 1565 eV transition in a small number of 201Hg nuclei on the surface. We carried out
some preliminary experiments with a local water jet to see whether we could see collimated x-ray
emission. We have learned much from this experience and plan a second campaign in coming months
with improved protocols and diagnostics.
A new lab facility has been developed in which we are able to drive vibrations in compressional,
transverse and drum head modes. Compressional mode resonances between 0.7 MHz and 4.2 MHz have
been observed in steel of a thickness similar to that used in the water jet experiments of Kornilova et al.,
as well as drum head mode resonances above 20 kHz. We have driven a compressional resonance in steel
near 2.23 MHz at about 100 watts. An effort is being made to develop a diagnostic suite that includes
detectors for neutrons, gamma rays, charged particles, keV x-rays, charge emission, and optical emission.
There is a low-energy transition in 181Ta at 6.237 keV which is of particular interest, and by now we have
some experience driving Ta plates.
22
Anomalous Heat Effect in Gas-discharge Tube with Pd and D/H
#
Chang-Lin Liang, Yun-Peng Fu, Zhan-Min Dong, Han Yi, Nai-Jing Ren, Xing-Zhong Li
Physics department of Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
E-mail: [email protected]
Gas-discharge is a special method in CMNS research, which combines the co-deposition process with gas
loading. [1] In this paper, a gas-discharge tube with palladium (Pd) on its cathode and filled with
deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) was fabricated. Discharging for more than 600 hours, a thin metallic luster
film with diameter of about 3-4mm co-deposited on its inner wall. Temperature measurement and
spectrum analysis were conducted to study the heat effect and products of the reactions.
The results of temperature measurement are shown in Fig. 1. In a Dewar, the tube was driven a DC power;
however, after its ignition, the discharge might terminate by its-self, and resume by its-self as well (green
line). In the period of glow discharging, temperatures near the film’s location (red line) and its vicinities
(blue and/or black lines) suddenly rose when they reached at about 115 oC (marked with arrows). These
sudden rising occurred many times and its level ranged from about 2 to 20 oC.
Optical spectrum for the tube with Pd is shown in Fig.2 (labeled HD, blue line), comparing with these of
other tubes without Pd, which were filled with D/H (labeled HD0, red line) and with H only (labeled H,
black line). For tube HD, other than obvious D/H spectral peaks, there is no distinct peaks (refer to the
insert in Fig.2). The ratio of D:H for tube HD is 0.049, which is much lower than that for tube HD0,
0.343.
These results indicated that with gas-discharge techniques a compound film system of Pd and D/H was
formed in terms of in-situ sputtering, in-situ co-deposition and in-situ diffusion. D was greatly absorbed
by Pd and no evidence for new elements such as He etc. was observed. Significantly, repeatable and very
outstanding excess heat effect was obviously observed.
Reference
[1] Karabut, A.B., Y.R. Kucherov, and I.B. Savvatimova, “Nuclear product ratio for glow discharge in
deuterium,” Phys. Lett. A, Vol. 170, pp. 265-276, 1992
23
Some thoughts on abnormal phenomena of condensed matters loaded with
deuterium or hydrogen
Zhong-Qun Tian, Kang Shi, Chong-En Huang, Song-Yuan Ding, Shui-Chao Lin, Qing-Hong
Zhang, Wei Hang, Qiu-Quan Wang, Ming-Shu Chen, Fang-Zu Yang, Hong-Ping Zhu
State Key Lab. for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen Univ., Xiamen 361005, China
E-mail: [email protected]
Based on many groups and our research studies, we have some preliminary thoughts on
condense matter science and condense matter nuclear science as follows.
It is necessary to trace back to the root of condense matter nuclear science, i.e., condense matter
physics and chemistry. Originally scientists studied condense matters by preparing and
characterizing the structurally well-defined and ordered crystals (bulk phase), then the subject
was expanded into structurally well-defined surfaces and the top few layers of metal and oxide
crystals. It is hard to prepare and characterize the various surface facets. The surface
contamination must be avoided and many characterization methods and tools under high vacuum
condition must be developed to extract the week signal contributed from the surface. For
catalysis and electrochemical industries, the people have to move forward to prepare good
catalysts and electrode materials. it’s necessary to get the deep insight of surface reaction
mechanisms. As a consequence, much more complex surfaces were prepared to create rationally
designed active sites of adsorption/reaction of heterogeneous surfaces. Nowadays the people can
study the single active sites supported by metal/semiconductor/oxide/carbon by tools with very
high spatial resolution (from few nanometers to few angstroms) experimentally and theoretically.
More importantly, in-situ and operando spectroscopic techniques have been developed to
investigate the detailed structure and dynamics of active sites under the real reaction condition
(non-equilibrium process) by changing the temperature, pressure and/or electrode potential, etc.
There have been some strong demands to go back to bulk phase as the spiral development, i.e.,
how to prepare thus characterize the structure and dynamics of active sites inside the bulk phase
(under non-equilibrium condition), especially related to energy and life sciences. This is a huge
challenge at the present stage because so far no body has been able to controllably create and
characterize these active sites inside the condense matters and to replicate the phenomenon (this
inevitably causes the severe problem of irreproducibility of experiments). Therefore, the
condense matter nuclear science could belong to the future of science.
At the present stage the best way could be design sub-surface systems (several to several ten
atomic layers below surface) of condense matter, which has some similarity as bulk phase but
can be designed and characterized at least to some extent. This infers that nanostructures
(particles, plates, rods, flowers etc.) as well as small tubes with ultrathin wall and ultrathin wires
of metal/metal hydride could be the best systems to be studied. Most nanostructures such as
small nanoparticles (<10 nm), relatively larger nanostructures coated with ultrathin metal layer
(ca. 2-10 nm) can be chemically synthesized easily. To avoid aggregation of nanoparticles,
especially for the small nanoparticles, the surfactant to protect the particle surface must be used.
24
The poor reproducibility in the current researches is at least partially due to the irreversibly
change of materials after the D/H loading and/or triggering procedures. The defined structure
cannot be recovered completely for the next experiment because of distortion of metal lattice,
phase transition or cracking. No one knows the exact structure look like inside the metal rod and
wire if they were repeatedly used many times. A very important advantage of using
nanostructures is that after the experiment, these nanostructures can be easily dissolved by
chemical way then re-synthesized to fresh nanoparticles for the next experiment. Moreover,
various core-shell and core-shell-island nanoparticles can be rationally synthesized to implement
the desired composition (e.g., Pd, Ni, Li) and their quantity ratio.
Among three key factors (loading, triggering, measurement) in the experiments, the second
factor seems to be underestimated. In fact, a non-equilibrium state has been triggered
unintentionally in some cases. The highly deuterized/hydrided metals, as
pseudo-steady/non-equilibrium systems, are easily trigged by either internal or external effects.
For example, the ‘heat after death’ phenomenon may be due to the fact that after a long
electrolysis, both macro- and micro-structures in the bulk material could be changed abruptly by
distortion of metal lattice, phase transition, or cracking. The mobility and other behavior of
deuterium or hydrogen could be much different especially under the non-equilibrium state than
that under equilibrium state. Accordingly some rationally designed trigger processes may create
more active sites simultaneously rather than the randomly distributed ones. Raising the
temperature close to the melting point could be a way to create a unique non-equilibrium state
that may promote the reaction effectively. However, the concentration of absorbed D/H in metal
is extremely low, significantly lower than that at the room temperature. Therefore it could be
necessary to apply high pressure of D2 or H2 to force the loading of D/H at high temperature,
which may take place only in the region of subsurface of metals.
To avoid the conflict of the mutual requirement of heavy loading and high temperature condition,
the sharp increase of temperature by the laser, current, or electro-magnetic pulses are obviously
helpful because the absorbed D/H cannot escape from the bulk phase of metal in a very short
period of time. One of the extreme trigger methods could be the utilization of inertial
confinement fusion (ICF) facility. The highly D/H loaded metal nanoparticles are filled in the
target ball then it is compressed to extremely high densities and temperatures by the initiating
laser beams. The sufficiently high density and temperature are achieved before the target
disassembles. The combination of hot and cold fusion may reduce the threshold of technical
parameters for ICF.
Not only normal condense matter but also abnormal (‘soft’) condensed matters may support
nuclear reaction, which may need to have stimulated surface phonon emission or coherent
shaking of surface and/or sub-surface atoms periodically. The localized anharmonic vibrations
might be one of the possible ways to realize the localized excited surface phonon, which could
be triggered by thermal heating, THz pumping, gas pumping or inflating, etc. The abnormal
phenomena may be more distinct when the condense matter is getting ‘soft’ in a non-equilibrium
state when the condense matter is input with energy flux.
25
Observation of Anomalous Production of Si and Fe in an Arc Furnace Driven
Ferro Silicon Smelting Plant at levels of Tons per day
C.R. Narayanaswamy
Former Managing Director, The Silcal Metallurgic Ltd.,
Coimbatore – 641004,Tamil Nadu, India.
Email : [email protected]
Introduction
Silcal Metallurgic Ltd. was incorporated as a private limited company in the southern Indian
Industrial town of Coimbatore in 1978 and attained commercial production in 1980. It employed the well
known Ferro Silicon smelting technology involving high current Submerged Electric Arc furnaces. This
electro-thermic manufacturing process for Ferro-Silicon alloy is highly power intensive since the
temperature in the reaction zone has to be maintained at around 2000oC. Refs. [1,2,3] give comprehensive
overviews of this technology. The Silcal furnaces had ratings of 5 MVA and 12 MVA and were operated
on a round the clock basis. They deployed the traditional Soderberg self baking carbon electrodes in steel
casing which have been successfully used for over a century [4]. The 5 MVA furnace was used for the
production of Low Carbon Silico Manganese while the 12 MVA furnace was dedicated to the
production of Fe-Si alloy of 70-75% Si grade.
Brief Remarks on the plant and operation :
Raw materials used for production of Fe-Si alloy are low Alumina content Quartz (SiO2) of 98.7 % –
98.8 % purity, steel scrap and wood charcoal with low ash content which served as the reducing agent.
Quartz was sourced directly from selected mines in the state of Tamil Nadu which are known to have low
Alumina content. On receipt of the consignment at the plant site, dust and fines were screened out and the
stock stored outdoors. Wood charcoal on arrival was tested for moisture and fixed carbon and screened
to separate fine dust and placed in storage. Steel scrap was stored in an outdoor yard. All raw materials
were analyzed for purity at the in-house testing lab and the data carefully archived.
The screened raw materials were taken by a conveyer system to the 3nd floor and stored in separate
over head bunkers. Each of the three raw materials were weighed according to a computerized batching
system and transferred into charging buckets running on monorails in the 2nd floor. Charging buckets then
discharged the premixed raw materials into the furnace every 10 to 15 minutes through chutes. Shift-wise
consumption of all raw materials was totalized to obtain daily (24 hr) consumption data.
The molten alloy product was drained through one of the three tap holes at the bottom of the furnace,
every 2 to 2.5 hours into tiltable “teeming ladles” mounted on rail tracks. The teeming ladles were then
emptied into large stationary heat resistant cast iron trays to a thickness of approximately 50 mm. Next
day, during the day shift the solidified Fe-Si slabs were manually broken into smaller pieces, weighed
and packed into 40Kg bags for domestic consumers or in 1 ton jumbo bags for export. Each batch of
Fe-Si was individually analyzed.
For those who may not be familiar with submerged arc furnace technology, it may be mentioned that
the voltage applied to the three electrodes is 3-phase alternating current, typically in the 100 to 200 V
region, using a step down transformer to convert from 11 KV grid supplied power. Arc currents are in the
30 to 60 KA region. The arc is struck between the vertically mounted steel encased consumable
26
Soderberg electrodes and the floor of the carbon hearth. Both the carbon of the self baking electrodes and
its steel casing are consumed, the consumption being 50 to 60 Kg per ton of Fe-Si. Details of how the
electrode material is replenished online without interrupting furnace operation are discussed in references
[1 to 4].
The 12 MVA furnace was typically operated round the clock at variable ratings from 7 MVA to 12
MVA, depending on the availability of power. Various charge mix ratios and operating electrical
parameters were experimented with in order to arrive at the optimum conditions required for achieving 73%
to 74% Silicon content alloy. Systematic records of the total weight of the raw material feed used every
day, as also the weight of the product alloy tapped out every day was maintained. Cumulative daily
consumption of electrical power was also recorded. A maximum daily production of 27.5 tons of product
alloy was achieved when the furnace was operated under full load conditions. The company was very
successful and made good profits, supplying high quality products to both local and export markets.
Energy requirement for chemical reduction of SiO2:
Plant records show that to produce 1Kg of Silicon content in the product alloy, about 11 kWh of
energy is consumed. This observation also tallies with the expected energy consumption estimate based
on theoretical considerations of the chemistry of the reduction reaction which is endothermic. In our case
the product was 73 to 74% Silicon content. Taking an average value of 73.5%, 735 Kg of Si would be
present in each ton of product alloy (balance being Iron). Power consumption for producing 1 ton of alloy
thus works out to 11x735 = 8085 kWh. However since dissolving iron into molten Silicon is exothermic,
265 kgs of Iron dissolving into 735 Kgs of Silicon, would release some heat. Assuming this to be about
150 kWh production of 1 ton of Ferro Silicon alloy of 73.5 to 74% Si content would require a net
energy of 8085-150 = 7935 kWh. (Ref [3] also quotes a similar figure.) The relevance of discussing
energy consumption considerations will become apparent later in this write-up.
Remarks on inconsistencies observed between weights of input feeds and output products during a
11 week run in 1995 :
During early 1995, the furnace was operated continuously round the clock at a rating of between 8.5
MVA and 8.75 MVA with a daily power consumption of 1,68,000 kWh per day. The feed mixture
composition of the raw materials was not changed throughout the 11 week period. Throughout this period
the daily average production consistently remained at 24.75 tons of finished Fe-Si alloy of grade 73.8 –
74% Si content, balance being Iron. Variations from day to day were very nominal.
Average consumption of raw materials per day during this 11 week period was as follows :
27
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Based on raw materials consumption, the maximum possible daily production of Fe-Si alloy at 100%
recovery for an alloy of 75% silicon can be computed as follows :
Therefore total excess production of Silicon & Iron per day works out to 4.27 tons. Of this excess silicon
was roughly 3 tons and balance of ~ 1.3 tons excess iron.
Discussion and Remarks :
Although we had been observing anomalous excess production of Si and Fe ranging from 200 Kgs to
400 Kgs per day right from 1985 onwards, we were not sure whether these were due to errors in weighing
or could be attributed to anomalous generation of Si and Fe. However following the consistent and
repeated observation of about 4.27 tons of daily excess metal production over the 11 week round the
clock run in 1995, we were convinced beyond doubt that anomalous transmutation processes are indeed
occurring, pointing to the existence of new science. It was only after this that we went public and
released our findings in a press briefing (See Appendix A).
We are fully aware that our claims of tons level transmutations will be met with intense skepticism.
The two most obvious sources of likely doubts leading to invalid conclusion are : (a) Errors in weighing
of input feedstock and output alloy produced. Since we are dealing with tons, it is relatively easy to
convince skeptics that such errors occurring repeatedly over durations of months and years are not
possible. (We are not talking of milligrams or grams!)
(b) The other doubt voiced is that somehow additional amounts of Silicon could have entered the
furnace without the knowledge of the plant management. One critic for example suggested that may be
the quartz used was not 100% SiO2 but may have been partly in the form of SiO in which case the
28
weight fraction of Silicon in the quartz would be more than 46.7% (28/60) as assumed by us. Critics
argue that this could explain the anomalous appearance of “additional’ Si. The main argument against this
postulate is that SiO is actually a gas and there is no question of its being a contamination in quartz.
References 1 to 4 clearly mention quartz as mined is predominantly in the form of SiO2.
Had there been unknown amounts of additional SiO2 in the feedstock it would have shown up in the
electrical power consumption records – the so called chemical energy signature. The daily total power
consumed would have proportionately gone up such that specific power consumed remained at the level
of 7935 KWh per ton of Si produced. But in our case in the presence of transmutation the total power
used remained the same inspite of quantum of product alloy having increased; the specific power
consumption had come down to 6788 kWh per ton of Silicon in place of 7935 KWh per ton of Si. This
observation can be taken to suggest that the additional Si production did not come through chemical
reduction processes, but must have arisen through some other cause.
Some amount of SiO gas does get formed during the smelting process if operating conditions are not
optimized and this escapes along with CO. (We could clearly observe the presence if any of SiO in the
burning off gas from the blue tinge in the flame caused by CO burning to CO2.) In our material balance
considerations we have not accounted for loss of Si through the SiO mode. We have assumed 100 %
recovery. If SiO escape is taken into account the quantum of transmuted Si would actually work out to be
even more!
Possible relevance of Carbon Arc experiments known to LENR researchers to our observations :
In quest of an explanation of these anomalous observations, I was advised to meet the then Director of
the Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu who himself was a
distinguished Metallurgist. He cautioned me that mainstream Science has no ready explanation for these
results and suggested that I meet one Dr. Mahadeva Srinivasan, formerly of the Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre, (BARC), Mumbai who had been closely following the progress of a new field of research called
Cold Fusion/LENR. It is only after discussions with Dr. Srinivasan in the year 2000 that I became aware
of the existence of LENR. It was Dr. Srinivasan who first introduced us to the so called Carbon Arc
experiments [5,6,7,8] in which anomalous generation of Si and Fe had earlier been reported by many
researchers. (See also http://www.nuenergy.org/transmutation-of-carbon/). Indeed the carbon arc
experiment itself was pioneered by a Japanese researcher by the name of George Oshawa in 1964 and the
iron reportedly generated in such experiments has come to be known as George Oshawa steel in literature.
[See http://www.levity.com/alchemy/nelson2_3.html]. (It is believed that the high fluctuating magnetic
fields generated by the tens of kiloamp arc currents in the smelting plant could be playing a vital role in
facilitating the transmutation reactions.)
To the best of our knowledge nobody in published LENR literature has claimed that the observations
of Carbon Arc experiment or that of the glow discharge experiments carried out by many Russian groups,
violates Einstein’s E=MC2 dictum. On the other hand no one has established a clear correlation between
the quantum of transmutation products generated and the heat release either. A noteworthy feature of our
observations is that there was no dramatic change whatsoever in the energy dissipation. There was no
evidence of massive amounts of nuclear energy being released throughout the 11 week period, giving a
handle to the skeptics to question our claims of tons level elemental transmutations.
A simple calculation shows (see Appendix A) that corresponding to 4.27 tons of metal transmutation,
the power generated should have been the equivalent of the total thermal power generated by a couple of
thousand 1 GWe nuclear power stations in one 24 hr day ! This may truly be termed as an astronomical
number! Thus if indeed the Silcal transmutation claims are confirmed it would clearly point to the
operation of new Science which is even more bizarre than claimed by most other LENR experiments!
29
The closest to such behavior is perhaps the claims of carbon to calcium transmutations in hens which
lay dozens of eggs as has been discussed by Kervran and others [9,10,11]. Proponents of Biological
Transmutation phenomena have postulated that the Calcium in eggshells is generated by a
transmutation process involving Si and C occurring within the body of hens. But since equivalent energy
release has not been observed, critics often joke about this “claim”, criticizing that the hen should have
fried if nuclear processes are present – the common “fried chicken” criticism !
Unfortunately our industry was crippled by power cuts ranging from 30% to 100% and severe power
interruptions from 1996 onwards till 1999. Following a dispute regarding violation of Power Tariff
agreement with the state government and withdrawal of exemptions from power cut for our industry, the
Silcal plant had to be shutdown in 2002 and the company wound up in 2010. This follows from the fact
that cost of electrical power input forms a substantial component of the cost of production of the Fe-Si
alloy by the smelting process.
For the last 15 years, we have been contemplating various ways of improving the technology, hoping
to move towards achieving 100% transmutations. We do believe that we now have the design and
operational parameters for such an improved plant design. However we obviously need to replicate
these results first and have a better understanding of the new science involved before further progress can
be registered. If only we had carried out isotopic analysis of the produced Fe-Si alloy it would have given
us very valuable clues. We deeply regret not having thought of doing this those days!
The objective of this paper is to share our findings with the LENR community, with the hope that other
operators of similar plants elsewhere in the world, especially in Norway, could be encouraged to look for
the occurrence of anomalous production of Si and Fe in similar submerged arc furnace smelting plants.
On our part we shall be most happy to share our results and experience in a true scientific spirit with
anyone interested. Meanwhile we are continuing our efforts to try and set up a new plant where the
transmutation results could be replicated once again.
Acknowledgements :
The author is most grateful to Dr. Mahadeva Srinivasan for sharing his knowledge of the LENR field,
especially of anomalous elemental transmutations and his guidance in moving forward in quest of
understanding these puzzling observations. I am indebted to him for his help in writing this Extended
Abstract. I am also thankful to Prof. S. Ramaswamy, Department of Metallurgy, PSG College of
Technology, Coimbatore for taking the time to carefully evaluate our claimed findings.
References :
[1] A.G.E.Robiette, “Electric Smelting Processes”, Griffin, London (1973)
[2] A.Riss and Y.Khodorovsky, “Production of Ferro Alloys”, Translated from Russian by I.V.Savin,
Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow (1978)
[3] Michael M. Gasik, Ed., “Handbook of Ferro Alloys : Theory and Technology”, 1st Edition,
Butterworth-Heinemann (Elsevier), (2013). See Chapter 6 titled “Ferrosilicon and Silicon Technology”
by Merete Tangstad, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
[4] J.W. Richards, "The Soderberg Self-Baking Continuous Electrode [with discussion]", Early
Publications of the Lehigh Faculty. Paper 277 (1920). http://preserve.lehigh.edu/
[5] R.A. Monti, “Low energy nuclear reactions: the revival of alchemy”, Proceedings of the International
Conference Space and Time, St. Petersburg, Russia, p. 178 (2001) [6] M. Singh et. al., “Verification of the George Oshawa experiment for anomalous production of iron
from carbon arc in water”, Fusion Technol., 26, p 266. (1994)
30
[7] R. Sundaresan and J.O.M. Bockris, “Anomalous reactions during arcing between carbon rods in
water” Fusion Technol ., 26, 261–265 (1994)
[8] X.L. Jiang, L. J. Han, and W. Kang, “Anomalous element production induced by carbon arcing under
water”, Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Cold Fusion, F. Jaeger, Ed., Eneco Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, p.172 (1998).
[9] Louis Kervran, “Biological Transmutations”, Swan House, N.Y.,USA (1972)
[10] Vladimir Vysotskii and Anna Kornilova, “Nuclear Transmutation of Stable & Radioactive Isotopes
in Biological Systems”, Pentagon Press, New Delhi (1999)
[11]
Jean-Paul Biberian, “Fusion in All Its Forms: Cold Fusion, ITER, Alchemy, Biological
Transmutations”, Amazon Books, April 2015
Appendix A : Atomic Mass Data and Computation of nuclear energy
release in Transmutations reactions
Amu data used for computations :
2 Helium 3He 3.016029
0.000137
4He 4.002603
6 Carbon 12C 12.000000
99.999863
98.93
13C 13.003355
8 Oxygen 16O 15.994915
99.757
17O 16.999132
0.038
18O 17.999160
0.205
14 Silicon 28Si 27.976927
26 Iron
1.07
92.2297
29Si 28.976495
4.6832
30Si 29.973770
3.0872
54Fe 53.939615
56Fe 55.934942
5.845
91.754
57Fe 56.935399
2.119
58Fe 57.933280
0.282
----------------------------------------------------------------------Suggested Nuclear reaction leading to production of Si
12
6C
16
8O
+
12.000
15.9949
=>
14Si
27.9765
Total amu of LHS = 27.9949
Total amu of RHS = 27.9765
Therefore mass lost
=
0.0184 amu (Means Energy released)
Multiply by 931 Mev to convert to Mev units
Energy release is 17.13 Mev per nuclear reaction (Exhothermic)
31
28
(amu)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Suggested nuclear reaction path for generation of Iron (Fe56)
56
2 6C12
+
2 8O18 Þ
=>
+
26Fe
2 x 12.00
2 x 17.999160
55.9349
2He
4
4.002603
(amu)
Total amu of LHS = 59.99076
Total amu of RHS = 59.9375
Mass lost is 0.05326 amu
In Mev units = 49.58 Mev (Exhothermic)
Computation of Nuclear Energy released in Transmuting 1 ton of Si :
Fissioning of 1 gm of U-235 produces 1MWd of energy (Textbook data)
If 17.13 Mev is released instead 1MWd will become (17.13/200) = 0.086MWd.
But 1gm of Si will contain (235/28) more atoms.
So energy released becomes 0.086*235/28 = 0.72 MWd.
Transmutation of 1 ton of Si will generate 0.72 * 106 = 720 GWd.
Or roughly the thermal energy generated by 240 nos. of 1000 MWe Nuclear power plants in one day!
Transmutation of 3 tons of Si would yield 770 nos of 1 Gwe nuclear stations
Nuclear energy that would be generated when 1 ton of Fe produced :
Use 49.6 Mev per atom of Fe produced (Calculated above).
And 1gm of Iron will have (235/58) more atoms.
So energy release during transmutation of 1.2 tons of Fe in one day would be
1 x (49.6/200) x (235/58) x 106 x1.2 MWd = 1200 nos of 1000 MWe nuclear power stations!
Appendix B : Press Release issued in 1999
32
Statistical mechanics models for PdHx and PdDx
P. L. Hagelstein 1
1
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Palladium hydride was one of the first metal hydrogen systems to be addressed using a statistical
mechanics approach by Fowler and Smithells (1937) for the alpha phase, and by Lacher (1937) which
extended the analysis to include the miscibility gap and some of the beta phase. In these models
interstitial H and D are modelled as occupying O-sites in the bulk.
We recently extended this physics-based approach of model to include both O-site and T-site occupation
in the bulk. Initially our interest was focused on the development of models that could describe PdD
loading near and above unity. However, we found that the T-site energy is probably lowest at low loading,
so that the biggest effect of T-site occupation should occur for the alpha phase. An analysis of some old
alpha phase loading data for both PdHx and PdDx shows that consistent results can only be obtained if
T-site occupation is included, and the T-site energy at zero loading lies about 100 meV above the O-site
in the resulting models.
We used a version of this kind of model to study loading in the beta phase and near (and above) unity
loading. In this case things are much more complicated. There is no unambiguous experimental data set
which clarifies whether T-site occupation occurs at high loading, and there is not agreement in the
literature as to whether a loading above unity can be achieved.
There are neutron diffraction experiments which suggest that T-site occupation does occur at modest
loading, with an excitation energy substantially higher than for the alpha phase. These measurements do
not appear to have had much of an impact on the field yet.
There is a change of slope in the resistance ratio of PdD as a function of pressure near room temperature
which has been interpreted as indicating loading above unity. There are also high pressure measurements
in PdH where the loading was estimated at pressures near 1 GPa. Estimates for the T-site energy near
unity loading can be developed from the data, with values near 225 meV resulting. From these models the
loading at high pressure can be estimated at room temperature near and above a H/Pd or D/Pd loading of
1.0. We have worked with resistance ratio data to estimate calibration values consistent with the models.
Most recently we have applied the O-site and T-site statistical models to a large amount of data used for
the PdH phase diagram. One motivation for this was to develop a loading model that could be used for
simulating electrochemical loading experiments. Another motivation was to see whether the phase
diagram itself might shed light on the T-site excitation energy. Also we were curious as to how good this
kind of model was in connection with the experimental data sets available.
We studied several different models that were fit to the data. The simplest Lacher-type models based on a
loading dependent O-site energy provided a reasonable description, but were much poorer in general than
more sophisticated models. Working with an O-site energy that is temperature dependent resulted in a
better fit, but the resulting model is more of a mathematical fit than a physical model. Models based on a
fixed loading-dependent T-site excitation energy provided a good fit that was physically plausible. Fitting
the T-site excitation energy from the phase diagram data leads to mathematical models that fit the data
well but which are not physically plausible.
33
The Principles and Applications of Cold Fusion
#Lin Xishi
Guangzhou Tonghe Cold Fusion Energy Laboratory
Building A2, Fenghe Freight North Area, Taihe Town, Baiyun District, Guangzhou City,
China
[email protected]
(1)There are two kinds of nuclear power existing in the world, one is fission, and the other is fusion. The
application of nuclear fission has been popular, such as the nuclear power stations all over the world, the
nuclear powered aircraft carriers, the nuclear powered submarines and so on. Relatively, except for some
nuclear fusion applications in the military, such as hydrogen bombs and neutron bombs, the application of
nuclear fusion on civil and commercial aspects is still blank. The reason why nuclear fusion develops so
slow is that the condition it requires is too harsh. According to Einstein, nuclear fusion takes place only
when the distance between two deuterium atoms get close to fly meter class, which is to say, to meet this
condition requires a pressure of one hundred thousand MPa or a temperature above one hundred million
degrees Celsius. This kind of fusion is called Thermonuclear Fusion, and on the earth, it’s hard to meet
this kind of conditions it requires. Now there’s Tokar Mark experimental device. Such as the Artificial
Small Solar Project of Hefei Institute of Plasma Science, and the “Huan Liu Yi Hao” and the “Huan Liu
Er Hao” projects of the Ministry of nuclear industry in Chengdu Institute of physics, as well as the
international cooperative project TIER in France.
(2)The Thermonuclear Fusion has made great progress in recently years. For example, the temperature
can reach 20 million degrees Celsius and lasts for 2000MS, but it’s still far from the practical requirement.
So it’s estimated that the Thermonuclear Fusion technology won’t be applicable for commercial use in 50
years. Because of the great difficulties, the scientists started to study the cold fusion which is also called
the Ordinary Temperature Fusion. It theoretically refers to the fusion reaction happening under the device
condition that’s close to ordinary temperature (below 1000K) and pressure. In the fusion reaction, several
hydrogen atoms are forced together to form a heavy nuclei, and energy is released in this process.
(3) Cold nuclear fusion is the popular name of the more official one - "low energy nuclear reaction"
(LENR), which belongs to Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. Cold fusion has many technical
approaches. Deuterium can be used as the fuel, so can nickel hydrogen. The methods are also diverse. The
common method scientists now often use is the electrolytic method, which means placing heavy water in
the electrolytic cell, using palladium as the electrode, and after electricity current is switched on, two
deuterium oxide will be adsorbed by the electrode with the happening of fusion nuclear. Heat and
Neutron will be released in this process and heavy water will displace heat as the working medium.
(4) Reaction chamber can be used as another way: delivered to the reaction chamber after the atomization
treatment, cold fusion fuel will twirling together in a huddle under the effect of high frequency electric
field. Generally four particles group symmetrically, andμparticles are in the center. Theμparticles are
produced in the atmospheric ionosphere with quite short life of picosecond. When the particle suddenly
disappears, the deuterium atoms in the cluster motion will get very close to each other while fast filling up
the space of the particle. When the distance between two atoms reaches fly meter, fusion takes place and
produces high temperature of 2000 Celsius degrees which transmitted to the reaction chamber shell
through the heat radiation. Theμparticle does not participate in the reaction, it only plays a catalytic role.
The deuterium atoms in the cold fusion reaction chamber generate heat in the process of fusion reaction,
which is like the seawater burns and heats in the chamber, so it is also called the cold fusion reaction
chamber.
34
(5) The application of cold fusion is very extensive, for example,assemble cold fusion reaction chamber
in the boiler, and the light water in it can be heated to 300 degrees Celsius, and the pressure in the boiler
can reach 3 MPa, and then the steam turbine generator set can be driven to generate power. If the
temperature of the reaction chamber increases to 700 degrees Celsius, then the steam in the boiler can
reach 500 degrees Celsius, and the pressure can reach above 20 MPa. And now it is the super critical
boiler. If further increasing the temperature of the reaction chamber, so as to make the boiler steam
temperature 600 degrees Celsius, and the pressure up to 35 MPa, then it makes cold fusion ultra
supercritical boiler, which can push more than one million kw turbo generator set to generate electricity.
(6) This kind of boiler can also be installed on large ships, such as aircraft carriers, ocean going vessels,
cruise ships, etc.. Use generator unit to generate power so the electric propeller gets motivated to drive the
large warships forward at high speed. Since the cold fusion fuel is extracted from seawater, the
concentrated seawater fuel extraction system can be installed in the ship, and the fuel can be directly
extracted from seawater.
(7) Cold fusion power on cars: By using the heat exchanger, the heat in the cold fusion reaction chamber
can displace the liquid metal or high temperature resistant oil, so the semiconductor thermoelectric
generating element can be heated. After an appropriate combination, direct current can be generated and
the power can reach 50-3000KW. The cubage of this generator can be made small enough to be installed
on cars. And cars can be driven when the direct current motor is promoted by the generator. As a result,
diesel or gasoline machine will no longer be needed on cars and this new substitution will be zero
emissions, no radiation, and guarantee a long distance. This will be the veritable automobile of nuclear
dynamic force. 50 liters of condensed fuel can allow a car to travel about 150 thousand kilometers. The
large power cold fusion semiconductor generator (for example, above 3000kW) can also replace diesel
engine to be installed on a conventional submarines, so to transform the conventional submarine into
nuclear submarines.
(8) The application on general small-sized aircrafts. By changing our country’s Yun-12 aircraft’s
gasoline turboprop engine into a 367KW electric propeller driven aircraft, the aviation gas can be saved.
If cold fusion condensed water fuel is used, the voyage will increased by 10 times in the same tank
volume.
All in all, the application of cold fusion is quite extensive and realizable.
35
Excess Heat Triggering by 514 nm Laser in a D-Pd Gas-loading System at
Low Apparent Loading Radio
XY Wang1, BJ Shen1, LH Jin 2, D Zhou1, XL Zhao1, LY Li1, #J Tian 1
1
Laboratory of Clean Energy Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology,
Changchun, China
2
School of Life Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology,
Changchun, China
E-mail: [email protected]
Laser stimulation is a potentially useful method in excess heat triggering in CMNS research. D. Letts [1]
reported this method for generating highly reproducible and appreciable excess heat from deuterated palladium
electrodes in heavy water electrolysis system in 2003. P. Hagelstein [2] analysed some experimental data from
two-laser experiment. As a result of the smaller heat capacity of D2, laser stimulation can reach a relatively
higher temperature in gas-loading system than that in electrolysis system at the same amount of input power. J.
Tian [3] used a YAG laser (λ= 1064 nm) operated in three modes (continuous, static pulsed and dynamic
pulsed) to irradiate a series of palladium deuterides with different deuteron apparent loading ratio_ALR in a
D/Pd gas-loading system and found that static pulsed triggering produced the maximum excess heat. And in
our previous work [4,5], reproducibility of excess heat appearance was improved in D-Pd gas-loading system
at a series of ALRs with some triggering lasers (λ= 488, 514, 1037 and 1560 nm). Here we expected much
excess heat would be occurred at low ALRs [ALR = (R-R0)/R0].
Some palladium deuterides (Pd wires wound on a ceramic tube frame) with some different ALRs (17
loading ratios ranging from 0 to 0.45) was irradiated by an argon-ion laser (λ= 514 nm and Pin = 40 mW).
Define k as the system constant which equals ΔT/ΔP (℃/W). ΔT is the increase of temperature on the
irradiated deuterated palladium and ΔP is the input laser power. Excess heat power could be calculated by [(k
- k0)/k0] × Pin (Watt). Excess heat energy calculated by [(k - k0)/k0] × Ein (Joule). k0 is the system constant in
control experiment (ALR=0).
The results showed that there was a maximum excess heat power of 83.9 mW observed in the system
when the ALR was 0.005. Excess energy was 312 Joule which corresponded to 2.83×105 eV/atom D or 1.46
×103 eV/atom Pd (irradiated area) and to 6.43×102 eV/atom D or 3.32 eV/atom Pd (total Pd wires used in the
system). Some new elements, such as Ca, Ti and some others, were found by SEM and EDS on the surface of
palladium samples after being triggered by the lasers. It implied that some nuclear transmutation processes
might happen in the experiment. According to results, excess heat could be produced in D/Pd gas-loading
system by triggering with 514 nm laser. The interaction between D and Pd atoms in this system produce more
energy than chemical reaction heat. A laser with proper wave length triggered a palladium deuteride with some
suitable ALR would be an important factor in the excess heat production research.
References
[1] D. Letts, D. Cravens. Laser Stimulation of Deuterated Palladium: Past and Present. Infinite Energy, Vol. 50,
p.10, 2003.
[2] P.L. Hagelstein, D. Letts. Analysis of some experimental data from the two-laser experiment. J. Condensed
Matter Nucl. Sci., p. 77-92, 2010.
[3] J. Tian and L. H. Jin et al., Heat measurements and surface studies of Pd wires after being
exposed to a H2 gas-loading system irradiated with a YAG frequency doubling laser. Proceedings of the 13th
International Conference on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science. Sochi, Russia, 2007.
[4] X.Y. Wang and J. Tian et al., Excess Heat Measurement and Transmutation Study of Pd Wires after Lasers
Stimulation in a D2 Gas-loading system. Advanced Materials Research, Vol.977 p.300-303, 2014.
[5] X.Y. Wang and J. Tian et al., Excess Heat Triggering by 488 nm Laser in a D/Pd Gas-Loading System.
Advancecd Materials Research, Vol. 834-836, p.1182-1185, 2014.
36
A preliminary study on Ni-H gas discharge systems
Chongen Huang, Yue Wang, #Kang Shi, Shuichao Lin, #Zhongqun Tian
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Defkalion Green Technologies (DGT) demonstrated the excess heat in the Ni-H gas discharge systems in
2013[1]. To confirm this interesting phenomenon, we constructed two gas discharge systems using nickel
and hydrogen. In the spark plug cell, we investigated the heat effect at different pressures and
temperatures, but no excess heat was observed. In the high voltage electrode cell, in several experiments
we observed about 20 Watts excess heat when the cell was exposed to H2 gas at a pressure of 0.2 MPa,
which is about 14% of the input power; we also used the deuterium instead of hydrogen, then observed
the heat after death. However, we cannot reproduce these phenomena. The more experiments have been
performed and will be discussed in details.
[1] Y. E. Kim, J. Hadjichristos, “Theoretical Analysis and Reaction Mechanisms for Experimental
Results of Hydrogen-Nickel Systems”, ICCF-18, Columbia, Missouri, 2013.
37
A pilot study of the Ni-H high temperature systems
Chongen Huang, Yang Zhou, #Kang Shi, Hongping Zhu,
Qiuquan Wang, #Zhongqun Tian
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
In 2014 Levi et al. tested the Andrea Rossi’s LENR reactor (E-Cat), and then reported that the reactor
produced more energy than it consumed. An interesting result they also found is that 7Li content was
reduced in the ash which was revealed by both the SIMS and the ICP-MS methods [1]. After that, there
have several groups trying to confirm this result. Some interesting phenomena were reported by some
scientists, such as A.G. Parkhomov [2], MFMP [3] and Songsheng Jiang [4] and so on.
We have also designed a reactor using LiAlH4 and nickel (or nickel alloy), in some experiments we also
added lithium metal to the fuel. Compared with dummy reactor that without internal charge, no any
anomalous heat was found in all experiments. However, when we studied the isotopic composition of the
fuel before and after the burning by means of ICP-MS. In some experiments, an isotope shift was found
in lithium, but the isotope of nickel does not change obviously, as shown below. The more detailed
analysis will be discussed.
ICP-MS result of fuel and part of samples
6
Natural abundance
Fuel
Sample #1ash
Sample #2 ash
Sample #3 ash
Sample #4 ash
Sample #5 ash
Sample #6 ash
Li
7.59
7.46
8.62
12.35
8.26
7.48
7.60
7.72
7
Li
92.41
92.54
91.38
87.65
91.74
92.52
92.40
92.28
58
Ni
26.22
26.17
26.38
26.01
25.95
26.11
26.10
26.27
60
Ni
68.08
68.06
67.86
68.21
68.36
68.15
68.15
68.02
61
Ni
1.14
1.16
1.16
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.16
1.16
62
Ni
3.63
3.66
3.66
3.60
3.60
3.64
3.64
3.64
64
Ni
0.93
0.95
0.94
1.05
0.95
0.95
0.96
0.90
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